SPC Dna

Spectrum PowerTM 7
Training
Distribution Network Applications
Restricted © Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved. Answers for infrastructure and cities.
Page 1
Spectrum PowerTM 7 Distribution Network Applications
Content
• Overview
• Distribution Network Analysis
• DNA User Interface
• DNA Modeling
• Summary
Restricted © Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved.

Page 2
Spectrum Power DNA
Definition
The Spectrum Power

Distribution Network Applications
…provide tools to simplify and

improve the analysis of situations in
distribution networks and provide more
reliable networks status information.

Page 3
Spectrum Power DNA
Highlights
Distribution Network Analysis (DNA)
Smart Grid challenges:

 Increasing network sizes
 Increasing performance Distribution System Powerflow ( DSPF)
requirements
Distribution System State Estimator (DSSE)
 Closed loop operations
 Need to know real-time Short Term Load Scheduler (STLS)
operation conditions better
 Distributed generation, ...
DNA: the essential component

for any Smart Grid solution
Page 4
Spectrum Power DNA
Functional Overview
The Distribution Network Applications (DNA) provide Smart Grid tools for the
 Analysis of the network with

 Short Term Load Scheduler (STLS)
 Distribution System Power Flow (DSPF)
 Distribution System State Estimator
(DSSE)

Page 5
Content
• Overview
• DNA Modeling
• Summary

Page 6
Spectrum Power DNA
Distribution System State Estimator - DSSE
• DSSE estimates loads (active and reactive power) based on existing measurements
using weighting factors for measurements and loads
• DSSE calculates voltages for all busbars, flows through lines and transformers
(active and reactive power and currents) and active and reactive power losses
• DSSE is used to assess the real-time operating conditions of the distribution network
and monitor for overloads and/or voltage limit violations
• Solves for both, balanced representation of the network (i.e. positive sequence only)
and for three phase unsymmetrical representation of the network
• Operation from and Visualization in the one-lines
• Executes periodically, on event and on demand
 Used to identify gross measurement errors and measurement inconsistencies

 Provides an improved load model via STLS
 Provides a reliable basis for optimal network operation
Page 7
Spectrum Power DNA
DSSE – Use Case “Network Monitoring”
DSSE continuously DSSE checks for

User analyzes violations
calculates network violations
• DSSE runs cyclically / triggered • DSSE checks for overloads and • User may navigate from the
by topology changes voltage limit violations violation alarms to the single line
• DSSE calculates voltages, active • Detected violations are reported diagram to locate the violated
and reactive power, etc. based as alarm equipment
on available measurement and • The violated equipments are • User may request detailed DSSE
the load schedules highlighted in the single line results via query from the single
diagrams with defined color line diagram

Page 8
Spectrum Power DNA
Distribution System Power Flow - DSPF
• DSPF calculates voltages for all busbars, flows through lines and transformers
(active and reactive power and currents) and active and reactive power losses
• DSPF checks for equipment overloads and violation of voltage limits
• DSPF is used to study electric power distribution networks under various loading
conditions and configurations
• DSPF is used to support planned and unplanned outage switching procedures
• Solves for both, balanced representation of the network (i.e. positive sequence only)
and for three phase unsymmetrical representation of the network
• Operation from and Visualization in the one-lines
 Used to study “what if” scenarios

 Used to support operator’s training together with other applications
Page 9
Spectrum Power DNA
DSPF – Use Case “Validate Switching Procedure”
Switching procedure is DSPF checks for

User analyzes violations
executed in a study violations
• A switching procedure is • DSPF checks for overloads and • User may view violations and
executed in a study, i.e. based voltage limit violations navigate to the single line
on a save case • Detected violations are reported diagram to locate the violated
• DSPF runs on the resulting in the violation list equipment
topology and calculates voltage, • The violated equipments are • User may request detailed
active and reactive power, etc. highlighted in the single line DSSE results via query from the
diagrams with defined color single line diagram

Page 10
Spectrum Power DNA
Short Term Load Scheduler - STLS
STLS maintains load schedules that provide the load data for power flow calculations.
Input Data:
 Initial nominal loads and typified static load curves.
 Load values provided by AMI
(Advanced Meter Infrastructure)
 Results of the Distribution System State Estimator
Processing:
 Recursively calculates a short term load schedule as an
exponentially smoothed aggregation of values of the past
as well new load values and measurement data.
Results:
 Maintains an adapted data base of load schedules (e.g. 7 days / 15 minutes interval)
 Provides schedule of the loads for a specified day on a quarter hourly basis

