SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution approved by UGC and affiliated to JNTUH))

(Accredited by NAAC with ‘A” Grade, Accredited by NBA of AICTE and
Recipient of World Bank under TEQIP-I and II )
Yamnampet, Ghatkesar Mandal, Hyderabad - 501 301.

COURSE FILE

For

REFRIGIRATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

For

B. Tech. IV year - I Semester

ME Branch

Code: 4B722

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MAY 2017
 Syllabus for B. Tech. IV Year I semester
Mechanical Engineering
Code: 4B722 REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING
a b c d e f g h i j k l
x x x

L T P/D C
4 -- --- 4

A student achieving a passing grade in this course will be able to

 Understand air refrigeration and types of air refrigeration systems
 Principle and working of VCR system and understand T-S and P-h diagrams of VCR cycles
 Principle and working of types of compressors , condensers, expansion devices and evaporators, and Types of refrigerants ,
and uses
 Understand the working of VARS and difference between VARS and VCR; understand the working of LI-Br Absorption
system, Steam jet Refrigeration System. Understand the working Thermo-electric refrigeration system, Vertex tube.
 Understand the concept of Air-conditioning
 Types of A.C Systems and related load calculation problems
 Understand the elements of A.C systems, Understand the different heat pump circuits

UNIT – I
Introduction to Refrigeration: Necessity and applications – Unit of refrigeration and C.O.P. – Mechanical Refrigeration – Types of
Ideal cycles of refrigeration.
Air Refrigeration: Bell Coleman cycle and Brayton Cycle, Open and Dense air systems – Actual air refrigeration system problems –
Refrigeration needs of Air crafts.

UNIT – II
Vapour compression refrigeration – working principle and essential components of the plant – simple Vapour compression
refrigeration cycle – COP – Representation of cycle on T-S and p-h charts – effect of sub cooling and super heating – cycle analysis –
Actual cycle Influence of various parameters on system performance – Use of p-h charts – numerical Problems.

UNIT III
System Components: Compressors – General classification – comparison – Advantages and Disadvantages.
Condensers – classification – Working Principles
Evaporators – classification – Working Principles
Expansion devices – Types – Working Principles
Refrigerants – Desirable properties – classification refrigerants used – Nomenclature – Ozone Depletion – Global Warming.

UNIT IV
Vapor Absorption System – Calculation of max COP – description and working of NH3 – water system and Li Br –water ( Two shell
& Four shell) System. Principle of operation Three Fluid absorption system, salient features. Steam Jet Refrigeration System –
Working Principle and Basic Components.
Principle and operation of (i) Thermoelectric refrigerator (ii) Vortex tube or Hilsch tube.

UNIT – V
Introduction to Air Conditioning: Psychometric Properties & Processes – Characterization of Sensible and latent heat loads –– Need
for Ventilation, Consideration of Infiltration – Load concepts of RSHF, GSHF- Problems, Concept of ESHF and ADP.
Requirements of human comfort and concept of effective temperature- Comfort chart –Comfort Air conditioning – Requirements of
Industrial air conditioning , Air conditioning Load Calculations.

UNIT – VI
Air Conditioning systems: Classification of equipment, cooling, heating humidification and dehumidification, filters, grills and
registers, fans and blowers. Heat Pump – Heat sources – different heat pump circuits.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning / CP Arora / TMH.
2. A Course in Refrigeration and Air conditioning / SC Arora & Domkundwar / Dhanpatrai
REFERENCES:
1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning / Manohar Prasad / New Age.
2. Principles of Refrigeration - Dossat / Pearson Education.
3. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning-P.L.Bellaney

REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING

Course Outcomes:
A student achieving a passing grade in this course will be able to
 Understand air refrigeration and types of air refrigeration systems
 Principle and working of VCR system and understand T-S and P-h diagrams of VCR cycles
 Principle and working of types of compressors , condensers, expansion devices and evaporators, and Types of refrigerants ,
and uses
 Understand the working of VARS and difference between VARS and VCR; understand the working of LI-Br Absorption
system, Steam jet Refrigeration System. Understand the working Thermo-electric refrigeration system, Vertex tube.
 Understand the concept of Air-conditioning
 Types of A.C Systems and related load calculation problems
 Understand the elements of A.C systems, Understand the different heat pump circuits

REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING
Course Objectives
1. After completion of UNIT-I: Student will able to understand the air refrigeration system and Air craft systems
2. After completion of UNIT-II: Student will able to understand Vapour compression system working and T-S and P-h chart
3. After completion of UNIT-III: Student will able to understand of types of compressors , condensers, expansion devices and
evaporators, and Types of refrigerants , and uses
4. After completion of UNIT-IV: Student will able to understand the working of VARS and difference between VARS and VCR;
understand the working of LI-Br Absorption system, Steam jet Refrigeration System. Understand the working Thermo-electric
refrigeration system, Vertex tube.
5. After completion of UNIT-V: Student will able to understand the concept of Air-conditioning.
6. After completion of UNIT-VI: Student will able to understand the elements of A.C systems, Understand the different heat pump
circuits
Programme Outcomes in relation to Course Objectives:
COS Programme Outcomes
a b c d e f g h i j k
1 X X X
2 X X X
3 X X
4 X
5 X X X X X
6 X X X
Where
(a) Graduates will demonstrate basic knowledge in mathematics, science and engineering.
(b) Graduates will demonstrate the ability to design and conduct experiments, interpret and analyze data, and report
results.
(c) Graduates will demonstrate the ability to design a mechanical system or a thermal system or a process that meets
desired specifications and requirements.
(d) Graduates will demonstrate the ability to function on engineering and science laboratory teams, as well as on
multidisciplinary design teams.
(e) Graduates will demonstrate the ability to identify, formulate and solve mechanical engineering problems.
(f) Graduates will demonstrate an understanding of their professional and ethical responsibilities.
(g) Graduates will be able to communicate effectively in both verbal and written forms.
(h) Graduates will have the confidence to apply engineering solutions in global and societal contexts.
 (i) Graduates should be capable of self-education and clearly understand the value of lifelong learning.
(j) Graduates will be broadly educated and will have an understanding of the impact of engineering on society and
demonstrate awareness of contemporary issues.
(k) Graduates will be familiar with modern engineering software tools and equipment to analyze
mechanical engineering problems

Evaluation of Learning Out Comes with Blooms Taxonomy of Six Cognitive Domain levels
The questions framed in this course file are to check six levels of cognitive domain levels of student.

