$BMDVMVT
8PSTIPQ
4FRVFODF
BOE
4FSJFT 

THE INTEGRAL TEST 6XSSRVH I LVDFRQWLQXRXV SRVLWLYH GHFUHDVLQJIXQFWLRQRQ

关⬁兲 DQGOHWD Q 苷 I 共Q兲7KHQWKHVHULHV冘⬁Q苷D Q LVFRQYHUJHQWLIDQGRQO\LIWKH
LPSURSHULQWHJUDOx⬁I 共[兲G[ LVFRQYHUJHQW,QRWKHUZRUGV
⬁
⬁
L ,I y I 共[兲G[ LVFRQYHUJHQW WKHQ 兺 D Q LVFRQYHUJHQW
 Q苷
⬁
⬁
LL ,I y I 共[兲G[ LVGLYHUJHQW WKHQ 兺 D Q LVGLYHUJHQW
 Q苷

⬁

EXAMPLE 1 7HVWWKHVHULHV
Q苷
兺 Q ⫹ 
IRUFRQYHUJHQFHRUGLYHUJHQFH

⬁

7KHSVHULHV 兺 LVFRQYHUJHQWLI S ⬎  DQGGLYHUJHQWLI S 艋 
Q苷 QS

EXAMPLE
D 7KHVHULHV
⬁
    
兺
Q苷 Q
苷  ⫹  ⫹  ⫹  ⫹ ⭈⭈⭈
   

LVFRQYHUJHQWEHFDXVHLWLVDSVHULHVZLWK S 苷  ⬎ 
E 7KHVHULHV
⬁ ⬁
    
兺
Q苷 Q 兾 苷 兺 
Q苷 s Q
苷  ⫹   ⫹   ⫹   ⫹ ⭈⭈⭈
s  s  s 

LVGLYHUJHQWEHFDXVHLWLVDSVHULHVZLWK S 苷  ⬍  M


$BMDVMVT
8PSTIPQ
4FRVFODF
BOE
4FSJFT 

⬁
OQQ
V
EXAMPLE
'HWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHVHULHV 兺
Q苷 Q
FRQYHUJHVRUGLYHUJHV

THE COMPARISON TEST 6XSSRVHWKDW冘D Q DQG冘EQ DUHVHULHVZLWKSRVLWLYHWHUPV

L ,I 冘EQ LVFRQYHUJHQWDQGD Q 艋 EQ IRUDOOQ WKHQ冘D Q LVDOVRFRQYHUJHQW
LL ,I 冘EQ LVGLYHUJHQWDQGD Q 艌 EQ IRUDOOQ WKHQ冘D Q LVDOVRGLYHUJHQW

⬁

V EXAMPLE 1 'HWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHVHULHV 兺 FRQYHUJHVRUGLYHUJHV
Q苷 Q  ⫹ Q ⫹ 
VRZHFRPSDUHWKH

OQQ   
⬎ Q艌 ⬎ Q
Q Q Q ⫺  


$BMDVMVT
8PSTIPQ
4FRVFODF
BOE
4FSJFT 

THE LIMIT COMPARISON TEST 6XSSRVHWKDW冘D Q DQG冘EQ DUHVHULHVZLWKSRVLWLYH

WHUPV,I
DQ
OLP 苷F
Ql⬁ EQ

ZKHUHF LVDILQLWHQXPEHUDQGF ⬎  WKHQHLWKHUERWKVHULHVFRQYHUJHRUERWK

GLYHUJH

⬁

EXAMPLE 7HVWWKHVHULHV 兺
Q苷 Q ⫺ 
IRUFRQYHUJHQFHRUGLYHUJHQFH

⬁
Q  ⫹ Q
EXAMPLE
'HWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHVHULHV 兺
Q苷 s ⫹ Q 
FRQYHUJHVRUGLYHUJHV