Page 11
Spectrum Power DNA
Load Model
Load Curve Data

• Loads derived for real-time or for time and date of the study
• Generic load curves for different consumer’ types:
• Residential
• Commercial
• Industrial
• etc.
• Loads can be defined as constant Power or Current or Impedance
• Hourly load profile over several seasons and day types
Load Modeling
• Conforming loads calculated based on peak value and load curve
• Non-conforming loads
• Reactive load based on Cos 

Page 12
Content
• Overview
• DNA Modeling
• Summary

Page 13
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA User Interface
Distribution Network Applications (DNA)
DNA provides tools for:

• Analysis and management of power system incidents
• Analysis and optimization of network operations
DNA consist of the following components:

• Distribution System Power Flow (DSPF)
DSPF calculates voltages (magnitudes and angles) for all nodes
(busbars),active/reactive powers for slack buses, and reactive power/voltage angles for
nodes with PQ/PV generators.
DSPF does not estimate the network statuses under different load conditions and
configurations.
Since the active and reactive power consumption of the power system loads is not
available both for the current state and the future, additional functions are used to
provide these values. Active and reactive power consumption of the power system
loads for the current state (real-time context) is derived from measured values by
DSSE, active and reactive power consumption of the power system loads for future
states is provided by STLS (look-ahead mode in study context).
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Spectrum Power DNA
DNA User Interface
• Distribution System State Estimator (DSSE)

DSSE monitors the actual operating state of the network and provides a complete network
solution for further analysis.
For example, optimization of voltage profile.
DSSE provides the statistical estimates of the most probable active and reactive power using
existing measured values, switching positions, and initial active and reactive power
consumption of the power system loads.
• Short-Term Load Scheduler (STLS)

STLS provides scheduled active and reactive power consumption of the power system loads
in the distribution network for a short time range (up to one week). Results of STLS load
calculation serve as load forecast values for other DNA applications for present and near
future time.
• Data validation (DV)

Data Validation verifies automatically the quality and the completeness of data necessary to
execute all DNA applications. The goal of validation checks is to allow preventive correction of
data to avoid runtime failures and unrealistic results.

Page 15
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA User Interface
Operational Steps
Setting DSSE/DSPF Parameters

Select the item Parameters from the Distribution System State Estimator menu

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Spectrum Power DNA
DNA User Interface
Starting State Estimation/Power Flow

Trigger Mode
Manually
• Select the item Parameters from the
Distribution System State Estimator
menu.
• Click the check box Trigger enable and
the check boxes for the desired triggers.
Cyclically
• Select the item Parameters from the Distribution
System State Estimator menu.
• Click the check box Run cyclically and enter the
cycle time.
Page 17
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA User Interface
Start State Estimator Display
The display allows you to:

• Select
subsystem/equipment for
DSSE/DSPF
• Start DSPF execution using
Start Power Flow
• Start DSSE execution using
Start State Estimation
• Cancel DSPF/DSSE
execution
In look ahead mode of study

context it is possible to define:
• Look ahead date/time for
study
• Load adjustment (+/-)

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Spectrum Power DNA
DNA User Interface
Look Ahead Mode- Time zone Look Ahead Mode

Page 19
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA User Interface
State Estimator Results Display

Page 20
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA User Interface
Complete System Overview
SessionSummary

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Spectrum Power DNA
DNA User Interface
The Summary - Phases tab provides an overview of the results of the selected DSSE/DSPF
execution in general, as well as for each phase for unbalanced systems.
BusBar

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Spectrum Power DNA
DNA User Interface
Line
Two winding Transformer

Page 23
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA User Interface
Multi winding Transformer

The display contains a table with DSSE/DSPF results for each phase of the multi-winding
transformers (three or more terminals) of the selected infeed for an unbalanced system
and all the three phases for a balanced subsystem

Page 24
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA User Interface
Load
This tab contains a table with DSSE/DSPF results for each phase of the loads for an unbalanced
system and all the three phases for a balanced subsystem

Page 25
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA User Interface
Capacitor
This tab contains a table with DSSE/DSPF results for each phase of the capacitors for an
unbalanced system and all the three phases for a balanced subsystem

Page 26
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA User Interface - Violation
Violation
Bus Violation
This tab displays low and high voltage violations. High and low voltages are defined in
DSPF/DSSE parameter.

