Mapua University

School of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering

Experiment Number 5
Power Measurement and Maximum Power
Transfer

Date Performed: August 31, 2018

Date Submitted: September 28, 2018

Name: ORIGENES, Zachary Raphael B.

Group Number: 4
Course & Sec: EE21L/C16

Janette Fausto_
Professor
Interpretation
During the experiment, the group was tasked to do the following: record the values of the
load voltage and load current to get the load power with the voltage source increasing by 10 volts
per trial, and the internal resistance & load resistance set at 150 ohms and 1k ohms respectively;
and to get the load current and load voltage to get the load power with the internal resistance &
load voltage constant all throughout, and the load resistance varying per trial. However, the
group was tasked to do the experiment on the circuit simulation software Tina Pro.

For the power measurements part of the experiment, it has been observed that as the
voltage source increases, the load voltage and load current increases, and since both voltage and
current are directly proportional to power, then load power increases as well.

From the maximum power transfer part of the experiment, the load power increases as
the load resistance increases (provided that its measure is below 60 ohms), and it is shown that
when the load resistance reaches 60 ohms, the load power will be at maximum, and the load
power will decrease as the load resistance value goes beyond than 60 ohms.

Conclusion
 After the experiment, the group has come to the conclusion that the
objectives of the experiment have been met. The group was able to learn and verify
the principles and concepts of electrical power and maximum power transfer,
demonstrate and verify the corresponding responses produced by practical
sources, learn how power is measured and calculated, demonstrate how to attain
maximum power transfer and its effect on varying load resistance, and
demonstrate the graphical response of power produced by practical sources.
Though the group simply used simulation software for the experiment, the group
was able to learn the effects of factors like internal resistance, voltage source, &
load resistance to the load power.
Another conclusion that the group had come up with is that when using
simulation software, make sure to take note of the factors such as internal
resistance when setting up the circuit because once anyone just inputs values of
the resistance and voltage source without taking note of what other values should
also be inputted, the obtained data will be wrong which would defeat the purpose
of the experiment.

Answers to Questions
1. How much internal resistance does an ideal voltage source have?
 An ideal voltage source would have zero internal resistance. Since the source has zero
internal resistance, none of the power would be wasted and it can drop all of its voltage
perfectly across a load in the circuit.

2. How much internal resistance does an ideal current source have?

An ideal current source has limitless internal resistance. It has this kind of resistance
because this ensures that the current travels from source to load. This will ensure that
current will flow out of it and take the path of least resistance, which will be the load,
since the load will not have infinite internal resistance.

3. When is maximum power delivered from a practical source to a load?

Maximum power is transferred to the load when the load resistance is

equivalent to the Thevenin resistance as seen from the load (RL = RTh).

4. What are the practical applications of the theory maximum power transfer? Discuss
briefly the different applications.

One application of the theory of maximum power transfer is in the output stages
of amplifier circuits. It is used to obtain the maximum sound power output for a
loudspeaker. Another application is found in radio electronics such as antenna signal
amplifiers to boost the signal of radios and televisions. The theory is significant in fields
where maximum performance is required but the maximum efficiency is not desired.

5. Determine the maximum power that can be dissipated from the figure below.
 V=IR V= 0.5A (12|)
I= V/R=10V/20| V= 6V
I= 0.5 A

RL=Rin Pmax = Vs2 = 62

RL =12| 4Rin 4(12)

R= 20//60//90//180 Pmax = 0.75 W

R= 12|

6. When a 4| load is connected to a given generator (practical source) its terminal/load

voltage is 160V. The generator’s efficiency is 90% when a 9| load is connected to it. Find:

a. The maximum power available from the generator.

Pmax = 10,000 W

b. The power transfer efficiency  and the power PL, if RL=50|.

 = 98.04 %
PL = 768.94 W

7. A practical source delivers 5A of current to a load of 5| and it delivers 2A of a current if

the load is increased to 20|. Find:
a. the maximum power available from the source.
b. the power transfer efficiency and the power, if the load is 10|.
 c. the power transfer efficiency and the load, if power is 45W.
d. the load and the power, if the power transfer efficiency is 75%.

a. The maximum power available from the source.

Vs= I (Rin + R1)
Vs= 5 (Rin + 5) eq.1
Vs= I (Rin + Ro)
Vs= 2(Rin + 20) eq.2.
Solve eq.1 and 2
Rin = 5 Ω

b. The power transfer efficiency ŋ and the power PL, if the load RL = 10Ω.
𝑉𝑠 50
IL = 𝑅𝑁+𝑅𝐿 = = 3.33 𝐴
5+10

PL = I2R = (3.33)2(10)
PL = 111.11 W

Ŋ= (10)/ (5+10)
Ŋ = 66.7%
c. The power transfer efficiency ŋ and the load RL, if PL = 45W.
50 2
45 = ( ) 𝑅𝐿
5 + 𝑅𝐿

RL= 45Ω
45
Ŋ=
5+45
Ŋ
= 90%
d. The load RL and the power PL, if the power transfer efficiency ŋ = 75%.
𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝐿
= 75% = 0.75
𝑅𝑖𝑛 +𝑅𝐿 5+𝑅𝐿

RL= 15Ω
PL = I2R

50
PL = (5+15) x 15 PL = 93.75 W