VYAKARANA-SIDDHANTAMUKTAVALI

J³eekeÀjCeefme×evlecegkeÌleeJeueer
-
VYÂKARAN
. ASIDDHÂNTAMUKTÂVALI
(Professor Kishore Chandra Padhy Felicitation Volume)
(Peer Reviewed)
Edited by-
Dr. Sashibhusan Mishra (M.A., Ph.D., D.Lit.)
(Recipient of Presidential Award)
Assistant Professor
Department of Grammar
Sri Sitaram Vaidic Adarsha Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya
Published By-
THE BANARAS MERCANTILE CO.
125, Mahatma Gandhi Road
Kolkata-700007
India
-
VYÂKARAN
. ASIDDHÂNTAMUKTÂVALI
(Professor Kishore Chandra Padhy Felicitation Volume)
(Peer Reviewed)
Edited by-
Dr. Sashibhusan Mishra (M.A, Ph.D., D.Lit.)
Assistant Professor
Department of Grammar
Sri Sitaram Vaidic Adarsha Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya
7/2A, P. W. D. Road
Kolkata-700035
Email-sashibhusan.mishra7@gmail.com
Phone No.- 09883258920
© Smt. Laxmipriya Mishra
Published By-
THE BANARAS MERCANTILE CO.
125, Mahatma Gandhi Road
Kolkata-700007
India
Website- www.banarasmercantile.com
Email- banarasmercantileco@gmail.com
First Print - 2014
ISBN : 81-86359-38-9
Price - j 195/-
efkeÀMeesj®evêMesKejs ceefleë Òeefle#eCeb cece
Professor Kishore Chandra Padhy (Gurudev)

Mrs. Mina Kumari Mishra (Guruma)
I J³eekeÀjCeefme×evlecegkeÌleeJeueer
BIO DATA OF PROFESSOR KISHORE CHANDRA PADHY
(Regular Professor through open advertisement )
1. NAME : Prof. Kishore Chandra Padhy.
2. PRESENT ADDRESS : Professor, P.G.Teaching Department of Vyakaran,
Shri Jgannath Sanskrit Vishvavidyalaya, Shri Vihar,
Puri. Tel - 06752-251365(O), 250343(R)
Mob - 09778903661
E-mail :- kishorepadhy2010@gmail.com
3. PERMANENT ADDRESS : At/ PO - Shergada, Dist - Ganjam, Odisha.
4.SERVICE EXPERIENCE : a) Teaching Panini Vyakaran in P.G.Level in
JVKM, Puri from 19.09.1982 to 18.03.1987 =
4 YEARS 6 MONTHS
b) Lecturer in vyakarana in SJSV, Puri from
18.03,1987 to 25.04.1991 = 4 YEARS
c) Reader in Vyakarana in SJSV, Puri from
26.04.1991 to 22.05.2000 = 10 YEARS
d) Professor of Vyakarana in SJSV, Puri from
23.05.2014 onwards = 14 YEARS
5. TEACHING EXPERIENCE : More than 32 years in Post Graduate Level.
6. DATE OF BIRTH : 03.06.1955
7. ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION: Vyakaracharya, Vidyavaridhi.
8. ADMINISTRATIVE EXPERIENCE:
1. Chairman, P.G.Council from June 2003 to May
2004, June 2008 to May 2009,Jan2012 to May 2o12
& June 2012 to May 2013 = FOUR TERMS
2. Vice-chancellor , SJSV Puri from 01.01.2009 to
06.03.2009.
3. Co-ordinator of the P.G.Teaching Deptt. from
01.06.1998 to 31.05.1999.
4. H.O.D, SJSV, Puri for 15 years.
5. Development officer at SJSV, Puri for 3yrs.
6. Professor in charge, Library, SJSV, Puri.
9. RESEARCH EXPERIENCE : (A) Name of the Vidyavaridhi (Ph.D) Awarded Candidates
1. Dr. Durga Charan Sarangi.
2. Dr. Manju Devi.
3. Dr. Chandra Sekhar Tripathy.
4. Dr. Mira Rani Khandual.
5. Dr. Vivekananda Sahu.
6. Dr. Rajendra Biswal.
7. Dr. Padma Devi.
8. Dr. Ghanashyama Mishra.
9. Dr. Gopinath Panda.
10.Dr. Ashok Kumar Panda.