Level 1: Knowledge based questions

Level 2: Comprehension based Questions

Level 3: Application based questions

Level 4: Analysis based questions

Level 5: Synthesis based questions

Level 6: Evaluation based questions

 LECTURE SCHDULE
S.No. Unit No. of
of No. periods Proposed topic to be covered
Period allotted

1. 1 16 Introduction to Refrigeration and Air-conditioning

2. Necessity and application Refrigeration and Air-
conditioning
3. Units of refrigeration and CO.P
4. Types of mechanical refrigeration
5. Types of ideal cycles of refrigeration
6. Introduction to Air Refrigeration
7. Reversed Carnot cycle
8. Bell Coleman cycle
9. Open and Dense air systems
10. Refrigeration needs of aircrafts
11. Types of air craft Refrigeration System
12. Types of air craft Refrigeration System
13. Types of air craft Refrigeration System
14. Numerical Problems
15. Numerical Problems
16. Numerical Problems
17. II 11 principle and working of vapor compression refrigerator

18. COP of vapor compression refrigerator

19. Types of vapor compression refrigeration cycles
20. Theoretical V.C.R cycle with dry saturated vapor after
compression
21. Theoretical V.C.R cycle with wet vapor after compression

22. Theoretical V.C.R cycle with super heated vapor after

compression

23. Theoretical V.C.R cycle with super heated vapor before

compression
24. Theoretical V.C.R cycle with sub cooling or under cooling
25. Problems
26. Problems
27. Problems
28. iii 6 Classification of compressors
29. Expression for work for various compressors
30 Classification of condensers and working
31 Classification of evaporators and working
32. Classification of expansion devices and working
33. Refrigerants classification , nomenclature ozone
depletion ,global warming
34. IV 8 Principle and working of V.A.R.S
35. Principle and working of NH3-water system
36. Three fluid absorption system
37. LiBr-water absorption system
38. Problems
39. Principle and working of steam jet refrigeration system

40. Principle and working of thermo electric refrigerator

41. Principle and working of vortex tube or Hilsch tube
42. V 16 Introduction to air-conditioning
43. Psychometric properties
44. Psychometric process
45. Psychometric chart
46. Characterization of sensible and latent heat
47. Need for ventilation
48. RSHF,GSHF
49. Concept of ESHF and ADP
50. problems
51. problems
52. problems
53. Problem
54. Requirements of human comfort and concept of effective
55. temperature
Comfort air conditioning
56. Requirements of industrial air conditioning
57. Air conditioning load calculations
58. Problems
59. Problems
60. VI 5 Types of air conditioning systems
61 Classification of equipment
62 Hard ware connected with air distribution systems/ducting
With plenum chambers/ dampers / filters/grills/ and
63 Air handling units (AHU) along with accessories i.e
fans/blowers.
64 Heat pump – methods of working , sources used for
running the heat pump, different heat pump configurations,
and related calculations
UNIT-I

OBJECTIVES

By going through the various sections of this unit, one should be able to the need for studying refrigeration and
air-conditioning is to produce cold and create air of specific properties ( H, cleanliness , removal odors etc)

 The methods involved mechanical /other means of refrigeration.

 Refrigeration is must for preservation of food stuffs and medicines.

 Air conditioning also deals with the same i.e human comforts/ efficient working of electronic
components

 The scheme of study involves qualitative and quantities assessment of refrigeration systems.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Define unit of refrigeration in TR?

2. Define C.O.P?
3. Show with neat sketch reverse Cornot cycles applicable to refrigeration?
4. Draw neat sketch and explain Bell-Coleman cycle?
5. What dense Air Systems, write briefly?
6. What is the difference between ideal and real cycle?
7. A system operates on reverse carnot cycle between -30o and +30oC what is its C.O.P?
8. Why do air craft needs cooling ?
9. refrigerator requires half an hour to make ice from 25oC ambient temp the quantity of ice made is 2kgs
what is the TR of refrigerator ( temp of ice at 0oC) assume relevant data?
10. What is the difference between heat engine and heat pump and refrigerator?

ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Define the following terms

a) refrigeration effect b) ton of refrigeration c) C.O.P
d) refrigerator e) heat pump

2. Prove that the performance factor of a Bell-Coleman cycle refrigeration system is given by C.O.P = T2/
T3-T2
Where T2 and T3 are the temperature of air at the inlet and discharge of compressor respectively.

3. Explain the working of a simple air cooling system used for air crafts?
4. Explain the working of a simple air evaporative cooling system used for air crafts?
5. Explain the working of a Boot strap air cooling system used for air crafts?
6. Explain the working of a Boot strap evaporative air cooling system used for air crafts?
7. Explain the working of reduced air cooling system?
8. A refrigerator working on Bell-coleman cycle operates between pressure limits of 1.05 bar and 8.5 bar.
Air is drawn from the cold chamber at 10 oC , compressed and then it is cooled to 30oC before entering
the expansion cylinder. The expansion and compression follows the law PV1.3= constant. Determine
the theoretical C.O.P of the system.
9. A simple air cooled system is used for an aero plane having load of 10 tonnes. The atmospheric
pressure and temperature are 9 bar and 10 o respectively. The pressure increases to 1.013 bar due to
ramming. The temperature of the air reduced by 50 oC in the heat exchanger. The pressure in the cabin
is 1.01 bar and the temperature of air leaving the cabin is 25 oC . determine 1. power required to take
load of collong in the cabin and 2. C.O.P of the system.
 UNIT –II

