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COMPUTER HARDWARE

Power Supplies
Overview
In this chapter, you will learn to

- Explain the basics of electricity


- Describe the details about powering the PC
- Install, maintain, and troubleshoot power supplies
Understanding Electricity
Measuring Electricity
• Voltage—pressure of electrons in a wire
- Unit of measurement: Volts (V)

• Current— flow (or amount) of electrons in a wire


- Unit of measurement: Ampere (A)
- When voltage is applied to a wire, electrons flow, producin
current

Wattage—measure of power consumed or needed


- Unit of measurement: Watt (W) W = V * A

• Resistance—impedance or opposition to the flow


- Unit of measurement: Ohm (Ω)
Measuring Electricity
• Wire has amperage rating
- Defines how much amperage it can handle
• i.e., 20 amp, 30 amp

- If you exceed amperage


• Wires heat up—may break

Circuit breakers are heat sensitive


- Sense when amperage exceeds threshold
- Breaks the circuit to stop the flow of electricity
Two Types of Current
Alternating Current (AC)—electrical
current flows in both directions
- Electricity provided at wall socket
- Frequency of alternations measured in
cycles per second, or hertz (Hz)

Direct Current (DC)—electrical current


flows in one direction
- Electricity provided by batteries
Powering the PC : Types of Power
• PCs use DC voltage

Power companies supply AC voltage

The power supply in a computer converts


igh-voltage AC to low-voltage DC
Supplying AC
In the U.S., 115 VAC is standard
• Other countries use 230 VAC

- Many PCs may have a small switch on the back to


choose 115 or 230 V (used in other countries)
- Pay attention to this switch, especially when
traveling overseas
Outlet Voltages
• Hot and neutral provide path
for AC
- Hot has 115 V

- Neutral carries no voltage

• Ground used for safety


- Returns excess electricity to
ground
Wall outlet
Multimeter Basics
• A multimeter (or Volt-Ohm
meter: VOM) measures:
- Voltage
- Resistance
- Continuity

• Warning
- Set it properly before
measuring
- If not, damage can occur
Testing AC Voltage
• Verifies wiring of outlet

- Hot should be 115 VAC

- Neutral completes the circuit

- Ground should go to ground


Surge Suppressors
Surge suppressors provide protection against power surges
• Insert between the power supply and the outlet
• Joule is a unit of electrical energy
- Surge suppressor rated by joules
- Higher joules = better protection
• Some protect more than AC surges
- Phone lines for traditional modems
- Cable connections for cable modems
Uninterruptible Power Supply
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) provides protection
against a power dip or power outage

- Contains a battery that provides continuous AC power

- Provides surge protection and power conditioning


• Constantly charges battery

- All UPSs measured in watts and volts-amps


Supplying DC
The power supply acts as a step-down
ransformer
- Converting AC into 5, 12, and 3.3 V DC

- PCs use a 12 V current to power motors on


devices such as hard drives and CD-ROM drives

- PCs use a 5-volt/3.3-volt current to support


onboard electronics
Power Connectors

Original PC Main 4-pin Peripheral Floppy Drive


Power Cable Power Cable Power Cable

20-pin ATX Main 24-pin ATX Main 20+4-pin ATX Main


Power Cable Power Cable Power Cable
Power Connectors

6-pin Auxiliary SATA 4-pin ATX +12V


Power Cable Power Cable Power Cable

8-pin EPS +12V 4+4-pin +12V


Power Cable Power Cable
Power Connectors

6-pin PCI Express 8-pin PCI Express 6+2-pin PCI Express


Power Cable Power Cable Power Cable
Power Connectors
• Connectors are keyed

- Can plug in only one way

• Splitters and adapters

- Can create two power


connectors from one

- Can convert
Molex to SATA
Soft Power
• ATX power supplies first to use
- P1 power connector