11.Dr. Nimain Charan Mohapatra.
J³eekeÀjCeefme×evlecegkeÌleeJeueer II
12.Dr. Sashibhusan Mishra.
13.Dr. Bisweswar Panigrahi.
14.Dr. Gejendra Prasad Jena.
15.Dr. Bibodha Kishore Dash.
16.Dr. Satya Prakash Mishra.
17.Dr. Shakti Prasad Padhy.
18.Dr. Shubhashree Dash.
19.Dr. Sovan Kumar Bhatacharyya
(B) Name of the Vidyavacaspati (D.Lit.) Awarded Candidates
1. Dr. Sashibhusan Mishra , (D.Lit.)
(C)Name of the Research Candidates Working
1. Dr. Ganesh Prasad Tripathy, (D.Lit.)
2. Sri Rashmikanta Dash (Thesis Submitted).
3. Sri Raghunath Rout.
4. Smt. Purabi Rath.
5. Sri Santanu Kumar Kar.
6. Sri Kartika Chandra Mohapatra.
10. M.PHIL. DEGREE AWARDED : 32 numbers of candidates awarded.
11. BOOKS PUBLISHED : 4 books published.
a) Paniniyavyakarane Yogabibhaga Vimarsha.
b) Vyakarana Souravam
c) Oriya commentary of Vakyapadiyam.
d) Vyakarana Sodhaprabandha.
12.SEMINARS, CONFERENCES ATTENDED & PRESENTED PAPERS :
1. 9 Nos of AIO Conferences
th
2. 37 Akhila Bharatiya Darshan Parisad held at
Rajagiri from 13.3.93 to 21.03.1993.
3. South Asian Sanskrit Conference held at Kolkata
from 09.05.1997 to 11.05.1997.
4. World Sanskrit Conference held at New Delhi
from 05.04.2001 to 09.04.2001.
5. International seminar held at SJSV, Puri on 2000.
6. 18 Nos of National Seminars
7. Twice Maharshi Patanjali Samaroha at Bhopal
8. 10.Nos of State Level Seminars.
9. 3 Nos of Sastrartha Sabha.
13. REFRESHER COURESES ATTENDED AS A RESOURCE PERSON :
Delivered 48 Lectures as a Resource Person in Various
Refresher Courses Organised by Different Universities
14. REFRESHER COURSE ORGANISED:- 5 Nos of Refresher Courses have been Or-
ganised as Course Coordinator.
15.SEMINARS ORGANISED:- Two Nos of National Seminar and Six Nos of State
Level Seminars organised as Director.
16.WORKSHOP ATTENTED :- Five Nos. of Workshops Attended .
III J³eekeÀjCeefme×evlecegkeÌleeJeueer
17. ARTICLES PUBLISHED : More than 34 Articles Published
st
18. AWARDS RECEIVED : i. Awarded the 1 Prize in National Level Vyaka-
rana Sastratha Competition Among the Lecturers
Organized by Madhya Pradesh Sanskrit Academy
on 09.02.1987.
ii. Felicitated by Sadasiva Campus, RSKS, New
Delhi on 07.08.2009.
iii. Felicitated by R.S.Vidyapeetha, Tirupati on
28.01.2009.
iv. Felicitated by B.J.B.college , Bhubaneswar
on 04.01.2012.
19. EXTENSION LECTURES DELIVERED :
i. Sadasiva Campus, RSKS Puri.
ii. Guruvayur Campus, RSKS Keral.
iii. Rastriya Sanskrit University, Tirupati.
20. MEMBERSHIP OF PROFESSIONAL BODIES.
i. Member : Syndicate, SJSV, Puri.
ii. Member : Executive Council, RSV,Tirupati.
iii. Member : Senate, SJSV, Puri.
iv. Member : Academic Council, SJSV, Puri.
v. Member : Academic Council , RSVP, Tirupati.
vi. Member : Board of studies, B.H.U. Varanasi.
vii. Member : Board of studies, G.G.University, Bilaspur.
viii. Member : Board of studies, Ravi Shankar University, Raipur.
ix. Member : Board of studies, RSVP, Tirupati.
x. Member : Board of studies, LBSRSVP, New Delhi.
xi. Member : Research committee, RSVP , Tirupati.
