‫‪1 English Grammar For All Levels‬‬ ‫‪Murad Sawalmeh‬‬

‫‪The English Alphabet‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮوف اﻷﺑﺠﺪﻳﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬

‫‪The Alphabet Letters‬‬ ‫او ًﻻ‪ -‬اﻟﺤﺮوف اﻷﺑﺠﺪﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺳﺘﺔ وﻋﺸﺮون ﺣﺮﻓﺎ أﺑﺠﺪﻳﺎ وﻟﻜﻞ ﺣﺮف ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ‬
‫اﻷﺣﺮف ﺷﻜﻼن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻣﺎ أن ﻳﻜﺘﺐ آﺒﻴﺮا )‪ (Capital‬وإﻣﺎ ان ﻳﻜﺘﺐ‬
‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮا)‪ (Small‬وﺗﺼﻨﻒ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺣﺮف ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﻔﻈﻬﺎ اﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ هﻤﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺣﺮوف ﻋﻠﺔ ) ‪ ( Vowels‬وهﻲ‪a, e, i, o, u :‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺣﺮوف ﺳﺎآﻨﺔ أو ﺻﺎﻣﺘﺔ ) ‪ ( Consonants‬وهﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z‬‬

‫وﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻔﺼّﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻷﺣﺮف ‪:‬‬

‫‪Capital‬‬ ‫‪Small‬‬ ‫‪Pronunciation‬‬ ‫‪Example‬‬ ‫‪Meaning‬‬
‫‪letter‬‬ ‫‪letter‬‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮف اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮف اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫إﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪name‬‬ ‫إﺳﻢ‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪ball‬‬ ‫آﺮة‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫ﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪city‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬ ‫دي‬ ‫‪door‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎب‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫إي‬ ‫‪egg‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻀﺔ‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫إف‬ ‫‪father‬‬ ‫أب‬
‫‪G‬‬ ‫‪g‬‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫‪giant‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻼق‬
‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫إﺗﺶ‬ ‫‪hand‬‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫ﺁي‬ ‫‪smile‬‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺘﺴﻢ‬
‫‪J‬‬ ‫‪j‬‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪jump‬‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻔﺰ‬
‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬ ‫آﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪key‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺘﺎح‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫إ ْل‬ ‫‪lamp‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺒﺎح‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫إ ْم‬ ‫‪man‬‬ ‫رﺟﻞ‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫ن‬
‫ِإ ْ‬ ‫‪nose‬‬ ‫أﻧﻒ‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫أوﻩ‬ ‫‪open‬‬ ‫ﻳﻔﺘﺢ‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪power‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‪ ،‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬ ‫آﻴﻮ‬ ‫‪queen‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫ﺁر‬ ‫‪room‬‬ ‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫س‬
‫إ ْ‬ ‫‪snake‬‬ ‫أﻓﻌﻰ‬

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2 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

T t ‫ﺗﻲ‬ teeth ‫أﺳﻨﺎن‬

U u ‫ﻳﻮ‬ university ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
V v ‫ﻓﻲ‬ valley ‫وا ٍد‬
W w ‫دَﺑﻠﻴﻮ‬ woman ‫إﻣﺮأﻩ‬
X x ‫إآﺲ‬ mix ‫ﻳﺨﻠﻂ‬
Y y ‫وﺁي‬ year ‫ﺳﻨﻪ‬
Z z ‫ِز ْد‬ zero ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬

Digraphs ‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻷﺣﺮف اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸ ّﻜﻞ ﺻﻮﺗﺎ واﺣﺪا‬-‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫ ( اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ‬Sounds ) ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺻﻮات‬

:‫اﻟﺘﻘﺎء ﺣﺮﻓﻴﻦ أو اآﺜﺮ وﻣﻦ أهﻢ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺻﻮات ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬

Digraphs Pronunciation Example Meaning

‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺤﺮوف‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬
dg ‫ج‬ judge ‫ﻗﺎﺿﻲ‬
du ‫ج‬ graduate ‫ﻳﺘﺨﺮج‬
ph ‫ف‬ telephone ‫هﺎﺗﻒ‬
gh ‫ف‬ laugh ‫ﻳﻀﺤﻚ‬
gh ‫غ‬ Ghana ‫ﻏﺎﻧﺎ‬
sh ‫ش‬ shirt ‫ﻗﻤﻴﺺ‬
ch ‫ش‬ machine ‫ﺁﻟﺔ‬
ci ‫ش‬ special ‫ﺧﺎص‬
ch ‫ك‬ character ‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬
ck ‫ك‬ clock ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺣﺎﺋﻂ‬
qu ‫ك‬ queen ‫ﻣﻠﻜﺔ‬
ch ‫إﺗﺶ‬ child ‫ﻃﻔﻞ‬
tu ‫ﺗﺶ‬ nature ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
tion ‫ﺷﻦ‬ national ‫ ﻗﻮﻣﻲ‬،‫وﻃﻨﻲ‬
sion ‫ﺟﻦ‬ vision ‫ رؤﻳﺔ‬،‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬
th ‫ث‬ think ‫ﻳﻔﻜﺮ‬
th ‫ذ‬ there ‫هﻨﺎك‬
wh ‫و‬ what ‫ﻣﺎذا‬
kh ‫خ‬ Khalid ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬

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‫‪3 English Grammar For All Levels‬‬ ‫‪Murad Sawalmeh‬‬

