Non-Metallic Pipelines - Use of Reinforced Composite Pipe-Draft 2

BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
Non-metallic Pipelines - Use of

Reinforced Composite Pipe-
Draft 2
March 2009
Publication Number
The Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) represents 150
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industry that affects the livelihoods of more than half a million Canadians.
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Overview
This guide is meant to provide increased awareness among designers, installers
and users of non-metallic reinforced composite pipeline systems of some industry
practices and lessons learned regarding reinforced composite pipelines as used by
the upstream oil and gas industry. The guide is not intended to be a detailed guide
or design manual on the use of these materials for pipeline applications.
Significant industry literature and documentation already exists on the design,
manufacturing, installation, and operation of reinforced composite pipelines. This
currently resides in pipe manufacturer’s manuals and various industry standards
and guides published by organizations such as ASTM International, American
Petroleum Institute (API) American Water Works Association (AWWA), and
International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
In Canada, the oil and gas industry pipeline code, CSA Z662-2007 has a complete
chapter, Clause 13.0 that is dedicated to non-metallic pipeline systems and
includes a separate clause 13.1 that has specific requirements for reinforced
composite pipelines.
This guide is intended to compliment these existing industry documents and
standards and not to replicate their contents.
Therefore, the main intention of this guide is to address the following:
 Differences between conventional steel pipe and reinforced composite
pipe
 Lessons learned and recommended best practices as gathered from
Canadian industry experiences
 Provide some guidance for designers, installers, and users who may have
limited experience with reinforced composite pipelines
As stated above, this guide is intended compliment existing industry standards
that relate to reinforced composite pipe such as CSA Z662, API 15HR, API 17J,
ISO 14692, and API 15S.
In addition pipeline operators should be aware of the applicable regulatory
requirements for reinforced composite pipelines within the jurisdictions they are
operating in. This guide is not intended to describe or define the application of
local provincial or municipal government regulatory requirements that may apply
to pipeline projects.
March 2009 Best Practices- Non-metallic Pipelines- Draft 2 Page i

Contents
Overview...............................................................................................................................i
Project Scope....................................................................................................................1-1
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A.1 Sub-heading..............................................................................................................i
Figures
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Tables
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March 2009 Best Practices- Non-metallic Pipelines- Draft 2 Page ii

1 Project Scope
The scope of the document is to provide some best practices for users of
reinforced composite pipeline materials. The scope of materials includes both
standard individual length rigid pipe, so-called “stick pipe” and flexible or
spoolable reinforced composite pipes.
Within industry the use of the term reinforced composite pipe may mean different
things to different people and the term is applied to many different types of non-
metallic pipe products including both standard stick pipe and spoolable pipe.
Therefore for the purpose of this guide rigid individual length reinforced
composite pipe will be referred to as stick pipe.
Spoolable reinforced composite pipe will be referred to as spoolable pipe. There
are two general categories of spoolable pipes: bonded spoolable composite pipe
(SCP) and un-bonded reinforced thermoplastic pipe (RTP). RTP products are
available that use un-bonded reinforcement such as glass fiber, steel strip, or
polymer fiber tape.
The applicable industry code covering oil and gas pipelines in Canada is CSA
Z662-07. This guideline was prepared when the 2007 edition was in effect. In
CSA Z662-07 there is a entire section (Clause 13) dedicated to non-metallic
plastic pipeline systems. Within Clause 13 a subsection clause 13.1 is dedicated to
reinforced composite pipe and includes both stick pipe and spoolable pipe.
Service applications are for pipelines used by the upstream oil and gas production
industry located in western Canada. These can include oil well multiphase
flowlines, gas gathering pipelines, oilfield water disposal pipelines, and oilfield
water injection pipelines. For the oil sands production industry, there have been
applications of large diameter reinforced composite pipelines to transport heating
or cooling waters within plant sites or between base processing plants and remote
mining sites.
Pipe sizes for stick pipe can vary from NPS 2” to NPS 48” or larger depending on
the manufacturer. Spoolable pipe diameters available are NPS 2” to NPS 6”.
Pipe pressure ratings for stick pipe will vary by diameter with smaller diameter
pipe available with pressure ratings to approximately 20 mPa. However, for larger
pipe diameters, the pressure ratings of stick pipe available are much lower and are
more likely to be in the 1.0- 2.0 mPa range for larger diameter pipe such as NPS
36”.
For the various spoolable pipe products, different pressure rated pipe products are
available, up to approximately 17.0 mPa but the pressure rating available will
depend on the product and pipe diameter involved, as not all spoolable pipe
products are rated for the same pressure. In some cases pipe manufacturers may
be capable of producing special sized or pressure rated pipe that may not be listed
in their standard product literature. Also new products and pressure ratings of
products are being added continually.
March 2009 Best Practices- Non-metallic Pipelines- Draft 2 Page 1

2 Review of Non-metallic Pipeline Failures
2.1 Summary
In 2007 an analysis of pipeline failure statistics was performed and presented at a
pipeline symposium held in Banff, Alberta in 2007. The analysis showed a
relatively high incident rate with reinforced composite pipelines, in particular
stick composite pipelines.
The incident frequency for fiberglass stick pipelines was higher than for steel
pipelines and the other non-metallic pipeline materials reviewed. It should be
noted that many of the incidents involved were classified as pipe mechanical
construction damage, corrosion of associated steel piping risers, mechanical
valve/fitting failures
Figure 2-1 provides a summary of the incident frequencies determined by material
type.
Figure 2.1- Pipeline Failure Frequency for Alberta Pipelines

Figure 2.2 provides a summary of reinforced composite pipeline failures in
Alberta by cause. The data reveals that some of the more common and
reoccurring stated causes of failures are the following:
 Damage resulting from installation practices
 Internal corrosion of associated steel pipe risers, fittings
 Damage by others, 3rd party damage
 Mechanical failures of valves or fittings
 Miscellaneous/pipe failure
March 2009 Best Practices- Non-metallic Pipelines- Draft 2 Page 2 -1

Figure 2.2- Summary of Reinforced Composite Failures by Cause
2.2 Common Incident Causes/Potential Solutions
2.2.1 Installation Related
Installation related damage that leads to pipe failures can take many forms. Most
often installation damage is not intentional but results from trying to install
reinforced composite pipelines in a similar fashion, with similar techniques and
installers as used for a steel pipeline. The reinforced composite pipe installation
requirements are generally not that much different from good installation
practices for steel pipelines, however with reinforced composite pipe, the material
is far less forgiving than steel to installation related deficiencies such as poor soil
support or pipe impacts.
In some cases installation damage may cause a leak to occur very quickly in the
pressure test. In some other cases damage may take a much longer time to further
degrade and eventually cause a failure. An example would be pipe erosion due to
a sharp rock placed next to the pipe that may take several years of rubbing against
the composite pipe and eventually causing a failure to occur.
Pipe damage can also occur due to placement of lumps of frozen backfill or large
rocks over the pipe during backfilling of the pipeline ditch.
A primary damage mechanism is due to lack of underground pipe support. For
example, often the end areas of pipelines during construction may be over
excavated resulting in large areas of relatively unstable soil when it is placed
around the pipeline. If the soil support to the pipe is not adequate or uniform, it
can result in damage to reinforced composite pipes due to pipe settling and
development of excessive axial or shear stresses in the pipe body or at
connections.
Related to the pipe support issue, where the reinforced composite pipeline is
connected to above ground steel headers or wellsite piping, it is imperative that

this steel piping be supported independently of the pipeline risers. It is not
recommended to provide anchoring or support to an above ground steel piping
system through anchors or supports placed on or below a reinforced composite
pipe riser. For spoolable pipe placement of an underground structural support to
support the spoolable pipe riser is often used but this type of support structure is
not intended to support above ground steel piping.
Another area of concern on stick pipe is pipe joint integrity. Pipe joints are made
from either threaded mechanical connections on smaller diameter stick pipe or
adhesive bonded bell and spigot on larger diameter stick pipe. Currently there is
no technology for non-destructive examination of these joints before placing them
into service. Therefore reliance on the qualification of joining personnel and strict
adherence to the qualified joining procedure should be required and this is a
challenging area to manage for pipeline construction projects, especially for
installers whose experience is primarily based on steel pipelines.
Similarly spoolable pipe products each have different joining coupler designs that
are mainly mechanical in nature and rely on strict adherence to installation
procedures and qualified personnel. In some cases manufacturers allow field
installations of their proprietary connections by construction contractors. In these
cases the manufacturer should train and approve installers of their couplers. This
approach may also present challenges to the end user to manage joint quality and
determine who is qualified to make these connections.
With spoolable pipes a great deal of care should be taken to not over torque the
pipe during placement especially during wintertime construction. Over-torque of
the pipe can result in cracks developing in the outer reinforcement structure that
may go undetected and then further degrade in service and lead to pipe failure. An
example of potential over-torque damage can result from installing the above
ground above ground risers before constructing the pipeline and subsequently
attempting to stretch or force the reinforced composite pipe, with ends that
already have flanges installed on them, to mate up to those risers.
Also with spoolable pipe kinking can occur during installation and requires
careful unreeling and vigilance during construction. Often over pre-heating of
pipe or uneven heating on the reel, during cold temperature installation can result
in kinking during unreeling.
Where spoolable pipes or reinforced composite pipes are installed through an
existing carrier pipe, support of the spoolable pipe where it enters and exits that
steel pipe is of primary importance. The steel carrier pipe will normally act as a
solid, settled area of ground that has not seen soil movement for many years since
construction. However the area where the composite pipe exits is subject to new
and varying soil settling tendencies that oftentimes can lead to a failure right at
the entry/exit areas of the carrier pipe. Furthermore, for longer pull sections
through existing carrier pipe, the intermediate bellhole excavation locations that
connect two adjacent pull sections are areas where the differential soil settling can
cause excessive shear stress to develop in the spoolable pipeline.