Page 27
Spectrum Power DNA
Line Violation

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Spectrum Power DNA
Transformer Violation

Page 29
Spectrum Power DNA
Measurment
This tab contains a table with SCADA measurements and DSSE calculated values

Page 30
Spectrum Power DNA
Switch

Page 31
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA User Interface
Parameter
This tab gives an overview of the parameters that were applied for DSPF/DSSE calculation

Page 32
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA User Interface
Information
This tab contains a table showing errors, information, and warnings on the DSSE/DSPF run

Page 33
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA User Interface
Application Statistics
. This display allows you to view

general information about
DSSE/DSPF executions in a
selected time frame, which can
be set defining the date and time
in the From and To fields.

Page 34
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA User Interface – STLS
Setting STLS Parameters
The goal of this task is to set STLS

parameters.
• Select the menu item Short-Term
Load Scheduler from the tab menu
Applications.
• In the list box, select Parameters.

Page 35
Spectrum Power DNA
STLS Parameters
After selecting tab Applications and then menu item Short-Term Load Scheduler, two
menu items appear. By selecting the Parameters menu item in the list box, the following
dialog appears

Page 36
Spectrum Power DNA
STLS Result
(1) Selected
load display
area
(2) Detailed
view
(3) Schedule
diagram

Page 37
Spectrum Power DNA
STLS Result
(1) Selected load

display area
(2) Detailed view
(3) Schedule
diagram

Page 38
Spectrum Power DNA
Schedule Diagram

Page 39
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA User Interface – Data Validation
Setting Data Validation Parameter

The goal of this task is to set the parameters for data validation.
• In the DNA main display toolbar, click Data Validation.
• Select the Data Validation parameters menu item.
• Click the Edit icon.
The parameter values in the display area become editable. The buttons Cancel, New Row and
Update appear.

Page 40
Spectrum Power DNA
Engineering Data Preparation Results
(1) Filter section
(2) Results
Overview section
(3) Last Current

Retrieval section
(4) Detailed
View section

Page 41
Spectrum Power DNA
Data Validation Parameters

Page 42
Spectrum Power DNA
Start Data Validation Dialog
(1) Select subsystem/equipment section
(2) Set validation type section

Page 43
Spectrum Power DNA
Data Validation Results
(1) Filter section
(2) Results
Overview section
(3) Last Current

Retrieval View
section
(4) Detailed View

section

Page 44
Spectrum Power DNA
Qualities
For each
Subsystem,
Topological Index
and Electrical Index
are presented

Page 45
Content
• Overview
• DNA Modeling
• Summary

Page 46
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
The Distribution Network Applications (DNA) support modeling of typical power

system equipment:
• Busbars
• Loads (Conforming, Non-Conforming, consumers)
• Conforming load profile
• Generating units Shunt
• Compensators Power
• transformers Overhead
• lines and cables Switches
• Injections (Energy Sources, Synchronous Machines)
• Different measurement types
In addition, the logical elements such as:
• Connectivity Node
• Bay

Page 47
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
It is possible to model the following types of networks:

• Sub-transmission (High Voltage (HV)) network
• Medium-voltage (MV) distribution network
• Low-voltage (LV) distribution network

Page 48
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
Connectivity Node
A connectivity node represents a point in the network where power system resources are
connected together. To create the desired network topology, the terminals of each power
system resource should be connected to a connectivity nodes. Each terminal can only be
connected to one connectivity node, but a connectivity node can have the terminal of
several devices connected to it

Page 49
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
Data Organization Hierarchy

Page 50
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
Level Types
The following are the level types used in DNA applications:

• B1 level types: substations and DMS feeders
• B2 level types: voltage level
• B3 level types: called by many different names, depending on the subsystem or
background of the person (for example, equipment, network components, power system
resource, and SCADA B3.)
The CDNA relevant B1 level types are Substation and DMS Feeder.
Substation
A collection of equipment for purposes other than generation or utilization, through which
electric energy in bulk is passed for the purposes of switching or modifying its characteristics.
Substation data is the highest level of the physical model of the energy management system.
Substations are found in the Network tree. If the company and zone are known, they are
located in Network/Companies/GeographicalRegion/SubGeographicalRegion.

Page 51
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model

Page 52
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
Attribute Types
The examples of different attribbute types in DNA data are:
Data Description Example of data type
type
Integer A number Attribute ClockNumber for transformer winding has Integer type.
without decimal
point
Float A number with Attribute Positive Sequence Series Resistance of the line type has
decimal point Float type.
[sc_Clocknumber_21032014, 1, en_US]

Page 53
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model

Page 54
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model

Page 55
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model

Page 56
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
BusBar Model

Page 57
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
The figure presents different

busbar types, where one
substation with two
transformers supplying
loads on two feeders.
Different BusBar Type