‫‪Pronunciation, Dictation and Spelling‬‬

‫اﻟﻠﻔﻆ واﻹﻣﻼء واﻟﺘﻬﺠﺌﺔ‬

‫‪Pronunciation‬‬ ‫أوﻻ‪ -‬اﻟﻠﻔﻆ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺣﺮف )‪(A, a‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪Example‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪Rule‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ﺣﺮف ) ‪ ( a‬آﺎﻷﻟﻒ اﻟﻤﻤﺪودة ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫آﺒﻴﺮ ‪ ،large‬رﺟﻞ ‪ ،man‬ﻳﺪ ‪hand‬‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ) ﺁ ( وذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫ارض ‪ ، land‬ﺳﺪ ‪ ،dam‬ﺳﻴﺊ ‪bad‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث أو أرﺑﻊ أو ﺧﻤﺴﺔ‬
‫أﺣﺮف‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺒﺎق ‪ ،race‬ﺧﻄﻮة ‪ ،pace‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ‪case‬‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ﺣﺮف ) ‪ ( a‬آﻤﺎ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﻴﺎء ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﺟﺎء ‪ ،came‬اﺳﻢ ‪ ،name‬آﻌﻜﺔ ‪cake‬‬ ‫آﻠﻤﺔ ) آﻴﻚ ( ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ إذا ﺟﺎء‬
‫ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ آﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺤﺮف )‪.(e‬‬
‫ﺧﺎدﻣﺔ ‪ ،maid‬ذﻳﻞ ‪ ،tail‬ﻣﻄﺮ ‪rain‬‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ﺣﺮف ) ‪ ( a‬آﻤﺎ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﻴﺎء ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﻤﺎر‪ ،‬ﻇﻔﺮ ‪ ،nail‬هﻮاء ‪air‬‬ ‫آﻠﻤﺔ ) آﻴﻚ ( ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ إذا آﺎن‬
‫ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺎ ﺑﺤﺮف ) ‪.( i‬‬
‫آﺮة ‪ ،ball‬ﺣﺬر ‪ ،caution‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ‪law‬‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ﺣﺮف ) ‪ ( a‬آﻤﺎ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﻮاو ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ‪ ،tall‬ﻓﺠﺮ ‪ ،dawn‬ﻣﺸﺪود ‪taut‬‬ ‫آﻠﻤﺔ )ﺟﻮل( ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ إذا آﺎن‬
‫ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺎ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ اﻷﺣﺮف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪.(u, w, ll‬‬
‫ﻓﻮق ‪ ،above‬ﺣﻮل ‪around‬‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ﺣﺮف ) ‪ ( a‬آﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ إذا وﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ‪،America‬ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ ،ago‬ﻋﺒْﺮ ‪across‬‬ ‫أول اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ‪ ،acquire‬ﻳﺘﻬﻢ ‪accuse‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺠﺰ ‪ ،accomplish‬ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ‪accept‬‬
‫ﻣﻀﺤﻚ ‪ ،absurd‬ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ ‪abrupt‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺣﺮف )‪(B, b‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪Example‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪Rule‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫ﻳﺘﺴﻠﻖ ‪ ،climb‬إﺑﻬﺎم اﻟﻴﺪ ‪thumb‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف ) ‪ ( b‬إذا ﺟﺎء ﻗﺒﻠﻪ أﺣﺪ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﺣﻤﻞ ‪ ،lamb‬اﺧﺮس ‪dumb‬‬ ‫اﻷﺣﺮف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ‪.( m, u‬‬
‫رﺣﻢ اﻟﻤﺮأة ‪ ،womb‬ﻗﻨﺒﻠﺔ ‪bomb‬‬

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‫‪4 English Grammar For All Levels‬‬ ‫‪Murad Sawalmeh‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺣﺮف )‪(C, c‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪Example‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪Rule‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،cell‬اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ‪cylinder‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮف ) ‪ ( c‬ﻳﻠﻔﻆ )ﺳﻲ( إذا ﺟﺎء ﺑﻌﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﺳﺒﺎق ‪ ،race‬دراﺟﺔ هﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ‪bicycle‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة أﺣﺪ اﻷﺣﺮف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ‪.( i, e, y‬‬
‫ﻳﺼﻔﻖ ‪ ،clap‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺣﺎﺋﻂ ‪clock‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮف ) ‪ ( c‬ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ) ك( إذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻪ أﺣﺪ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎرة ‪ ،car‬ﻳﺒﻜﻲ ‪ ،cry‬ﻗﻄﺔ ‪cat‬‬ ‫اﻷﺣﺮف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪.( i , e, y‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺣﺮف )‪(D, d‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪Example‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪Rule‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف ) ‪ ( d‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ،edge‬ﺟﺴﺮ ‪ ،bridge‬ﺷﻌﺎر ‪badge‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫إﺳﻔﻴﻦ ‪ ،wedge‬وﺳﻴﻢ ‪handsome‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺿﻲ ‪ ،judge‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ‪knowledge‬‬
‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﺮف) ‪ ( d‬أو ) ‪ ( ed‬إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ﺑﺜﻼﺛﺔ أﺻﻮات هﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪stop: stopped/ laugh : laughed‬‬ ‫‪ ،/d/, /ɪd/, /t/‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ask :asked/ bath : bathed‬‬
‫أ‪ -‬ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف) ‪ (d‬آﺼﻮت ‪ /t/‬إذا‬
‫‪pass : passed/ wash : washed‬‬
‫اﺿﻴﻒ إﻟﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺎﺣﺪ‬
‫‪watch : watched/ mix: mixed‬‬
‫اﻷﺻﻮات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪advance: advanced.‬‬
‫)‪ ،ch, p,k, f, s‬ش ‪ ،sh‬ث ‪( th‬‬
‫‪decide: decided/ want : wanted‬‬ ‫ب‪ -‬ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف )‪ (d‬آﺼﻮت ‪/ɪd/‬‬
‫إذا أﺿﻴﻒ إﻟﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺣﺪ اﻷﺻﻮات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪( d, t ) :‬‬
‫‪rob: robbed/ save : saved‬‬
‫‪fill : filled/ bathe: bathed‬‬ ‫ج‪ -‬ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف )‪ (d‬آﺼﻮت‪ /d/‬إذا‬
‫‪aim : aimed/ pain : pained‬‬ ‫أﺿﻴﻒ إﻟﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ اﻷﺻﻮات‬
‫‪beg : begged/ seize : seized‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪massage: massaged‬‬ ‫)‪ , b, g, m, l , r, n, v, ʒ,z‬ذ ‪( th‬‬
‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪agree: agreed / play: played‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف)‪ (d‬آﺼﻮت ‪ /d/‬إذا‬
‫‪follow: followed‬‬
‫أﺿﻴﻒ إﻟﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺼﻮت ﻋﻠﺔ‬
‫)‪ ،(vowel‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

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‫‪5 English Grammar For All Levels‬‬ ‫‪Murad Sawalmeh‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﺣﺮف ) ‪(E, e‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪Example‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪Rule‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ‪ ،net‬ﺳﺮﻳﺮ ‪ ، bed‬رﺟﺎل ‪men‬‬
‫ﻗﻠﻢ ﺣﺒﺮ‪ ،pen‬ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ‪ ،seven‬ﻋﺸﺮة ‪ten‬‬
‫ﺳﺒﺐ ‪ ،reason‬ﻳﻘﺮأ ‪ ،read‬ﻟﺤﻢ ‪meat‬‬
‫أﺳﻨﺎن ‪ ،teeth‬ﻟﺤﻢ ﺑﻘﺮ ‪beef‬‬
‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎج‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ‪ ،need‬ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪meet‬‬
‫ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ‪ ،come‬وﺣﻴﺪ ‪ ،lone‬ﻳﺤﺐ ‪like‬‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮة ‪ ،fame‬ﺁﻣﻦ ‪ ،safe‬اﺳﻢ ‪name‬‬
‫ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف )‪ (e‬آﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮة ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫إذا آﺎن وﺣﻴﺪا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف)‪ (e‬آﻤﺎ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﻴﺎء ﻓﻲ آﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫)ﻋﻴﺪ( ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ إذا آﺎن ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺤﺮف )‪ (a‬أو آﺎن ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎ)‪.(ee‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف )‪ (e‬إذا ﺟﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -6‬ﺣﺮف ) ‪(G, g‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪Example‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪Rule‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫اﷲ ‪ ،God‬ﻳﺬهﺐ ‪ ،go‬ﻳﺨﻤﻦ ‪guess‬‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف )‪ (g‬آﺎﻟﺠﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬إذا‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫اﺧﻀﺮ‪ ،green‬هﺪف ‪ ،goal‬ﺟﻴﺪ ‪good‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻌﻪ أﺣﺪ اﻷﺣﺮف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ‪( r, o, u, a‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﺴﺐ ‪ ،gain‬ﻣﺴﺪس ‪،gun‬ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ‪gulf‬‬ ‫آﻘﻮﻟﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺸﺐ ‪ ،grass‬ﺣﺪﻳﻘﺔ ‪garden‬‬
‫أرض ‪ ،ground‬ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ‪grow‬‬
‫ﺿﺨﻢ ‪ ،huge‬ﻗﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺎب ‪gym‬‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ اﻟﺤﺮف) ‪ ( g‬ﻳﻠﻔﻆ )ج( ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﻋﺎم ‪ ،general‬ﻋﻤﻼق ‪giant‬‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺣﺪ اﻷﺣﺮف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ، (e, i, y) :‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻮراﺛﺔ ‪genetics‬‬
‫ﺟﺮ ﺛﻮم ‪ ،germ‬آﺮﻳﻢ ‪generous‬‬
‫اﺟﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻦ ‪ ،wage‬ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ‪manage‬‬
‫‪.‬أﺟﻨﺒﻲ ‪ ، foreign‬ﻳﺴﺘﻘﻴﻞ ‪resign‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ﺣﺮف ) ‪ ( g‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫إﺷﺎرة ‪ ،sign‬ﻳﺨﺼﺺ ‪assign‬‬
‫ﻳﺼﻤﻢ ‪ ،design‬ﺣﻜﻢ ‪rein‬‬