2.2.2 Internal Corrosion of Steel Risers
Often with reinforced composite pipelines the use of a carbon steel riser is
preferred by some users. The use of steel pipe is usually to provide increased
strength or damage resistance or fire resistance for the riser pipe section.
Since reinforced composite pipelines are often installed in highly corrosive
service fluids, internal corrosion of the steel riser pipe should be considered a
threat and mitigated.
Most often this is accomplished by use of internal plastic coatings that are shop-
applied and the internally coated riser is then shipped to the construction site
equipped with flanged ends for connection to the composite pipeline. In some
cases specialty coated and welded insert fittings are used to fabricate risers using
coated pipe sections.
A couple of factors to consider for use of plastic coatings with risers are the
diameter and design of the riser. The use of NPS 2” diameter pipe is not
recommended since generally this is too small to internally coat successfully. Also
the use of an appropriate internal coating combined with a quality application by
an experienced coating applicator combined with an appropriate internal coating
material is highly recommended. There are several pipe internal coating
applicators available that specialize in this type of coating application and should
be utilized for riser coatings. Also industrial coating manufacturers should be
consulted for their recommendations for suitable internal coating materials and
applicators.
Steel risers should also be designed with suitable flanges or fittings that provide
internal access for both weld area grinding and coating application. Where access
for weld grinding is not practical the use of alternate welding processes such as
MIG that develop a smoother internal weld bead should be considered for
fabrication. NACE SP0178 provides information on preparation of welds surfaces
for internal coating application.
Diameter differences between reinforced composite piping and the riser piping
(particularly when the riser piping diameter is decreased) should be evaluated in
the coating selection regarding the erosion resistance properties of the coating.
Where possible, gradual steps up and down should be used as more aggressive
changes may lead to coating failure (i.e. NPS 4 piping reduced down to a 2" valve
assembly). Furthermore, flanged connections versus welded connections should
be considered for the ease of coating smaller pipe sections and ease of accessing
weld for surface preparation. Cost is a factor to be considered since flanged
connections are normally more expensive than welded connections.
The field application of internal coatings is not normally recommended due to
inability to adequately clean the steel pipe and apply uniform coating under
adverse field conditions. Therefore under normal circumstances, steel pipe riser
internal coating applications should be performed in a specialized coatings
application shop.

It is also common to install reinforced composite pipe risers and to transition to
steel pipe just above ground level with a flange. This is discussed further in the
design and installation sections.
In some cases corrosion resistant alloy piping such as various stainless steel alloys
have been used for risers, however an appropriate alloy material should be
carefully selected that is suitable for the service fluid. The alloy selection and
connecting method between the alloy piping and the reinforced composite pipe
should be discussed with the reinforced composite pipe manufacturer.
2.2.3 Third Party Damage
Damage by third parties is identified as a cause of service failures for reinforced
composite pipelines. In some cases this is a result of a lack of knowledge
regarding the accurate location of underground pipelines or not following industry
recognized ground disturbance procedures.
It is important and a CSA Z662 pipeline code requirement, that all reinforced
composite pipelines be installed with a suitable tracer wire to allow accurate use
of pipeline location equipment. In older oil fields there can be pipelines that are
installed but do not have a tracer wire installed. In those cases careful analysis and
caution should be exercised, using information such as drawings or installation
files to best determine pipe location. Again proper ground disturbance that avoids
use of mechanical excavation near buried facilities can help to minimize this risk.
Above ground pipeline markers are also required and recommended to help
increase awareness of underground pipelines and to help locate pipelines.
In cases where the location is not accurately known there may be no choice but to
perform careful hand or hydro-vac excavation to locate the pipeline. Use of steel
probes pushed through the soil to locate pipe should be done very carefully since
these can damage reinforced composite pipe if driven into the pipe wall
excessively or have sharply pointed ends.
2.2.4 Mechanical Failures of Valves and Fittings/Miscellaneous/Pipe
Failure
These categories of failure were seen in the failure data, but specific causes are
not discussed since further details are not known. It is assumed that the majority
of causes within the miscellaneous pipe failure category would be included in the
above sections but this is not certain.

3 Applications of Reinforced Composite Pipe
3.1 General
Reinforced composite pipeline materials for the oil and gas production industry
are available for various service fluids. Services can include the following oil and
gas production industry pipeline applications:
 Oil, gas, water multiphase fluid pipelines
 Gas gathering production pipelines
 Oilfield water injection or disposal pipelines
In most cases reinforced composite pipelines are initially considered and installed
to provide longer term operating benefits to the pipeline operator. For oilfield
pipeline applications the reinforced composite pipe material installed cost should
be determined in comparison to standard material such as carbon steel. The costs
will vary given the prevailing market conditions and price fluctuations for both
steel and composite materials; therefore costs should be determined and assessed
on a project by project basis. Where possible comparisons between reinforced
composite pipe and carbon steel pipe should be based on total life cycle costs,
considering initial capital costs and operating costs over the entire life of the
pipeline.
However, regardless of the initial material cost and installation cost, a desired
primary benefit often is reduced operating cost. The most sought benefit is
resistance to corrosion, since often oilfield production pipelines will transport
service fluids with levels of corrosive acid gases such as carbon dioxide or
hydrogen sulphide. The service fluid may also contain oilfield water with elevated
concentrations of dissolved salts, such as sodium chloride, that can be very
corrosive to plain carbon steel pipe.
To mitigate internal corrosion of steel pipelines, various operating methods such
as injection of chemical corrosion inhibitor chemicals on a continuous or batch
basis and running of pigs to remove stagnant water or to apply the chemical
corrosion inhibitors. These methods, when designed and implemented properly
have proven to be effective for mitigating corrosion in steel pipelines, however
they represent additional operating costs that will last over the life of the pipeline.
In some cases for oilfield steel pipelines, internal thin film organic coatings or
liners are used internally for corrosion protection that will also add additional
capital cost.
Reinforced composite pipes are designed to inherently resist soil side external
corrosion whereas steel pipelines require cathodic protection installation and
monitoring/maintenance over life, along with provision of an external protective
coating.
Often reinforced composite pipe is installed to replace steel pipelines that have
failed previously due to corrosion. It is also commonly installed as a slip-in liner

inside an existing steel carrier pipeline that has failed due to corrosion. This
approach can offer environmental advantages as excavations only at each end of
the pipeline sections are required to allow the reinforced composite pipe to be
installed as a liner. Also the existing pipeline right of way can be utilized,
minimizing land owner impacts.
Where reinforced composite pipe is installed as a slip-in liner in a carrier pipe as
mentioned above there are some potential issues that require consideration. Often
slip-in liners are installed in a carrier pipe that has unknown integrity. In the event
of a failure of the reinforced composite pipe within a damaged carrier pipe, then
the slope of the land or where breaks in the carrier pipe exist will determine where
the leaking fluid comes to surface. There is the possibility of environmental
impact at various locations depending on the integrity of the carrier pipe.
When trying to remove the slip-liner, then cleaning up any spilled product within
the carrier pipe may become a difficult task. A review of bell-hole locations
chosen for slip-liner applications and any known missing sections of the carrier
pipe should be documented in the event of a failure of the slip-liner.
In some cases reinforced composite pipe is installed to provide increased
resistance to the buildup of deposits such as paraffin waxes or scale on pipe
internal surface. This is a benefit derived from the smoother pipe wall and lower
thermal conductivity of reinforced composite compared to steel.
Internal corrosion of plain carbon steel pipe in water service can lead to
significant buildup of scales or deposits that may have a significant effect on
pump pressure drop through the pipeline and leading to increased power costs or
decreased injectivity on well performance.
Reinforced composite pipe internal surfaces are only slightly smoother than new
steel pipe but the surface finish of new steel can become much rougher over time
due to corrosion and scale buildup.
Table 3-1 provides some of the typical values of surface roughness and Hazen
Williams flow coefficient for reinforced composite pipes compared to carbon steel
pipe. The typical values given in Table 3-1 are for general information only. For
surface roughness values for individual pipe products; the pipe manufacturer’s
product specifications should be consulted and their specified values used for
individual project evaluations.
Table 3-1 Typical Values of Surface Roughness of Composite and Carbon Steel
Pipes
Material Surface Roughness, mm Hazen Williams Flow

Factors
Steel Pipe, new 0.04 130-140
Steel Pipe, lightly rusted 0.40 100

Steel Pipe, very rusted or 3.4 60-80
scaled
Composite Pipe 0.005 150
3.2 Material Selection Analysis

The final selection of pipeline materials requires extensive analysis on a project
basis and is well beyond the scope of this document. It typically requires a
thorough understanding of the intended service conditions that includes the
expected normal operating conditions and also any upset conditions that could
exist.
Future field development plans also need to be considered as are any planned
changes in service conditions, such as increased temperature, pressure, or H2S
levels that could occur in the future development of the field. These new
conditions may not be suitable or present increased risk for use of reinforced
composite pipeline materials.
Some of the key conditions to understand include service fluid compositions,
operating pressure range that includes the amplitude and frequency of pressure
cycles, operating temperatures, upset operating conditions, pumping conditions
including pump start/stop parameters and pump pulsation control. Where routine
highly cyclic pressure operation is possible for the pipeline in question, this aspect
should be carefully considered and discussed with the manufacturer prior to
material selection.
Associated operating conditions such as pigging requirements, hot-oiling, and use
of additive chemicals or well stimulation chemicals must also be understood and
included in the materials analysis.
As well the pipeline terrain conditions must be understood and include awareness
of the general soil conditions, existence of muskeg sections, water crossings,
general rock content conditions, and the overall soil characteristics as a minimum.
3.3 Selection Guideline

In Appendix A, a recommended selection guideline table is provided for
information only and is based on manufacturers published product specifications.
For the selection of reinforced composite pipes in particular, strict attention
should be given to the combination of service pressure and temperature including
upset operating conditions. It should be remembered that each pipeline
environment includes a unique combination of temperature, pressure, stresses and
chemicals and the combined effects on the reinforced composite pipe should be
understood and considered in the selection of a suitable material.

