Summer Project(PHY 292)

ANIMESH HAZRA
July,2019

Contents
1 Introduction 2

2 Dirac equation in flate space time 3

3 Some solution of Dirac equation 4

3.1 Plane wave Solution of Dirac equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 Solution of Dirac equation for Hydrogen like atom . . . . . . . . 4
3.2.1 Non relativistic limit of Dirac Equation . . . . . . . . . . 8

1
1 Introduction
We want to formulate Relativistic Quantum Mechanics(RQM) for two different
types of perticles(spinless or spin-1/2).And klein-Gordon equation for relativis-
tic spin-less particle and Dirac equation for relativistic spin 1/2 particle.
Klein-Gordon Equation:
Some times it is also called as Relativistic Schrodinger Equation For relativistic
free particle Enegry is written as

E 2 = m2 c4 + p2 c2 (1)
Now
∂
E → Eop = ih̄ ; p → pop = −ih̄∇ (2)
∂t
Put Eq.(2) in Eq.(1) we get

∂2Ψ
−h̄2 = m2 c4 Ψ − c2 h̄2 ∇2 Ψ (3)
∂t2
This is known as Klein-Gordon equation for free particle.Note that this Eq. is
2nd order in time where for non-relativistic case it is 1 st order.
Similarly for charged particle(q) in an electromagnetic field

~
E → E − qφ; p~ → p~ − q A
(E − qφ)2 Ψ(~r, t) = m2 c4 Ψ(~r, t) + c2 (~ ~ 2 Ψ(~r, t)
p − q A) (4)
Where,

~
Guagef ield; Aµ = (φ, −A)
This(Eq.4) is known as Klein-Gordon equation for spinless particle of charge q
in electromagnetic field.
For natural unit(h̄ = 1&c = 1) eq.(3) becomes

∂ 2 Ψ(~r, t)
∇2 Ψ(~r, t) − = m2 Ψ(~r, t) (5)
∂t2
∂2Ψ
Ψ∗ ∇2 Ψ − Ψ∗ = m2 Ψ∗ Ψ (6)
∂t2
∂ 2 Ψ∗
Ψ∇2 Ψ∗ − Ψ = m2 ΨΨ∗ (7)
∂t2

By substrating Eq.(6) & Eq.(7) We get

~ ~j + ∂ρ = 0
∇. (8)
∂t

2
Where probability current density,

~j = 1 (Ψ∗ ∇Ψ
~ − Ψ∇Ψ
~ ∗)
2im

And probability density

1
ρ= (Ψ∂t Ψ∗ − Ψ∗ ∂t Ψ)
2im

For particle probability density is positive and for antiparticle it is negative.

2 Dirac equation in flate space time

We have for relativistic free particle of total energy(E),momentum(p) and rest
mass(m).

E 2 − p2 c2 = m2 c4

1 2
(∇2 − ∂ )Ψ = κ2 Ψ (9)
c2 t
mc
W here, κ = h̄

(∇2 − ∂t2 ) = (A∂x + B∂y + C∂Z + ιD∂t )(A∂x + B∂y + C∂Z + ιD∂t )
To vanish the cross-term we get,
AB + BA = 0; AC + CA = 0
anti-commutator of all combination are 0.And

A2 = B 2 = C 2 = D 2 = 1
Now equation(9) can be rewrite as
iγ α ∂α Ψ − mΨ = 0 (10)
This equation(10) is known as Relativistic Dirac-equation.where,Dirac
matrixes(Dirac basis) are
   
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0
0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
γ =0 0 −1
;γ =  
0 0 −1 0 0
0 0 0 −1 −1 0 0 0
   
0 0 0 −i 0 0 1 0
0 0 i 0  ; γ3 =  0 0 0 −1
γ2 = 
 

0 i 0 0 −1 0 0 0
−i 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

3
We can write
       
I 0 0 σx 0 σy 0 σz
β=γ = 2
0 1
;γ = 2
;γ = 3
;γ =
0 −I2 −σx 0 −σy 0 −σz 0
Some Properties of γ-matrices:
1. {γ µ , γ ν } = 2η µν
2. (γ µ )† = γ 0 γ µ γ 0
3.γ µ γµ = η µν ηµν = 4
4.γ µ γ ν γµ = −2γ ν
5.γ µ γ ν γ ρ γµ = 4η νρ
6.γ µ γ ν γ ρ γ σ γµ = −2γ σ γ ρ γ ν
Let,γ 5 = ιγ 0 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3
7.{γ 5 , γ ν } = 0
8.T r(γ µ ) = T r(γ 5 ) = T r(odd#γ) = 0
9.T r(γ µ γ ν γ ρ γ σ γ 5 ) = −4iµνρσ
Where;  
1 0 0 0
µν
0 −1 0 0
η = 
0 0 −1 0
0 0 0 −1

3 Some solution of Dirac equation

We want to solve Dirac equation for some potential.Befor doing that it is
better to write Dirac equation in gauge covarient form.