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. List out the advantages of v.c. system over ai9r refrigeration system?
2. Distinguish between dry and wet compression. what are the advantage of one over the other?
3. What is the object of under cooling ?
4. Explain how would you detect whether refrigerator is undercharged or over charged?
5. Under what circumstances the super heating of vapor before coming to compressor is more
objectionable give the ways to prevent?
6. Why throttle valve is used in v.c.r rather than an expansion cylinder to reduce the pressure between the
condenser and evaporator?
7. Draw the refrigeration cycle on T-S diagram when the refrigerant is dry and saturated at the end of
compression and find an expression for C.O.P in terms of
a) Temperature and entropy b) enthalpy
8. What is foreign material? Why is it objectionable in refrigeration system? What are methods to prevent
it?
9. Draw the T- S an P-H diagram of theoretical vapour compression refrigerator when the refrigerant is
just dry at the end of compression?
10. Draw the T- S an P-H diagram of theoretical vapour compression refrigerator when the refrigerant is
just wet at the end of compression?
11. Draw the T- S an P-H diagram of theoretical vapour compression refrigerator when the refrigerant is
super saturated vapour at the end of compression?
12. Draw the T- S an P-H diagram of theoretical vapour compression refrigerator when the refrigerant is
super saturated vapour at the before compression?
13. Draw the T- S an P-H diagram of theoretical vapour compression refrigerator when the refrigerant is
under cooling or sub cooling?

ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Explain principle and working of vapour compression refrigeration with the help of T-S and P-H
charts?

2. The temperature limits of an ammonia refrigerator system are 25oC and -100oC. If the gas is dry at the
end of compression calculate C.O.P of the cycle assuming no under cooling of the liquid ammonia.
Use the following table for properties of ammonia.

Temperature Liquid heat Latent heat Liquid entropy

o
C kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg0K
25 298.9 1166.94 1.1242
-10 135.37 1297.68 0.5443
3. Find the theoretical COP for a CO2 machine working between the temperature range of 250C and
-50C. The dryness fraction of CO2 gas during the suction stroke 0.6. Following properties of CO2 are
given.

Temperature Liquid Liquid Latent heat

o
C Enthalpy Entropy Enthalpy Entropy kJ/kg
kJ/kg kJ/kg0K kJ/kg kJ/kg0K
25 164.77 0.5978 282.23 0.9918 117.46
-5 72.57 0.2862 321.33 1.2146 248.76

4. A vapour compression refrigerator uses methyl chloride (R-40) and operates between temperature
limits of -100 C and 450C. At entry to the compressor, the refrigerant is dry saturated and after
compression it acquires a temperature of 600C. Find C.O.P of the refrigerator. The relevant properties
of methyl chloride as follows.

Saturation Temperature Enthalpy Entropy in kJ/kg0K

o
C kJ/kg
Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour
-10 45.4 460.7 0.183 1.637
45 133.0 483.6 0.485 1.587

5) A simple R-12 plant is to develop 5 tonnes of refrigeration. The condenser and evaporator temperatures
are to be 40°C and -10oC respectively. Determine (a) the refrigerant flow rate in kg/s, (b) the volume
flow rate handled by the compressor in m3 Is, (c) the compressor discharge temperature, (d) the
pressure ratio, (e) the heat rejected to the condenser in kW, (f) the flash gas percentage after throttling,
(g) the COP,; and (h) the power required to drive the compressor. How does this COP compare with
that of a Carnot refrigerator operating between 40° C and -10oC?

6) A two-stage vapour compression refrigeration system with a direct contact heat exchanger (flash
chamber) operates with ammonia as the refrigerant. The evaporator and condenser temperatures are
-30 and 40° C respectively. If the capacity of the plant is 30 tonnes of refrigeration, estimate the total
work of compression and the COP. Had the compression been done in a single stage, what would have
been the percentage increase in the work of compression? What is the percentage increase in the COP
owing to the staging of the compression process?

7) In an aircraft cooling system, air enters the compressor at 0.1 MFa, 4°C, and is compressed to 0.3 MFa
with an isentropic efficiency of 72 %. After being cooled to 55()C at constant pressure in a heat
exchanger the air then expands in a turbine to 0.1 MFa with an isentropic efficiency of 78%. The low
temperature air absorbs a cooling load of 3 tonnes of refrigeration at constant pressure before re-
entering the compressor which is driven by the turbine. Assuming air to be an ideal gas, determine the
COP of the refrigerator, the driving power required, and the air mass flow rate.

8) A refrigerating plant works between temperature limits of —5 oC and 25oC . The working fluid ammonia
has dryness fraction of 0.62 at entry to compressor. If the machine has a relative efficiency of 55% .
The ice is to be formed at 0°C from water at 15°C and 6.4 kg of ammonia is circulated per minute.
Specific heat of water is 4.187 kj/kgk and latent heat of Ice is 335 kj/kg Properties of NHj:

Temperature ( C) Liquid heat Latent heat Entropy of liquid

(kj/kg) (kj/kg) (kj/kgk)
25 298.9 1167.1 1.124
-5 158.2 1280.8 0.630
 For the above problem.