Reinforced composite pipe manufacturers usually qualify their products based on
long term tests using water at various stress levels and temperature conditions.
However prudent pipeline design should warrant some de-rating factors be
applied as determined on a project basis by the project design engineer. Therefore
the service conditions should be discussed and considered for each situation with
the pipe manufacturer’s technical staff.
In CSA Z662-2007 there are minimum service fluid design factors published that
are specified to determine the pipeline design pressure.
Table 4-2 in Section 4 of this guide provides the current minimum service fluid
factors specified in CSA Z662-2007.
4 Design
4.1 General
The design of any pipeline requires extensive analysis on a project basis and is
beyond the scope of this guideline.
In this section some key aspects of reinforced composite pipeline design are
discussed and are meant to supplement requirements stated in CSA Z662-07,
Clause 13.1. Other key sources of information are the pipe manufacturer’s
manuals and other industry standards including those referenced by this guideline.
As stated previously in Section 3, reinforced composite pipeline design requires a
thorough understanding of the intended service conditions that includes the
expected normal operating conditions and any associated or upset conditions.
Projects undertaken without due care and awareness of the differences in material
properties compared to steel are not likely to succeed either initially or in the
longer term with failures likely to occur.

Success requires extra attention be paid to several aspects at the pipeline design
stage. Some of the key design considerations are highlighted in this section.
There are oilfield operators in western Canada who have extensively installed
these pipe products with success and have developed expertise within their
company and with their associated engineering contractors and installation
contractors.
Success with reinforced composite pipelines usually involves many aspects of
design that go beyond simple review of pipe pressure rating to include the
following:
 Selection a suitable pipe product,
 Assessment of soil conditions to ensure provision of adequate pipe
support,
 Riser material and design configuration, and,
 Selection and use of a competent pipeline installation contractor.
Throughout the design process it is recommended to involve the pipe
manufacturer to provide assistance and provide input based on their experiences
with their products from similar pipeline installations.
Some of the key design parameters also include service fluid compositions,
operating pressure range including the amplitude and frequency of pressure
cycles, operating temperatures, upset operating conditions, pump operation
conditions including pump start/stopping effects and pump pulsation control.
Possible fluid hammer conditions and their effects should also be assessed during
design.
Associated operating conditions such as the effects of pigging, hot-oiling, additive
chemicals, and well stimulation chemicals should be understood and included in
the design analysis.
As well the pipeline terrain conditions should be understood and include a review
of general soils stability, existence of muskeg sections, water crossings, general
rock conditions, and overall soil characteristics, as a minimum.
In terms of appropriate soil conditions for reinforced composites, industry
standards such as ASTM D 3839 and AWWA M45 provide guidance. Also pipe
manufacturer’s technical manuals include information on required soil conditions,
compaction, and other design information.
Unlike steel pipe, stick composite pipe is anisotropic, therefore its mechanical
properties, such as tensile strength or modulus of elasticity are directionally
orientated. This is a mainly a result of the fibre reinforcement winding orientation.
Therefore stick composite pipe will have different modulus of elasticity for hoop
and axial orientations.
Table 4-1 provides a comparison of pipe properties for a typical stick composite
pipe as compared to a typical standard carbon steel pipe.

Table 4-1 is provided for information and comparison purposes only and contains
approximate values that should not be used for design purposes. Only the pipe
manufacturer’s specified mechanical property values should be used for design
purposes.
Table 4-1- Stick Composite Pipe Typical Physical Properties

Comparison to Carbon Steel Pipe1
Property Rigid Composite Steel , Grade 240
Tensile Strength, mPa 138 240
Design Stress, mPa 138 240
Modulus of Elasticity, Axial- 14 207

GPa Hoop- 23
Coefficient of Thermal 16 14
Expansion, mm/mm/0C
Note 1: Values in Table 4-1 are typical only that are provided for comparison and
are not intended to be used for pipeline design.
4.2 Design Pressure

Reinforced composite pipeline design is based on the pipe properties as published
by the manufacturer. The design should consider these and determine other
loading and dynamic effects imposed on buried composite pipelines on a project
basis. The pipe manufacturers publish general design manuals for their products
and these should be consulted for design information.
The pipeline designer should consult and use published design information to the
extent available but also should determine and assess any unique circumstances
for the project, such as unstable soil conditions, highly cyclic pressures,
temperature excursions, pigging, and availability of experienced construction
contractor to name only a few. In some cases additional design factors may be
warranted and should applied on a project basis.

Reinforced composite pipeline design generally starts with determining the
maximum allowed design pressure. The design pressure is based on the pipe
manufacturers maximum pressure rating (MPR) for the pipe at the maximum
operating temperature for the pipeline. This is the qualified pressure rating based
on the manufacturing standard specified in CSA Z662-07.
Section 6 of this guide discusses pipe qualification methodology in more detail.
Once the reinforced composite pipe MPR is known at the pipeline maximum
design operating temperature, than application of the service fluid factors is
applied to the MPR to determine the maximum pipeline design pressure allowed.
Table 4-2 gives the minimum service fluid factors as specified in CSA Z662-
2007.
Other design factors determined by the project engineer should also be applied in
addition to the minimum service fluid factors specified.
Equation 1 provides a recommended basis to determine pipeline design pressure
for reinforced composite pipelines.
Design Pressure = MPR X Ffluid X Fproject (Equation 1)
where:
MPR= maximum pressure rating
Ffluid= service fluid factor, CSA Z662-2007
Fproject = additional project design factor where determined by Project Engineer
Table 4-2 CSA Z662-2007 Service Fluid Factors (F fluid)
Pipe Type Category Gas Multiphase. Oilfield

LVP liquids Water
Stick Pipe Stick Composite 0.67 0.80 1.0
Spoolable SCP 0.67 0.80 1.0

Pipes
RTP Type 1 0.67 0.80 1.0
RTP Type 2 0.67 0.80 1.0
RTP Type 3 0.67 0.80 1.0
In pipelines where there is continuous and routine pressure cycling, such as may
be caused by water injection pump start/stops, an extra design factor of 0.50 shall
be applied. CSA Z662-2007 defines severe cyclic as when there are pressure
cycles in excess of ±20% of the normal operating pressure. Again the pipe

manufacturer should be consulted to assist in defining appropriate precautions and
measures that may alleviate or minimize this concern.
Downstream of pumps, in particular positive displacement pumps, the installation
of pulsation dampeners are recommended to protect the pipeline from excessive
pulsation pressures and some pipe manufacturers also specify a minimum length
of steel pipe between the pump discharge and the start of the reinforced composite
pipe.
Other measures to consider for reducing the severity of surge pressures, at the
design stage, are slow-acting valves and variable frequency drive (VFD)
controlled pumps.
For some spoolable pipe products, the service fluid factor specified in CSA Z662-
2007 may be already included in the published MPR by the manufacturer,
therefore the designer should determine if this is the case for the pipe product
involved.
In determining a suitable pipe product and MPR the pressure test requirements
following field installation must be considered since the test pressure is
determined by the following Equation 2, as specified in CSA Z662-2007:
Test Pressure = Design Pressure X 1.25 (Equation 2)
Generally reinforced composite pipes should not pressure tested above their
specified MPR unless approved in writing by the pipe manufacturer. Therefore the
pipeline designer should review this aspect with the pipe manufacturer and
consider this in the selection of a suitable reinforced composite pipe product.
4.3 Design Temperature
The design temperature is based on the pipeline service fluid conditions and any
upset conditions that might prevail. Once determined for the pipeline it can be
compared to the various pipeline temperature ratings as published by pipe
manufacturers. It should be noted that reinforced composite pipes including stick
and spoolable pipes have varied maximum service temperature ratings and this
needs to be determined on a product basis.
The designer should also be aware and take into account that some cases the
service fluid temperature in an oilfield may significantly increase over time as
water cuts increase or high volume downhole pumping is introduced to aging
fields either of which could bring significant service fluid temperature increase.
An important aspect to determine and review during the design stage is the effect
of elevated temperature on the MPR. In some cases the MPR may have been
qualified by the manufacturer at the rated temperature or at a lower temperature
and the rated temperature determined by extrapolation of test results.
Where the maximum temperature rating exceeds the pipe’s qualification testing
temperature, some manufacturers have published de-rated MPR values for the
maximum temperature rating. For example, if a pipe manufacturers publishes a
pipe MPR at 65C, they may still allow applications up to a higher temperature,

say 90C, however the MPR will be reduced. Therefore, the MPR, at the maximum
temperature, should be determined and used for the pipeline design.
In general spoolable pipe products utilize a high density PE 3608 polyethylene
(HDPE) inner liner material and these manufacturers have published upper
temperature ratings of 60C. In some cases where alternate liner materials are used,
such as bi-modal PE 4710 HDPE or cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) slightly
higher temperature ratings may be indicated by the manufacturer. Upper
temperature ratings and the proposed pipeline’s maximum operating temperature
should be reviewed and confirmed with the pipe manufacturer.
For stick pipes, various temperature ratings from 65C to 104C are available that
are primarily based on the type of epoxy resin utilized and qualified for the pipe
manufacturing.
The three main epoxy types used for rigid composite pipe are anhydride cured
epoxy, aliphatic amine cured epoxy, and aromatic amine cured epoxy.
Manufacturers published temperature ratings for these resin types are as follows:
 Anhydride cured- 65C
 Aliphatic amine- 93C
 Aromatic amine- 104C
It should be noted that the manufacturer’s maximum pipe temperature ratings may
be service fluid based, therefore it is recommended to verify the maximum pipe
temperature rating for the specific pipeline service fluid involved.
4.3.1 Thermal End Load
The development of forces due to thermal expansion of stick composite pipe is
less than the forces developed by steel pipe of the same diameter. This is due to
the relatively low axial modulus of elasticity compared to steel pipe. See Table 4-
1.
The equation used for calculation of thermal end load is given by:
P = α E A ΔT (Equation 3)
Where:
P= End load
α=Coefficient of thermal expansion
E= Modulus of elasticity
A= Cross sectional area
ΔT= temperature change
Equation 3 demonstrates that since the value of modulus of elasticity of stick
composite pipe is much lower (i.e. 1:15) compared to steel, the end loads
developed due to temperature changes are much lower compared to steel pipe of
the same diameter.

