Integral Calculus and its

applications
for
XII Std
(State Board)
by
Dr. D. Senthilkumar

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 Integral Calculus and Its Applications

Exercise 7.1
.
1. Sin2 =

2. =4 – 3cos
4 + 3cos
(

3. dx = + sin-1 +c
4. = 2 sin cos
Put, sin x = t
5. = sin-1 +c
Put =t
6. = tan-1 +c

7. = log +c
8. Sin-1x = t
9. = 2 sin cos
Put, t =
10.
11.

12.
Exercise 7.2
1. f(x) = - f(x)
f(x) is an odd function.
2. f(x) = - f(x)
f(x) is an odd function.
3.
4. f(x) = - f(x)
f(x) is an even function.

(
5. f(-x) = f(x)
f(x) is an even function.
6. f(-x) = - f(x)
f(x) is an odd function.

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 7.
8.
9.
10.
Exercise 7.4
1. Find the area of the region bounded by the line x-y = 1 and
(i) x - axis, x= 2 and x = 4.
(ii) x - axis, x= -2 and x = 4.

Proof:
Consider x-y = 1
When x = 0, -y = 1 (0, -1)
y = -1
When y = 0, x = 1 (1,0)
When x = 2, 2-y = 1 (2,1)
-y = 1 - 2
y=1
When x = 4, 4-y = 1 (4,3)
-y = 1 - 4
y=3
When x = -2, -2-y = 1 (-2,-3)

-y = 1 + 2
y = -3
The area lies above the x – axis.

A=

= -

= (8 – 4) – (2 – 2)
= 4 sq. units.
The area below the x – axis.

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 A=

= -

=2+2
= 4 sq. units.

2. Find the area of the region bounded by the line x-2y -12 = 0 and
(i) y - axis, y= 2 and x = 5.
(ii) y - axis, y= -1 and x = -3.

Proof:
Consider x-2y -12 = 0
When x = 0, -2y = 12 (0,-6)
x = -6
When y = 0, x = 12 (12, 0)
When y = 2, x-4 -12 = 0 (16, 2)
x = 16
When y = 5, x-10 -12 = 0 (22, 5)
x = 22
When y = -1, x+2 = 12 (10, -1)
x = 10
When y = -3, x+6 = 12 (6, -3)
y=6
The area lies right of x – axis.

A=

= -
=

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 = 85 – 28
= 57 sq. units.
The area lies right of y – axis.

A=

= -
=
= 37 – 21
= 16 sq. units.

3. Find the area of the region bounded by the line y = x - 5 and the x – axis between the
ordinate x = 3 and x = 7.

Proof:
Consider y = x - 5
When x = 0, y = -5 (0,-5)
When y = 0, x = 5 (5, 0)
When x = 3, y = 3 - 5 (3, -2)
x = -2
When x = 7, y = 7 - 5 (7, 2)
y=2
The area lies right of x – axis.
A = A1 + A2

= +

= +

= +

= +

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 = 50 – 25 – 50 +29
= 4 sq. units.

4. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = 3x2 - x and the x – axis between
x = -1 and x = 1.

Proof:
Consider y = 3x2 – x
y = x(3x – 1)

When y = 0, x = 0, x =

When x = -1, y = 4 (-1, 4)

When x = 1, y = 2 (1, 2)
The area lies right of x – axis.
A = A1 + A2+ A3

= – + –

= +

= (0) + + (0) +

= +

=2+

= = sq. units.

5. Find the area of the region bounded by x2 = 36y y - axis, y= 2 and y = 4.

Proof:

The equation x2 = 36y is of the form x2 = 4ay, it is a parabola open upwards

x2 = 4(9)y.

When y = 2, =4

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 x2 = 72
When y = 4, =4
= 144
The area lies right of x – axis.

A=

=4

=8 sq. units.

6. Find the area included between the parabola y2 = 4ax and its latus return.

Proof:

The required area is twice the area bounded by the curve y = 2 , x=0, x= a and

x-axis..

A=

= sq. units.

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 7. Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse between the two latus
returns.

Proof:

, a > b.

5=

e =

ae = 3 =2

Since the curve is symmetrical about both axes, the required area is 4 times the area
in the first quadrant.