1. Determine the condition of refrigerant leaving the compressor

2. Theoretical COP
3. Actual COP
4. Amount of Ice formed in 24 hours

UNIT –III

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Show the Air compression cycle (in the case of Reciprocating compressor) on p-V and T-S planes.
2. Why is an external power input needed lo drive a compressor?
3. What are the uses of compressed gases?
4. How will you classify compressors?
5. Is it essential to maintain clearance between Cylinder head and piston? Give
reason,
6. What is the condition for minimum work Input?
7. What is the function of a condenser in a refrigeration system?
What are the points to be considered for selecting a condenser for a refrigeration system?
8. Discuss the natural convection and forced convection types of air cooled condenser?
9. Explain a re-circulated water system in water cooled condensers?
10. Give the comparison of air-cooled condenser water cooled condenser?
11. Write short note on cooling towers?
12. What are the factors that affect the heat transfer capacity of an evaporator?
13. What do you understand by pool boiling and flow boiling?
14 EXPLAIN the dry expansion evaporator with the help of a neat sketch?
15. Write short note on methods of defrosting?
16. Discuss the frosting and defrosting evaporators?
17. Discuss the operation of a capillary tube in a refrigeration system?
18. Differentiate between low-side float valve and high –side float valve?
19. What are the desirable properties of an ideal refrigerant?
20. Name the different refrigerant generally used?

ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Describe with a sketch a centrifugal compressor. Where are centrifugal compressors preferred over
reciprocating compressor in refrigeration system?
2. What are the advantage and disadvantage of centrifugal compressor over reciprocating compressor?
3. Give the main types of condensers in use with specific application of each type?
4. Describe forced convection evaporator and gives its field of application?
5. Explain the working of automatic expansion value. Why its constant pressure expansion value?
6. What are the desirable properties of an ideal refrigerant?

UNIT –IV

1. What is the function of a compressor in vapour compression refrigeration system? How this function is
achieved in vapour absorption refrigeration system?
2. Draw a neat sketch of a practical vapour absorption system? And explain?
3. What is the function of the following components in an absorption system?
4. Absorber b) rectifier c) analyzer d) heat exchanger
5. Discuss the advantages of an vapour absorption refrigeration system over compression refrigeration
system?
6. Draw a neat diagram of three fluid absorption system of refrigeration , and explain its working?
7. Draw a neat diagram of li- br water absorption system and explain working. List the major field of
applications of this system?
8. What is principle of a stem jet refrigeration system?
9. Explain with the help of a neat sketch , the working of a steam jet refrigeration system?
11. Draw the temperature –entropy and h-s diagram of a stem jet refrigeration system and write the expression
for the following efficiencies
12. Nozzle efficiency b) entrainment efficiency c) compression efficiencies
13. Derive an expression for finding out the mass of motive steam required per kg water vapour produced.
14. What are the advantage and disadvantage of steam jet refrigeration system over other types of
refrigeration system?

UNIT-V

OBJECTIVES:

By going through various sections of this chapter, one should be to

• Understand the principles of different air conditioning systems.

• Psychometric process employed in summer/winter air conditioning system.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

1. What do you understand by air conditioning?

2. What is meant by Psychometric?
3. Define Dry Bulb Temp (DBT) and Wet Bulb Temp (WBT).
4. Define Dew Point Temp.
5. Distinguish between relative humidity and specific humidity?
6. What is the difference between humidification and dehumidification?
7. What do you understand by human comfort?
8. What is the use of Psychometric chart?
9. What is the psychometric process used in winter air conditioning system?
10. What is the Psychometric Process used in Summa air conditioning system? j
11. Represent on a Psychometric chart, the following process (I) Heating and humidification (II) Cooling
and dehumidification.

12. . Explain the difference between comfort air –conditioning and industrial air conditioning ?
13. Define the term effective temperature and explain the importance in air –conditioning?
14. Define thermal shock used in air-conditioning, describe the methods to reduce the same?
15. What are the important consideration design of air conditioning systems?
Why ventilation is rewired?
16. What are the ventilation standards used under different conditions?
17. What are the governing factors which effect effective temperature? Describe in detail?
1s8. What is the role played by clothing, how does it affect comfort zone of human being?

UNIT –VI

1. Differentiate between central, district and unitary air-conditioning systems?

2. What are the merits and demerits of central and unitary air conditioning system?
3. What are the different methods employed in controlling temp of air?
4. What are the specific problems of factory air conditioning system?
5. What are the different methods used in designing of ducts?
6. What understand by equivalent length? How this is used air duct systems?
7. What kinds of noise must be dealt with air conditioning system?
8. What are the different methods used for to remove odors from air?
9. Explain why heat pump is most efficient when used for heating purpose?
10. Explain working of thermo compressor and explain how compound heat exchanger helps overall
energy performance ratio of the system?

MULTIPLE ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. One Tonne of Refrigeration is equal to [ ]

a) 21 kJ/min b) 210 kJ/min
c) 420 kJ/min c) 620 kJ/min

2. One Tonne Refrigeration Machines Means that [ ]

a) One Tonne is the total mass of the machine
b) One Tonne of Refrigerant is used
c) One Tonne of ice when melts from and at 0o C in 24 hours. The Refrigeration effect produced is
equivalent to 210 KJ/min.

3. The C.O.P. is always ………………….. one [ ]

a) Equal to b) Less than c) greater than

4. The ratio of heat extracted in the Refrigerator to the work done on the Refrigerant is called
[ ]
a) Coefficient of performance of Refrigeration
b) Coefficient of performance of heat pump
c) Refrigerating efficiency

5. The relative coefficient of performance is equal to [ ]

Theoetical COP Actual COP
a) Actual COP b) Theoetical COP
Actual COP X Theoretical COP

6. Air Refrigeration cycle is used in [ ]

a) Commercial Refrigeration b) Domestic Refrigeration
c) Air-conditioning d) Aircrafts

7. Air Refrigerating machine, heat rejected is ………………. Heat absorbed

a) Equal to b) Less Than c) Greater than [ ]

8. Air Refrigerator works on [ ]

a) Carnot cycle b) Rankine Cycle
c) Bell-coleman cycle d) reverse cornot cycle

9) In air-conditioning of aero planes, using air as a Refrigerant, the cycle used is

[ ]
a) Reversed carnot cycle b) reversed joule cycle
c) Reversed Brayton cycle d) reversed otto cycle

10) The simple air cooling system is good for ………… fight speeds
a) low b) high [ ]

11) The water, alcohol and ammonia have ………….. refrigerating effects at different altitudes.
a) Same b) Different [ ]

12) A boot – strap air cooling system has …………….. [ ]

 a) one heat exchange b) Two heat exchanger
c) Three heat exchanger c) Four heat exchanger

13) A boot-strap evaporative cooling system has ….. [ ]

a) One compressor b) Two compressor
c) Three compressor d) Four Compressor

14) A simple cooling system has evaporator [ ]

a) True b) False

15) The reduced ambient air cooling system is used for very ………. Speed air crafts.

a) low b) high [ ]

16) Write a formulae of C.O.P. of the heat pump…………………………….