Page 58
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
Load Model
Loads are represented with the EnergyConsumer class, respectively specified as class
ConformLoad or NonConformLoad. Each load is represented as either conforming or non-
conforming. It cannot be modeled as a combination of both types
Load Connection
There are four typical load connections on the network. Loads

can be connected directly or using a switch (for
example, disconnector, load break switch, or circuit breaker)
on a connectivity node or a busbar (for example,
normal or feeder head busbar).
a) Using Switch to connectivity node

b) Directly to connectivity node
c) Using switch to busbar
d) Directly to busbar

Page 59
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
Generator Model
Generators are devices that produce electrical energy from a gas, solar, wind, or some other
energy sources. They are referred to as distributed generators when located in the medium or
LV distribution network and using a renewable energy source. Many, typically small,
distributed generators are modelled as equivalent negative loads.
A small generating unit model is used to model small, and

typically non-controllable, energy sources in the MV and/or
LV parts of the distribution network.
Each small generating unit can be modelled either as a

generator (for example PV – type infeed in DNA), or as a
(negative) load (for example, PQ – type infeed in DNA).
In case when generating unit is defined as negative load,

load modelling should be done as described earlier slides
Loads. Typically, small generating units that are not
telemetered and/or not providing voltage control are
modelled as a (negative) load.
Page 60
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
Transformer Model
A Primary winding
B Secondary winding
Ra Resistance of the
primary winding
Rb Resistance of the
secondary winding
Xa Reactance of the
primary winding
Xb Reactance of the
secondary winding
Ba,Bb Magnetizing
susceptance
TPH High-side tap ratio
A Transformer is an electrical device consisting of two or
TPL Low-side tap ratio
more coupled windings, with or without a magnetic core, for
introducing mutual coupling between electric circuits.
Transformers can be used to control voltage and phase shift
(MW flow)

Page 61
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
The transformer model allows the user to control

the voltage ratio and power flow through the
transformer.
A transformer is modelled as impedance in series
with a lossless device. The impedance terms are
limited so that the maximum branch admittance
magnitude allowed is 1000.
The absolute value of R/X ratio is typically about
0.02 - 0.1 depending on the transformer size.

Page 62
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
Two winding Transformer Two-winding transformers are modelled with one

instance of PowerTransformer and two instances
of TransformerWinding.
This model gives the option to specify the
impedance values for the equivalent pi-model
completely at one of the windings or split them
over the two windings.
DNA supports the modeling of different transformer

vector groups.
Each of the windings has:
• Wye-wye (Yy<x>)
• Series impedances Rn+jXn
• Wye-delta (Yd<y>),
• Shunt Gn+jBn
• Delta-wye (Dy<y>),
p Primary winding
• Delta-delta (Dd<x>),
s Secondary winding
For asymmetrical network:
• Open Wye-open delta (OYod<y>),
• Open Delta-open delta (ODod<x>),
where x and y represent clock numbers defined as:
x = 0, 1, 4, 6, 8, 10
y = 1, 5, 7, 9, 11
Page 63
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
Lines and Cables Model
A wire or combination of wires with consistent electrical characteristics, building a single electrical
system, used to carry alternating current between points in the power system.
Line and cable segments are overhead and underground wires or a combination of wires
with consistent electrical characteristics. They are used to carry current between two points
(poles, pads, and so on) of the network.
The impedance and admittance of all lines are directly specified in the ACLineSegment
objects. The impedance is set for the whole line and not per length.
R Resistance
X Reactance
B Susceptance
T1, T2 Terminals
Page 64
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
ACLineSegment
ACLineSegment instances are positioned

within the IMM hierarchy as a child of a
VoltageLevel instance under a Substation.

Page 65
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
Switches Model
A switch is a generic device designed to

close or open one or more circuits.
The IMM type of switch instances
is not created, but instances are created
as one of the following subtypes of
Switch:
• Breaker
The following types are available:
• Disconnector
• Gang-operated switches • Fuse
All existing phases are operated simultaneously. • GroundDisconnector
Only one digital measurement for all phases is defined (Status). By
changing value of digital measurement Status, the gang-operated
• Jumper
switching state is changed in all phases simultaneously. • LoadBreakSwitch
• LoadDisconnectSwitch
• Non-gang-operated switches
Each phase can be operated separately.
• Recloser
There are up to three digital measurements, each of them related to
one of the existing phases (Status A, Status B and/or Status C). It is
possible to change the switch position in different phases (A, B, or
C) separately.

