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Abstract: Although masonry has been used even in most complex system of constructions with the
development of design methods as well as analytical tools to address the needs of designers and professionals,
the knowledge about the behavior of masonry and design guidelines to most of the designers is very limited.
Different design guidelines developed are based on significant experimental initiatives or instinctive and
empirical causes in most cases. This paper presents the current trends with regard to masonry design guidelines
provided by various country codes to exercise improvement in the design of masonry structures. It even
compares various provisions related to properties of materials to be used and serviceability limits in design of
masonry structures.
Keywords: Masonry design, Codal Provisions
prestressed masonry and confined masonry are given, 4.1 Allowable Stress Design (ASD) or Working
but application ru1es are not provided. Stress Design (WSD)
Indian Standard (IS: 1905-1987) provides 4.1.1 Axial Compression
recommendations for structural design aspect of load
In this section, axial load acting on a section is
bearing and non-load bearing walls using
considered. The axial load causing axial compression
unreinforced masonry only using allowable stress
may be either dead load or live load or combination of
design method and Empirical method of design.
both. Walls and Columns are the structural elements
IITK-GSDMA Guidelines for Structural Use of in which axial compressive forces act.
Reinforced Masonry (2005) addresses the
IS code which uses the traditional ASD method of
requirements related to the reinforcement in masonry
design, gives the permissible compressive stresses
and its detailing as well as those for the seismic
in a wall to be value of basic compressive stress
design and detailing of masonry shear walls for
various level of performance while referring to Indian ( ) as given in Table 8 of IS 1905 or basic
Standards for material properties. compressive strength of masonry obtained from prism
tests and reduced by stress reduction factor ( ) , area
Australian Standard AS 3700 (2011) provides reduction factor ( ) and shape modification factor
minimum requirements for the design and ( ). The stress reduction factors takes into
construction of unreinforced, reinforced and consideration the slenderness ratio of the element,
prestressed masonry, including built-in components eccentricity of loading, sectional area of the element,
using strength design method. and shape of masonry units used. For the case of axial
The discussion that follows provides some opinions, compression, eccentricity is considered to be zero.
findings, and recommendations based on review of
codes and experimental findings. One’s interest in (1)
choosing a method for design of masonry structure ACI code, in ASD method gives the calculated
depends on his knowledge and perspective of the stresses in a section to be less than the allowable
method. Both the ASD and LSD being rational compressive stresses as is given by Eq.(2).
approaches, designers considering accuracy and
economy of design opt to use Limit State Design (2)
(LSD), where designers considering safety as primary
Where, is specified compressive strength of
concern opt conservative Allowable Stress Design
masonry, and is the reduction factor.
(ASD).
The information presented here may help in choosing The parameter is the compressive strength of
a method to design a particular structural element masonry obtained from tests, which is reduced to
which may lead to decide the appropriate design working stress level by multiplying with material
method for the whole structure. Though one has uncertainty factor 0.25. The reduction factor
choice of deciding design method, one shouldn’t mix considers the slenderness of the section as given by
both the methods in design of single structure. Eq.(3-4).
causing axial compression may be either dead load or c. For running bond masonry not grouted solid;
live load or combination of both. Horizontal loads due .
to wind and seismic forces or axial loads with certain
eccentricity acting on a structure develop flexural d. For masonry not laid in running bond,
stresses. Walls and Columns are the structural constructed of open end units, and grouted solid;
elements in which presently considered stresses .
develop. e. For running bond masonry grouted solid;
As per IS: 1905 recommendations, increase in .
permissible compressive stresses is allowed for f. For stack bond masonry not laid in running bond,
eccentric vertical loads and lateral loads under certain constructed of other than open end units, and
conditions. In members subjected to eccentric and/or grouted solid; 15 psi (103 kPa).
lateral loads, increase in permissible compressive
stress is allowed as follows: Where, is compressive force acting normal to
shear surface, and is the net cross-sectional area of
When resultant eccentricity ratio (ratio of masonry.
eccentricity to thickness of member, ) exceeds
l/24 but does not exceed l/6, 25 percent increase 4.2 Strength Design or Limit State Design
in permissible compressive stress is allowed in 4.2.1 Axial Compression
design.