xii. Chairman : Board of Studies of Vyakarana, Sahitya, Vedanta, Veda &
Yotirvijnana, SJSV, Puri.
xiii. Chairman : Visistacharya Committee of Vyakarana,Sahitya, Veda & Vedanta,
SJSV, Puri.
xiv.Chairman : Research Committee of Vyakarana,Sahitya,Veda, Vedanta,Puran
& Jyotish, SJSV, Puri.
xv. Member : Central Research Committee, RSKS, New Delhi.
xvi.Member : Bylaw Committee, RSVP, Tirupati.
xvii.Member : Examination Committee, SJSV, Puri.
xviii.Member : Purchase Committee, SJSV, Puri.
xix. Member : Selection committee for the post of Lecturer, Reader, Professor etc. in
Different Universities.
th
xx. Member : UGC team in 10 plan period to visit A.P. Singh University , Rewa, M.P.
XXI.Member : Grant-in-aid Commette RSKS, New Delhi.
deg
J³eekeÀjCeefme×evlecegkeÌleeJeueer IV
Peer Reviewed Committee
Professor Sitanath Acharya

Ex Professor, Department of Sanskrit
Calcutta University
Kolkata (W.B.)
Professor Aruna Ranjan Mishra

Professor & Head
Department of Sanskrit, Pali & Prakrit
Visva-bharati,
Santiniketan, 731235
Professor Shesh Narayan Mishra
Head, Department of Grammar
Sri Shastratha Sanskrit College
Dashaswamedh
Varanasi
Certificate of Peer Reviewed Committee
Dear Dr. Sashibhusan Mishra,
The Peer Reviewed Committee herewith selected a list of
19 articles (out of 25) that we decided fit for publication. Remaining
articles are not accepted. The list of the Article authors is as follows.
1. Prof. Kishore Chandra Padhy. 11. Dr. Somarani Nandi
2. Professor Banamali Biswal 12. Mr. Chandan Mandal
3. Professor Bodh Kumar Jha 13. Professor Aruna Ranjan Mishra
4. Dr. Manidipa Das 14. Prof. Satyajit Layek
5. Dr. Sashibhusan Mishra 15. Prof. Parboty Chakraborty
6. Dr. Sudhakar Mishra 16. Dr. Narayan Prasad Dash
7. Dr. Jayashree Das 17. Dr. Sampadananda Mishra
8. Dr. Bighneswar Mishra 18. Dr. Ganesh Prasad Panda
9. Dr. Shovon Kumar Bhattacharyya 19. Dr. Buddhadev Bhattacharya
10. Mr. Pradeep Kumar Swain
Thanking you.
Yours sincerely,
Prof. Sitanath Acharya
Prof. Aruna Ranjan Mishra
Prof. Shesh Narayan Mishra
V J³eekeÀjCeefme×evlecegkeÌleeJeueer
Editorials
.
I offer my sâs.t.ânga pran.âma in the lotus feet of my revered
Gurudev Professor Kishore Chandra Padhy & Gurumâta Mrs.
Mina Kumari Mishra for their constant blessings for the culmina-
tion of this noble work.
I pay my deepest homage to my revered Guruji Professor
Harekrishna Satpathy (Formerly V.C., S.J.S.V., Presently V.C.
Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth, Tirupati), Prof. Sitanath Acharya,
Prof. Aruna Ranjan Mishra & Prof. Shesh Narayan Mishra, noted
indologists and great academicians of contemporary society; for their
constant help, blessings & inspiration.
My heartfelt thanks and respect goes to our entire Peer
Reviewed Commettee for their constant support for reviewing the
articles for the completion of this work. Again my regards and sin-
cere thanks goes to all valued cotributers for their painstaking effort
for giving us their valued Articles. In this connection my sincere thanks
goes to Mr. Ashok Kumar Shukla, proprietor THE BANARAS
MERCANTILE CO. for his able & constant help.
Again without my family support, I am unable to do such
type of creational works. So in this regard I also thank my wife Mrs.
Laxmipriya Mishra, & pay respect to my father Mr. Prafulla Kumar
Mishra (Government Awarded Rtd. Headmaster) & my mother
Mrs. Manorama Mishra. They have enquired about the progress
of the work frequently & inspired me a lot.
But the greatest inspiration was provided by my son
- - -
Ayus.mân Aditya Mishra (Bâpun) & my nephew Ayus.mân Arun
Mishra (Sipun), who kept the atmosphere of my house and mind
very cheerful.