(iγ µ Dµ − m)Ψ = 0

Where;

Dµ = (∂µ − ieAµ )
Aµ = Guagef ield;
Charge = e

3.1 Plane wave Solution of Dirac equation

3.2 Solution of Dirac equation for Hydrogen like atom
We want to solve Hydrogen like atom without external magneic-field of charge
e.So we have gauge covarient Dirac equation is

(iγ µ Dµ − m)Ψ = 0

Where;

Dµ = (∂µ − ieAµ )

4
 Ze
 
4π0 r
 0 
Aµ =  
 0 
0
Now,
1 Ze2
ih̄γ o ( ∂t − i )Ψ + iγ i ∂i Ψ − mcΨ = 0
c 4π0 rh̄c
∂
Multiplying both side by β and also use; ih̄ ∂t Ψ = EΨ

σi σi
    
I 0 0 0
αi = γ 0 γ i = =
0 −I −σ i 0 σi 0
Zα0
(E + h̄c )Ψ + ih̄cαi ∂i Ψ − mc2 βΨ = 0 (11)
r
e2
pi = −ih̄∂i ; α0 =
4π0 h̄c
Zα0
c~ pΨ + mc2 βΨ − h̄c
α.~ Ψ = EΨ (12)
r
So, we have to rewrite α ~ .~
p in terms of spherical polar co-ordinate to match with
potential function.Then it becomes separable without introducing the generally
covariant Dirac equation. Now we want to evaluate
(~
α.~r)(~
α.~r)(~
α.~
p) = αi ri αj rj (~
α.~p) = r2 (~
α.~
p)
(~
α.~r)(~
α.~
P~
p + i .L
p) = αi αj ri pj = ~r.~ ~

~
X 2S~
= ~ = Orbital angular momentum;
(Spin); L
h̄
Total angular momentum, J~ = L ~ +S~
1 1 ∂
pr = p + p~.r̂) = −ih̄
(r̂.~ r
2 r ∂r
∂
−ih̄r = rpr + ih̄ = ~r.~p
∂r
i( ~ .L
P~
r2 (~
α.~
p) = rα
h r (rpr + +i h̄))
i ~ ~
P
(~
α.~p) = αr pr + r ( .L + h̄) Now Eq.(12) reduced as,
h i X
~ ~ i Zα0
cαr pr + ( .L + h̄) Ψ + mc2 βΨ − h̄c Ψ = EΨ (13)
r r

KΨ = ( ~ .L
P~ ~L ~ + h̄)Ψ = h̄βκΨ
+ h̄)Ψ = ( h̄2 S.
Where,
1
 
l+1 ;j = l + 2
κ= 1
-l ;j = l − 2

5
Or, κ = ±(j + 12 )
Now Eq(13) Reduced as Radial equation with radial part R(r)
 iαr βh̄cκ Zα0 
cαr pr + + mc2 β − h̄c R(r) = ER(r) (14)
r r
Instead of Dirac
 representation(4
  ×
 4) we take  (2 × 2)matrices
0 −i 1 0 G(r)
αr = σ2 = ;β = ; R(r) = 1r Put all in equation (14)
i 0 0 −1 F (r)
we get !
0 G(r) h̄c dF (r)
(mc2 − h̄c Zα ch̄κ
 
r ) r − r dr − r 2 F (r) = r E G(r)
h̄c dG ch̄κG 2 h̄cZα0 F (r) F (r)
r dr − r 2 + (−mc − r ) r
And it reduceses to differential equation
 Zα0 h̄c  dF h̄cκ
E − mc2 + G + h̄c + F =0 (15)
r dr r
 Zα0 h̄c  dG h̄cκ
E + mc2 + F − h̄c + G=0 (16)
r dr r
Now for assymtotic(large r) differential equation becomes

d2 G m2 c4 − E
= F (17)
dr2 h̄2 c2
d2 F m2 c4 − E
= G (18)
dr 2
h̄2 c2
asymptotic solution becomes √
m2 C 4 −E
F = G = Ae−ρ ρ = Cr; C = h̄c F (ρ) = f (ρ)e−ρ ; G(ρ) = g(ρ)e−ρ Put
eq.(15) & eq.(16) we get
d κ r mc2 − E Zα0 
−1+ f− 2
− g=0 (19)
dρ ρ mc + E ρ
d κ r mc2 + E Zα0 
−1− g− 2
+ f =0 (20)
dρ ρ mc − E ρ
Now small(r→ 0)asymptotic behavior of eq.(19) and eq.(20) becomes
d κ Zα0
+ f+ g=0 (21)
dρ ρ ρ
d κ Zα0
− g− f =0 (22)
dρ ρ ρ
The solution becomes
f = g = Aρs + Bρ−s
for small r asymptotic form becomes
∞ ∞
f = ρs φ; g = ρs γ; Where,φ = fa ρa ; γ = ga ρa
P P
a=0 a=0