When resultant eccentricity ratio( ) exceeds ACI code in Limit State Design method, gives the
l/6, 25 percent increase in permissible stress is nominal axial strength of masonry to be nominal
allowed but the area of the section under tension compressive strength times the strength reduction
shall be disregarded for computing the load factor specified in ASD method.
carrying capacity of the member.
(7)
IS: 1905 checks bending compression and tensile
stresses independently against permissible values. Where, is the net cross-sectional area of masonry,
is specified compressive strength of masonry, and
ACI code specifies the usage of very conservative is reduction factor.
formula for combined axial and flexural loads
according to which. In combined axial and flexural IBC recommends a similar formulae as of ACI with
loading conditions, a member is considered to be safe slight modifications in the reduction factors. IBC
only if the sum of quotients of the resulting gives the nominal axial strength of masonry as
compression stresses to the allowable stresses does
(8)
not exceed 1.
Where, is the net cross-sectional area of masonry,
4.1.3 Shear
is specified compressive strength of masonry, and
The following three failure modes are observed in is reduction factor.
unreinforced masonry under shear loading.
In Eurocode 6, resistance of masonry walls to vertical
a. Diagonal tension cracks form through the mortar loading is given based on the geometry of the wall,
and masonry units. the effect of the applied eccentricities and the material
b. Sliding occurs along a straight crack at horizontal properties of the masonry. The design value of the
bed joints. vertical resistance of a single leaf wall per unit length
c. Stepped cracks form, alternating from head joint is given as design compressive strength of the
to bed joint. masonry multiplied by thickness of wall, capacity
According to IS: 1905 which considers sliding failure, reduction factor and area reduction factor. The
walls resisting horizontal forces in the plane of the capacity reduction factor takes into consideration the
effect of eccentricity and slenderness.
wall, permissible shear stress , calculated on the
area of bed joint, shall not exceed the value obtained Australian Standard specifies the basic compressive
by Eq.(6). capacity of the cross-section to be taken as the
characteristic compressive strength of the masonry
multiplied with bedded area of a masonry member
(6) cross-section and the capacity reduction factor.
Where, is compressive stress due to dead loads. Capacity reduction factor specified by Australian
Standards is same as strength reduction factor used in
In the absence of suitable research data, ACI other codes to calculate the design compressive
recommends that the in-plane shear stresses shall not strength of masonry and it does not take into
exceed any of the followings: consideration the effect of eccentricity and
a. psi ( MPa) slenderness.
b. 120 psi (0.827 MPa)
4.2.2 Axial Compression with Flexure acting normal to shear surface and is the net
cross-sectional area of masonry
According to ACI and IBC code, for masonry
elements subjected to a factored bending moment, Similarly, IBC 2000 also considers those factors for
, and a factored compressive axial force, , the determining nominal shear strength of masonry and
resulting flexural bending stress, , is determined differs only in magnitude from the ACI code.
using Eq.(9).
Eurocode 6 recommends design of unreinforced
masonry walls subjected to shear loading such that
(9) design value of the shear load applied to the masonry
wall, is less than design value of the shear
Where, is moment of inertia of net cross-sectional resistance of the wall, , which is calculated as
area of a member, is net cross-sectional area of design value of the shear strength of masonry times
masonry, and is thickness of wall or column. thickness of the wall resisting the shear times the
length of the compressed part of the wall and given
The flexural bending stress, , shall satisfy the
as:
followings:
The compressive stress does not exceed , (11)
according to ACI and IBC, respectively. Where, is the design value of the shear strength of
The tensile stress does not exceed the modulus of masonry, is the length of compressed part of wall,
rupture determined. and is the thickness of wall.
As per Australian code, in uniform symmetrical In Australian code, the shear resistance on a
members, subjected to uniaxial bending and horizontal plane is considered to result from both
compression, the design compressive force, , that shear bond (and resistance to rupture) and shear
acts on the cross-section of a member simultaneously friction. According to Australian code, under each
with a bending moment, shear force or other load combination of simultaneously acting design shear
action should be less than the basic compressive force ( ) and design compressive stress acting at the
strength capacity, reduced to consider the effect of cross-section under consideration ( ), the
slenderness and eccentricity. unreinforced masonry member subjected to are
4.2.3 Shear designed to satisfy following relationship.
5.1 Allowable Stress Design or Working Stress is found to be effective in providing resistance only if
Design it is designed to carry the full shear load. Thus, most
codes do not add the shear resistance provided by the
5.1.1 Axial Compression
masonry to that provided by the shear reinforcement.