• Always on when plugged in


- 5 V supplied to motherboard when plugged in

• Configured in
CMOS
Power Supply Versions
Version Year of Introduction
Included Power Cable Connectors
PC 1981 Original PC Main
4-pin Peripheral
ATX 1995 20-pin Main
4-pin Peripheral
Floppy Drive
ATX 12V 1.0 2000 20-pin Main
4-pin ATX +12V
4-pin Peripheral
Floppy Drive
6-pin Auxiliary
ATX 12V 1.3 2003 20-pin Main
4-pin ATX +12V
4-pin Peripheral
Floppy Drive
6-pin Auxiliary
SATA
Power Supply Versions
VersionYear of Introduction
Included Power Cable Connectors
ATX 12V 2.0 2003 24-pin Main
4-pin ATX +12V
4-pin Peripheral
Floppy Drive
6-pin PCI Express
SATA
EPS 12V 2003 24-pin Main
8-pin EPS +12V
4-pin Peripheral
Floppy Drive
6-pin PCI Express
SATA
PCI Express 2.0 2007 24-pin Main
4-pin ATX +12V
8-pin EPS +12V
4-pin Peripheral
Floppy Drive
6-pin PCI Express
8-pin PCI Express
SATA
Original PC Power Cables

• Introduced in 1981
Plugged in side-by side, either black to black or sparks to smoked
• Standard 5V and 12V supplies
• Maximum power usage 65 watt
4-pin Peripheral Power Cables

Introduced during the introduction of the first original PC


Used for HDDs and other add-ons such as fans, extra video
card power, supplemental motherboard power, and case
lighting
Still popular until today but reducing due to the introduction
of SATA
Floppy Drive Power Cables

Introduced for the 3.5 inch floppy disks


ometimes used as an auxiliary power cable for AGP video
cards
mall connector and 20 awg wires, limited to low current use
ATX 20-pin Main Power Cable

Introduced in 1995 featuring new standards ATX


Additional 3.3V power supply for newer chips
Ability to switch on and off without using power switch
• Increase maximum power to 250 Watt
ATX 24-pin Main Power Cable

Introduced in 2000 to increase power lines


Extension for enhanced PCI Express use
• Ability to work on 20-pin ATX boards
Increase maximum power to 350~450 Watt
EPS 12V Main Power Cable

ntroduced in 2003 originally designed for workstations


Enhanced 12V features to support multiple CPUs
• Maximum power to 380~450 Watt
ATX12V or P4 Connector
•Many motherboards require a
second, four-wire connector
- Provides more 12 V power
- Can be Molex
- Can be PCI-E
IT Technician

Niche Market
Power Supply Form Factors
Form Factors
Niche market power supply form factors
- TFX12V, SFX12V, CFX12V, LFX12V

• Active PFC
- Power Factor Correction
- Common in quality power supplies
- Eliminates harmonics
Wattage Requirements
Every device requires some wattage
- Often starting requirements are higher than running
requirements

Power supplies don’t run at 100% efficiency


- ATX 12 V requires power supplies to be at least 70%
efficient

• General recommendation
- Use at least a 400 W power supply
- Enough extra for starting and future growth
Installing, Maintaining, and
Troubleshooting Power Supplies
Installing
• Removing
- Disconnect wires
- Remove 4 standard screws
- Remove PS

• To install
- Place PS in case
- Replace screws
- Connect wires
ATX Soft Power and CMOS
Some ATX power supplies provide a
An ATX power supply never turns off
real on/off switch on the back
- Continues to supply 5V to the
motherboard as long as it is
connected to the power outlet

Always unplug an ATX power supply


before working on it

Can use a screwdriver or car keys


to short the two power jumpers to
turn the system on or off in
special circumstances
Cooling
The power supply fan provides basic cooling for
he PC

- Fan keeps the voltage regulators cool and provides a


constant flow of cool air through the computer

- If power supply fan stops, replace power supply

- Many fans have sensors to


detect when they should
run quicker
Cooling
Case fan provides extra cooling for PC