$BMDVMVT
8PSTIPQ
4FRVFODF
BOE
4FSJFT 

THE ALTERNATING SERIES TEST ,IWKHDOWHUQDWLQJVHULHV

⬁

Q苷
兺 共⫺兲 EQ 苷 E ⫺ E ⫹ E ⫺ E ⫹ E ⫺ E ⫹ ⭈ ⭈ ⭈
Q⫺
EQ ⬎ 

VDWLVILHV
L EQ⫹ 艋 EQ IRUDOOQ

LL OLP EQ 苷 
Ql⬁

WKHQWKHVHULHVLVFRQYHUJHQW

V EXAMPLE
7KHDOWHUQDWLQJKDUPRQLFVHULHV

⬁
   共⫺兲Q⫺
⫺ ⫹ ⫺ ⫹ ⭈⭈⭈ 苷 兺
   Q苷 Q

VDWLVILHV
 
L EQ⫹ ⬍ EQ EHFDXVH ⬍
Q⫹ Q
  
LL OLPEQ 苷 OLP  苷
Ql⬁ Ql⬁ Q
VRWKHVHULHVLVFRQYHUJHQWE\WKH$OWHUQDWLQJ6HULHV7HVW

⬁
共⫺兲Q Q
V EXAMPLE
7KHVHULHV 兺
Q苷 Q ⫺ 
LVDOWHUQDWLQJEXW

Q  
OLPEQ 苷 OLP  苷 OLP 苷
Ql⬁
 
Ql⬁
 
Q ⫺  Ql⬁  
 
⫺
Q

1 DEFINITION $VHULHV冘D Q LVFDOOHGabsolutely convergent LIWKHVHULHVRI

DEVROXWHYDOXHV冘 D Q LVFRQYHUJHQW
ⱍ ⱍ

THE RATIO TEST

Ql⬁

L ,I OLP 
D Q⫹
DQ 冟 冟 ⬁
苷 / ⬍  WKHQWKHVHULHV 兺 D Q LVDEVROXWHO\FRQYHUJHQW
Q苷

DQGWKHUHIRUHFRQYHUJHQW


LL ,I OLP
Ql⬁
D Q⫹
DQ 冟 冟 
苷 / ⬎  RU OLP
Ql⬁

D Q⫹
DQ 冟 冟 ⬁
苷 ⬁ WKHQWKHVHULHV 兺 D Q
Q苷

LVGLYHUJHQW


LLL ,I OLP
Ql⬁
D Q⫹

DQ
冟 冟
苷  WKH5DWLR7HVWLVLQFRQFOXVLYHWKDWLV QRFRQFOXVLRQFDQEH
GUDZQDERXWWKHFRQYHUJHQFHRUGLYHUJHQFHRI冘D Q


$BMDVMVT
8PSTIPQ
4FRVFODF
BOE
4FSJFT 

THE ROOT TEST

⬁
L ,IOLPs
Q

Ql⬁
ⱍ ⱍ
D Q  苷 / ⬍  WKHQWKHVHULHV 兺 D Q LVDEVROXWHO\FRQYHUJHQW
Q苷
DQGWKHUHIRUHFRQYHUJHQW
⬁
LL ,IOLPs
Q

Ql⬁
ⱍ ⱍ
D Q  苷 / ⬎  RU OLPs
Q

Ql⬁
ⱍ ⱍ
D Q  苷 ⬁ WKHQWKHVHULHV 兺 D Q LVGLYHUJHQW
Q苷

LLL ,I OLPs
Q

Ql⬁
ⱍ ⱍ
D Q  苷  WKH5RRW7HVWLVLQFRQFOXVLYH

V
EXAMPLE
7HVWWKHFRQYHUJHQFHRIWKHVHULHV
⬁

兺
Q苷
冉 Q ⫹ 
Q ⫹ 
冊
Q

SOLUTION

⬁
Q IRUDEVROXWHFRQYHUJHQFH
EXAMPLE
7HVWWKHVHULHV 兺 共⫺兲  
Q苷
Q
Q


$BMDVMVT
8PSTIPQ
4FRVFODF
BOE
4FSJFT 

$power series LVDVHULHVRIWKHIRUP

⬁
1 兺 F [
Q苷
Q
Q
苷 F ⫹ F [ ⫹ F [  ⫹ F [  ⫹ ⭈ ⭈ ⭈

)RULQVWDQFH LIZHWDNHFQ 苷  IRUDOOQ WKHSRZHUVHULHVEHFRPHVWKHJHRPHWULFVHULHV

⬁

兺 [
Q苷
Q
苷  ⫹ [ ⫹ [ ⫹ ⭈ ⭈ ⭈ ⫹ [Q ⫹ ⭈ ⭈ ⭈

ⱍ ⱍ
ZKLFKFRQYHUJHVZKHQ⫺ ⬍ [ ⬍  DQGGLYHUJHVZKHQ [ 艌  VHH(TXDWLRQ
0RUHJHQHUDOO\ DVHULHVRIWKHIRUP
⬁
2 兺 F 共[ ⫺ D兲
Q苷
Q
Q
苷 F ⫹ F共[ ⫺ D兲 ⫹ F共[ ⫺ D兲 ⫹ ⭈ ⭈ ⭈