ACI code, based on significant amount of research The shear reinforcement is required to resist one
data, gives the allowable axial compressive load ( ) hundred percent of the applied shear. Allowable shear
expressed by Eq.(14), which is obtained by adding the stress equations provided by ACI in allowable stress
contribution of masonry and reinforcement. Capacity design are based on strength design provisions, but
reduction factor is used to take into consideration reduced by a factor of safety of 2 to obtain allowable
the effect of slenderness ratio. For design purposes, stress values.
ACI recommends assumption of design axial loads to According to ACI code, shear stress in the masonry,
act at an eccentricity at least equal to 0.1 multiplied
, is determined by the relationship
by each side dimension. Each axis shall be considered
independently.
(15)
(14)
Where, is the shear force, and is the net cross-
Where, is the specified compressive strength of
sectional area of masonry.
masonry, is the net cross-sectional area of
masonry, is the total area of longitudinal The calculated shear stress in masonry shall not
reinforcing steel, and is the capacity reduction exceed allowable shear stress, which is calculated
factor. using following relationships.
IITK-GSDMA GUIDELINES for STRUCTURAL (16)
USE of REINFORCED MASONRY recommends the
provision given by ACI with change in stress
reduction factor, which is to be taken from IS: 1905. (17)
5.1.2 Axial Compression with Flexure
(18)
In the case of combined axial compression and flexure
in reinforced masonry, ACI gives the compressive Where, is the allowable shear stress resisted by
stress in masonry due to flexure or due to flexure in the masonry, is the allowable shear stress resisted
combination with axial load not to exceed by the steel reinforcement, is the maximum
provided the calculated compressive stress due to the moment at the section under consideration, is the
axial load component, , does not exceed the shear force, is the actual depth of a member in
allowable stress, . The interaction equation (unity direction of shear considered, is the specified
formula) used for unreinforced masonry is not compressive strength of masonry, is the axial load,
applicable for reinforced masonry. For reinforced is the net cross-sectional area of masonry, is
masonry, an interaction diagram between the the cross section area of shear reinforcement, is the
allowable moment (independent of member size and allowable tensile or compressive stress in
material strength) versus the ratio of steel reinforcement, and is the spacing of reinforcement.
reinforcement (Grade 60) multiplied by the steel yield
stress and divided by the specified compressive computed from above equations shall not exceed
strength of masonry (modified steel reinforcement the limits
ratio) for both clay and concrete masonry members Where
subjected to pure flexure is provided and can be used
to obtain rapid graphical solution. (19)
IITK-GSDMA guidelines for structural use of Where
reinforced masonry for reinforced members subjected
to combined axial load and flexure, specifies that the (20)
compressive stress in masonry due to combined action
of axial load and bending shall not exceed 1.25 and The maximum value of for between
compressive stress in masonry due to axial load only 0.25 and 1.0 shall be permitted to be linearly
shall not exceed . An iterative method for walls interpolated.
subjected to flexure and axial load adapted from IITK-GSDMA GUIDELINES for STRUCTURAL
Masonry Designer’s Guide [8] is also provided. USE of REINFORCED MASONRY (2005) gives
5.1.3 Shear permissible shear stress values for flexural members,
walls with and without web reinforcement. According
Although reinforcement added in masonry increases to IITK-GSDMA guidelines, the minimum shear
the shear resistance of masonry, shear reinforcement reinforcement, , is given by Eq.(21).
compression fiber shall be taken as 0.0035 for clay There is a maximum limit to the shear strength
masonry and 0.002 for concrete masonry. In Eurocode provided by masonry and shear reinforcement
6, the limiting compressive strain is taken as 0.0035 together, which is given by for walls and
for Group 1 units, 0.002 for Group 3 and 4 units and it for masonry beams.