17) Write a formulae of C.O.P. of the Refrigerator ………………………….

18) Write a formulae for E.P.R. for heat engine ……………………………..

Q) A machine working on a carnot cycle operates between 305K and 260K. Determine COP when it is
operated.

19) A Refrigerating machine …………………………………..

20) A heat pump …………………………………..
21) The coefficient of performance of vapour compression refrigeration system is quite …….. compared to
air refrigeration system. [ ]
a) low b) high

22) During a refrigeration cycle, heat is rejected by the refrigerant in a [ ]

a) compressor b) condenser c) evaporator d) expansion valve

23) In a vapour compression refrigeration system, the condition of refrigerant before entering the
compressor is [ ]

a) saturated liquid b) wet vapour c) dry saturated liquid d) superheated vapour

24) The highest temperature during the cycle, in a vapour compression refrigeration system, occurs after
[ ]
a) compression b) condensation
c) expansion d) evaporation

25) In a vapour compression refrigeration system, the lowest temperature during the cycle occurs after
[ ]
a) compression b) condensation
c) expansion d) evaporation

26) In a vapour compression refrigeration system, the effect of superheating the vapour before suction to
compression [ ]

a) increase the work of compression b) in crease the heat rejection in the condenser
c) may increase or decrease C.O.P. depending upon the refrigerant used
d) all of the above
27) In a domestic vapour compression refrigerator, the refrigerant commonly used is
[ ]
a) CO2 b) Ammonia c) Freon – 12 d) All of these

28) The sub cooling is a process of cooling the refrigerant in vapour compression refrigeration system
[ ]

a) before compression b) after compression

c) before throttling d) after throttling

29) In a vapour compression refrigeration system, subcooling the liquid refrigerant is to ………………..
coefficient of performance. [ ]
a) increase b) decrease

30) The process of undercooling is generally brought about by [ ]

a) circulating more quantity of cooling water through the condenser
b) using water colder than the main circulating water
c) employing a heat exchanger d) any one of the above

31) A refrigerant compressor is used to [ ]

a) raise the pressure of the refrigerant
b) raise the temperature of the refrigerant
c) circulate the refrigerant through the refrigerating system
d) all of the above
32) The refrigerant supplied to a compressor must be [ ]
a) superheated vapour refrigerant b) dry saturated liquid refrigerant
c) a mixture of liquid and vapour refrigerant

33) The pressure at the inlet of a refrigerant compressor is called [ ]

a) suction pressure b) discharge pressure
c) critical pressure d) back pressure

34) The pressure at the outlet of a refrigerant compressor is called [ ]

a) suction pressure b) discharge pressure
c) critical pressure d) back pressure

35) The reciprocating refrigerant compressors are very suitable for [ ]

a) small displacements and low condensing pressures
b) large displacements and high condensing pressures
c) small displacements and high condensing pressures
d) large displacements and low condensing pressures

36) The work requirement for a reciprocating compressor is minimum when the compression process is
[ ]
a) isothermal b) isentropic c) polytropic d) adiabatic

37) The clearance factor is the ratio of [ ]

a) swept volume of the cylinder to the clearance volume
b) total volume of the cylinder to the clearance volume
c) clearance volume to the swept volume of the cylinder
d) clearance volume to the total volume of the cylinder

38) The clearance volume in reciprocating refrigerant compressors ……… the work done and the power
required for compressing the refrigerant. [ ]
 a) does not effect b) increases c) decreases

39) In compound compression refrigeration systems with intercooling, the optimum intercooler or
intermediate pressure P2, when the cooling ratio is fixed, is given by
[ ]
a) P2 = P1/P3 b) P2=P3/P1
P1  P3
c) P2=P1xP3 d) P2=

40) The centrifugal compressors are generally used for refrigerants that require
a) small displacements and low condensing pressures [ ]
b) large displacements and high condensing pressures
c) small displacement and high condensing pressures
d) large displacement and low condensing pressures

41) The coefficient of performance of vapour compression refrigeration system is quite …….. compared to
air refrigeration system. [ ]
a) low b) high

42) During a refrigeration cycle, heat is rejected by the refrigerant in a [ ]

a) compressor b) condenser c) evaporator d) expansion valve

43) In a vapour compression refrigeration system, the condition of refrigerant before entering the
compressor is [ ]

a) saturated liquid b) wet vapour c) dry saturated liquid d) superheated vapour

44. The highest temperature during the cycle, in a vapour compression refrigeration system, occurs after
[ ]

a) compression b) condensation
c) expansion d) evaporation

45. In a vapour compression refrigeration system, the lowest temperature during the cycle occurs after
[ ]
a) compression b) condensation
c) expansion d) evaporation

46. In a vapour compression refrigeration system, the effect of superheating the vapour before suction to
compression [ ]

a) increase the work of compression b) in crease the heat rejection in the condenser
c) may increase or decrease C.O.P. depending upon the refrigerant used
d) all of the above

47. In a domestic vapour compression refrigerator, the refrigerant commonly used is

[ ]
a) CO2 b) Ammonia c) Freon – 12 d) All of these

48. The subcooling is a process of cooling the refrigerant in vapour compression refrigeration system
[ ]

a) before compression b) after compression

c) before throttling d) after throttling
49. In a vapour compression refrigeration system, subcooling the liquid refrigerant is to ………………..
coefficient of performance. [ ]
a) increase b) decrease