- Most modern computers have case fans


- Often plug into Molex connector
- Connector adapters can be used
Maintaining Airflow
• Keep case closed

- Keep covers on case

- If an expansion card is removed from the PC, be


sure to cover the hole with

- Without proper airflow, the


CPU can overheat and
destroy itself
Reducing Fan Noise
• Some fans can be adjusted
- Manually adjustable with knob
- Software adjustable by sensing heat

Larger fans that spin slower are quieter

• Higher-end fans are quieter


- Use better bearings
CMOS Fan Options
Can monitor PC’s health by showing
emperatures
- Doesn’t control fans
- Can set fan thresholds for alarms
Freeware Tool
• Speedfan
- Allows monitoring of fan speeds

- Can set fan speeds

- Hundreds of chipsets
supported
When Power Supplies Die

• Power supplies fail in two ways:

- Sudden death
• When the fan doesn’t turn and no voltage is present
• Computer simply stops working

- Slowly over time


• Intermittent errors
• Output voltages may exceed specs (± 10%)
Power Supply Test
• Put the black lead onto any
black wire connection

• Put the red lead onto colored


wire

• 12 V ± 10%
- 10.8 to 13.2 V • 5V ± 10%
- If readings are outside - 4.5 to 5.5 V
tolerance and symptoms • 3.3 V ± 10%
exist, replace power
supply - 2.97 to 3.63 V
Power Supply Test
• Power supplies need a load
- Plug into motherboard
- Plug into tester

• Check power switches


- If faulty, can turn on
with motherboard jumper
When Power Supplies Die Slowly

• Intermittent problems
- Sometimes occur, sometimes don’t
- You could measure voltage now and it’s good;
10 minutes later, system crashes

• A dying power supply can cause


- Random lockups and reboots
- Sporadic boot-up difficulties

When you encounter intermittent symptoms,


onsider replacing the
power supply
Fuses and Fire
Circuit breakers are heat-sensitive
- Sense when amperage exceeds threshold
- Breaks the circuit to stop flow of electricity

• Fuses blow for a reason


- Power supply is malfunctioning
- As a designed safety precaution, fuses blow (break) to sto
circuit

• Alternative is a possible fire


Fire Extinguishers
• Class A
- Ordinary combustibles such as paper and wood

• Class B
- Flammable liquids such as gasoline

• Class C
- Live electrical equipment

Use only Class C extinguishers on electrical fires


Beyond A+
• It glows
- Fancy colors, light up, and have extra
fans

• Module power supplies


- Reduced cables

• Rail power
- Look for power supplies that offer 16
to 18 A per 12 V rail
Different Components of Power Supply
Different Components of Power Supply

• Y type capacitor
Which is connected between live and
neutral ground and lead electrical shock
to ground.
Different Components of Power Supply

• Manual power
switch that is on
the AT power
supply models
Different Components of Power Supply

• Common mode
choke coils are
used to suppress
common mode
noise
Power Supplies Plug Type

Power plug type A Power plug type E/F


Power plug type C France, Belgium, Poland,
USA,Canada,Japan,China
Brazil,Europe,Korea,Italy, Slovakia & Czechia
Switzerland

Power plug type B


USA,Canada,Japan Power plug type D Power plug type G
India United Kingdom, Ireland, Malta,
Malaysia & Singapore
Power Supplies Plug Type

Power plug type H Power plug type L


Power plug type J Italy & Chile
Israel, the West Bank
Switzerland & Liechtenstein
& the Gaza Strip

Power plug type I


Australia, New Zealand, Power plug type K Power plug type M
China & Argentina Denmark & Greenland South Africa
Power Supplies Plug Type

Power plug type N


Power plug type O
Brazil and South Africa
Thailand
Sources:
https://www.slideshare.net/sharmansoor/power-supply-
54733618

https://slideplayer.com/slide/6083199/

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