‫‪ -7‬ﺣﺮف ) ‪(H, h‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪Example‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪Rule‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫‪ whip‬ﺳﻮط ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﺎذا ‪ ،why‬ﻣﺎذا ‪what‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف )‪ (h‬إذا ﺟﺎء ﻗﺒﻠﻪ اﻟﺤﺮف‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫أﺑﻴﺾ ‪ ،white‬ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ‪wheel‬‬ ‫)‪ ، (w‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺻﺎدق ‪ ،honest‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ‪hour‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف )‪ ( h‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫اﺑﺘﻬﺎج ‪exhilaration‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮض ‪exhibition‬‬

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‫‪6 English Grammar For All Levels‬‬ ‫‪Murad Sawalmeh‬‬

‫‪ -8‬ﺣﺮف ) ‪(I, i‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪Example‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪Rule‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف ) ‪ ( i‬آﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫هﺬﻩ ‪ ، this‬ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ‪ ، lift‬ﺣﻠﻴﺐ ‪milk‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ إذا آﺎن وﺣﻴﺪا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫إذا ‪ ،if‬ﺳﻔﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ،ship‬ﻧﺤﻴﻒ‪ ،‬رﻓﻴﻊ ‪thin‬‬
‫دﺑﻮس ‪ ، pin‬ﻳﻤﻸ ‪ ،fill‬ﺧﻄﻴﺌﺔ ‪sin‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺼﺔ ‪ ،slice‬ﺣﺠﻢ ‪size‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮف) ‪ ( i‬ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ) ﺁي ( إذا ﺟﺎء ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﺘﺴﻢ ‪ ،smile‬إﻧﺒﻮب ‪pipe‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮف ) ‪.( e‬‬
‫ﺳﻌﺮ ‪ ،price‬ﻟﻄﻴﻒ ‪nice‬‬
‫ل ‪high‬‬‫ﻟﻴﻠﺔ‪ ، night‬ﻋﺎ ٍ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮف) ‪ ( i‬ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ) ﺁي ( إذا آﺎن ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺎ‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺗﻞ ‪ ،fight‬ﺿﻮء ‪light‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻓﻴﻦ ) ‪.( gh‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﺸﺪود ‪ ،tight‬ﺧﻴﺮ‪right‬‬
‫وﻻدة ‪ ،birth‬ﺑﻨﺖ ‪ ،girl‬ﻃﺎﺋﺮ ‪bird‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮف ) ‪ ( i‬ﻳﻠﻔﻆ آﺼﻮت ‪ /ɜː/‬إذا آﺎن‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﻋﻄﺸﺎن ‪ ،thirsty‬ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ‪third‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮف ) ‪ ( r‬ﺛﻢ ﺣﺮف ﺻﺎﻣﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -9‬ﺣﺮف )‪(K, k‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪Example‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪Rule‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف )‪ ( k‬إذا ﺟﺎء ﺑﻌﺪﻩ اﻟﺤﺮف‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻴﻦ ‪ ،knife‬ﻳﻌﺮف ‪know‬‬ ‫)‪ ( n‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻘﺪة ‪ ،knot‬ﻳﺤﻴﻚ ‪knit‬‬
‫ﻓﺎرس ‪ ،knight‬ﻳﺪق ‪knock‬‬
‫رآﺒﺔ ‪ ،knee‬ﻳﺮآﻊ ‪kneel‬‬

‫‪ -10‬ﺣﺮف )‪(L, l‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪Example‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪Rule‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف ) ‪ ( l‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫هﺎدئ ‪ ،calm‬ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ‪ ،talk‬ﻳﻤﺸﻲ ‪walk‬‬
‫ﻋﺠﻞ ‪ ،calf‬ﻃﺒﺎﺷﻴﺮ ‪ ،chalk‬ﻧﺨﻴﻞ ‪palm‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ‪ ،should‬ﻣُﺢ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺎر اﻟﺒﻴﺾ ‪yolk‬‬
‫ﻧﺼﻒ ‪ ،half‬ﻟﻮز ‪ ،almond‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ‪could‬‬

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‫‪7 English Grammar For All Levels‬‬ ‫‪Murad Sawalmeh‬‬

‫‪ -11‬ﺣﺮف )‪(N, n‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪Example‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪Rule‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف ) ‪ ( n‬إذا ﺟﺎء‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﻳُﺪﻳﻦ ‪ ،condemn‬ﻳﻠﻌﻦ ‪ ،damn‬ﺗﺮﺗﻴﻠﺔ ‪hymn‬‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻠﻪ اﻟﺤﺮف ) ‪.( m‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻮد ‪ ،column‬ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻒ ‪autumn‬‬

‫‪ -12‬ﺣﺮف )‪(Q, q‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪Example‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪Rule‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫اﻟﺤﺮف )‪ (q‬ﻳﺘﺒﻊ داﺋﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮف‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫هﺎدئ ‪ ،quite‬ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ‪ ،queen‬ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ‪quick‬‬ ‫)‪.(u‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ‪ ،quality‬آﻤﻴﺔ ‪،quantity‬ﻃﺎﺑﻮر ‪queue‬‬
‫ﻟِﺤﺎف ‪ ،quilt‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ ‪ ،quit‬هﺪوء ‪quiet‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎن ‪ ،questionnaire‬ﺳﺆال ‪question‬‬
‫رﺑﻊ ‪ ،quarter‬ﺧﻼف ‪ ،quarrel‬ﻏﺮﻳﺐ‬