4.4 Fluid Velocity
Reinforced composite pipes are used in normal fluid flow pipelines with liquid
velocities up to 8 m/s for example. Pipe manufacturers should be consulted
regarding the allowed fluid velocity for their specific product and the combined
effect when solids loading are present.
4.5 Pipeline Risers
4.5.1 Risers for Stick Composite Pipe
Pipeline risers for stick composite pipelines should be carefully designed and
installed since the riser components often may experience significantly higher
stress accumulations at the end points of the pipeline. Examples of this include
stress buildup due to operating temperature cycles, pipe operating service pressure
and cycles, service fluid surges, pigging, and soil settling around and below the
riser pipe area.
For stick composite pipelines different riser designs have been implemented such
as the following examples:
 Use of steel pipe risers that transition to the stick composite pipe in the
pipeline trench, usually at the bottom of the riser.
 Use of stick composite pipe riser that is transitioned to steel piping just
above ground level, usually with a flanged connection.
CSA Z662-07 has specific requirements for risers for reinforced composite
pipelines. For steel risers, they must be supported so that no damaging load is
applied to the reinforced composite pipe.
Where the transition to steel piping is above ground CSA Z662-2007 specifies
that adequate support must be provided to the steel piping and not rely on support
from the composite riser, use of a flange or coupling is specified, thermal
expansion and soil settling stresses must be considered, protection from weather
such as solar heating or ultraviolet damage, and protection from unintended
contact is specified.
Failure of steel risers due to internal corrosion has been a significant cause of
pipeline failures since often reinforced composite pipelines are installed in very
corrosive services to plain carbon steel pipe. Therefore, if installing a carbon steel
riser, internal corrosion protection should be considered and is usually
accomplished by application of an internal plastic coating.
External corrosion protection should also be considered and is usually provided
by application of a suitable external coating system and installing a cathodic
protection system that are specified in CSA Z662-2007.
Where stick composite pipe is transitioned to a steel flange below ground, then
the differences in material weight and settlement need to be considered, as the
composite flange and/or adjacent composite pipe could be damaged and possibly
fail by differential settling between the two connected materials.

As stated in CSA Z662-07, steel risers on reinforced composite pipelines shall be
supported so that no damaging load is induced on the reinforced composite pipe.
This includes a situation where unstable soils exist and the reinforced composite
pipeline cannot be expected to provide support to a heavy steel riser pipe section
and steel flange that settles in the pipeline trench bottom due to inadequate soil
support properties.
It should be noted that internally plastic coated risers can have limited life
expectancy in corrosive services and should be included in pipeline inspection
and integrity management programs. Cathodic protection effectiveness for steel
pipe risers should also be monitored.
Where the riser is constructed from stick composite piping, extra measures should
be taken to lower risks of damage and possible failure. These measures should be
considered by the pipeline designer and discussed with both the pipe
manufacturer and the installation contractor.
Such measures to consider include but are not limited to the following examples:
 For stick composite pipe risers, the use of heavier wall pipe for the riser
section. For example if the pipeline is constructed with a 7000 kPa rated
pipe product than consider constructing the riser pipe sections with higher
wall thickness pipe and fittings. Usually for the short riser pipe section
involved the incremental cost of the higher rated composite pipe and
fittings should be minimal.
 Provision of restraint and support to the bottom transition fitting and riser
pipe, i.e. use of sand bagging or select fill such as sand.
 Since pipeline risers areas are often large over-excavated areas, usually
much more so than for the pipeline ditch. Therefore re-establishment of
acceptable soil compaction and stability both in the pipeline ditch leading
up to the riser and in the area immediately surrounding the riser are
recommended. This may be accomplished by means such as select soil
placement and compaction.

Figure 4-1- Stick Composite Pipeline Risers; Use of Sand Bagging
Supports
4.5.2 Spoolable Composite Pipeline Risers

For spoolable pipelines risers, either steel risers or bringing the composite pipe
above ground and transition to steel pipe have been implemented. Much the same
concerns as expressed in 4.5.1 for stick composite pipe apply to the spoolable
pipe risers.
Spoolable composite pipes by nature are designed to bend and be flexible,
therefore are expected to be more tolerant of typical stresses developed at pipeline
risers than stick composite pipe. However, the riser design for spoolable pipe still
requires due consideration of soil stability and pipe support as stated above for
stick pipe.
Some spoolable pipe manufacturers offer and recommend a steel support structure
to be installed below ground at risers. This structure is designed to cradle and
support the pipe through the riser bend radius section. This option should be
considered to help secure and support the spoolable riser pipe section.
In some cases steel pipe risers are used where severe water hammer or pressure
cycle fluctuations are expected. In these situations the pipe manufacturer’s
technical staff should always be consulted and the design reviewed including the
transition connection to the spoolable pipe. Consideration of the extra support
required for a heavy steel pipe riser and flange are required to ensure no damaging

stress is placed upon the spoolable pipe as stated above for stick pipe and
specified by CSA Z662-2007.
4.6 Fluid Hammer
Fluid hammer in a piping system is caused by sudden starts or stops of flow. This
can create a high pressure surges that can damage piping including steel piping.
Therefore in the design of all piping systems this should be considered but is
especially important to consider for stick composite pipelines. Fluid hammer has
caused pipeline failures that often tend to manifest themselves at changes of
direction at elbow or tee fittings used for lateral pipe connection.
Some of the common causes of high surge conditions are fast acting valves or
quick pump start up. In these cases use of variable frequency drives (VFD) or
slower acting valves, such as piston check valves or slow operating control valve
actuators are recommended to minimize pressure surge conditions.
Pipe manufacturers in their design manuals publish guidelines and fluid hammer
constants in this regard to enable users to consider and calculate the effects of
fluid hammer. The surge pressure conditions should be determined and included
within the pipeline’s design pressure.
5 Material Selection
5.1 Reinforced Composite Pipe Materials
5.1.1 Stick Composite Pipe Products
The materials used for stick composite pipe are a combination of a reinforcement
structure composed of glass fibre and thermosetting resin, most often an epoxy
resin for oilfield pipe.

The end user is not normally involved with the specification of these raw
materials but should be aware of some of the general properties affected by the
raw materials.
Normally for the reinforcement glass, E-Glass is used which is a general purpose
glass fibre. In some cases C-Glass is used for increased chemical resistance. Glass
fibres have typical tensile strength value at 23C of approximately 3400 mPa and
have a modulus of elasticity of approximately 70 GPa therefore are considered to
be quite strong materials.
As stated in Section 4.0, the resin matrix used to produce stick pipe can vary from
different pipe manufacturers. In general most stick composite oilfield pipe is
manufactured from an epoxy resin. However, different types of epoxies are used
and this will affect the pipes chemical resistance and most importantly the pipe’s
temperature ratings. Some common epoxy resins used and the related temperature
ratings are as follows:
 Anhydride cured epoxy- 65C
 Aliphatic amine cured epoxy- 93C
 Aromatic amine cured epoxy- 104C
Pipe manufacturers have done extensive testing of their products in various
different chemicals and can advise on the suitability of their products for various
service environments.
However, in some cases and if doubt exists about a specific service environment
and the effect on stick composite pipe, specific testing may be necessary to
qualify stick pipe products before their selection is possible.
5.1.2 Spoolable Pipe Products
Spoolable pipe products are characterized by having a thermoplastic inner liner
pipe. The most common liner material used is high density polyethylene (HDPE)
grade PE 3608 or grade PE 4710. Both of these liner materials have the same
general chemical resistances and are both affected by absorption of liquid
hydrocarbons. Generally the physical absorption of hydrocarbons is known to
affect HDPE mechanical properties such as tensile strength and modulus of
elasticity. Water on the other hand is known to have little effect on the properties
of HDPE.
HDPE liners can also allow a small amount of permeation of gases through the
pipe wall. Spoolable pipe products sometimes include a small vent hole in the
metallic couplings to allow gases that have permeated through the inner liner to
migrate to the vent hole.
In some cases the manufacturers of spoolable pipe products have installed
alternate inner liner materials such cross-linked HDPE (PEX) and polyamide (PA)
but these are relatively rare in comparison to the use of HDPE liner.