A=

dx = + sin-1 +c

= sq. units.

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 8. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola and the line 2x – y =4.

Proof:

Consider 2x – y = 4.

When x = 0, y = -4 (0, -4)

When y = 0, x = 4 (2, 0)

= 4x (1)

= 4x (2)

Solving (1) and (2)

2x = 4 + y

x=4+y

Substitute x value in (1)

=4

=2

= 8 + 2y

y(y
(y + 2) (y – 4) = 0
y = -2, y = 4

When y = -2, x = =1 (1, -2)

y = 4, x = = 4 (4, 4)

The parabola and the straight line interests at (1, -2) and (4,4).

Required area =

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 =

= 15 - 6
= 9 sq. units.
Note:
Required area A = A1 - A2
A1 = area between the straight line 2x – y = 4, y-axis and y = -2 and y = 4.
A2 = area bounded by the parabola y-axis and the linear y = -2 and y = 4.
9. Find the common area enclosed by the parabolas 4 = 9x and 3 = 16y
Proof:
4 = 9x

= x it is of the for . (Open rightwards)

3 = 16y

= y it is of the for . (Open upwards)

Solving = 9x (1)

= 16y (2)

=x

Substitute the value of x in equation (2)

= 16y

= 27y

y(y

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 y = 0, y = 3
When y = 0, x = 0 (0,0)

y = 3, x = =4 (4, 3)

The two parabolas intersects at (0,0) and (4,3)

Required area A = A1 - A2
A1 = area bounded by the parabola 4 = 9x, the x-axis x = 0 and x = 4.
A2 = area bounded by the parabola x-axis x = 0 and y = 4.

A=

=4
=4 2-4

=8
= 4 sq. units.

10. Find the area of the circle whose radius is a.

Proof:
The equation of the circle is .
Since it is symmetrical about both axes, the required area is 4 times the area in the
first quadrant.

The first quadrant area is bounded by the curve y = , x = 0, x = a and

x – axis.

A=

=4

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 =4

= sq. units.
Example 7.18 : Find the area of the region bounded by the line 3x − 2y + 6 = 0,
x = 1, x = 3 and x-axis.
Solution:
Consider 3x − 2y + 6 = 0
When x = 0, -2y + 6 = 0 (0,3)
-2y = -6
y=3
When y = 0, 3x + 6 = 0 (-2,0)
3y = -6
y = -2
When x = 1, 3 - 2y + 6 = 0 (1,4.5)
-2y + 9 = 0
-2y = -9
y = 4.5
When x = 3, 9 - 2y + 6 = 0 (3,7.5)
-2y + 15 = 0
-2y = -15
y = 7.5

A=

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 =

= 8

= 12 sq. units.
Example 7.19: Find the area of the region bounded by the line 3x − 5y − 15 = 0, x = 1,
x = 4 and x-axis.
Solution:
Consider 3x − 5y− 15= 0
When x = 0, -5y - 15 = 0 (0,-3)
-5y = 15
y = -3
When y = 0, 3x -15 = 0 (5, 0)
3y = 15
y=5

When x = 1, 3 - 5y - 15 = 0

-5y - 12 = 0
-5y = 12

y=

When x = 4, 12- 5y - 15 = 0

-5y - 3 = 0
-5y = 3

y=

A=

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 =

= sq. units.

Example 7.20: Find the area of the region bounded y = x2 − 5x + 4, x = 2, x = 3

and the x-axis.
Solution:
Consider y = x2 − 5x + 4
When x = 0, y = 4 (0, 4)
When y = 0, x2 − 5x + 4 = 0 (1, 0) (4, 0)
x2 − 4x− 1x + 4 = 15
x(x – 4) – 1 (x - 4) = 0
x = 1, 4
When x = 2, y = 4 – 10 + 4
= 8 - 10
= -2
When x = 3, y = 9 – 15 + 4
= -15 + 13 = -2
Required area is below the x – axis.

A=

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 =

= sq. units.