6
Put above form in eq.(21) & eq.(22) we get recursion relation;

E − mc2
(s + a + κ)fa − fa−1 + ga−1 + Zα0 ga = 0 (23)
q
E + mc2
(s + a − κ)fa − ga−1 − fa−1 − Zα0 fa = 0 (24)
q
√ p
Where,q = m2 c4 − E 2 ; s = κ2 − Z 2 α02
From eq(23) & eq(24) we get recursion ,
q(s + a − κ) − (E + mc2 )Zα0
fa = ga (25)
(E + mc2 )(s + a + κ) + qZα0
For large value of a(a (s + κ) or (s − κ)) we get
q
fa = ga (26)
(E + mc2 )
The behavior given by summing the series to infinity is non-normalizable.Therfore
the both series must terminate.It will be terminated at some non-negative inte-
ger amax . i.e. famax +1 = 0 = gamax +1 Form eq(23) we get
fmax E − mc2
= (27)
gmax q
And we have,
famax q(s + a − κ) − (E + mc2 )Zα0
= (28)
gamax (E + mc2 )(s + a + κ) + qZα0
Now from eq(27) and eq(28) we get
# 1
2 − 2
"
 Zα
2 0
E = mc 1 + (29)
s + amax
p
Principle quantum no, n = amax + |κ|; s = κ2 − Z 2 α02
" !2 #− 21
Zα0
Eκ,n = mc2 1 + p (30)
n − |κ| + κ2 − Z 2 α02
" ! #
D 2 (Zα0 )2 (Zα0 )4 n 3
Eκ,n = mc 1− 2
− 1 − + ··· (31)
2n 2n4 j+ 2
4
This is energy eigen value of relativistic hydrogen atom.Subtracting the rest
energy mc2 from this result, we obtain
" the energy values
! #
2 2
D
En,j = En,j − mc2 = − (Zα 0) 2 (Zα0 )
2n2 mc 1 + 2n2
n
j+ 12
− 3
4 + ···
" ! #
(Zα0 )2 n 3
= En0 1 + 2n2 j+ 12
− 4 + ···
2
Where non-relativistic schrödinger energy eigen value,En0 = − (Zα 0)
2n2 mc
2

7
3.2.1 Non relativistic limit of Dirac Equation
In this section we shall investigate the non-relativistic limit of the Dirac theory,
restricting our attention to stationary problems for which A and φ are time-
independent. If Hamiltonian(H)of the system with eigen value E then Dirac
equation look like as,
∂Ψ ~ + βmc2 + qV (r))Ψ = EΨ
ih̄ α.∇
= (−ih̄c~ (32)
∂t
Now, E 0 =E −mc2 ⇒ E = E 0 + mc2
Ψ1  
Ψ2 
Take Ψ =   = ΨA we find form eq(32) that the two-component spinors
Ψ3  ΨB
Ψ4
ΨA and ΨB satisfy the system of coupled equations.
~ − q A)Ψ
c~σ .(−ih̄∇ ~ B + qφΨA = E 0 ΨA (33)

~ − q A)Ψ
c~σ .(−ih̄∇ ~ A + qφΨB = (E 0 + 2mc2 )ΨB (34)
~
σ .(−ih̄∇−q
c~ ~
A)
⇒ ΨB = (E 0 +2mc2 −qφ) ΨA
h i
1 1 E 0 −V ~=0
Now, E 0 +2mc 2 −V ' 2mc2 1 − 2mc2 Where,qφ ≡ V,Now take A
All put in eq(33) we get

h̄2 h E0 − V i ~ 2 h̄2 ~ )(~σ .∇)Ψ

~ A + V ΨA (35)
E 0 ΨA = − 1− 2
(~σ .∇) ΨA − (~σ .∇V
2m 2mc 4m2 c2
Now we have,
~ 2 = ∇2
(~σ .∇)
2
p~op = −ih̄∇ ~ and E 0 − V ' p~op
2m
~ )(~σ .∇)Ψ
(~σ .∇V ~ A = (∇V~ )(∇Ψ~ A ) + i~σ .(∇V
~ × ∇Ψ
~ A)
For spherical symmetry of potential,∇V ~ = dV
dr r̂
1 dV ~ 2 1 dV ~ ~
i~σ . r dr (~r × ∇)ΨA = − h̄2 r dr (S.L)ΨA
Put all in eq.(35) we get
h h̄2 2 1 dV ~ ~ p4 h̄2 dV ∂ i
− ∇ +V (r)+ (L.S)− − ΨA = E 0 ΨA (36)
2m 2m2 c2 r dr 8m3 c2 4m2 c2 dr ∂r