Last but not least, I also bless my son like student
-
Ayus.mân Dr. Shovon Kumar Bhattacharyya and my younger
brother like colleague Dr. Sudhakar Mishra for their constant que-
ries and support regarding this noble publication.
Before I conclude, I have to crave the indulgence of my praise-
worthy readers for the short comings which may have crept into this
small work and have to request them to enable me to remove the
same by kindly bringing them to my notice.
Sashibhusan Mishra
J³eekeÀjCeefme×evlecegkeÌleeJeueer VI
Contents
Sl. No. Title Name Page No.
0. Bio-Data Professor Kishore Candra Padhy I
1. HeeefCeveer³eJ³eekeÀjCes HeefjYee<ee - SkeÀceO³e³eveced Òees. efkeÀMeesj®evêHee{er 1
2. JewÙeekeâjCeeefYeceleŠ keekeäÙeefmeæevleŠ Òees. yevecee}er efyeMkee}Š 6
3. Úel$eer Úel$ee kesefle efveCe&ÙeŠ heÇes. yeesOekegâceejPeeŠ 21
4. Deeue¿eefjkeâo=<šŸee mHeâesšlellJeced [e@. ceefCeoerHeeoeme: 26
5. HeeefCeveer³elev$es GHemeie&ë - SkebÀ efJeMues<eCeced [e@. MeefMeYet<eCeefceÞeë 31
6. JÙeekeâjCeMeeŒeerÙeJeerhmeeheoeLe&efJeMues<eCeced [e@. megOeekeâjefceße: 38
7. ke=ÀoeefoJe=efÊe<JeskeÀMes<eJe=efÊeë - SkeÀesçJece<e&ë [eB. pe³eÞeeroeMeë 43
8. meeceL³e&Yesos J³eHes#eeHe#eefJeJes®eveced [eB. efJeIveséejefceÞeë 48
9. mebmke=ÀleJ³eekeÀjCem³e efJekeÀeMes ye²er³eeveeb ³eesieoeveced [eB. MeesYevekegÀceejYeÆe®ee³e&ë 52
10. J³eekeÀjCeced - SkebÀ efJeMues<eCeced ÒeoerHekegÀceejmJeeFB 56
11. J³eekeÀjCeHejcHeje³eeceeieceeë [eB. meesceejeCeervevoer 61
12. J³eekeÀjCeHejcHeje³eeë efJekeÀeMes ye²er³eHegm³ekeÀÒekeÀeMekeÀeveeb ³eesieoeveced ®evovekegÀceejceC[ueë 63
13. Status of Philosophy to Sanskrit Grammar:
A Brief Note on Bhartr.hari Prof. Aruna Ranjan Mishra 65
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14. Philosophisation of Time (Kala) in the
Atharvaveda(19.53) & its Treatment in
Subsequent Philosophical Texts Prof. Satyajit Layek 71
15. Contribution of a Kâtantra-Grammarian on Vedic Conjugations
Prof. Parboty Chakraborty 80
16. Passion, Option and Caution in Verb-management
Dr. Narayan Prasad Dash 85
17. Bhayahetuh. - The Real Source of All Fears -
A Fresh Insight into the Understanding of Apaadaana
Dr. Sampadananda Mishra 90
18. Exceptional Usages in Sanskrit Dr. Ganesh Prasad Panda 92
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19. A Glimpse of Magahi Dialect in Bihar Dr. Buddhadev Bhattacharya 98
20. Our Valued Contributors 105
21. Select Bibliography 106
deg
J³eekeÀjCeefme×evlecegkeÌleeJeueer 1