HDPE Grade 4710 liners are stated to have slightly improved property retention at
high temperatures and improved crack resistance and arrest resistant properties
compared to standard HDPE Grade 3608.
While PE 4710 grade is becoming increasingly popular due to its improved
mechanical properties attention should be given to fusion welding. This is
required due to slightly different melt flow characteristics compared to standard
PE 3608 material. Therefore additional guidelines may be required to be
developed for quality control.
The reinforcement structure applied over the inner liner is generally windings of
glass fiber strands, similar to stick composite pipe. These are added and built up
in layers that are designed to provide the required axial and hoop strength
properties. Currently there is one spoolable pipe product that uses carbon steel
strips windings over the inner liner rather than glass fibre reinforcement.
Spoolable pipe products have used glass fibers encased in a thermosetting epoxy
resin, with the reinforcement structure bonded to the inner liner.
Another spoolable pipe product uses dry glass fibre strands that are wound over
the liner with no epoxy resin matrix. In this case the reinforced dry glass
structural layers are not bonded to the inner liner.
However, whatever the reinforcement method employed for spoolable pipes, the
temperature and chemical resistances are strongly linked to those of the inner liner
material, since the strength of either glass fibre or steel strip reinforcements
should not be significantly affected by normal pipeline operating temperatures. As
well the pipeline service fluid is isolated by the inner liner and does not directly
contact the reinforcement layers other than through gas permeation.
The effects of permeated gases on the reinforcement structure materials and pipe
long term integrity should also be considered and discussed with the pipe
manufacturer. Such gases may include CO2, H2S and water vapour.
Spoolable pipe manufacturers have done extensive testing of their products to
various chemicals and can advise on the suitability of their products in various
service environments.
However if doubt exists about a specific service environment, testing may be
necessary to qualify spoolable pipe products before their selection is possible.
5.2 Coating Selection for Metallic Couplings (Spoolable Pipe)
Normally the material selected for couplers is left to the pipe manufacturer who
usually also manufacturer the couplers for their pipe products in-house. However
the end user should consider and determine if standard carbon steel couplers will
provide adequate service life in the service fluid.
Options available include the use of organic protective coatings such as thin fluor-
polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) based coatings. Some
manufacturers offer their steel couplers with an electroless nickel coating (ENC).
In some cases the entire coupler can be made from corrosion resistant alloys
(CRA) such as stainless steel.

To this point service failures due to corrosion of metallic couplers for spoolable
pipelines has not been a reported significant problem. However, the operating
history of these products also has been relatively short. Therefore the coupler
material should be carefully considered and selected for projects involving
corrosive service fluids. Again discussion with the pipe manufacturers is
recommended to review the coupler material options available.
Based on CSA Z662-2007 cathodic protection is also specified for underground
metallic couplers which is usually accomplished by placement of a sacrificial
anode and a test connection to monitor the anode output.
5.3 Materials for Risers
5.3.1 Reinforced Composite Pipe Risers
As discussed in greater detail in Section 4.0, for pipeline risers various material
options are available. It is generally recommended to extend the composite pipe to
just above grade and then transition to metallic pipe. This provides a more
inherently corrosion resistant material than carbon steel pipe risers.
Where carbon steel risers are installed, adequate corrosion prevention measures
are required for both internal and external corrosion mitigation.
Spoolable pipe manufacturers can provide a structural steel support structure for
the underground riser section.
For stick composite pipelines, it is common practice to construct the riser section
from stronger composite pipe materials and transition to the standard composite
pipe in the pipeline ditch. The pipe manufacturer normally can provide the heavier
walled riser section, prefabricated for the project.
5.3.2 Metallic Pipe Risers
Where the operator wishes to install a steel pipe riser than measures to prevent
internal corrosion are usually required and include internal plastic coatings.
Coating selection and application must be done by an experienced coatings
applicator in a shop environment. Field application of internal coatings is not
normally recommended due to quality concerns.
The coating selected must be rated for the service environment in terms of
operating temperature, pressure and chemical resistance.
In some cases specialty coated steel insert fittings that are pre-coated have been
used to fabricate a steel riser pipe section.
Corrosion resistant alloy fittings and pipe have been used to fabricate risers for
reinforced composite pipelines. In such cases the alloy must be selected carefully
based being resistant to the service environment and also the connection to the
composite pipe must be carefully considered. Alloys such as stainless steels have
been used but some grades are known to be sensitive to chloride stress cracking
due to high chloride concentration present in most oilfield waters.

6 Material Qualification
6.1 Design Stress/Pressure- Stick Pipe
CSA Z662-07 specifies that stick composite pipe is qualified and manufactured to
meet API 15HR requirements and than the standard pressure rating is determined
in accordance with API 15HR using the 20 year long term hydrostatic strength
(LTHS) value.
To determine the LTHS values the test procedures of ASTM D 2992 are specified
by API 15HR.
Each pipe manufacturer performs the ASTM D 2992 testing to determine pipe
failure pressures/stress at various time intervals. The testing is lengthy as failure
points up to 10000 hours are required for the qualification. This testing is done at
65C and using water but some manufacturers perform testing at other
temperatures in addition to 65C.
The failure stresses versus time are plotted on a semi-logarithmic graph and
extrapolated to the 20 year life specified by API 15HR.
The predicted failure stress at 20 years, based on the above extrapolated plot is
used to determine the pipe pressure rating. API 15HR also species a 0.67 design
factor be applied to the calculated pressure ratings.
6.2 Design Stress/Pressure- Spoolable Pipe
CSA Z662-07 specifies that glass fibre reinforced spoolable pipe be qualified and
manufactured to API 15S. Steel strip reinforced spoolable pipe is qualified and
manufactured to meet API 17J.
For spoolable composite pipes (SCP) and reinforced thermoplastic pipes (RTP)
with the exception of steel reinforced flexible pipe, the MPR is based on long

term hydrostatic pressure testing of pipe samples testing in accordance with an
industry standard test method, ASTM D 2292.
Once the testing is completed, a long term hydrostatic design pressure (LTHP) is
calculated in accordance with ASTM D 2992 that involves extrapolation of the
test data to determine the LTHP at 20 years (175,200 hours).
For steel reinforced pipe, CSA Z662-07 specifies that API 17J be used for
qualification and manufacturing. The pressure rating methodology is based
differently than specified in either API 15HR or 15S in that an analytical approach
using finite element analysis is applied.
6.3 Additional Qualification Tests

In some cases additional pipe qualification may be requested for certain
applications. These should be discussed with the pipe manufacturer and follow the
recommendations of the relevant manufacturing standard.
Some examples where additional qualification tests may be requested:
 Effects of permeation on the pipe properties for gas or multiphase services
 Minimum bend radius
 Axial load capability
 External pressure/overburden
 Impact resistance at specified temperatures
 Slow or rapid crack propagation at specified resistances
 Highly cyclic pressure services

7 Installation
7.1 General
The installation of reinforced composite pipelines requires consideration of the
differences in the type of pipe being installed.
For spoolable/flexible pipe materials options exist in the installation method as
either plough-in or open ditch construction methods can be utilized. To determine
the preferred method to use consideration should be given to several factors and
discussion held with the pipe manufacturer and local installation contractors who
have experience with spoolable pipeline installations and the local terrain
involved.
Some of the key aspects that should be considered for a plough-in installation
would be overall terrain type, soil and rock conditions, number of pipeline
crossings required, and expected weather conditions. In general plough-in
pipeline installations are carried out in fairly level terrain with relatively stable
soil conditions and low rock content soils. In some cases wintertime plough-in
construction may be possible but should be considered carefully as the stiffness of
spoolable pipe products will increase significantly during low temperatures and
pipe damage could occur.
In general the installation of rigid or spoolable composite pipes during extreme
cold weather conditions should be avoided due to increased risk of pipe damage.
There is no one specified cut off low temperature used by industry and the pipe
product manufacturer should be consulted. In industry, reinforced composite
pipeline installation is often halted or reduced when ambient air temperature
drops below approximately -20C.
In general stick pipe properties are not significantly affected as much as spoolable
pipe by lower temperatures but risk of damage due to frozen soil or adverse
joining conditions are a concern. For stick composite pipe the only method to
install is conventional open ditch construction or as a slip-in liner, as plough-in is
not possible.
Where reinforced composite pipes are installed as slip-in liners in steel carrier
pipes the use of wireline pull-in methods are commonly used. In these cases the
wireline unit should be equipped with an accurate weight indicator and odometer
to monitor conditions and positioning during the pulling-in operation.
The use of push/pull technology is also being used to install liners and can offer
the advantage of not applying torque to the liner pipe. This may be a factor in long
pull lengths using wireline where tensile load on the wireline results in excessive
torque being applied to the liner pipe.

