CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

Related studies have been reviewed in order to determine the effects of different compounds to
the human teeth. Science Projects on Soda and Teeth (Braun, Susan. 2018) is a SIP (Science Investigatory
Project) related to the research topic which is to test what chemical change sodas can make to teeth and
what precautionary measures should be done to avoid the destruction of teeth. An investigatory project
was conducted to see the effect of soda to teeth. The purpose of the project was to inform students about
practical and helpful information on what effects sodas could do on the teeth. The group used variety of
sodas and egg to determine the staining and erosion of calcium in the shell of the egg, which is chemically
similar to the surface of the teeth. The project aims to determine which sodas stain the most, does soda
dissolve tooth enamel, and what are the acids in soda. The researchers used an experimental design (one
dependent and one independent variable) to conduct the project experiment. The controlled variables were
the type of egg, size of egg, type of container, volume of the container, and amount of soda. The
dependent variable was the type of soda and the independent variable was the change of the eggshell
texture. The materials they use were containers, eggs, and different kinds of sodas. A controlled
experiment design table was made. The experiment was then put into action. The eggs were put in
different containers containing variety of sodas each. The eggs were soaked for 24 hours and the
observation took place. The changes of the chemical and physical composition of each egg was taken and
written down. The eggs most likely had the same results due to similarity of the compounds used. The
eggshells were stained, eroded and some parts were dissolved. It was then concluded that sodas can stain,
erode and dissolve human teeth due to the acid it has that can destroy calcium and enamel. In the research
topic, the researchers had similar experiments and ideas. The experiment’s aim is to aid and guide
students on what to drink and what different compounds can do to the human teeth. The experiment used
variety of compounds like soda, vinegar, saltwater and regular water instead of different kinds of sodas.
The research design used of both experiments were experimental designs with the same variables but
instead of using different kinds of sodas, different kinds of compounds was used. The procedures of the
experiments were identical, but the controlled experiment design table of the compound experiment was
more detailed and precise. The expected outcome for the experiment is more likely to be the same with
the sodas. The predicted outcome is that the eggs will be stained, eroded and dissolved by the different
compounds but some eggs will not be damaged due to the acidity levels of the compound used. The
acidity of the compound will matter because it is stated that acids would destroy calcium and enamel. The
eggshell contains calcium carbonate which is somewhat similar to the enamel of a human’s teeth.
Therefore, the expected result is both the erosion of the egg’s texture and the neutral or there will be no
damage to the eggshell. The experiments of both researches were similar and identical because they have
the same ideas, thoughts and aims on what sodas and compounds could do to the human teeth using an
egg soaking experiment.

Science Project on Tooth Decay using Vinegar on Egg (Deziel, Chris. 2018) is a science
investigatory project related to the research topic in testing if vinegar can damage in our teeth. It was
conducted to see if what is the effect of vinegar to our teeth. The main purpose of this project is to remind
people especially the younger ones to be aware on what should do and to be guided. This project aims if
vinegar can cause tooth decay or can damage one's teeth. The researchers used an experimental design
(one dependent, one independent variable) to conduct this project. The controlled variables were size of
the egg, type of the egg, size of container, volume of the container and the amount of vinegar. The
dependent variable was the type of vinegar and the independent variable was the change of the
composition of the egg. The materials were containers, egg, different kind of vinegar. The eggs were put
in the container which every container contains variety kinds of vinegar. Eggs were soaked for 24hrs and
the observation took place. The change of chemical and physical composition of each egg was recorded
and was written down. The eggs most likely had the same result due to similarity of the compound. The
eggshell was dissolved. It was then concluded that vinegar can affect our teeth. Because of the acidity of
the compound, the eggshell was dissolved. The eggshell contains calcium carbonate which is somewhat
like enamel or human teeth. Dentists recommend using toothpaste that contains fluoride to prevent tooth
decay.

Related studies have been reviewed to test egg on saltwater (Wood, Julie. 2010) it is a SIP
(Science Investigatory Project) related to the research which studies if saltwater can damage our teeth. It
was conducted to see what the effect of saltwater to our teeth is. Well saltwater does not really affect the
egg shell which means saltwater is safe for our teeth. Saltwater conjugates a weak acid base that does not
really affect most substances. Acid salts are the converse of basic salts; they are formed in the
neutralization reaction between a strong acid and a weak base. The conjugate acid of the weak base makes
the salt acidic. For instance, in the reaction of hydrochloric acid (a strong acid) with ammonia (a weak
base), water is formed, along with ammonium chloride. The ammonium ion contains a hydrolyzable
proton, which makes it an acid salt. (www.lumenlearning.com). Saltwater compared to Sodas and
Vinegars has a weak acid which doesn’t affect the eggshell and means it can’t cause tooth decay.