HeeefCeveer³eJ³eekeÀjCes HeefjYee<ee - SkeÀceO³e³eveced
Òees. efkeÀMeesj®evêHee{er
DeäeO³ee³³eeb mJeefJejef®eleeveeb met$eeCeeb efve³ecevee³e met$es<eg meefvoiOee³e&lJeJeejCee³e kesÀ®eve efve³eceeë

ÒekeÀefuHeleeë HeeefCeefvevee ~ leeefve mevosnefveJeÊe&keÀeefve efve³eceyeesOekeÀeefve JeekeÌ³eeefve HeefjYee<eemet$eeC³eg®³evles ~
Oeg[eo³eë ìkeÀejslmeb%ekeÀeë, legieeo³eë keÀkeÀejslmeb%ekeÀeë; vegceeo³eëcekeÀejslmeb%ekeÀe½e Deeieceeë
efkebÀ HetJe&le³ee? Gle Hejle³ee? DeeneseqmJeled ceO³es Jee efJeOeer³evles Fefle mevosnefvejekeÀjCee³e ’efìled efkeÀleew
³em³e efJeefnleew lem³e ¬eÀceeled DeeÐevleeJe³eJeew mleë“ Fl³eLe&kesÀve ’DeeÐevleew ìefkeÀleew“ Fefle met$esCe, èfceled
³em³e efJeefnleë, le$e Devl³eeo®eë Hejle³ee ÒeJele&les' Fl³eLe&kesÀve ’efceo®eesçl³eeled Hejë“ Fefle met$esCe ®e
DeeieceefJe<e³es efve³eceë ke=Àleë ~
’DeveskeÀeefuMelmeJe&m³e“, ’Deueesçvl³em³e“, ’ef*®®e“ Fl³eeefomet$ewë DeeosMeefJe<e³ekeÀeë efve³eceeë
efJeefnleeë ~ ’GjCed jHejë“, ’S®e FiIe´mJeeosMes“ Fl³eeoerevf e efve³ecekeÀejkeÀeefCe mevosnefveJeejCeeefve HeefjYee<eemet$eeefCe
meefvle ~ keÀeefveef®eled Je®eveeefve met$eeLe&yeesOemece³es leovJe³e³eeseif eveb HeocegHemLeeHe³eefvle ~ ³eLee- ’FkeÀes iegCeJe=×er“ ~
Slee¢Meeefve met$eeefCe Òee³eMeë HeáeeMeled Heefjefceleeefve meefvle ~ leeefve HeefjYee<eemet$eeC³eskeÀeqmceved ÒekeÀjCes ve efJeÐevles ~
DeäeO³ee³³eeb HeefjYee<eeMeyom³e Òe³eesieë HeeefCeefvevee ve ke=Àleë ~ Hejvleg JeeefÊe&keÀkeÀejsCe keÀel³ee³evesve
’DeCegeof led meJeCe&m³e ®eeÒel³e³eë“ Fefle met$em³eesHeefj ’JeCe&Heeþ GHeosMe Fefle ®eséejkeÀeuelJeeled HeefjYee<e³ee DevegÎMs eë“
Fefle JeeefÊe&kebÀ Heefþleced ~ De$e HeefjYee<eeMeyom³eesuuesKeë ke=Àleë lesve ~ ’mJeefjlesveeefOekeÀejë“ Fefle met$em³e JeeefÊe&kesÀçefHe
HeefjYee<eeMeyom³e Òe³eesieë ke=Àleë ~ Hele¡eefuevee ³eÐeefHe HeefjYee<ee³eeë mee#eeuue#eCeb ve ke=Àleced, leLeeefHe lem³e JeCe&veeled
Òeleer³eles ³eled HeefjYee<ee meJe&MeeðeesHekeÀeefjkeÀe ÒekeÀeefMekeÀe Jee ~ ³esve ÒekeÀeMesve met$em³eeLe&ë mHeäerYeJeefle ~
HeefjYee<eemJeªHeced - Deefve³eces efve³ecekeÀeefjCeer ³ee mee HeefjYee<esefle HeefjYee<ee³eeë mejueb ue#eCeb YeJeefle ~
HeefjYee<eeHeoefceob Meg×ª{Heoced ~ Dele SJe meb%eeMeeðeeefo<eg DeefleJ³eeeqHleë ve YeJeefle ~ HeefjYee<ee³eeë
yentefve ue#eCeeefve ûevLekeÀejwë ÒeoÊeeefve ~
ceneYee<³ekeÀejë Hele¡eefueë ’<eÿermLeeves ³eesiee“ Fefle met$es Yee<³es efueKeefle ³eled - ’DeefOekeÀejes
veece ef$eÒekeÀejë, keÀef½eoskeÀosMemLeë meJe¥ MeeðeceefYepJeue³eefle ³eLee ÒeoerHeë megÒepJeefueleë meJe¥ JesMce
