The reaction rate when the temperature changes

Rationale:

The experiment is to calculate the reaction time when the acid is at different temperatures when the
carbonate is in the acid. The reaction rate: the reaction rate is the speed of a chemical reaction when
multiple elements are put together. the concentration (amount per unit volume) of a product that is
formed in a unit of time or the concentration of a reactant that is consumed in a unit of time.

Collision theory: Collision theory, theory used to predict the rates of chemical reactions, particularly
for gases. The collision theory assumes that for a reaction to occur it is necessary for the reacting
species (atoms or molecules) to come together or collide with one another.

Influential factors: Reactions occur when two reactant molecules effectively collide, each having
minimum energy and correct orientation. Reactant concentration, the physical state of the reactants,
and surface area, temperature, and the presence of a catalyst are the four main factors that affect
reaction rate.

Specific reaction: Rate constant or Specific Reaction rate. Can say that at a given temperature, rate is
equal to the rate constant of reaction when concentration of the reactant in unity. Thus, rate constant
is also known as specific reaction rate.

Reaction rate (more detailed): Increasing the temperature increases reaction rates because of the
disproportionately large increase in the number of high energy collisions. It is only these collisions
(possessing at least the activation energy for the reaction) which result in a reaction.

https://www.britannica.com/science/reaction-rate

https://www.britannica.com/science/collision-theory-chemistry

https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/factors-that-affect-the-rate-of-reactions-2/

https://www.sciencehq.com/chemistry/rate-constant.html

https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicrates/temperature.html

Original experiment:

Methods:

1. Record the mass of a clean 125mL conical flask with a wad of cotton wool in the opening.

2. Add 10mL of 2.0M HCl using a volumetric pipette and record the new mass.

3. Record the exact mass of an approximately 5g amount of small marble chips in a clean small beaker.

4. Tare the electronic balance and then place the conical flask with the acid and wool on the balance.

5. Calculate the expected initial mass of the flask after addition of marble chips.
6. At the same time, start the stop watch and quickly add the marble chips to the flask – replace the
cotton wool loosely.

7. Record the mass of the flask at 30 second intervals for 5 minutes.

Research Question:

How will changing the temperature impact the reaction rate between the carbonate and when the
acid is at a different temperature.

Modifications to the methodology:

8. collect 10ml of each temperature, 30 degrees Celsius, 3 times

9. repeat each step and record result for 10 degrees Celsius hydrochloric acid, 30, 45 and 55 degrees
Celsius.

Management of risks:

Substance & Hazard

Potential Risks/hazards Risk reduction strategies
Rating
1.0M hydrochloric acid High concentration can damage Not to exceed a temperature
(HCI) pipes. of 61 degrees.
Higher risk 3 Acid and carbonate can bubble Management: goggles, apron,
High risk for toxicity and up or be split on eyes shoes and using small
Body contact quantities of chemical
elements only.
If spilt something notify the
teacher
Calcium Carbonate -Acid and carbonate can bubble Management: goggles, shoes,
(CaCO3) up or be split on eyes apron and using small
Low 1 quantities only, and if spilt
Moderate risk for body notify teacher. Use only in a
contact and eye contact well-ventilated environment.
low
Glass wear - If beakers break skin can be cut -Keep glass wear in the
(beakers, chronical flasks, easily middle of the table away
thermometer) -Glass equipment can fall on from the edge of the table
ground if close to the edge -To care when moving around
the table
 High temperatures -High temperatures by itself can -Not to exceed a temperature
(when heating the acid to be very dangerous and can cause of 61 degrees
30, 45, and 55 degrees) burns to skin

Qualitative Observations:

when transporting the hot acid to put it with the carbonate the temperature was cooling down, so
the temperature wasn’t accurate as it was supposed to be. The ml for the acid we should’ve put in
wasn’t persisted and it was the same with the carbonate.

Data:

Mass Loss (g)

Temperature 10oC 30oC 45oC 50oC

Mean 0.42 0.46 0.41 0.40

Average Mass Loss (g)

Time (s) 10oC 30oC 45oC 50oC

30 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.22

60 0.21 0.31 0.29 0.30

90 0.28 0.36 0.33 0.34

120 0.33 0.39 0.35 0.36

150 0.36 0.41 0.37 0.37

180 0.38 0.43 0.38 0.38

210 0.39 0.44 0.39 0.39

240 0.40 0.44 0.39 0.39

270 0.41 0.45 0.40 0.39

300 0.42 0.45 0.41 0.40

% Uncertainty 7.14% 28.26% 9.76% 0.00%

 0 10 degrees 30 degrees 45 degrees 50 degrees
30 0.1 0.16 0.19 0.23
60 0.2 0.27 0.29 0.31
90 0.26 0.32 0.32 0.34
120 0.31 0.36 0.34 0.36
150 0.33 0.37 0.35 0.38
180 0.37 0.39 0.36 0.38
210 0.38 0.39 0.37 0.39
240 0.39 0.4 0.38 0.4
270 0.39 0.4 0.38 0.4
300 0.4 0.41 0.39 0.4