‫‪ -13‬ﺣﺮف )‪(R, r‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪Example‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪Rule‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف )‪ (r‬إذا ﺟﺎء ﺑﻌﺪﻩ أﺣﺪ‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻓﺮ ‪ ،travel‬ﻳﺤﻀﺮ ‪ ،bring‬ﻳﻘﺮأ ‪read‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف اﻟﻌﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪.(u, o, i, e, a, y‬‬
‫ﻦ ‪ ،from‬ﻗﺼﺔ ‪ ،story‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪true‬‬ ‫ِﻣ ْ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف )‪ ( r‬إذا ﺟﺎء ﺑﻌﺪﻩ أﺣﺪ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪ ،modern‬آﻠﻤﺔ ‪word‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮوف اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ )‪.(Consonants‬‬
‫أول ‪ ،first‬ﺑﻨﺖ ‪ ،girl‬ﻗﻠﺐ ‪heart‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف ) ‪ ( r‬إذا ﺟﺎء ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ‪ ،teacher‬دآﺘﻮر ‪doctor‬‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫أم ‪ ،mother‬ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ‪near‬‬
‫آﺎﺗﺐ ‪ ،writer‬ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ‪composer‬‬
‫ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺔ ‪ ،printer‬زارع اﻷﻟﻐﺎم ‪miner‬‬
‫ﻣﺮآﺰ ‪ ،center‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ‪manager‬‬
‫ﻗﺎرئ ‪ ،reader‬ﻣﺴﺘﻤﻊ ‪listener‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺋﻊ ‪ ،seller‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮي ‪buyer‬‬
‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،letter‬رﺳﻮل ‪messenger‬‬
‫ﺻﻴﺎد ‪ ،hunter‬ﻣﺮﺳﻞ ‪sender‬‬

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8 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

(S, s) ‫ ﺣﺮف‬-14

Example ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬ Rule ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫( إﻟﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬es ‫ أو‬s) ‫ﻋﻨﺪ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﺮف‬ -1
/s/, /z/, ‫آﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ﺑﺜﻼﺛﺔ أﺻﻮات هﻲ‬
:‫ آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬/ɪz/
stop : stops/ want : wants/
kick : kicks/ hate: hates ‫ إذا‬/s/ ‫( آﺼﻮت‬s) ‫ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف‬-‫ا‬
proof : proofs/ month : months ‫أﺿﻴﻒ إﻟﻰ آﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ اﻷﺻﻮات‬
sleep: sleeps/ book: books :‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
laugh: laughs/ hat: hats :‫ ( ﻻﺣﻆ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬th ‫ ث‬,p, t, k, f )

describe: describes/ road: roads /z/ ‫ ( آﺼﻮت‬s ) ‫ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف‬-‫ب‬

dog: dogs/, breathe: breathes ‫إذا أﺿﻴﻒ إﻟﻰ آﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ‬
bathe: bathed / car : cars :‫اﻷﺻﻮات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
remain: remains, cave: caves ( th‫ذ‬، b ، d ، g ، n، ing، m، l، r )
arm : arms/, sing : sings :‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬

try: tries/ stay: stays ‫ إذا‬/z/ ‫( آﺼﻮت‬s)‫ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف‬-

know: knows /agree: agrees ،‫أﺿﻴﻒ إﻟﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺼﻮت ﻋﻠﺔ‬
radios: radio / cow: cows :‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬

bridge: bridges/ dish: dishes ‫( إذا‬ɪz) ‫( آﺼﻮت‬s)‫ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف‬-‫ج‬

garage: garages/ bus: buses ‫أﺿﻴﻒ إﻟﻰ آﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ اﻷﺻﻮات‬
catch: catches/ box : boxes : ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
massage: massages.
: ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،( ʒ ، z, g, s, ch, sh ‫) ش‬
arrange: arranges
relax: relaxes/ rose: roses
prize: prizes/, finish : finishes

insurance ‫ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬،sure ‫ﻣﺘﺄآﺪ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت‬/ ʃ / (‫( ﻳﻠﻔﻆ )ش‬s) ‫اﻟﺤﺮف‬ -2

sugar ‫ ﺳﻜﺮ‬, assure ‫ﻳﺆآﺪ‬
:‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
mansion ‫ﺑﻴﺖ آﺒﻴﺮ‬
reserve ‫ ﻳﺤﺠﺰ‬، resent ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺎء‬ ‫( ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ) ز( إذا وﻗﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻓﻲ‬s) ‫اﻟﺤﺮف‬ -3
disease‫ ﻣﺮض‬،desert ‫ﺻﺤﺮاء‬ .‫ﻋﻠﺔ‬

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‫‪9 English Grammar For All Levels‬‬ ‫‪Murad Sawalmeh‬‬

‫‪ -15‬ﺣﺮف )‪(T, t‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪Example‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪Rule‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫ﻳُﺴﺮع ‪ ،hasten‬ﻗﻠﻌﺔ ‪ ،castle‬ﻳﺴﺘﻤﻊ ‪listen‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف ) ‪ ( t‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫دﻓﻌﺔ ‪ ،batch‬ﻳُﻐﻠﻖ ‪ ،fasten‬ﻳﺼﻔﺮ ‪whistle‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺸﺎهﺪ ‪ ،watch‬ﻳُﻠﻴﻦ ‪ ،soften‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ‪often‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻳﺠﻠﺐ ‪ ،fetch‬ﺟﺰار ‪ ،butcher‬ﺧﻨﺪق ‪ditch‬‬

‫‪ -16‬ﺣﺮف )‪(W, w‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪Example‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪Rule‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫أﺳﺒﻮع ‪ ،week‬إﻣﺮاﻩ ‪ ،woman‬ﻣﻊ ‪with‬‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ) و( إذا وﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ أول اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﻳﻠﻒ ‪ ،wrap‬ﻳﺼﺎرع ‪ ،wrestle‬ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ‪write‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ اﻟﺤﺮف )‪ (w‬إذا ﺟﺎء ﺑﻌﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﺄ ‪ ،wrong‬آﺎﺗﺐ ‪ ،writer‬رﺳﻎ ‪wrist‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮف ) ‪.( r‬‬
‫ﻦ ‪ ،who‬آﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬آﻞ ‪ ،whole‬ﺳﻴﻒ ‪sword‬‬ ‫َﻣ ْ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ﺣﺮف ) ‪ (w‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﻦ ‪ ،whose‬ﻣﻦ ‪ ، whom‬ﺟﻮاب ‪answer‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -17‬ﺣﺮف )‪(X, x‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪Example‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪Rule‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫‪fix, mix, fixture, mixture‬‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻔﻆ )آﺲ( )‪ (ks‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ ،example‬اﻣﺘﺤﺎن ‪exam‬‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻔﻆ )‪ ( gz‬إذا ﺟﺎء ﺑﻴﺖ ﺣﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﺻ ﻮﺗﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪ exact‬ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺮج ‪exit‬‬ ‫)‪ (vowels‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺰﻳﻠﻮﻓﻮن‪ :‬ﺁﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ ‪xylophone‬‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ) ز ( ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫اﻟﺔ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪات ‪Xerox‬‬

‫‪ -18‬ﺣﺮف )‪(Y, y‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪Example‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪Rule‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

‫ﻧﻌﻢ ‪ ،yes‬اﺻﻔﺮ ‪ ،yellow‬ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ‪young‬‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻔﻆ )ي( إذا ﺟﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ‪ ،carry‬ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ‪ ،ready‬ﺟﺪا ‪very‬‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻔﻆ آﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﻩ إذا وﻗﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺎب ‪ ،gym‬دراﺟﺔ هﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ‪bicycle‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎآﻨﻴﻦ أو إذا ﺟﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪why, my, by, apply, deny, cry‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮف)‪ ( y‬ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ) ﺁي ( ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪satisfy, beatify, buy, psychology‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