Figure 7-1 – Typical Spoolable Pipeline Plough-In Operation
7.2 Pipe Transportation, Handling

7.2.1 Stick Pipe
The pipe manufacturers publish transportation and handling guidelines and these
should be consulted since this aspect of pipe installation requires proper
implementation since stick composite pipe is much more easily damaged than
steel pipe. Some aspects are discussed below.
For pipe transportation usually be flat bed trailers the trailer should provide full
length support to the pipe and having pipe hanging over the end of the trailer is
not recommended. Dunnage support should be utilized below pipe and between
rows of pipe to provide support and separation. Usually a minimum number of
dunnage rows is specified, i.e. 4 rows.
Pipe tie downs on trailers should be straps located near dunnage points. Chain tie
downs are not recommended.
In general for pipeline construction projects the pipe will be located at nearby
distributor yard having been previously shipped there from the manufacturer. It is
recommended that for projects that the local distributor be used to transport pipe
to the project site for stringing or storage.
Some key inspection points for pipe loads include the following:
 Load shifting or missing support dunnage

 Use of specified tie down straps, over-tightening of straps, and excessive
bending of pipe on loads
 Missing end protectors
 Visual damage, impact damage, and abrasion damage
In some cases other methods of pipe transport have been used such as containers
for international projects and require special consideration based on the pipe
manufacturers procedures and experiences.
Where pipe is unloaded and is being stored at construction sites special
consideration should be given to truck unloading method, pipe storage rack
configuration, and requirements for ultraviolet protection. Pipe manufacturer’s
recommendations and guidelines should be consulted.
For stick pipe stringing, placement pipe on skids or pylons is normally utilized to
protect pipe from rocks or other objects present along the construction right of
way.
7.2.2 Spoolable Pipe
Some of the issues described above for transporting and handling stick composite
pipe are not applicable to spoolable pipe. Spoolable pipe is shipped on large
shipping reels that are placed onto trailers. Upon arrival the pipe reel is unloaded
at the construction site and the pipe remains on the shipping reels until ready for
installation.
Some key inspection points for pipe loads include the following:
 Proper securing of the pipe reels to the trailer to prevent pipe damage
 In some cases pipe reels are specified to be covered during transport to
prevent rock impact damage caused by other passing vehicles.
 Visual damage, pipe kinks or impact damage.
 Proper reel unloading methods at site as approved by the manufacturer and
careful placement of pipe reels onto ground surface that is free of rocks or
other objects that could damage the pipe.
 Inspection of empty pipe reels looking for any evidence of conditions on
the reel surfaces that may have damaged the pipe.
Prior to unreeling spoolable pipe during winter construction, heating of the pipe
on the reel may be necessary. The heating procedure should be done carefully and
in accordance with the manufacturer’s procedure. If the pipe reel is heated
unevenly resulting in hot and cold areas, this can result in significant variations in
the pipes stiffness and pipe kinking damage can occur during unreeling.
Spoolable pipe products, unlike stick pipe, rely on a thermoplastic inner liner
material, normally high density polyethylene. Thermoplastic materials are
sensitive to temperature and at low ambient temperatures will become much
stiffer than at warmer temperatures.

Figure 7-2 - Spoolable Pipe Transport on Reel Trailer
7.3 Pipe Installation

Pipe manufacturers provide installation instructions that should be followed to
successfully install both stick pipe and spoolable pipes. Normally the
manufacturers can provide a field service technician to help train the installation
crew in proper handling and installation. Also if any suspected damage is evident
on the pipe the factory representative can provide pipe inspection and assessment
assistance. It is recommended that these services be utilized during construction.
7.3.1 Pipeline Trench Preparation
The pipeline trench shall be excavated and prepared in accordance with the
manufacturer’s recommendations. In general the pipeline ditch bottom should
provide continuous and stable support for the pipe. Where soil conditions exist
that are too soft, unstable or rocky, over excavation may be required and bedding
material placed and compacted in the ditch bottom. The depth of bedding in most
situations should be a minimum of 150 mm. It is very important that the pipe is
supported by a uniform flat ditch bottom to avoid a situation where the pipe could
end up with unsupported spans between high points in the ditch bottom profile
and end up more highly stressed when the ditch backfill soil is placed.

After pipe placement into the ditch some additional bedding material may be
required to fill around the pipe and provide a more stable soil cover. In some cases
native soil may be acceptable for bedding and initial cover but this requires
assessment and judgment as site conditions may vary.
Where soils conditions are unstable, additional measures are often required to
stabilize the pipeline ditch. Where the right of way conditions have muskeg or are
very wet the use of geo-textile has been placed below pipe to minimize sinking
and also put over the pipe to help stabilize the ditch backfill material. Pipe
manufacturer’s instructions should be followed for any pipeline ditch stabilization
measures that are required.
In some severe cases where ditch conditions are very unstable and methods such
as placement of geo-textile may not be adequate, the use of steel pipe casing with
end seals may be required.
Aside from the pipe manufacturer’s installation manuals, industry standards such
as ASTM D3839, AWWA M45, and AWWA C950 provide information on
pipeline trench preparation and backfilling requirements for composite pipes.
During cold weather backfill with frozen soil next to the pipe is not recommended
and requires the initial placement of unfrozen clean soil or sand.
Also if free water is present in the ditch it should be pumped out, the pipe ditch
bottom below the pipe inspected for presence of voids and filled with soil if
required and then the pipe backfilled with dry soil.
Figure 7-3 - Large Diameter Rigid Composite Pipe; Placement of Select

Fill Bedding

7.3.2 Road and River Crossings
Road or river bored crossings are cased as specified by regulatory requirements.
Plastic centralizers are fixed on the carrier pipe to provide abrasion protection
during pipe insertion through the steel casing. End seals are installed to prevent
water entry into the casing end.
When installing through horizontal directionally drilled crossings the first meter
of pipe attached to the pulling head should be removed and thoroughly examined
to check for tensile stress or torque stress overload damage.
The reinforced composite carrier pipe should be additionally protected at the exit
ends of the casing from high shear stress due to soil settling and from any sharp
edges at the cut end of the steel casing. The soil at the casing exit ends is
stabilized through means such as compaction and sand bagging to minimize pipe
settling and development of high shear stress of the carrier pipe at the casing
exits.
It is also good installation practice to provide a suitable straight section of pipe,
after the casing exit and before a bend or elbow fitting is installed. Directional
changes if located too close to the casing exit may result in damage as the carrier
pipe is pushed against the outside wall of the casing due to operating stresses,
pipe movement, and the bend geometry. In some cases this has resulted in damage
and service failures of composite pipelines.
7.4 Thrust Blocks and Anchors
The requirements for thrust blocks, anchors should be determined for composite
pipe projects for both stick and spoolable pipelines.
The end user must discuss this with the pipe manufacturer and determine if they
are required and the thrust block design. Generally high pressure pipelines have
increased requirement for thrust blocks with smaller diameter lower pressure
pipelines requiring less or no thrust blocks. Thrust blocks can take many different
shapes and often sand bagging provides an acceptable and effective alternate to
placement of concrete blocks. Thrust blocks may be required for both elbow and
tee fittings as recommended by the pipe manufacturer.
Use of steel piles in the pipeline ditch bottom and clamping of the pipe to the pile
below ground may not be an acceptable approach to anchor non-metallic pipelines
and use of this method must be carefully considered and discussed with the pipe
manufacturer involved.
Whatever the design of thrust blocks or anchors, the user should be cautioned and
aware that the improper design and use of thrust blocks can lead to early pipe
failure due to excessive point loads or shear stress development. This is often due
to pipe and soil settling and stress/strain due to operating temperature and
pressure.

Thrust blocks and anchors cannot be simply designed as they would be for a
similar steel pipeline and require special consideration in consultation with the
pipe manufacturer design specifications.
7.5 Slip-in Liners
Installing reinforced composite pipe as a slip-in liner inside an existing steel
pipeline is commonly done. Both stick and spoolable reinforced composite pipes
are installed in this manner. Pull lengths can vary based on pipe diameter, terrain
and the product being installed.
Risks involved with slip-in liners that should be assessed include the condition of
the steel carrier pipe and potential for liner damage due to surface roughness or
existence of excessive internal weld penetrations or grapes.
Where liners are installed inside rough surface carrier pipes such as cement lined
steel pipe, the risk of erosion damage to the liner is increased, especially if the
pipeline is in a highly pulsating or vibrating service. Thorough pigging out of any
debris that may exist in the carrier pipe before lining is also very important and
key to lowering risk of damage to the liner.
Also the diameter difference between the liner OD and the steel ID should be
reviewed to ensure adequate clearance exists. The reduced diameter at weld
penetrations should also be considered in selecting the liner diameter. Allowances
for thermal expansion of the liner should also be considered.
Typically the liner installation involves preparing the steel pipe by pigging to
ensure it is free of significant deposits and liquids. After initial pigging and
cleaning a wire line cable is pulled inside the carrier by a pig. It is good practice
to then pull a short section of the liner pipe of 2-3 meters to allow inspection after
pulling for any damage such as significant scratches or gouges. Liners cannot be
installed through elbow fittings so these need to be located and removed prior.
If any adverse conditions are observed during the cleaning and test pull steps than
additional line preparations may be required to locate and remove the section of
steel pipe, welds that cause liner damage or elbow fittings.
Once the liner has been pulled inside the steel pipe, observations of the liner
exiting the far end of the steel pipe provide an indication if any damage to the
liner has occurred.
It is good practice to install seals at the steel casing ends to prevent water entry
into the annulus space that could freeze and damage the liner pipe.
Also as stated before, where liners exit the steel carrier pipe, the liner should be
well supported by placement of stable soil with compaction or sand bagging to
prevent excessive settlement and excessive shear stress development on the liner
at the edge of the steel casing.
7.6 Metallic Tracer Wire
It is a CSA Z662 requirement that for reinforced composite pipelines that a
corrosion resistant tracer wire be installed in the ditch with the pipe. This is

required to provide a metallic indicator so that pipeline location equipment can
locate the pipeline. This is very important since accurate location is critical to
allow for future excavations that may be required for maintenance, foreign
pipeline crossings, and adjacent pipeline construction.
Normally standard single strand coated copper wire, 14 gauge is installed. It is
also important following construction that the tracer wire be checked for electrical
continuity and that the ends be brought to surface in a conduit and marked and
secured, where they can be easily accessed and used in the future.
Where steel strip reinforced spoolable pipe is installed, the tracer wire is not
required since the steel reinforcement within the pipe provides the required
response to line location instruments.
8 Pipe Joining
8.1 Stick Composite Pipe
Pipe manufacturers all publish detailed joining procedures for their pipe products.
For stick pipe the joining is normally done by personnel from the installation
contractor.
CSA Z662-2007 states that all pipeline production joints shall be made in
accordance with a documented joining procedure. It also specifies that joining
personnel be qualified and approved by the pipe manufacturer or their
representative.
Therefore it is strongly recommended that the joining personnel qualifications and
experience be considered in selection of the installation contractor. At the front
end of projects training and qualification of personnel should be carried out by the
pipe manufacturer, well before production joining for the pipeline kicks off. It is
also very important that Inspectors are fully aware of the joining procedure and
inspection and test plan requirements that pertain.
Each pipe product has unique joining requirements therefore previous experience
on one product does not mean that the joiner is qualified to join a different pipe
product. Also unique requirements for joining fittings to pipe and riser installation
should also be covered in pre-job training and qualification.
Some of the areas that must be covered in the inspection plan are the approved
thread compounds, approved make-up tools, and thread makeup procedure.
Normally threaded pipe is not made up to a specified torque value but it is made
up to a specified thread position.
For larger diameter stick pipe connections usually require an adhesive bonded
connection. Again project personnel training and qualification by the pipe
manufacturer’s representative is highly recommended. The bonder qualification
methodology specified in ASME B31.3, Chapter VII has been utilized for large
diameter composite pipeline projects with good success.