Example 7.21: Find the area of the region bounded by y = 2x + 1, y = 3, y = 5 and y – axis.
Solution:
Consider y = 2x + 1
When x = 0, y = 1 (0, 1)

When y = 0, x = ( , 0)

When y = 3, 3 = 2x + 1
2 = 2x
x=1
When y = 5, 5 = 2x + 1
4 = 2x
x=2
Required area is below the x – axis.

A=

= = 3 sq. units.

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

Example 7.22: Find the area of the region bounded y = 2x + 4, y = 1 and y = 3 and y-axis.
Solution:
Consider y = 2x + 4
When x = 0, y = 4 (0, 4)
When y = 0, 2x + 4 = 0 (-2, 0)
2x = -4
x = -2

When y = 1, 1 = 2x + 4

2x = -3

x=

When y = 3, 3 = 2x + 4

2x = -1

x=

Required area lies to the left of y – axis.

A=

= 2 sq. units.

Example 7.23: (i) Evaluate the integral .

(ii) Find the area of the region bounded by the line y + 3 = x, x = 1 and x = 5.
Solution:

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 =

= 12 – 12
=0
Consider the line y =
When x = 0, y = -3 (0,-3)
y = 0, x = 3 (3, 0)
x = 1, y = -2
x = 5, y = 2
From the diagram A1 lies below x – axis.

A1 =

=6-4
= 2 sq. units.
As A2 lies about the x – axis.

A2 =

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 = -6

=8-6
= 2 sq. units.
Required area
A = A1 + A2
=2+2
= 4 sq. units.
Example 7.24: Find the area bounded by the curve y = sin 2x between the ordinates x = 0,
x = π and x-axis.
Solution:
To find the points where the curve y = sin 2x meets the x-axis, put y = 0.
Sin 2x = 0
Sin 2x = sin n , n
2x = n

x=

i.e., x = 0, , n , ,....

The vales of x between x = 0 and x = are x = 0, , .

A1 lies about the x – axis.

A2 lies below the x – axis.

A=

= +

= +

= +

= +

=1+1
= 2 sq. units.

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

Example 7.25: Find the area between the curves y = x2 − x − 2, x-axis and the lines x = − 2
and x = 4
Solution:
Consider y = x2 − x − 2
When y = 0, x2 − x− 2 = 0 (-1, 0) (2, 0)
x2 − 2x + 1x - 2 = 0
x(x – 2) + 1 (x - 2) = 0
(x + 1) (x - 2) = 0
x = -1, 2
When x = 0, y = -2 (0,-2)
When x = -2, y = 4 + 2 – 2
y=4
When x = 4, y = 16 – 4 - 2
= 16 - 5
y = 10
A = A1 + A2+ A3

A1 = –

= +

= sq. units.

A2

= –

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 =

= sq. units.

A1 =

= –

= sq. units.

A = A1 + A2+ A3

=
Required area = 15 sq. units.
Example 7.26: Find the area between the line y = x + 1 and the curve y = x2 − 1.
Solution:

=x+1 (1)

y = x2 − 1 (2)

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 Solving (1) and (2)

= x2 − 1
x2 − 1
x2 −
x2 – 2x
x(x
(x + 1) (x – 2) = 0
y = -1, y = 2
When x = -1, y = 0 (-1, 0)
x = 2, y = 3 (2, 3)
=x+1

x 0 -1 2 -2 1
y 1 0 3 -1 2
y = x2 − 1

x 0 1 -1 2 -2
y -1 0 0 3 3
A = A1 - A2

= –

= sq. units.

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

Example 7.27: Find the area bounded by the curve y = x3 and the line y = x.
Solution:

= x3 (1)

y=x (2)

Solving (1) and (2)

x3 =
x3
x(x2
x (x - 1) (x + 1) = 0
x = 0, x = 1, x = -1
When x = 0, y = 0
x = 1, y = 1
A = A1 + A2

= +

= sq. units.

Example 7.28: Find the area of the region enclosed by y2 = x and y = x – 2.

Solution:

y2= x is a parabola.

y = x – 2 is a straight line passing through (0, -2) (2, 0).

y2= x (1)

y=x-2 (2)

To find the point of intersection of the parabola and the straight line solving (1) and (2)

y2 =

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 y2
y2 – 2y
y(y
(y + 1) (y – 2) = 0
y = -1, y = 2
When y = -1, -1 = x - 2 (1,-1)
-1 + 2 = x
x = 1,
When y = 2, 2 = x - 2 (4, 2)
4=x

A=

= +

= sq. units.