50. The process of under cooling is generally brought about by [ ]

a) circulating more quantity of cooling water through the condenser

b) using water colder than the main circulating water
c) employing a heat exchanger d) any one of the above

51. A refrigerant compressor is used to [ ]

a) raise the pressure of the refrigerant
b) raise the temperature of the refrigerant
c) circulate the refrigerant through the refrigerating system
d) all of the above

52. The refrigerant supplied to a compressor must be [ ]

a) superheated vapour refrigerant b) dry saturated liquid refrigerant
c) a mixture of liquid and vapour refrigerant

53. The pressure at the inlet of a refrigerant compressor is called [ ]

a) suction pressure b) discharge pressure
c) critical pressure d) back pressure
54. The pressure at the outlet of a refrigerant compressor is called [ ]
a) suction pressure b) discharge pressure
c) critical pressure d) back pressure

55. The reciprocating refrigerant compressors are very suitable for [ ]

a) small displacements and low condensing pressures
b) large displacements and high condensing pressures
c) small displacements and high condensing pressures
d) large displacements and low condensing pressures

56. The work requirement for a reciprocating compressor is minimum when the compression process is
[ ]
a) isothermal b) isentropic c) polytropic d) adiabatic

57. The clearance factor is the ratio of [ ]

a) swept volume of the cylinder to the clearance volume
b) total volume of the cylinder to the clearance volume
c) clearance volume to the swept volume of the cylinder
d) clearance volume to the total volume of the cylinder

58. The clearance volume in reciprocating refrigerant compressors ……… the work done and the power
required for compressing the refrigerant. [ ]
a) does not effect b) increases c) decreases

59. In compound compression refrigeration systems with intercooling, the optimum intercooler or
intermediate pressure P2, when the cooling ratio is fixed, is given by
[ ]
a) P2 = P1/P3 b) P2=P3/P1
P1  P3
c) P2=P1xP3 d) P2=

60. The centrifugal compressors are generally used for refrigerants that require
 a) small displacements and low condensing pressures [ ]
b) large displacements and high condensing pressures
c) small displacement and high condensing pressures
d) large displacement and low condensing pressures

61. Science of providing and maintaining temperature below the ambient temperature is called :
[ ]
(a) air conditioning (b) refrigeration
(c) air cooling (d) any of them

62. This is said to be dry ice : [ ]

(a) CO2 (b) ice blocks
(c) solid CO2 (d) any of them

63. 1000 kg of ice melts in 24 hours and produces a cooling effect at the rate of 210 kJ/min. This is called :
[ ]
(a) unit of refrigeration (b) refrigeration capacity
(c) ice making capacity (d) any of them

64. 1 ton of refrigeration implies heat transfer at the rate of : [ ]

(a) 210kJ/min (b) 210 kJ/sec
(c) 1000 kJ/hr (d) 1000 kJ/min

65. A certain refrigerating machine is designated as 1.5 ton machine. Then it can extract heat at the
rate of : [ ]
(a) 210 kJ/min (b) 1500 kJ/hr
(c) 315 kJ/sec (d) 315 kJ/min

66. Ratio of refrigerating effect to the work supplied is called : [ ]

(a) coefficient of performance (COP)
(b) energy performance ratio (EPR)
(c) Efficiency (r))
(d) relative COP

67. A thermodynamic cycle in which the refrigerators use air as working substance operates on :
[ ]
(a) Carnot cycle (b) Joule cycle
(c) Bell-coleman cycle (d) Brayton cycle

68. Bell-Coleman cycle, as applied to refrigeration operates on : [ ]

(a) vapour compression system (b) open air system
(c) vapour absorption system (d) none

69. The refrigerant absorbs heat equivalent to its latent heat of evaporation from [ ]
(a) water surrounding the condenser
(b) atmosphere
(c) compressor
(d) space or products to be cooled

70. By superheating the refrigerant, the refrigerating effect and work supply will [ ]
(a) increase (b) decrease
(c) (a) or (b) (d) none

71. In vapour compression refrigeration system, the refrigerant rejects heat in : [ ]

(a) evaporator (b) compressor
 (c) expansion valve- (d) condenser

72. In vapour compression refrigeration the state of refrigerant when it leaves the evaporator should
be : [ ]
(a) wet vapour (b) very wet vapour
(c) dry vapour (d) saturated liquid

73. A device that separates liquid refrigerant from vapour and passes vapour to compressor
bypassing the evaporator is called : [ ]
(a) flash chamber (b) accumulator
(c) receiver tank (d) none

74. Accumulator is placed in a V.C.R system between : [ ]

(a) expansion valve and evaporator
(b) evaporator and compressor
(c) compressor and condenser
(d) condenser and expansion

75. T1 and T2 being absolute temperatures before and after adiabatic compression in a Bell-Coleman
cycle, C.O.P is given by : [ ]

(a) T1 / (T2 – T1) (b) T2 / (T2 – T1)

(c) (T2 – T1) / T1 (d) (T2 – T1) / T2

76. State of refrigerant is wet before compression, but dry and saturated at the end of compression; then
it is called : [ ]
(a) dry compression (b) wet compression
(c) saturated compression (d) none

77. Superheating the refrigerant results in : [ ]

(a) increase in COP (b) decrease in COP
(c) no change in COP (d) any of them

78. Keeping the condenser pressure constant, if evaporator pressure is slightly reduced :
[ ]
(a) COP is unaltered (b) COP increases
(c) COP decreases (d) (b) or (c)

79. Keeping evaporator pressure constant, if condenser pressure is increased: [ ]

(a) COP decreases (b) COP increases
(c) (a) or (b) (d) COP is unaltered

80. Device that is used to meter the quantity of refrigerant flow in vapour compression system is :
[ ]
(a) receiver tank (b) expansion valve
(c) solenoid valve (d) any of them