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 ‫‪10 English Grammar For All Levels‬‬ ‫‪Murad Sawalmeh‬‬

‫‪Spelling and Dictation‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ -‬اﻹﻣﻼء واﻟﺘﻬﺠﺌﺔ‬

‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﻬﺠﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﺮد )‪ ،(ing‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪read: reading‬‬ ‫‪stand: standing‬‬ ‫‪speak: speaking‬‬ ‫‪drink: drinking‬‬

‫‪ .2‬إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑ )‪ (-e‬ﻧﺤﺬﻓﻬﺎ ﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ )‪ ،(ing‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪write: writing‬‬ ‫‪leave: leaving‬‬ ‫‪come: coming‬‬ ‫‪take: taking‬‬

‫‪ .3‬إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ذو اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺎ ﺑﺤﺮف ﻋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻀﺎﻋﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮف اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ )‪ ،(ing‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪sit: sitting‬‬ ‫‪stop: stopping‬‬ ‫‪run: running‬‬ ‫‪rub: rubbing‬‬

‫ﻟﻜﻦ إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ اﻷﺣﺮف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ،( w, x, y‬ﻻ ﻧﻀﺎﻋﻒ اﻟﺤﺮف اﻷﺧﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪sew: sewing‬‬ ‫‪fix: fixing‬‬ ‫‪enjoy: enjoying‬‬

‫‪ .4‬إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑ )‪ ،(-ie‬ﻧﺴﺘﺒﺪل )‪ (ie‬ﺑ )‪ (y‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ )‪ ،(ing‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪die: dying‬‬ ‫‪tie: tying‬‬ ‫‪lie: lying‬‬

‫‪ 9‬ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﻬﺠﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎرع اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ) اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪(he, she, it‬‬

‫‪ .1‬اﻏﻠﺐ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻟﻬﺎ )‪ ،(s‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪work: works‬‬ ‫‪buy: buys‬‬ ‫‪ride: rides‬‬ ‫‪return: returns‬‬

‫‪ . .2‬إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑ ) ‪ (-s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z, -o‬ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻟﻪ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ )‪،(es‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪pass : passes/, wash : washes/, box : boxes/, buzz : buzzes/, go : goes .‬‬

‫‪ .3‬إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﺮد ﺑ )‪ (-y‬ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺎ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺘﺒﺪل )‪ (y‬ﺑ )‪ (i‬ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﻧﻀﻴﻒ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ )‪ ،(es‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪study: studies‬‬ ‫‪hurry: hurries‬‬ ‫‪dry: dries‬‬ ‫‪try: tries‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻟﻜﻦ إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮف )‪ ( y‬ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺎ ﺑﺤﺮف ﻋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻀﻴﻒ )‪ ( s‬ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ دون اﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻟـ‬
‫)‪ ،( y‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪play: plays‬‬ ‫‪enjoy: enjoys‬‬ ‫‪say: says‬‬ ‫‪pray: prays‬‬

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 ‫‪11 English Grammar For All Levels‬‬ ‫‪Murad Sawalmeh‬‬

‫‪ 9‬ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﻬﺠﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻧﻀﻴﻒ )‪ ،(ed‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪help: helped‬‬ ‫‪return: returned‬‬ ‫‪box: boxed‬‬ ‫‪clean: cleaned‬‬

‫‪ .2‬إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑ )‪ (-e‬ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ) ‪ ،(d‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪live: lived‬‬ ‫‪die: died‬‬ ‫‪create: created‬‬ ‫‪dance: danced‬‬

‫‪ .3‬إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ذو اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺎ ﺑﺤﺮف ﻋﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻀﺎﻋﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮف اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ )‪ ،(ed‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪rub: rubbed‬‬ ‫‪stop: stopped‬‬ ‫‪sun: sunned‬‬ ‫‪sum: summed‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻟﻜﻦ إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ اﻷﺣﺮف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ،( w, x, y‬ﻻ ﻧﻀﺎﻋﻒ اﻟﺤﺮف اﻷﺧﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪bow: bowed‬‬ ‫‪mix: mixed‬‬ ‫‪play: played‬‬

‫‪ .4‬إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﺮد ﺑ )‪ (-y‬ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺎ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺘﺒﺪل )‪ (y‬ﺑ )‪ (i‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ )‪ ،(ed‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪study: studied‬‬ ‫‪hurry: hurried‬‬ ‫‪dry: dried‬‬ ‫‪try: tried‬‬

‫‪ .5‬إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮف )‪ (-y‬ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺎ ﺑﺤﺮف ﻋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻀﻴﻒ )‪ (ed‬ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ دون اﺳﺘﺒﺪال‬
‫)‪ ،(y‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪play: played‬‬ ‫‪enjoy: enjoyed‬‬ ‫‪annoy: annoyed‬‬ ‫‪pray: prayed‬‬

‫وﻣﻦ ﺷﻮاذ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪pay: paid‬‬ ‫‪lay: laid‬‬ ‫‪say: said‬‬
‫‪ 9‬ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﻬﺠﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ )‪ (er‬واﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﻀﻴﻞ )‪(est‬‬

‫‪ .1‬إذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ واﺣﺪ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ )‪ (er‬ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‪ ،‬وﻧﻀﻴﻒ‬
‫)‪ (est‬ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪cheap‬‬ ‫‪cheaper‬‬ ‫‪cheapest‬‬
‫‪bright‬‬ ‫‪brighter‬‬ ‫‪brightest‬‬

‫‪ .2‬إذا اﻧﺘﻬﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺑ )‪ ،(-e‬ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻓﻘﻂ )‪ (r‬ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ أو )‪ (st‬ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪nice‬‬ ‫‪nicer‬‬ ‫‪nicest‬‬
‫‪wide‬‬ ‫‪wider‬‬ ‫‪widest‬‬

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‫‪12 English Grammar For All Levels‬‬ ‫‪Murad Sawalmeh‬‬

‫‪ .3‬إذا اﻧﺘﻬﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ذات اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺎ ﺑﺤﺮف ﻋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻀﺎﻋﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮف اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ )‪ (er‬أو )‪ ،(est‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪big‬‬ ‫‪bigger‬‬ ‫‪biggest‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻟﻜﻦ إذا اﻧﺘﻬﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ اﻷﺣﺮف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ،( w,y‬ﻻ ﻧﻀﺎﻋﻒ اﻟﺤﺮف اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪slow‬‬ ‫‪slower‬‬ ‫‪slowest‬‬

‫‪coy‬‬ ‫‪coyer‬‬ ‫‪coyest‬‬

‫‪ 9‬ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﻬﺠﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﺑـ )‪(ly‬‬

‫‪ .1‬إذا اﻧﺘﻬﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺑ )‪ (-y‬ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﻪ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺘﺒﺪل )‪ (y‬ﺑ )‪ (i‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ )‪،(ly‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪easy: easily‬‬ ‫‪heavy: heavily‬‬ ‫‪temporary: temporarily‬‬