Example 7.29: Find the area of the region common to the circle x2 + y2 = 16
and the parabola y2 = 6x.
Solution:
x2 + y2 = 16 is a circle with centre at origin and radius 4.
y2 = 6x is a parabola open right wards.
To find the point of intersection of the circle and parabola solution these two equations.
x2 + y2 = 16 (1)
y2 = 6x (2)

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 Solving

x2
x2
x (x + 8)-2 (x + 8) = 0
(x - 2) (x + 8) = 0
x = 2, x = -8

When x = 2, y2 = 12 (2, 2 )

y= 2 (2, 2 )
When x = -8, y2 = - ve
y = imaginary
Omit x = -8
Required area = 2(A1 + A2)
A1 = area bounded by the parabola = 6x, x = 0, x = 2 and x-axis.

A1 =

=2

=2

A2 = area bounded by x = 2, y = 4 and x-axis.

A2 = 2

=2

=2

=2

=2

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 =

A = A1 + A2

= sq. units.

Example 7.30: Compute the area between the curve y = sin x and y = cos x and the lines
x = 0 and x = π.
Solution:

Sin x = cos x = ⇒x=

Sin x = cos x = ⇒x=

= 225
Sin 225 = sin (180 +45) = - sin 45 = -

Cos 225 = cos (180 +45) = - cos 45 = - .

From the figure we see that cos x > sin x for 0 ≤ x <
and sin x > cos x for < x < π.

A=

= +

=
=

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 =

=2 sq. units.
Example 7.31: Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse

Solution:

=1

y=

Area of the ellipse = 4 Area of the ellipse in the first quadrant.

I=

= ab sq. units.
Example 7.32: Find the area of the curve y2 = (x − 5)2 (x − 6)
(i) between x = 5 and x = 6
(ii) between x = 6 and x = 7.
Solution:
y2 = (x − 5)2 (x − 6)
y = (x − 5)
This curve cuts the x-axis at x = 5 and at x = 6.
When x takes any value between 5 and 6, y2 is negative.
∴ The curve does not exist in the interval 5 < x < 6.

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

Hence the area between the curve at x = 5 and x = 6 is zero.
(ii) y = (x − 5)
y2 = (x − 5)2 (x − 6)

A=2

Put t = x – 6
=1
dt = dx

x 6 7
t 0 1

=2

=2

=2

=2

=2

= sq. units.

Example 7.33: Find the area of the loop of the curve 3ay2 = x(x − a)2.
Solution:
3ay2 = x(x − a)2
Put y = 0
x(x − a)2 = 0
x = 0, x = a,a.
(0,0), (a,0) ,(a,0)
Here a loop is formed between the points (0, 0) and (a, 0) about x-axis.
Since the curve is symmetrical about x-axis, the area of the loop is twice the area of
the portion above the x-axis.

Required area =

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 =

Required area = sq. units.

Example 7.34: Find the area bounded by x-axis and an arch of the cycloid x = a (2t − sin 2t),
y = a (1 − cos 2t).

A cycloid is the curve traced by a point on the rim of a circular wheel as the wheel rolls along
a straight line without slippage.
Solution :
The curves crosses x-axis when y = 0.
∴ a(1 − cos 2t) = 0
∴ cos 2t = 1
∴ cos 2t = cos 2nπ
2t = 2nπ, n є z
∴ t = 0, π, 2π, …
∴ One arch of the curve lies between 0 and π

x = a(2t − sin 2t)

= a(2 − cos 2t.2)
dx = 2a(1 − cos 2t) dt
A=
= – –
=
=
=
=
= odd (or) even

=
= π sq. units

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

Hint:

VOLUME
V=
V=
Example 7.35: Find the volume of the solid that results when the ellipse that results when the
ellipse is revolved about the minor axis.
Solution:
Volume of the solid is obtained by resolving the right side of the curve about
the y-axis.
When x = 0, y2=b2

Volume V =
=2

=2

=2

=
= cubic units.
Example 7.36: Find the volume of the solid generalid when the region enclosed by
and x=0 is resolved about the y-axis.
Solution:

V=
=

= cubic units.
Problem 11: Find the volume of the solid is resolved about the
x-axis.
Solution:

X 0 1 -1 2 -2
Y 0 2 2 5 5
Required Volume

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 V=
=
=

=
=
=
=
= cubic units.
Problem 12: is revolued about x-axis, .
Solution:
Put

∴ The loop is formed between

V=

=
=
=

= cubic units.
Problem 13: is revolued about the y-axis.
Solution:
Required Volume V=
=

= cubic units.