81. In a refrigerator, the system : [ ]

(a) removes heat from a body at higher temperature and rejects to a body at
lower temperature
(b) removes heat from a low temperature body and rejects it to high
temperature body
(c) rejects energy to a low temperature body
(d) all of the above
82. A heat pump will [ ]
(a) pump heat from a cold body
(b) deliver heat to a hot body
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of the above

83. Bell-Coleman cycle is applicable to : [ ]

(a) vapour compression refrigeration
(b) vapour absorption refrigeration
(c) air refrigeration
(d) all of them

84. The refrigerators on the reversed Joule's cycle are used : [ ]

(a) for cold storage (b) in ships carrying frozen meat
(c) for making and storing ice (d) for air conditioning

85. Bell - Coleman cycle, as applied to refrigeration, operates on : [ ]

(a) open air system (b) vapour compression system
(c) vapour absorption system (d) none of the above
86. The refrigerant absorbs latent heat of evaporation from : [ ]
(a) water surrounding the condenser
(b) space or products to be cooled
(c) compressor
(d) atmosphere

87. C.O.P. of a refrigerator may be increased if a sub cooler is brought in the cycle
(a) before compressor (b) before condenser [ ]
(c) after the condenser (d) after the expansion valve

88. While a refrigerator works on a vapour compression system, the working substance (refrigerant)
rejects the heat in a : [ ]
(a) evaporator (b) compressor
(c) expansion valve (d) condenser

89. After coming out of the evaporator, the condition (state) of refrigerant in vapour compression system
is : [ ]
(a) wet vapour (b) dry vapour
(c) very wet vapour. (d) high pre. saturated liquid.

90. An aqua-ammonia is a solution formed by : [ ]

(a) salt with water (b) cold water with ammonia vapour
(c) freon with water (d) freon with air

91. In place of compressor as used in the vapour compression refrigeration system, the vapour
absorption system uses : [ ]
(a) an absorber (b) a liquid pump
(c) a generator (d) all of the above

92. An electrolux refrigerator uses : [ ]

(a) NH3 fluid as a refrigerant (b) H2 fluid as a refrigerant
(c) H2O as a refrigerant (d) all of them.

93. The under cooling in a refrigeration cycle : [ ]

(a) does not change COP (b) increases COP
(c) decreases COP (d) decreases the compressor work.

94. A refrigerant which has the lowest freezing point is : [ ]

(a) NH3 (b) CO2
(c) SO2 (d) Freon – 22

95. A refrigerant mostly used for reciprocating compressor is : [ ]

(a) NH3 (b) CO2
(c) Freon - 12 (d) Freon - 22
96. A refrigerant mostly used for household refrigerator is : [ ]
(a) NH3 (b) Freon-12
(c) SO2 (d) CO2

97. The pipe line material for a refrigerating system using freon as a refrigerant is[ ]
(a) copper (b) brass
(c) bronze (d) aluminium

98. Which of the following refrigerants has the boiling point equal to - 78.3 °C : [ ]
(a) NH3 (b) SO2
(c) CO2 (d) Freon – 12
99. The freezing point of Freon-12 is : [ ]
(a) -56.5°C (b) - 77.7 °C
(c) - 95.2 °C (d) - 135.8 °C

100. The material used for the pipes and pipe fittings in ammonia refrigeration system is :
(a) cast steel (b) brass [ ]
(c) copper (d) aluminium

101. For the same operating temperature limits COP of a heat pump equals: [ ]
(a) COP of a refrigerator (b) 1 + COP of a refrigerator
(c) COP of a refrigerator - 1 (d) none

102. COP of a carnot refrigeration cycle has COP = 5. The ratio of max. [ ]
temp, to min. temp, is :
(a) 1.20 (b) 1.5
(c) 2.0 (d) 2.5

103. A carnot refrigerator rejects 2500 kj of heat at 390K while using 750 kJ [ ]
of work. The lowest operating temperature of the cycle is :
(a) 300°C (b) 270°C
(c) 27°C (d) 327°K

104. Capacity of a domestic refrigerator is expressed in terms of : [ ]

(a) C.O.P (b) weight of refrigerator
(c) EPR (d) volume of space inside

105. Refrigerating capacity of a 165 litres domestic refrigerator is approximately [ ]

(a) 0.05 ton (b) 0.1 ton
(c) 1.0 ton (d) 1.5 ton

106. Vapour compression refrigeration cycle operates on a reversed : [ ]

(a) Joule's cycle (b) Atkinson cycle
(c) Rankine cycle (d) Brayton cycle

107. State of refrigerant after being throttled in expansion device is : [ ]

(a) high pressure saturated liquid (b) low pressure wet vapour
(c) dry saturated vapour (d) low pressure superheated vapour

108. In vapour compression cycle, the state of refrigerant is superheated vapour [ ]

(a) at the exit of condenser
(b) at the exit of evaporator
(c) at the entry to expansion valve
(d) at the exit of compressor

109. The lowest temperature in vapour compression refrigeration cycle occurs after [ ]
(a) expansion (b) condensation
(c) evaporation (d) compression

110. Throttling operation occurs in : [ ]

(a) evaporator (b) expansion valve
(c) condenser (d) receiver tank
111. The complete air conditioning implies : [ ]
(a) control of temperature
(b) control of humidity
(c) cleaning, purifying, deodorizing air and controlling its motion
(d) all of them

112. The mass of water vapour that the air in a given space can hold depends on :
(a) pressure {b) temperature [ ]
(c) volume (d) any of them

113 The most comfortable conditions in AC system are : [ ]

(a) 25° DBT 60% RH (b) 25° DBT 80% RH
(c) 22° DBT 60% RH (d) 22° DBT 100% RH

114. The difference between DBT and WBT is called : [ ]

(a) dew point depression (b) wet bulb depression
(c) effective temperature (d) adiabatic saturation temp.

