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Design suitable shallow foundations for columns C2r 1 and C2r 2 using the Eurocode 7 (Design
Approach 1), for the building of which the ground floor plan and the structural layout drawing is
given in Fig. 1 below. Find the time required for 90% primary consolidation to take place.
Where 𝑟 = 𝑅𝑒(𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟⁄4)
1
Fig. 02: Soil profile along C1, C3, C5 and C7
Table 1
Borehole Location
Elevation/ (m)
BH1 BH2
199.00 7 8
198.25 16 16
197.50 17 18
196.75 18 20
196.00 25 25
195.25 35 37
194.50 40 40
2
Samples taken from auger holes gave the properties given in Table 2 for firm clay.
Table 2
Stress range/ (kPa) Coefficient of compressibility (mv)/ (m2/MN)
0-80 0.11
80-160 0.18
160-320 0.25
320-640 0.17
640-1200 0.16
Results of the Vane shear tests carried out in the firm clay are given in Table 3;
Table 3
Depth/ (m) Vane shear strength/ (kPa)
0.0-1.0 45
1.0-4.0 60
> 4.0 70
Other Data
1. Coefficient of consolidation (Cv) = 1.4 x 10-8 m2/sec.
2. Saturated unit weight of sand = 18.0 kN/m3
3. Saturated unit weight of clay = 20.0 kN/m3
4. Specific gravity of sand = 2.70
5. Forming level of building = 199.0 m
6. Ground water table (GWT) is at 2 m below the ground surface
7. Footing thickness = 0.50 m
8. Allowable settlement = 50 mm
9. Acceptable angular distortion of a portal frame = 1/500 (for SLS)
10. Eu = 500Cu for firm clay.
3
The design bearing resistance
(a) Undrained conditions
𝑹⁄ ′ = (𝝅 + 𝟐)𝒄 𝒃 𝒔 𝒊 + 𝒒
𝑨 𝒖 𝒄 𝒄 𝒄
With the dimensionless factors for;
-the inclination of the base: 𝑏𝑐 = 1 − 2𝛼 ⁄(𝜋 + 2) ; where α is the inclination of foundation base to
the horizontal
-the shape of the foundation:
𝑠𝑐 = 1 + 0.2(𝐵 ′ ⁄𝐿′ ), for a rectangular shape 𝑠𝑐 = 1.2, for a square or circular shape
1 𝐻
-the inclination of the load, caused by a horizontal load H; 𝑖𝑐 = 2 (1 + √1 − 𝐴′ 𝑐 ) with 𝐻 ≤ 𝐴′ 𝑐𝑢
𝑢
Annex H, EN 1997-1, gives definitions of the relevant quantities for checking the SLS of spread
foundations; settlement, relative settlement & angular distortion are the most important (Fig. 4).
4
Fig. 04: Definition of foundation movement; settlement - s; differential settlement – δs; rotation – θ;
angular strain - α; relative deflection – Δ, tilt – ω and relative rotation (angular distortion) - β
A maximum relative rotation of 1/500 is acceptable for many structures. The relative rotation likely
to cause an ULS is about 1/150.
For normal structures with isolated foundations, total settlements up to 50 mm are often acceptable.
Larger settlements may be acceptable provided the relative rotations remain within acceptable
limits.
5
Fig. 05: Correction factor for Standard Fig. 06: Relationship between SPT and
Penetration test angle of shearing resistance
6
Fig. 08: Fox’s correction curves for elastic
settlement of flexible rectangular foundations
at depth
Fig.09: Factors for calculating the average immediate settlement of a loaded area.