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

Problem 14: is revolved about major axis .
Solution:
V=
The required volume is twice the volume obtained by revolving the area in the first quadrant
about the x-axis.

Volume V = 2

=2

=2

=
= cubic units.
Problem 15: Derive the formula for the volume of a right circular cone with radius and
height .
Solution:
To find the volume of a cone with base radius and height , the revolving the area
of a triangle whose vertices are (0,0), ( ,0) and ( ) about the x-axis.
The equation of the straight line joining (0,0) and ( is

The volume of the cone is obtained by revolving the area bounded by ,

and x-axis
V=
=

=
= cube units

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

Problem 16: The area of the region bounded by the curve x-axis, x=1 and and
find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the area mentioned about x-axis.
Solution:
The required volume is obtained by revolving the area bounded by the curve
x=1, and x-axis. About x-axis V =
=
=
=

=
=
=
= cubic units.

EXERCISE 7.5

Problem 1: Find the perimeter of the circle with radius .

Solution:
The perimeter of the circle in 4 lines the length of the arc of the circle in the first
quadrant between x=0 and x= .

Perimeter = 4 ,

Perimeter = 4

=
=
=

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 =
=2
Problem 2: Find the length of the curve between
and .
Solution
The curve crosses the x- axis when y = 0

One arch of the curve lies between 0 and

Therefore and gives only the length of the half arc.

Length = (1)

=
=
=
=
=
=

Therefore

The length =

=
=
=4
Problem 3: Find the surface area of the solid generated by revolving the arc of the parabola
bounded by its latus rectum.
Solution:
The required surface area of the solid is obtained by revolving the area bounded by
and x-axis about x-axis.

S=
,
Differentiating we get

1+

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 =

=2

S= =

= square units

Problem 4: Prove that the curved surface area of a sphere of radius intercepted between
two parallel planes at a distance and from the centre of the sphere is and
hence deduct the surface area of the sphere .
Solution
The required surface area of the solid is obtained by revolving the area bounded by
-axis about -axis.

S=
, differentiate this we get

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 S=
=
= square units.
To find the total surface area of the sphere take and
S=
=
= square units
Example 7.37: Find the length of the curve between and
Solution:
when

The curve is symmetrical about x-axis.

Length =

Differentiating

1+

Therefore L=

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 =

= =

Example 7.38: Find the length of the curve

Solution:
x = a cos3t, y = a sin3t is the parametric form of the given astroid, where 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
x = a cos3t

=
=
=
Since the curve is symmetrical about both axes, the total length of the curve is 4 times the length in the
first quadrant.

Length =

=
π
=
π
=

=
=
=

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

Example 7.39: Show that the surface area of the solid obtained by revolving the arc of the
curve y = sin x from x = 0 to x = π about x-axis is 2π [ + log (1 + )]
Solution:

dx = + log +c

y = sin x

= cos x

Surface area =
=
Put cos x = t
- sin x =
sin x dx = - dt

x 0
t 1 -1

=
=
=
=
=
= sq. units.
Example 7.40: Find the surface area of the solid generated by revolving the cycloid
x = a(t + sin t), y = a(1 + cos t) about its base (x-axis).
Solution:
When y = 0, a(1 + cos t) = 0

cos t = -1
t=- .
x = a(t + sin t) , y = a(1 + cos t)
= a(1 + cos t), y = a(- sin t)
= - a sin t
=
=

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.

 =
=
=

=
Surface area =
=
=
=
=
=
Put = x

=
dt = 2dx

x 0
t 0

=
=
= 32
= 32
= sq. units.

Dr.D.Senthilkumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Govt. Arts College.