is mentioned that the maximum tensile strain in
reinforcement should be limited to 0.01. The New The New Zealand Standard for Design of Reinforced
Zealand Standards, which deals with only concrete Concrete Masonry Structures (NZS, 2004) in its
provisions for shear design gives that the design shear
masonry, specifies that shall be 0.003 for
unconfined masonry and 0.008 for confined masonry. force from ultimate limit state loads, , shall not
As per Australian Code, the strain in the outermost exceed the nominal shear strength, , times the
compressive fibre is taken not to exceed 0.0035 for strength-reduction factor, . The allowable shear
both clay and concrete masonry. stress which takes into consideration of
contribution from the masonry, , contribution from
5.2.3 Shear any axial load, , and contribution from the shear
Shear force is assumed to be resisted by both, reinforcement, is used in calculation of nominal
masonry and reinforcement. The formulas given in shear strength . The nominal shear strength is
ACI code and IBC 2000 to derive the nominal shear given as the specified shear stress, , times the
strength of masonry and reinforcement are empirically effective area of the section.
derived from research. The provisions of shear design
According to Australian Code, for a reinforced wall
are similar to as discussed in the previous section for
with subjected to in-plane shear shall be
allowable stress design and limits for allowable shear
designed such that the following relationship is
stress, , as per strength design are to be taken as satisfied:
expressed by Eq.(25-26).
When : (31)
Where, is the design value of a shear load, is the
(25) strength reduction factor, is the effective shear
When : strength, is the design cross-sectional area of
member, is the design yield strength of
(26) reinforcement, and is the effective cross-sectional
In Eurocode 6, separate clauses are provided for area of reinforcement.
calculation of the design value of shear load in Provisions for reinforced wall with
reinforced masonry walls and reinforced masonry subjected to in-plane shear and reinforced
beams. Contribution of masonry as well as shear wall subjected to out-of-plane shear recommends that
reinforcement is considered in the provisions. the member shall be designed to satisfy Eq.(32),
According to Eurocode 6, design value of the shear bound to an upper limit of . Provisions
resistance of unreinforced masonry , design value related to spacing of shear reinforcements are also
of the contribution of the reinforcement are provided in Australian Code.
calculated as:
For reinforced masonry walls (32)
(27) Where, is the characteristic shear strength of
(28) reinforced masonry, is the effective web width,
is the effective depth of masonry, is the design
For reinforced masonry beams shear strength of the main reinforcement, is total
(29) area of longitudinal reinforcing steel in reinforced
masonry, is the design yield strength of
(30) reinforcement, is the cross section area of shear
reinforcement, is the spacing of shear reinforcement,
Where, thickness of masonry, length of masonry, and is the strength reduction factor.
is the width of section, is the design value of the
shear strength of masonry, is the total area of the 6. Conclusion
horizontal shear reinforcement, is the design This article presents provisions related to the design
strength of the reinforcing steel, is the effective of masonry structures subjected to axial compression,
depth of masonry, is the spacing of reinforcement, axial compression with flexure and shear loading.
and is the angle of shear reinforcement to the axis of Even codes which give recommendations for Limit
the member. State Design approach rely upon empirical formulae
for some provisions. This reason necessitates an open
door for research in masonry. Out of all the codes
to MSJC), Masonry Standards Joint Committee, [5] International Building Code, International Code
USA, 2012. Council, Virginia, USA, 2000.
[2] AS 3700, Australian Standard Masonry [6] IS: 1905, Indian Standard Code of Practice for
structures, Standards Australia Limited, Sydney, Structural Use of Unreinforced Masonry, Bureau
Australia, 2011. of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1987.
[3] Eurocode 6, Design of Masonry Structures – Part [7] NZS 4230, Code of Practice for the Design of
1-1: General rules for buildings – Rules for Concrete Masonry Structures and Commentary,
Reinforced and Unreinforced Masonry, European Standards Association of New Zealand,
Committee for Standardization, Brussels, 2005. Wellington, New Zealand, 2004.
[4] Guidelines for Structural Use of Reinforced [8] Masonry Designer's Guide. Matthys, John H.,
Masonry. Report IITK-GSDMA-EQ12– ed. The Masonry Society and the American
Earthquake Codes. Indian Institute of Technology Concrete Institute, 1999.
(Kanpur): Department of Civil Engineering,
2005.