For adhesive bonded pipe joints the joining procedure as a minimum should
include:
 Adhesive type and handling requirements
 Cleaning and preparation of the connection surfaces for joining
 Field tapering of cut pipe ends if required (pipe joints are factory tapered)
 Application of adhesive
 Pipe stabbing, use of hydraulic come-along for joint make-up and to
prevent joint backing out after stabbing, prior to the adhesive curing
period
 Adhesive curing requirements, use of auxiliary heating blankets
 Inspection and acceptability criteria.
 Provision of suitable protection or shelters for pipe joining for adverse
weather conditions such as rain or low temperatures.
Figure 8-1 – Provision of Shelters for Joining Composite Pipe
8.2 Spoolable Pipe

Joining spoolable pipe relies on the installation of metallic couplings to connect
pipe lengths and end fittings to provide a flange transition at the pipeline end
points to connect to above ground piping.
Each spoolable pipe product has unique connections and often these require
installation by the manufacturer’s representative. In some cases manufacturers
will certify 3rd party contractors to install their connections.
Therefore for spoolable pipe projects the method and qualification of joining
personnel should be determined for projects. The CSA Z662-2007 requirements
specified above for stick composite pipe also apply to spoolable pipe.
Where internal corrosion is a concern additional protective coatings or use of
corrosion resistant alloys couplings are options to consider. Generally spoolable
pipe manufacturers offer their couplings with protective coating or in a range of
corrosion resistant alloys (CRA) materials.
CSA Z662 requires steel portions of non-metallic pipeline systems to have
external corrosion protection. This includes external coating along with cathodic
protection for underground steel couplings, transitions and risers. The cathodic
protection design should be discussed with the manufacturer and options they
provide for external coatings and cathodic protection anodes.
Figure 8-2 – Metallic Coupler Joining Sections of Spoolable Pipe

9 Pressure Testing
9.1 New Construction
Following construction the pipeline must be pressure tested to verify integrity and
prove that no joint leaks exist. This is a CSA Z662-2007 requirement. The test
pressure specified is 125% of the design pressure for the pipeline. The minimum
test duration is 8 hours when testing with water or 24 hours for pneumatic tests.
Pneumatic tests are limited to a maximum test pressure of 2900 kPa.
During construction to verify pipe and joining quality pressure testing is often
employed. These preliminary pressure tests are used to verify joining procedure
and quality.
In most cases the pipeline is tested when still exposed so that pipe connections are
visible prior to back filling. This allows the pipe joints to be inspected visually for
any leaks and repaired before the pipeline is backfilled. In these cases where the
preliminary leak test is successful the test fluid is left in the pipe during
backfilling and after backfilling a second final pressure test is performed.
For preliminary leak tests the pipe should be restrained in the ditch bottom to
resist lifting and this is often accomplished by placement of soil plugs in the
centre area of each pipe length and leaving the connections exposed.
The use of pneumatic preliminary leak testing is not recommended due to safety
concerns if a joint were to fail and the high potential energy involved with
pneumatic pressure tests.
For filling of the pipeline with pressure test fluids, soft pigs that are approved by
the pipe manufacturer are acceptable. Use of freeze point depressants are utilized
during winter construction if approved by the pipe manufacturer and local
regulatory requirements.
As for any pipeline pressure test the test pressure should be raised in increments
with several hold points before setting at the test pressure. Non-metallic pipe
materials will react differently to stress and temperature variations than steel pipe
does. Also if the test fluid temperature and the pipe temperature are significantly
different, a temperature stabilization period may be required before starting the
pressure test.
The pipe manufacturer’s pressure testing procedure should be consulted and
applied during development of the pressure test procedure for pipeline projects.
9.2 Pressure Testing Repairs

Repairs of existing pipelines require pressure testing in accordance with CSA
Z662. The specified test is minimum 4 hour duration at the highest available
operating pressure. This is meant to allow routine repairs to be pressure tested
using service fluid under operating pressure.

10 Operation
10.1 General
In general the operation of a reinforced composite pipeline is similar to operation
of a conventional steel pipeline system. However there are several differences to
be aware of due to ensure the pipeline is not operated outside its design limits.
Instruments such as pressure or temperature sensors are not normally installed or
mounted directly on non-metallic pipe but are incorporated into steel piping or
wellhead facilities located at ends of the pipeline.
10.2 Pressure
Pressure control and pressure limiting systems are used much the same as for steel
pipelines. Like wise pressure relieving systems are also much the same as for steel
pipelines.
However a distinct difference in operating reinforced composite pipelines is the
sensitivity to pressure cycles. Composite pipes are more sensitive to pressure
cycles than steel pipe and additional design factors are specified at the design
stage.
In CSA Z662 there is a requirement to apply additional design factor of 0.5 when
severe pressure cycles exist. In general severe means when operating pressure
cycles greater than ±20% of the normal operating pressure.
All pipelines will experience a degree of pressure cycles over life during startup
or shutdowns and normally these low frequency cycles are not of great concern.
However when reinforced composite pipelines are operated with pressure cycles
on a daily manner it is much more concern and in those cases the initial design
pressure should be de-rated by the 0.5 factor. An example would be where water
injection pumps are stopped and started several times per day and the pipeline
pressure is allowed outside the ±20% criteria.
Therefore pipeline operators should be made aware of the increased sensitivity
and be vigilant whenever severe pressure cycling conditions exist on a routine
ongoing basis. The pipe manufacturer should be contacted for further advice on
the acceptability of ongoing cyclic pressure operation.
Another aspect to monitor is any pressure surges or pump pulsation conditions
that may damage composite pipe over time. In most cases pulsation dampeners
are installed downstream of pumps and should their effectiveness be monitored
and the units maintained as recommended by the dampener manufacturer.
10.3 Temperature
Maintaining reinforced composite pipelines within the specified operating
temperature is very important for operation. In general excessive temperature is
one of the leading causes of advanced plastics degradation. This is made more

complex in the world of reinforced composite pipelines since there is a variety of
pipe products used and the maximum rated operating temperature is not always
the same.
For stick composite pipe the temperature rating is primarily based on the type of
pipe resin used. Temperature ratings can vary from 65C as high as 100C or higher.
Another consideration is the effect of temperature on the design pressure. For
example some composite pipes will have a specified pressure rating at 65C and a
reduced rating at a higher temperature such as 90C.
Therefore operations must be made aware of what design basis was actually used
and not just rely on the manufacturer’s maximum temperature rating.
Operating conditions such as hot oiling to remove wax deposits should be
performed very carefully and staying well within the pipeline’s design
temperature.
For spoolable pipes the temperature rating is mainly based on the inner liner
material. In most cases this will be high density polyethylene (PE 3608). Most
spoolable pipe manufacturers restrict pipe with a standard HDPE liner to 60C. In
some cases slightly higher temperature ratings are to 80C depending on service
fluid conditions. Alternate liner materials, such as cross-linked polyethylene
(PEX), polyamide and bi-modal HDPE (PE 4710) may be installed and also affect
the temperature rating. Therefore the pipe manufacturer should be consulted when
any uncertainty exists on the pipes temperature rating.
10.4 Pigging
Pigging is possible in non-metallic pipelines. The type of pigs are restricted to
softer rubber or foam styles without any metal components. Most pig suppliers or
pig manufacturers have product lines that are suitable for reinforced composite
pipelines.
An important factor to consider is the different pipe internal diameters that exist
for various reinforced composite pipe products and choose a suitable pig size. Do
not assume that a NPS 3” pig sized for a steel pipeline is suitable for a NPS 3”
composite pipe product since the internal diameters may vary significantly and
damage to the composite pipe can occur.
In all cases the reinforced composite pipe manufacturer should be consulted for
pigging procedures and approved pig products.
Ball style pigs or pigs with metal bodies should not be used.
11 Reinforced Composite Pipelines Repairs

11.1 Stick Pipe Repairs
Pipe manufacturers provide detailed repair methods in their manuals and should
be consulted whenever a repair is required for their product.