LVFDOOHGDpower series in 共x ⫺ a兲 RUDpower series centered at a RUDpower series

about a1RWLFHWKDWLQZULWLQJRXWWKHWHUPFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRQ 苷  LQ(TXDWLRQVDQG
ZHKDYHDGRSWHGWKHFRQYHQWLRQWKDW共 [ ⫺ D兲 苷  HYHQZKHQ[ 苷 D1RWLFHDOVRWKDWZKHQ
[ 苷 D DOORIWKHWHUPVDUHIRUQ 艌  DQGVRWKHSRZHUVHULHVDOZD\VFRQYHUJHVZKHQ
[ 苷 D

⬁
3 THEOREM )RUDJLYHQSRZHUVHULHV 兺 F 共[ ⫺ D兲  WKHUHDUHRQO\WKUHH
Q苷
Q
Q

SRVVLELOLWLHV
L 7KHVHULHVFRQYHUJHVRQO\ZKHQ[ 苷 D
LL 7KHVHULHVFRQYHUJHVIRUDOO[
LLL 7KHUHLVDSRVLWLYHQXPEHU 5 VXFKWKDWWKHVHULHVFRQYHUJHVLI [ ⫺ D ⬍ 5 ⱍ ⱍ
ⱍ
DQGGLYHUJHVLI [ ⫺ D ⬎ 5 ⱍ


$BMDVMVT
8PSTIPQ
4FRVFODF
BOE
4FSJFT 

EXAMPLE
)LQGWKHUDGLXVRIFRQYHUJHQFHDQGLQWHUYDORIFRQYHUJHQFHRIWKHVHULHV

⬁
共⫺兲Q [ Q
兺
Q苷 sQ ⫹ 

/HW D Q 苷 共⫺兲Q [ Q兾sQ ⫹  7KHQ

SOLUTION /

冟 冟 冟

DQ⫹
DQ
苷
共⫺兲Q⫹[ Q⫹ sQ ⫹ 
sQ ⫹ 
ⴢ
共⫺兲Q[ Q
苷 ⫺[ 冟 冟 冑 Q⫹
Q⫹ 冟
苷 冑  ⫹ 共兾Q兲
 ⫹ 共兾Q兲 ⱍ ⱍ
[ l  [ ⱍ ⱍ DV Q l ⬁

ⱍ ⱍ
%\WKH5DWLR7HVW WKHJLYHQVHULHVFRQYHUJHVLI [ ⬍  DQGGLYHUJHVLI [ ⬎  ⱍ ⱍ
ⱍ ⱍ ⱍ ⱍ
7KXVLWFRQYHUJHVLI [ ⬍  DQGGLYHUJHVLI [ ⬎  7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHUDGLXVRIFRQ
YHUJHQFHLV5 苷  
:HNQRZWKHVHULHVFRQYHUJHVLQWKHLQWHUYDO⫺    EXWZHPXVWQRZWHVWIRUFRQ
YHUJHQFHDWWKHHQGSRLQWVRIWKLVLQWHUYDO,I[ 苷 ⫺  WKHVHULHVEHFRPHV

共⫺兲 Q ⫺ 
⬁ Q ⬁
    
兺
Q苷 sQ ⫹ 
苷 兺
Q苷 sQ ⫹ 
苷
s
⫹
s
⫹
s
⫹
s
⫹ ⭈⭈⭈

ZKLFKGLYHUJHV8VHWKH,QWHJUDO7HVWRUVLPSO\REVHUYHWKDWLWLVD SVHULHVZLWK

S 苷  ⬍  ,I[ 苷   WKHVHULHVLV


共⫺兲 Q   
⬁ Q ⬁
共⫺兲 Q
兺
Q苷 sQ ⫹ 
苷 兺
Q苷 sQ ⫹ 

ZKLFKFRQYHUJHVE\WKH$OWHUQDWLQJ6HULHV7HVW7KHUHIRUHWKHJLYHQSRZHUVHULHVFRQ
YHUJHVZKHQ⫺ ⬍ [ 艋   VRWKHLQWHUYDORIFRQYHUJHQFHLV⫺   @ M