Processing data:

10oC Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Time Mass Lost Mass Lost Mass Lost
Mass (g) Mass (g) Mass (g)
(seconds) (g) (g) (g)
0 15.3 - 14.73 - 14.91 -
 30 15.2 0.10 14.64 0.09 14.78 0.13
60 15.1 0.20 14.54 0.19 14.66 0.25
90 15.02 0.28 14.47 0.26 14.59 0.32
120 14.97 0.33 14.42 0.31 14.55 0.36
150 14.95 0.35 14.4 0.33 14.51 0.4
180 14.93 0.37 14.36 0.37 14.5 0.41
210 14.92 0.38 14.35 0.38 14.48 0.43
240 14.9 0.40 14.34 0.39 14.48 0.43
270 14.89 0.41 14.34 0.39 14.47 0.44
300 14.89 0.41 14.33 0.40 14.46 0.45
15.00636 14.44727 14.58091

30oC Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Time Mass Lost Mass Lost Mass Lost
Mass (g) Mass (g) Mass (g)
(seconds) (g) (g) (g)
0 15.4 - 15.4 - 15.6 -
30 15.24 0.16 15.07 0.33 15.47 0.13
60 15.13 0.27 14.97 0.43 15.37 0.23
90 15.08 0.32 14.9 0.50 15.33 0.27
120 15.04 0.36 14.88 0.52 15.29 0.31
150 15.03 0.37 14.86 0.54 15.26 0.34
180 15.01 0.39 14.84 0.56 15.25 0.35
210 15.01 0.39 14.83 0.57 15.24 0.36
240 15 0.40 14.83 0.57 15.24 0.36
270 15 0.40 14.82 0.58 15.23 0.37
300 14.99 0.41 14.81 0.59 15.23 0.37
15.08455 14.92818 15.31909

45oC Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 (40)

Time Mass Lost Mass Lost Mass Lost
Mass (g) Mass (g) Mass (g)
(seconds) (g) (g) (g)
0 15.16 - 15.16 - 15.25 -
 30 14.94 0.22 14.97 0.19 15.06 0.19
60 14.86 0.3 14.87 0.29 14.96 0.29
90 14.81 0.35 14.84 0.32 14.91 0.34
120 14.79 0.37 14.82 0.34 14.9 0.35
150 14.75 0.41 14.81 0.35 14.89 0.36
180 14.73 0.43 14.8 0.36 14.88 0.37
210 14.73 0.43 14.79 0.37 14.87 0.38
240 14.73 0.43 14.78 0.38 14.87 0.38
270 14.72 0.44 14.78 0.38 14.87 0.38
300 14.71 0.45 14.77 0.39 14.86 0.39

50oC Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Time Mass Lost Mass Lost Mass Lost
Mass (g) Mass (g) Mass (g)
(seconds) (g) (g) (g)
0 15.18 - 15.14 - 15.16 -
30 14.99 0.19 14.91 0.23 14.91 0.25
60 14.89 0.29 14.82 0.31 14.84 0.32
90 14.85 0.33 14.79 0.34 14.81 0.35
120 14.83 0.35 14.77 0.36 14.79 0.37
150 14.82 0.36 14.75 0.38 14.78 0.38
180 14.8 0.38 14.75 0.38 14.77 0.39
210 14.79 0.39 14.74 0.39 14.77 0.39
240 14.79 0.39 14.73 0.40 14.77 0.39
270 14.78 0.40 14.73 0.40 14.77 0.39
300 14.78 0.40 14.73 0.40 14.76 0.40

Trends, Patterns and Relationships:

When the acid is warm the carbonate melts in the acid quicker because when the acid gets warmer
the reaction with the carbonate is faster than when the acid is cold. But when the acid was colder,

the carbonate lost more mass that’s because when tit’s colder the acid as more time to take apart
(destroy to pieces) the carbonate.
Analysis and evaluation of data:

Limitation/Error Implications of limitation or error on

Suggested improvements and
results extensions
Systematic error The temperature of the hydrochloric Next time doing the experiment
acid wasn’t accurate enough in the we could warm the hydrochloric
experiment we did. acid up at a higher degree
needed so that when the acid is
transported to the experiment
just after being transported, it
will lose a bit of hotness but more
accurate.
Systematic error The carbonate wasn’t weighing the We could’ve taken the time to
same each experiment way them exactly each time.
Random error The scale wasn’t accurate because of Don’t lean on the table.
the stability of the table.

Yellow: cotton wool; Grey: acid hydroiodic; Black dots: carbonate.

The reaction rate changes when the temperature changes because when the temperature of the
hydrochloric acid is warmer it as more energy compared to when its colder, so The higher the
temperature, the faster the rate of a reaction will be.