Page 66
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
Circuit Breaker
The circuit breaker is a mechanical switching device capable of
carrying and breaking currents under normal circuit conditions.
It also carries for a specified time, and breaks currents under
specified abnormal circuit conditions, for example tin case of a
short circuit. A circuit breaker can be opened or closed on load.
Disconnector The disconnector is a manually operated or motor-operated

mechanical switching device. The disconnector cannot be
opened or closed on load. Disconnectors are often called
Isolators. It is used for changing the connections in a circuit, or
for isolating a circuit or equipment from a source of power. It is
also used to open or close circuits only under on-load
condition. That is, when only negligible current is interrupted or
is enabled.

Page 67
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
Ground Disconnector
A grounding switch is a manually operated or motor-operated
mechanical switching device. It is used for grounding a circuit or
equipment (closed position).
When a GroundDisconnector instance is inserted, only one child
Terminal T2 is automatically inserted by IMM. This happens
regardless of the SCADAFlag value. The user must connect this
terminal to different ConnectivityNodes using association
TerminalConnectedToConnectivityNode.
Load Break Switch The load break switch is a mechanical switching device capable of
carrying and breaking currents under
normal operations. It is designed to carry large amount of current
without overheating.
Load disconnect switch is modelled on the same way as load

break switch. This switch has the possibility to
isolate the circuit.

Page 68
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
Fuse
Fuse is an overcurrent protection with a circuit opening fusible

part. Overcurrent which passes through the fuse heats and
severs fusible part.
A fuse is considered a switching device because it interrupts
current. It cannot be opened or closed.

Page 69
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
Measurements
A Measurement represents any measured, calculated, or non-measured and non-calculated

quantity.
Any equipment can contain measurements. For example, a power transformer can have active
and reactive power measurements, a line current measurement and a fault indication can have
a busbar voltage measurement.
The Measurement association is intended to capture the use of Measurement. It is included in
the naming hierarchy based on EquipmentContainer.
These different types of measurements are assigned to:

• Generators
• Sources
• Transformers
• Lines
• Loads
• Busbar sections
• Shunt compensators
• Protection equipment
• Switches
Page 70
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
Different types of measurements are used in DNA applications.

Analog measurements:
• Active power (kW or MW)

• Active power setpoint (kW or MW)
• Reactive power (kVAr or MVAr)
• Reactive power setpoint (kVAr or MVAr)
• Current (A or kA)
• Voltage (kV)
• Voltage phase angle (degree)
• Voltage setpoint (kV)
• State of charge (%)
• Thermal limits: Short, Medium, Long
• Resistance to fault (Ohm)

Page 71
Spectrum Power DNA
DNA Model
Bay Model
A bay is a collection of power system components (within a switching or transformer

substation) including switches, protection relays, measurements, conducting equipment.
Bays are often called switching bays.
The IMM type name is Bay. All switches must be children of a Bay.
Similar diagrams can be created for bays

with other switching equipment types:
• Bay with single LoadDisconnectSwitch

• Bay with single LoadBreakSwitch
• Bay with single Recloser
• Bay with single Disconnector
• Bay with single GorundDisconnector
• Bay with single Fuse

Page 72
Content
• Overview
• DNA Modeling
• Summary

Page 73
Spectrum Power DNA
Summary
Benefits for the Distribution Utilities from

Distribution Network Analysis:
• Improve the dispatchers’ ability to observe the
distribution grid during normal, abnormal, and
emergency conditions
• Consistent management of planned (maintenance) and
unplanned (disturbance) outages
• Improve quality of service and customer relations by
responding to service interruptions more rapidly
• Reduce operating costs by optimal use of field crews,
improved power system efficiency and reduced technical
losses

Page 74
Thank you for your attention!
Restricted © Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved. Answers for infrastructure and cities.
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SPC Dna

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Spectrum PowerTM 7

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The Spectrum Power

…provide tools to simplify and

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Distribution Network Analysis (DNA)

Smart Grid challenges:

DNA: the essential component

 Analysis of the network with

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 Used to identify gross measurement errors and measurement inconsistencies

DSSE continuously DSSE checks for

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 Used to study “what if” scenarios

Switching procedure is DSPF checks for

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Load Curve Data

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Distribution Network Applications (DNA)

DNA provides tools for:

DNA consist of the following components:

• Distribution System State Estimator (DSSE)

• Short-Term Load Scheduler (STLS)

• Data validation (DV)

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Setting DSSE/DSPF Parameters

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Starting State Estimation/Power Flow

Start State Estimator Display

The display allows you to:

In look ahead mode of study

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Look Ahead Mode- Time zone Look Ahead Mode

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State Estimator Results Display

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Complete System Overview

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Two winding Transformer

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Multi winding Transformer

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. This display allows you to view

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Setting STLS Parameters

The goal of this task is to set STLS

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(1) Selected load