Oxygen transfer efficiency (OTE)

 01/24/2016 (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/oxygen-transfer-efficiency-ote/)  Seong-Hoon Yoon

(http://onlinembr.info/author/mushrraf/)

Standardized oxygen transfer efficiency (SOTE)

SOTE represents the oxygen transfer efficiency (OTE) at 20 oC, zero dissolved oxygen, and zero
salinity. SOTE tends to decline if air flow rates increase. The increased bubble coalescence and the increased
bubble rising velocity cause diminished bubble surface area and contact time, which in turn causes lower SOTE.
Therefore the SOTE for a specific diffuser is usually reported as a function of air flow rate to the diffuser.

Since SOTE is only valid only for the water depth that the diffuser was tested, SOTE is often reported as specific
SOTE (SOTES) by dividing the diffuse submergence by the depth assuming SOTES is constant regardless of the
water depth. The SOTES is used to estimate the SOTE in the tanks with various depths. Although oxygen transfer
from bubbles to water decreases gradually while the bubble rises due to the depleting oxygen content and the
decreasing static pressure. However, the errors caused by neglecting these effects are relatively not significant
comparing to the uncertainties caused by the fluctuation of biological condition, unique diffuser placement, etc.

Table 1 summarizes the typical SOTE of various diffusers, but more accurate values can be obtained from diffuser
manufacturers.

Table 1. Comparison of clean water oxygen transfer efficiency of selected diffusers (reproduced from Shammas,
2007 (http://books.google.com/books?
id=PP8LoFu2f8QC&pg=PA391&lpg=PA391&dq=Fine+pore+aeration+of+water+and+wastewater,+Advanced+physic
ochemical+treatment+Shammas&source=bl&ots=2jj9RNoXrD&sig=GQZ3gB9agmt-
pFsOPyBWTS0vQBE&hl=en&ei=y5QfTsWmLsWGsALznoHgAw&sa=X&oi=book))

Diffuser type place in grid SOTE at 4.5m submergence ( – SOTES (/m)

)

Ceramic discs 0.26-0.33 0.058-0.073

Ceramic domes 0.27-0.29 0.06-0.064

Porous plastic discs 0.28-0.32 0.062-0.071

Nonrigid porous plastic tubes 0.26-0.36 0.058-0.08

Single spiral roll 0.19-0.37 0.042-0.082 

Perforated membrane tubes 0.22-0.29 0.049-0.064

 Coarse bubble diffusers 0.09-0.13 0.02-0.029

OTE estimation in process water/mixed liquor

SOTE in process water is symbolized as SOTE, which is a normalized OTE against 20oC, zero salinity, and zero DO
just like SOTE. The relative SOTE in process water to the SOTE in clean water is defined as α-factor (Stenstrom,
2006 (http://www.environmental-expert.com/Files/5306/articles/12650/385.pdf)).

—————————-(1)

Diffuser fouling by inorganic and organic foulants not only causes OTE loss by increasing the bubble size (see Fig. 2
(http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/oxygen-transfer-efficiency-ote/) in Diffuser Fouling (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-
design/diffuser-fouling/)), but also causes energy efficiency loss by increasing the head pressure. The OTE loss is
factored into the equation by a fouling factor (), which is 1.0 for new diffusers αSOTE. can be also written as
αFSOTE including the fouling factor.

The relative OTE in the process water (or mixed liquor) with soluble ions to that in clean water is defined as β-factor.
The temperature effect is considered using θ-factor. In typical municipal MBR conditions, β- and θ-factors are often
neglected since α-factor dominates . The equation for field oxygen transfer efficiency, , is as follow based on all the
rationales above. Typical ranges of the factors are summarized in Table 2.

(http://onlinembr.info/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/2.gif?962d39)

—————————-(2)

where

α = alpha factor (-)

β = beta factor (-)
θ = theta factor (-)
f = fouling factor of diffuser (-)
h = diffuser submergence (m H2O)
C = average DO in aeration tank at a given condition (mg/L or ppm)
(http://onlinembr.info/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1-1.gif?962d39) = average saturated DO at a given
temperature and zero salinity (mg/L or ppm)
(http://onlinembr.info/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1-2.gif?962d39) = average saturated DO at 20oC, 1
atm, and zero salinity (mg/L or ppm)
SOTEs = specific SOTE at 20 oC, 1 atm, and zero salinity (/m H2O)
T = water temperature (oC) 
 In equation (2), β and (http://onlinembr.info/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1-1.gif?962d39) are calculated using
the following equations based on experimental data taken from Weiss (1970).

(http://onlinembr.info/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/3.gif?962d39)
—————–(3)

(http://onlinembr.info/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/4.gif?962d39) —————–(4)
Shares
where

T : water temperature (oC)

h : diffuser submergence (m H2O)
S : conductivity of wastewater at 25 oC (μS/cm)
AL : altitude of the plant (m)

(http://onlinembr.info/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1-2.gif?962d39) is calculated as equation (5).

(http://onlinembr.info/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/5.gif?962d39) ————————

(5)

Table 2. Typical ranges of factors affecting oxygen transfer efficiency

(http://onlinembr.info/wp-

content/uploads/2016/01/Table2.png?962d39)

Oxygen Transfer Efficiency Calculator

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Organic Loading(F/M) (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/fm-and-fv/)
OUR/SOUR (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/oxygen-uptake-rate-our-and-specific-oxygen-uptake-rate-sour/)
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Biosolids yield (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/observed-biosolids-yield-yobs/)
Oxygen Demand (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/biological-o2-demand-estimation/)
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OTE

Theory (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/oxygen-transfer-efficiency-ote/)
Factors Affecting OTE

Pore size and air flow (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/diffuser-pore-size-and-air-flow-rate/)

Diffuser fouling (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/diffuser-fouling/)
MLSS and viscosity (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/mlss-and-viscosity/)
SRT and F/M (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/srt-and-fm-ratio/)
Foaming (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/effect-of-foam-layer-on-oxygen-transfer-efficiency-ote/)
Others (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/other-factors-affecting-ote/)

OTE measurement

Non-steady state absorption method (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/non-steady-state-absorption-

method/)
Non-steady state desorption method (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/non-steady-state-desorption-
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Influencing factors (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/factors-affecting-membrane-longevity/)

Trace Organics

Removal mechanism (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/trace-organic-removal-efficiency-by-mbr/)

Removal efficiency (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/trace-organic-removal-by-mbr-2/)
Comparison with CAS (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/trace-organic-removal-by-mbr/)

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Practical Issues (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/practical-issues-in-design-process/)

Reference (http://onlinembr.info/mbr-design/reference-3/)
Membrane Bioreactor Processes: Processes and Applications (http://onlinembr.info/)

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