115. The difference between DBT and DPT is called : [ ]

(a) dew point depression (b) wet bulb depression
(c) effective temperature (d) adiabatic saturation temp.

116. Wet bulb temperature is : [ ]

(a) indication of moisture present in air
(b) same as that of saturation temperature
(c) less than DBT
(d) none of them

117. WBT for unsaturated air will be : [ ]

(a) more than DBT (b) more than DPT
(c) less than DPT (d) more or less than saturation temp.

118. WBT at 100% RH is : [ ]

(a) same as critical temperature (b) same as saturation temperature
(c) same as dew point (d) more or less than dew point

119. With the decrease of RH, the dew point will be : [ ]

(a) higher than WBT (b) less than WBT
(c) equal to WBT (d) less than DBT

110. For a given DBT, when RH decreases the WBT : [ ]

(a) decreases (b) increases
(c) remains same (d) unpredictable

111. DBT, WBT, DPT at 100% RH are : [ ]

(a) different (b) all equal
(c) two equal and one unequal (d) un predictable

112. The air is dehumidified by : [ ]

(a) heating (b) cooling
(c) superheating (d) extracting water

113. When air is heated without changing its moisture its dew point will : [ ]
(a) decrease (b) increase
 (c) remain unchanged (d) any of them

114. On a psychrometric chart sensible heating or cooling is represented by a: [ ]

(a) horizontal line (b) vertical line
(c) inclined time (d) curve

115. During adiabatic saturation process of unsaturated air : [ ]

(a) R.H. remains same (b) DPT remains same
(c) DBT remains same (d) WBT remains same

116. During sensible cooling of air, specific humidity : [ ]

(a) remains constant (b) decreases
(c) increases (d) any of them

117. During sensible cooling of air : [ ]

(a) WBT decreases (b) DBT decreases
(c) RH decreases (d) DPT decreases

118. During humidification process : [ ]

(a) WBT increases (b) DBT increases
(c) RH increases (d) Sp. Humidity increases

119. Humidification process on psychrometric chart is indicated by : [ ]

(a) curve (b) inclined line
(c) horizontal line (d) vertical line

120. During dehumidification process, property of air that remains constant is: [ ]
(a) DBT (b) WBT
(c) RH (d) Sp. Humidity
 SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
IV/IV B.TECH MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
REFRIGERATION AND AIRCONDITIONING
MODEL PAPER(2016-2017)
MAXIMUM MARKS-70M
PART-A
Answer all questions 10X2=20M
1. Define Tonn of Refrigeration. (UNIT-1)
2. Sketch the effect of sub cooling and super heating on T-S and P-h planes. (UNIT-2)

3. Write any two properties of ideal refrigerant. (UNIT-3)

4. what is see back effect? (UNIT-4)
5. Define relative humidity. (UNIT-5)
6. what is the difference between fan and blower. (UNIT-6)
7. What is the relation between cop of heat pump and cop of refrigerator. (UNIT-1)
8. what is the formula for maximum COP in vapour absorption refrigeration system. (UNIT-4)
9. Define WBT. (UNIT-5)
10. What are the different filters used in air conditioning systems? (UNIT-6)
PART-B
Answer any five questions 5X10 =50M
1. A simple air cooled system is used for aero plane having a load of 10 tons. The atmospheric
pressure and temperature are 0.9 bar and 10 0C respectively. The pressure increases to 1 bar
due to ramming. The temperature of the air is reduced by 50 0C in the heat exchanger. The
pressure in the cabin is 1.013 bar and the temperature of the air leaving the cabin is 25 0C. the
pressure of the compressed air is 3.5 bar. Determine, a) power required to take the cooling load
in the cabin and b) C.O.P of the system.
(UNIT-1)
2. An ammonia vapour compression refrigerator works between temperature limits of -6.7 0C and
26.70C. The vapour is dry at the end of compression and there is no under cooling of the liquid, which
is throttled to the lower temperature. Estimate the C.O.P of the machine. Properties of ammonia given
below shoud be used
(UNIT-2)
Temperature Liquid Latent Liquid Vapour Vapour
enthalpy heat entropy(sf entropy enthalpy(hg)
(hf) hfg ) sg
-6.7 -29.3 1293.8 -0.113 4.752 1264.5
26.7 125.6 1172.4 0.427 4.334 1297.9

3. a) Describe the working of shell and tube type and shell and coil type
Evaporators.
b) Explain the working of a automatic expansion valve with the help of a neat sketch.
(UNIT-3)
 4. a) Explain the working principle of steamjet refrigeration system with a neat
sketch

b) Explain with a simple sketch the construction of Electrolux refrigeration

system.
(UNIT-4)

5. An auditorium is maintained at 240C DBT and 60% RH. The sensible and
latent heat loads in the room are 132 Kw and 78 Kw respectively. The DBT of air
entering the auditorium is 180 C . Determine, (i) kg of air supply to auditorium per hour. (ii)
DPT and RH of the supply air (iii) SHR.
(UNIT-5)
6. a) Describe the following types of air filters for cleaning air with simple sketches.
(i) Viscous filter (ii) Wet filter.
b) Explain the working of summer air conditioning system with neat sketch. (UNIT-6)
7. a) An air refrigeration plant working on Bell Coleman cycle operates
between 1 bar and 5 bar. The adiabatic efficiency of compression is 85% and
expansion Is 90%. Find out the COP of the system and its tonnage when the air flow rate is
1kg/sec. The cooler temperature is 27ºC and refrigerant temperature is 0ºC.also draw
the cycle on P-V and T-S planes.
(UNIT-1)

b) Compare the reciprocating compressors with rotary compressors used for Refrigeration.
(UNIT-3)

8. a) Write the differences between air conditioners and heat pumps. (UNIT-6)
b) Explain the following terms (i) Dry Bulb Temperature (ii) Enthalpy of Humid air iii)
Relative Humidity (iv) Degree of Saturation.
(UNIT-5)