‫‪ .2‬إذا اﻧﺘﻬﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺑ )‪ ،(-e‬ﻧﺒﻘﻲ ) ‪ ( e‬وﻧﻀﻴﻒ ) ‪ ،( ly‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪nice : nicely‬‬ ‫‪extreme: extremely‬‬ ‫‪polite: politely‬‬

‫‪ .3‬إذا اﻧﺘﻬﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺑ )‪ ،(-le‬ﻧﺤﺬف )‪ (e‬وﻧﻀﻴﻒ )‪ ،(y‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪possible: possibly‬‬ ‫‪simple: simply‬‬ ‫‪terrible: terribly‬‬

‫‪ .4‬إذا اﻧﺘﻬﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺑ )‪ ،(-ic‬ﻧﻀﻴﻒ )‪ (ally‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻟﻈﺮف‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪basic: basically‬‬ ‫‪fantastic: fantastically‬‬

‫‪ 9‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﺤﺮوف )‪ (ie‬أو )‪:(ei‬‬

‫‪ .1‬إذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺮف )‪ (c‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ )‪ ،(ei‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺨﺪع ‪، deceive‬ﺳﻘﻒ ‪، ceiling‬وﺻﻞ اﺳﺘﻼم ‪ ، receipt‬ﺧﺪاع ‪ ،deceit‬ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ‪receive‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻟﻜﻦ هﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪ ( ei‬رﻏﻢ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد اﻟﺤﺮف ) ‪ ، ( c‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺟﺎر‪ ،neighbor‬وزن ‪ ،weight‬ورﻳﺪ ‪ ،vein‬ارﺗﻔﺎع ‪ ،height‬وﻗﺖ اﻟﻔﺮاغ ‪leisure‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎزل ‪ ،deign‬رﺳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺎن ‪ ،rein‬ﺣﻜﻢ ‪ ،reign‬ورﻳﺚ ‪ ،heir‬ﻻ ‪ ،neither‬إﻣﺎ ‪either‬‬
‫ﻟﻮن ﺑﻴﺞ ‪ ،beige‬وﺟﻮد‪ ،‬آﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ ‪ ،being‬ﺣﻴﻮان اﻟﺮﻧﺔ‪ ،reindeer‬ﻳﻘﻮي ‪reinforce‬‬

‫‪ .2‬إذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺮف )‪ (c‬ﺗﻜﻮن )‪ ،(ie‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫رﺋﻴﺲ ‪، chief‬اﺑﻨﺔ اﻷخ أو اﻷﺧﺖ ‪ ،niece‬ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ‪ ،piece‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ‪ ،believe‬ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ‪friend‬‬

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13 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

Definite and Indefinite Articles ‫أدوات اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ واﻟﻨﻜﺮة‬

The Definite Article ‫ أداة اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬:‫اوﻻ‬

Pronunciation of the definite article ‫ ﻟﻔﻆ اداة اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳ ﻒ‬-

،‫ اذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺳﺎآﻦ‬/ða/،(‫ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ اداة اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ) َذ‬-‫أ‬
: ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
The door, the car, the moon, the film.
،‫ اذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﺤﺮف ﻋﻠﺔ‬/ði:/(‫ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ اداة اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮﻩ) ِذ‬-‫ب‬
:‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
The end, the apple, the idea, the air.

The use of the definite article ‫ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اداة اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬-

‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻌﺪودة وﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺪودة اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ واﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﺳﻮاء آﺎﻧﺖ‬-1

:‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ﻣﻔﺮدة أو ﺟﻤﻊ‬
1- The Jordanian player won the first prize.
.‫ﻓﺎز اﻟﻼﻋﺐ اﻷردﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬
2- The letter you wrote to me was full of expressive words.
.‫اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ آﺘﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻲ آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮة‬
3- The water of this well isn’t good for drinking.
4- Do you know the people who live next door?

:‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻮع ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ‬-2

1- The inhabitants of this town are generous.
.‫ﺳﻜﺎن هﺬﻩ اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺔ آﺮﻣﺎء‬
2- The teachers in this school are experienced.

:‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻮع ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻮﺻﻞ‬-3

1- The book which I bought is written by our neighbor.
2- I like the vegetables that grow in Jordan.

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14 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

:‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،( S + V ) ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻮع ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬-4

1- The man I met yesterday speaks English and German well.

2- The castle Jamal visited in Jordan was built two years ago.

:‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،( Ving or V3 ) ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻮع ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬-5

1- The man sitting there is my friend.
2- I like the plays written by Shakespeare.

:‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺒﻮق ﺑﺼﻔﺔ‬-6

1- I like the classical music.
2- The good teacher knows what to teach.
3- The polite student should respect his teachers.

:‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ واﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻮن‬-7

The earth, the sun, the moon, the world, the sky, the universe
the weather, the rain, the wind, the sea, the north, the west, the east
the south, the environment, the capital, the air, the ground, etc.

:‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺬآﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬-8

I have two cars: a Ford and an Audi..
The Ford is white and the Audi is black.

.‫ ﺳﻴﺎرة اﻟﻔﻮرد ﺑﻴﻀﺎء وﺳﻴﺎرة اﻻودي ﺳﻮداء‬.‫ ﻓﻮرد واودي‬:‫اﻣﺘﻠﻚ ﺳﻴﺎرﺗﻴﻦ‬

‫( وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء‬Ford, Audi) ‫ ( ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ‬a) ‫ﻻﺣﻆ إﻧﻨﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ اﻷداة‬
.‫ ( ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء‬the) ‫ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻤﻊ واﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ اﻷداة‬

،‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء أو اﻷﺷﺨﺎص‬-9

:‫ﺑﺸﺮط أن ﻻ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ‬

the poor ‫ اﻟﻔﻘﺮاء‬-the strong ‫ اﻷﻗﻮﻳﺎء‬- the weak ‫اﻟﻀﻌﻔﺎء‬

The rich ‫ اﻷﻏﻨﻴﺎء‬- the homeless ‫ اﻟﻤﺸﺮدون‬- the youth ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎب‬
The sick ‫ اﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ‬- the old ‫ آﺒﺎر اﻟﺴﻦ‬- the handicapped ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻗﻮن‬
The disabled ‫ اﻟﻌﺠﺰة‬-the injured ‫ اﻟﺠﺮﺣﻰ‬-The dead ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺗﻰ‬

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15 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

،‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰر‬،‫ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات‬،‫ اﻷﻧﻬﺎر‬،‫ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎت‬،‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﺒﺤﺎر‬-10

:‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ واﻟﺼﺤﺎري‬،‫وﺳﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺠﺒﺎل‬
The Red Sea ‫ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬- The Dead Sea ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻟﻤﻴﺖ‬
The Pacific Ocean ‫ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﻬﺎدئ‬- The Atlantic Ocean ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ اﻷﻃﻠﺴﻲ‬
The Nile ‫ ﻧﻬﺮ اﻟﻨﻴﻞ‬-The Times ‫ﻧﻬﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻳﻤﺰ‬
The Suez Canal ‫ ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ‬-The Panama Canal ‫ﻗﻨﺎة ﺑﻨﻤﺎ‬
The Canaries ‫ ﺟﺰر اﻟﻜﻨﺎري‬-The Bahamas ‫ﺟﺰر اﻟﺒﻬﺎﻣﺎ‬
The Andes ‫ ﺟﺒﺎل اﻻﻧﺪﻳﺰ‬-The Alps ‫ﺟﺒﺎل اﻷﻟﺐ‬
The Sahara ‫اﻟﺼﺤﺮاء اﻟﻜﺒﺮى‬
:‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬-11
- It was the worst day of my life! .‫آﺎن أﺳﻮا ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬
- The more you practice English, the better you will do it.

:‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻷدوات اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬-12

The piano - the flute - the guitar- the violin

:‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺒﺎرزة واﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎس‬-13

The post office - the theatre - the cinema - the stadium- the central bank
the cinema/movies- the circus-the ballet and the opera

:‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬-14

State ‫ دوﻟﺔ‬-union ‫ اﺗﺤﺎد‬-kingdom ‫ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬- republic ‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ‬

The Syrian Arab Republic ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻮرﻳﺔ‬

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻷردﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺷﻤﻴﺔ‬
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
‫اﺗﺤﺎد ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺎت اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ اﻻﺷﺘﺮاآﻴﺔ‬
The United States of America ‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬

، ( hotel names and currencies ) ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻨﺎدق واﻟﻌُﻤﻞ‬-15

:‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
The Holiday Inn, Amman Regency, the U.S. dollar, the yen, the euro.

:‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،(‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ )اﻟﻴﻮم واﻟﺸﻬﺮ واﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬-16

1- The sixteenth of March, nineteen eighty two.

.1982 ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺁذار ﻋﺎم‬
2- The 13th of April 1990. 1990 ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺎن ﻋﺎم‬

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‫‪16 English Grammar For All Levels‬‬ ‫‪Murad Sawalmeh‬‬

‫‪ -17‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺠﻼت واﻟﺼﺤﻒ واﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻷدﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪The Jordan Times - the Star - the Iliad - the Newsweek‬‬
‫‪the Independent- the Times‬‬

‫‪ -18‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺮاآﻴﺐ اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس ‪ -the engineer’s office‬آﺘﺎب اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪The student’s book‬‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎك اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ‪ - the window of the room‬اﺳﻢ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ‪The name of the book‬‬

‫‪ -19‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺠﺮدة أو اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ )‪ (Abstract Nouns‬إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬

‫ﺧﺎﺻﺎ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪1- The honesty of the man is good.‬‬
‫ﺻﺪق اﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪2- The generosity of this family is endless.‬‬
‫آﺮم هﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -20‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻮاد إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- The furniture in this house is beautiful.‬‬

‫اﻷﺛﺎث ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪2- The paper of the book is old.‬‬
‫ورق اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻗﺪﻳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -21‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ أﺳﻤﺎء وﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﻄﻌﺎم إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- The supper of the last night was delicious.‬‬

‫ﻋﺸﺎء اﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ آﺎن ﻟﺬﻳﺬا‪.‬‬
‫‪2- The lunch of yesterday was good.‬‬
‫ﻏﺪاء أﻣﺲ آﺎن ﺟﻴﺪا‪.‬‬

‫‪ -22‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﺼﻮل اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- The winter of the last year was cold.‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺘﺎء اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ آﺎن ﺑﺎراد‪.‬‬
‫‪2- The spring of this year is beautiful.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ رﺑﻴﻊ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

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‫‪17 English Grammar For All Levels‬‬ ‫‪Murad Sawalmeh‬‬

‫‪ -23‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة )ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم( ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- The flag is a notional symbol.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻢ رﻣﺰ وﻃﻨﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪2- The cat is a tame animal.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺔ ﺣﻴﻮان أﻟﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫?‪3- Who invented the telephone‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﺧﺘﺮع اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ؟‬
‫‪4- The violin is more difficult than the piano.‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﻤﺎن اﺻﻌﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻮ‪.‬‬

‫)‪The Indefinite Articles (a, an‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬أداﺗﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺮ‬

‫‪Pronunciation of the indefinite articles‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻟﻔﻆ أداﺗﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺮ )‪(a, an‬‬

‫أ‪ -‬ﺗﻠﻔﻆ أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺮ)‪ (a‬آﺎﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،/ə/‬إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺒﺪأ‬
‫ﺑﺤﺮف ﺳﺎآﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪a car‬‬ ‫‪a letter‬‬ ‫‪a man‬‬ ‫‪a book‬‬

‫ب‪ -‬ﺗﻠﻔﻆ أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺮ)‪ (an‬ﻣﺜﻞ )أن( ‪ ، /ən/‬اذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﺤﺮف ﻋﻠﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪an apple‬‬ ‫‪an umbrella‬‬ ‫‪an eagle‬‬ ‫‪an orange‬‬

‫‪The use of the indefinite articles‬‬ ‫‪ -‬اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل أداﺗﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺮ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺮ )‪ (an‬ﻣﻊ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮد اﻟﻤﻌﺪود اﻟﺬي ﻳﺒﺪأ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ أﺣﺮف اﻟﻌﻠﺔ‬
‫) ‪ ،( a, u, e, i, o‬وﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮف ) ‪ ( h‬وﻳﻜﻮن ﺻﺎﻣﺘﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻔﻆ وﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺎ ﺑﺤﺮف ﻋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪an article‬‬ ‫‪an umbrella‬‬ ‫‪an egg‬‬ ‫‪an index an oven‬‬ ‫‪an hour‬‬
‫‪an heiress‬‬ ‫‪an honest man‬‬ ‫‪an honor an honorable person‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺮ )‪ (a‬ﻣﻊ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮد اﻟﻤﻌﺪود اﻟﺬي ﻳﺒﺪأ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺳﺎآﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫) ‪ ( b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, z‬وﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺒﺪوءة‬
‫ﺑﺤﺮف ﻋﻠﺔ و ﻳﻠﻔﻆ ﻣﺜﻞ )‪ ،(you‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪a plane‬‬ ‫‪a camel‬‬ ‫‪a hand‬‬ ‫‪a man‬‬ ‫‪a child‬‬ ‫‪a university‬‬
‫‪a European‬‬ ‫‪a uniform‬‬ ‫‪a useful book‬‬ ‫‪a eulogy‬‬

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 ‫‪18 English Grammar For All Levels‬‬ ‫‪Murad Sawalmeh‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮد اﻟﻤﻌﺪود اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم آﻤﺜﺎل ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﺟﻴ ﺪ ‪1- A book is a good companion‬‬
‫أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺮ)‪ ( a‬هﻨﺎ ﺟﺎءت ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ )آﻞ(‪ ،‬إذًا ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ) آﻞ آﺘﺎب ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﺟﻴﺪ( وه ﺬا‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ أﺻﺪﻗﺎء ﺟﻴﺪون) اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺮ هﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻤﻴﻢ(‪.‬‬

‫اﻷﺳﺪ ﺣﻴﻮان ﻣﻔﺘﺮس ‪2- A lion is a ferocious animal‬‬

‫أداة اﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺮ)‪ ( a‬أﻳﻀﺎ ﺟﺎءت ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ )آﻞ( أي أن ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ )آﻞ أﺳﺪ ﺣﻴﻮان ﻣﻔﺘﺮس( وهﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫ان ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺳﻮد ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻣﻔﺘﺮﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﺑﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪a million dollars, a dozen eggs, half a dozen, a hundred persons,‬‬
‫‪a thousand students.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻬﻦ واﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺎس‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- Khalid is an accountant.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒ ًﺎ‬

‫‪2- Mohammed is a judge‬‬ ‫ض‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻗﺎ ٍ‬

‫‪ -6‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‪ ،‬اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- Banana is 5 dinars a kilo.‬‬
‫‪2- We drove at 120 miles an hour.‬‬

‫‪ -7‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮد اﻟﻤﻌﺪود‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫!‪1- What a beautiful car‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﺎرة ﺟﻤﻴﻠﺔ!‬
‫!‪2- What a pretty girl‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ أﺟﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﻨﺖ!‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜ ًﺎ‪ .‬اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻌﻬﺎ أداة اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ )‪ (the‬أو أداﺗﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻜﻴﺮ‬
‫) ‪ ( a, an‬وﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ) ‪:(Zero Article‬‬

‫‪ -1‬وﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪ ) :‬ﺗﺴﺒﻖ وﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺑ ‪.( by‬‬

‫‪to travel by car, to go by train, to travel by plane, to arrive by boat to travel by‬‬
‫‪ship, to go by bus, to come by bicycle, to travel by sea‬‬
‫‪ -2‬وﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‪:‬‬
‫‪to have breakfast, to get lunch, to eat supper/dinner.‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ إذا ﺳﺒﻖ وﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﺻﻔﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺴﺒﻖ ﺑﺄداة ﺗﻨﻜﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪- I had a delicious lunch.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻨﺎ وﺟﺒﺔ ﻏﺪاء ﻟﺬﻳﺬة‬

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 19 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

.(at, after, before, around, towards ‫ ) ﺗﺴﺒﻖ ﺑ‬:‫ أوﻗﺎت اﻟﻠﻴﻞ واﻟﻨﻬﺎر‬-3

at night, at down, around noon, before midnight, at sunrise

after sunset, towards evening.
:‫ ( ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬the) ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬#
in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening.

:‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،(‫ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻌﺪودة اﻟﺠﻤﻊ واﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺪودة )ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‬-4
1- Parents are responsible for their children. (‫)ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ‬
2- We can’t live without water and air. (‫)ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ‬

: ‫ آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬،(the) ‫ أﻣﺎ إذا ﺗﺨﺼﺼﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ أداة اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬#
1- The water of this well is cold. (‫)ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬
2- The books I read last week were useful. (‫)ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬

.( in, to, at ) :‫ )ﻋﺎدة ﺗﺴﺒﻖ ﺑﺤﺮف ﺟﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ‬:‫ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت واﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ‬-5

Home to home, arrive home, come home, at home, from home,

get home.
Work to work, at work, from work, finish work, start work
Bed to bed, in bed, into bed.
School to school, at school, in school, from school, leave school
start school, enter school.

University at university, to university, from university

leave university, start university, enter university

Prison in prison, to prison, into prison.

Church to church, at church, into church, from church.
Hospital in hospital, to hospital, at hospital, into hospital
College at college, to college, from college, in college,
leave college, start college, enter college.

Class to class, in class, from class.

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 20 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

:‫ ( ﻗﺒﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت واﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ‬the) ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم أداة اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬:‫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬#

‫ﻼ ) اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ً ‫ ﻣﺜ‬،‫إذا ذهﺒﻨﺎ إﻟﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ أو ﻷﺟﻞ اﻟﻐﺮض اﻟﺬي ﺗﺆدﻳﻪ‬
‫ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮ ﻟﻠﻨﻮم وهﻜﺬا ( ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻻ‬،‫ اﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎدة‬،‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬،‫واﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ واﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺔ‬
:‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،"the" ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ إذا ذهﺒﻨﺎ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﺟﻞ أﻣﺮ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬،‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ أداة اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬

1- Every day Ali goes to school. (‫) ﻳﺬهﺐ ﻋﻠﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﺟﻞ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬
- Ali’s father went to the school to see his son’s teacher.
( "the" ‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻨﺎ‬،‫) ذهﺐ واﻟﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﺟﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺪرس وﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺔ‬

2- I go to bed at 10 o'clock. ‫اذهﺐ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻮم اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮة‬

- Ahmed is sitting on the bed. ‫اﺣﻤﺪ ﻳﺠﻠﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮ‬

3- Rami is in class now. .‫راﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻒ اﻵن‬

- The class is on your right. .‫اﻟﺼﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻤﻴﻨﻚ‬

4- Ahmed is sick in hospital .‫اﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬

- Mona is a doctor in the hospital in Amman.

5- I met her at college. ‫أﻧﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬

- I'll meet you at the college. .(‫) هﻨﺎ اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ آﻤﻜﺎن ﻟﻠﻘﺎء‬.‫ﺳﺄﻗﺎﺑﻠﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬

،‫ اﻷﻳﺎم‬،‫ اﻷﻣﺮاض‬،‫ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت‬،‫ اﻟﻘﺎرات‬،‫ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان‬،‫ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬،‫ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬-6

:‫ واﻟﻔﺼﻮل واﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت واﻟﺸﻮارع واﻟﻄﺮق واﻷﻟﻌﺎب ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫اﻷﺷﻬﺮ‬
1- Amer usually visits his friends on Fridays.
2- The Arabs regard honor and dignity important.
3- I live in Jordan.
4- Africa is the largest continuant in the world.
5- He speaks English and French fluently.
6- This man was ill with Cancer.
7- April and January are my favorite months.
8- It snows in winter.
9- I like playing tennis.
10- Oxford Street is full of people.
11- Microsoft is a well-known company.

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 21 English Grammar For All Levels Murad Sawalmeh

Exercises

- Choose the correct answer in brackets.

:‫اﺧﺘﺮ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﻗﻮاس‬
1- Do you know the largest city in ---- Asia? (a, an, x).
2- I have lived in ---- United States of America for two years. (an, the, x).
3- I bought ---- new house yesterday. (a, an, x).
4- ---- rich are people having a lot of money. (A, The, X).
5- Yesterday we ate ---- meat for dinner. (a, the, x).
6- ---- rain that fell last night caused some problems. (A, The, X).
7- ---- Red Sea is in the Middle East. ( A, An, The).
8- ---- cats are clever animals. ( A, The, X).
9- I like ---- people who live in Jordan. (a, the, x).
10- He usually goes to Amman by ---- bus. (a, an, x).

- Find the mistakes in using the articles in these

sentences, then correct them.
:‫ﺟﺪ اﻷﺧﻄﺎء ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻷدوات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺛﻢ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﻬﺎ‬
1- Time is a money.
2- A Jordan is a lovely country.
3- He is ill with the influenza.
4- My neighbor is in a prison for robbery.
5- I like stars at the night.
6- I will travel to the Syria by a plane.
7- I pity poor who have no enough money.
8- My father is an doctor in Amman.
9- I always have a lunch at 4 o’clock.
10- My sister fears the snakes.
11- I don’t like the coffee.
12- I play guitar in my free time.
13- Do the Jordanian people work hard?
14- I didn't go to cinema last week.
15- My father is a honest man.

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