In general the repair of a high pressure composite pipe that utilizes threaded
connections normally involves installation of a flange set.
This is accomplished by removal of the damaged pipe as a cylinder with cut back
to the undamaged pipe provided. In some cases the field installation of a thread by
molding can be accomplished on each end and the threaded flange set installed.
In some cases the entire threaded pipe joint is removed after cutting, by
unthreading each of the cut pipe ends. Then a pre-fabricated pipe joint, designed
to replace a full joint of pipe and includes a flange set is installed.
Where lower pressure pipe is involved with adhesive bonded connections, the use
of bonded repair collars with a replacement short pipe section may be employed.
11.2 Spoolable Pipe Repairs
Spoolable pipeline repairs normally involves cutting out a section of pipe as
specified by the manufacturer, but typically 3-4 meters in length. It is important to
ascertain that all damaged pipe is removed. As a result of the initial damage the
pipe layers may have been exposed to the pipeline service fluid with some ingress
into the adjacent pipe. In these cases it may be required to cut back additional pipe
length to ensure removal.
Once the repair length has been removed pipe couplers are installed on each cut
end and the new pipe repair section installed into the couplers.
It is recommended to have the pipe manufacturer’s field service crews on site for
all repairs and in some cases to implement the repair themselves. The repair
couplers for each spoolable pipe product are unique and cannot be interchanged
between different pipe products or pipe of different pressure ratings.
11.3 Excavation for Repairs
Any excavation of reinforced composite pipe requires extra care to not impart
further damage to the pipe. When doing excavation use of probes must be done
carefully to not damage the pipe below. Use of probes is acceptable but they
should not have sharp end and should be pushed into the soil carefully while
probing for pipe.
Hydro-vac excavation is commonly used but can also damage pipe by erosion if
not done carefully. The hydro-vac contractor must be made aware that the pipe
material is not steel. In some cases the use of a multi-nozzle head with dispersing
flow as opposed to oscillating and rotating flow may be used to avoid mechanical
erosion damage to the pipe. Maintenance of lower water pressure than for steel
pipe and lower water temperature are other measures to be considered and discuss
with the hydro-vac contractor, before hydro-vac excavation is used.

12 Monitoring
12.1 Leak DetectionLeak detection methods such as fluid balance, pressure
monitoring, and right of way patrols are generally no different than standard
methods employed for steel pipelines. Sound transmission in non-metallic pipe
would be at very different velocity than for steel therefore leak detection methods
using acoustic transmission would need to be reviewed with the manufacturer of
the leak detection method to determine its suitability for non-metallic pipe.
Infrared pipeline leak detection methods using airborne surveillance would also
be expected to function similarly for non-metallic pipelines as for steel pipelines.
Routine pipeline right-of-way surveillance should also be performed looking for
any of the usual anomalies such as washed out areas, soil slumps, and evidence of
fluid leaks.
12.2 Cathodic Protection (CP)
Where steel couplings or steel pipe risers are installed in combination with
reinforced composite pipelines they require external corrosion protection. This is
typically accomplished by providing an external coating as discussed previously.
Cathodic protection is also required and is usually accomplished by installing a
sacrificial anode designed to last the life of the project. The ability to monitor the
CP performance may not always be possible for underground couplers however
can be accomplished by installation of test leads from the steel equipment and

anode. This issue requires consideration through discussion with the pipe supplier
and local regulators regarding the need for CP and ongoing monitoring.
12.3 Pressure Cycles
As discussed previously excessive pressure cycles and temperature may be
damaging to reinforced composite pipelines. CSA Z662-2007 specifies pressure
cycle ranges and requires their consideration for pipeline design pressure.
Therefore monitoring and recording of operational pressure cycles and operating
temperatures should be performed and reviewed periodically by Operators.
13 Maintenance and Inspection

13.1 Non-destructive Testing
The options for inspection and monitoring of reinforced composite pipe are more
limited than for steel pipe. In some cases radiography has been used to examine
stick composite pipe looking for any signs of delaminating in the pipe wall.
For spoolable pipe bellholes may be installed at metallic coupling sites especially
if they contain a valve of tee fitting. This would allow for periodic radiography or
ultrasonic inspection of the couplings.
13.2 Pressure Testing
To verify the integrity of a reinforced composite pipeline the use of a pressure test
to check the integrity may be considered depending on the situation. When
pressure testing in service pipelines, it is prudent to maintain the pressure test at
or below the pipeline design pressure. In some cases the test may be performed
using the pipeline service fluid but the risks associated must be fully evaluated on
a case by case basis by the pipeline operator. Usually if the pipeline service fluid
contains a significant vapour phase then it is not likely to be suitable for pressure
testing due to lack of accuracy and sensitivity to small leaks.
13.3 Pipeline Risers
Pipeline risers may provide an accessible location to perform inspection. If the
riser end can be opened than visual inspections may be possible using lights or
reflective mirrors to view pipe internals. The use of a boroscope optical
instrument can also be done at risers to view pipe internal surfaces and provide an
assessment of the surface condition.
13.4 Pipe Cutouts
Whenever a pipe section has to be removed for whatever reason, it should be sent
for analysis of properties and appearance. Usually the pipe manufacturers will
provide the analysis or independent laboratories can also provide analysis. This

analysis can provide an indication of how the pipe is standing up to the service
environment.
13.5 Integrity Management- for Draft 3
At the Banff Pipeline workshop it was suggested to add a section on integrity
management to help users rank their operating composite pipelines with various
design and operating circumstances in terms of probability of failures and to help
prioritize inspection and maintenance activities.
14 References
American Petroleum Institute, API 15HR, Specification for High Pressure
Fiberglass Pipe, 2001
American Petroleum Institute, API 17J, Specification for Unbonded Flexible Pipe,
2002
American Petroleum Institute, API 15S, Qualification of Spoolable Reinforced
Plastic Line Pipe, 2006
American Water Works Association, AWWA Manual M45, Fiberglass Pipe
Design, 2005
American Water Works Association, AWWA Standard C950, Fiberglass Pressure
Pipe, 2007
ASME International, ASME B 31.1, Process Piping, 2006
ASTM International, ASTM D 2992, Standard Practice for Obtaining Hydrostatic
or Pressure Design Basis for “Fiberglass” or (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced-
Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe and Fittings, 2006
ASTM International, ASTM D 3839, Standard Guide for Underground
Installation of “Fiberglass” or (Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin)
Pipe, 2008
Canadian Standards Association, CSA Z662-07, Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems,
2007
International Organization for Standardization, ISO 14692, Parts 1-4, Glass
Reinforced Plastics (GRP) Piping, 2002
NACE International, SP0178, Standard Practice for Design, Fabrication, and
Surface Finish Practices for Tanks and Vessels to Be Lined for Immersion
Service, 2007

Appendix A Material Selection Guide
A.1 Reinforced Composite Pipe Options- Temperature/Diameter/Pressure Manufacturers Ratings Guideline
Green= Recommended Red= Not Recommended
Pipe Type Pipe T < 60C 60C <T< 80C T <90C T < 120C D <NPS 4 D <NPS 6 D> NPS 6 P < 5.0 5.0 mPa<P <10.3 10.3 <P< 15.5 P > 17.2
Description mPa mPa (ANSI 600) mPa (ANSI 900) mPa
Note 4
Spoolable Dry Fiber with
PE 3408 HDPE
Composite Liner Note 4
Pipe, (SCP)
Note 4
Dry Fiber with
PE 4710 HDPE
Liner Note 4
Note 4
Bonded Glass Note 5
Reinforced
Fiber to
Thermoplastic PE3408 HDPE,
and
Pipe, (RTP)
Note 4
Bonded Glass Note 5
Fiber to
PE4710 HDPE,
and
Note 4
Steel Strip with Note 6
PE3408 HDPE
Note 4
Steel Strip with Note 6
PE4710 HDPE
Bonded glass Note 1 Note 2 Note 3 Note 4

Rigid fiber, epoxy
Composite resin matrix
Pipe
(Stick Pipe)
Note 1 & 2: Temperature rating is based on the epoxy resin type used for manufacturing, not all rigid composite pipes are rated for the same service temperature, check with pipe manufacturer.
Note 3: Pipe diameter may limit available pressure ratings; generally larger diameter pipes will have lower pressure ratings availability.
Note 4: For gas gathering pipelines the maximum design pressure is restricted to 9.93 mPa by CSA Z662-2007 and maximum H2S content in the gas is 50 kPa partial pressure. Local regulator may have more
stringent requirements.
Note 5: Bonded glass reinforced pipe available in NPS 2-6 to 10.34 mPa pressure rating, NPS 2,3,4 to 15.5 mPa pressure rating, and NPS 2-3 to 17.24 mPa pressure rating.
Note 6: Steel strip reinforced pipe available in NPS 6” to 10, 300 kPa pressure. Available to 15500 kPa in NPS 2-4 diameters only.
Marcy 2009 Best Practices- Non-metallic Pipelines Page A- i

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BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE

Non-metallic Pipelines - Use of

2100, 350 – 7 Avenue S.W. 403, 235 Water Street

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March 2009 Best Practices- Non-metallic Pipelines- Draft 2 Page 1

Figure 2.1- Pipeline Failure Frequency for Alberta Pipelines

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Material Surface Roughness, mm Hazen Williams Flow

Steel Pipe, new 0.04 130-140

Steel Pipe, lightly rusted 0.40 100

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Composite Pipe 0.005 150

3.2 Material Selection Analysis

3.3 Selection Guideline

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Table 4-1- Stick Composite Pipe Typical Physical Properties

Property Rigid Composite Steel , Grade 240

Tensile Strength, mPa 138 240

Design Stress, mPa 138 240

Modulus of Elasticity, Axial- 14 207

4.2 Design Pressure

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Table 4-2 CSA Z662-2007 Service Fluid Factors (F fluid)

Pipe Type Category Gas Multiphase. Oilfield

Stick Pipe Stick Composite 0.67 0.80 1.0

Spoolable SCP 0.67 0.80 1.0

RTP Type 2 0.67 0.80 1.0

RTP Type 3 0.67 0.80 1.0

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4.5.2 Spoolable Composite Pipeline Risers

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6.3 Additional Qualification Tests

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7.2 Pipe Transportation, Handling

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7.3 Pipe Installation

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Figure 7-3 - Large Diameter Rigid Composite Pipe; Placement of Select

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Figure 8-1 – Provision of Shelters for Joining Composite Pipe

8.2 Spoolable Pipe