Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Data
Database
Acid Model
DBS
Functions of DBMS
Data definitions
Data manipulations
Multiuser access control
Data Security & Data Integrity
Data Dictionary & Performance
Data Backup , Recovery & Concurrency
Data transformation & presentation
Database language & Application programming interfaces.
Database communication Interfaces & Storage management.
DBMS Disadvantages
RDBMS Entry
1. Information rule
All views that are theoretically updatable must be updatable by the system.
The system must support set-at-a-time INSERT, UPDATE & DELETE operators.
e
Table Table Table
Table
Key Field
RDBMS
Table / Relation
Attribute / Column
RDBMS Terminology
Cardinality No of rows
Attribute Column , Field
Degree No of columns
GRID Computing
Structures - are well-defined objects (tables, views, indexes, and so on) that
store or access the data of a database.
Operations - are clearly defined actions that allow users to manipulate the
data and structures of a database.
Integrity Rules - protects the data and the structure of a database and governs
operation on the data and structures of a database
SQL
SQL means Structured Query Language. Originally developed for IBM’s
(DB2) product in IBM laboratory. SQL pronounced (“ess-que-el”) not sequel.
1970 IBM invented high level database language is called SQL. Sql enables to
select, insert, modify & delete the information in a database. Sql Performs
system security functions & set user permissions on tables and databases. It
handles online transaction processing within an application. SQL transfers data
between different databases. SQL's greatest benefits are that it is truly a
cross-platform language and a cross-product language. GUI tools for sql TOAD,
SQL Developer. Sql allows to modify structure of the database can easily
create new database objects such as tables, indexes, views, sequences …
STATIC SQL Statement can’t be altered at run time. Statements are
hard coded in the program and executed “as-is” at runtime. Static sql is faster
and more secure than dynamic sql. Dynamic Sql statements is constructed and
executed at program execution time. Dynamic sql provides more flexibility.
SQL3 is an extension of the SQL standard that supports object-relational
extensions. SQL3 was finalized in 1999.
Queries are used to select or extract data from a database. Extracting data
from the database by using SQL is termed called querying the database.
SQL * Plus is an interactive and batch query tool that is installed with every
Oracle Database Server or Client installation. It has a command-line user
interface, a Windows Graphical User Interface (GUI) and the iSQL*Plus web-
based user interface.
DML statements are used for managing data within schema objects.