DeefYepJeue³eefle“~ Dem³e J³eeK³eeJemejs ’keÀef½eefoefle HeefjYee<eeªHe Fl³eLe&ë“ Fefle kewÀ³eìë J³eeK³eeefle ~
oerHees ³eLee ÒeYeeÜeje meJe&iesnÒekeÀeMekeÀë ~ HeefjYee<ee leLee yegodO³ee meJe&MeeðeesHekeÀeefjkeÀe ~
Heg©<eesÊeceosJem³e celesve ’efue²Jeleer HeefjYee<es“efle ~ efue²JelJes meefle mebeof iOeeLe&evf e½ee³ekeÀlJeb HeefjYee<eelJeefceefle
iet{eLe&oereHf ekeÀekeÀejë ~ efue²JelJes meefle efve³eecekeÀlJeced ~ efve³eecekeÀefcel³em³eeefve³eces efve³ecekeÀeefjCeerlJeced ~ HeefjYee<ee
v³etveeefOekeÀosMeb ievlegb ÒeJe=Êeb efJeefOemet$eb efve³ec³e ³eLeeosMeb ³eLeeue#³eb Jee ÒeJeÊe&³eefle ~ Dele SJe F³eceefve³eces efve³ecekeÀeefjCeer
YeJeefle ~ F³eáe HeefjYee<ee efue²b ¢<ìdJee ÒeJeÊe&les, Delees efue²Jeleerl³eg®³eles ³eLee- ’leeqmceefVeefle efveefoä& s HetJe&m³eself e,
De®eerelf e meHleceerevf eoxMeªHeb efue²b ¢<ìdJee leeqmceefVeefle met$eb ÒeJele&les ~
efJeefOeMeeðeÒeJe=efÊeefveJe=l³egHe³eesefiemeeOeglJeÒekeÀejkeÀMekeÌl³eefJe<e³ekeÀyeesOepevekeÀlJes meefle
DeefOekeÀejefYeVelJeb HeefjYee<eelJeefceefle ogiee&J³eeK³ee³eecegkeÌleced ~
Òel³eenejHeoJeled HeefjYee<eeHeob efMeäJ³eJenejefJe<e³es<eg ³eesieª{ced ~ Heefjlees Yee<³eles ³ee mee
HeefjYee<ee Fefle ~ HeefjHetJe&keÀeled Yee<ed-Oeeleesë Ie_ed-Òel³e³es lem³e efmeef×Ye&Jeefle ~ Dele SJe njoÊesveeskeÌleced -
2 J³eekeÀjCeefme×evlecegkeÌleeJeueer
`Heefjleë meJe&$e HetJe&$e J³eJeefnles Devevlejs ®e Yee<³eles keÀe³e&ceve³ee mee HeefjYee<ee' ~
’Heefjlees J³eeHe=leeb Yee<eeb Òe®e#eles, Yee<³evles Heefjlees ³emceeled HeefjYee<eeë, Heefjlees Yee<³eles ³ee
mee HeefjYee<es“efle JewÐeveeLeHee³eiegC[sceneso³esve ÒeefleHeeefoleced ~
me¹slemecyevOesve lelHeolJeb HeefjYee<eelJeefceefle meJe&ce²ueekeÀejes Jeoefle ~ DeeOegevf ekeÀme¹sleë HeefjYee<eself e
JewMese<f ekeÀeë ~ me¹sleûeenkeÀefYeVelJes meefle efJeefOeMeeðeefJeefMeälJeb HeefjYee<eelJeefceefle meYeeHeefleMece&Cee ÒeefleHeeefoleced ~
DeÒeeceeC³e%eeveeveemkeÀefvolemeeOeglJeÒekeÀejkeÀyeesOeesHe³eesefieyeesOepevekeÀlJeb HeefjYee<eelJeefceefle
efJepe³eekeÀej Deen ~ ieesu[ägkeÀjceneso³esve efJe<e³esçeqmceved ÒeeskeÌleb ³eled - They do not amend
and critise, but teach the proper application of the rules of Pa-n.ini.
DeYe³e¹jceneso³eeveeb celesve- The Paribha-s.a- rule casts a glance at all
the rules just as the light of moon and goes whenever it is needed for
a clarification of the sense. Helpfulness in the formation of correct
words was a shade of meaning added to the original sense of the
term HeefjYee<ee by later Grammarians.
SleeJelee Fob He³e&Jem³eefle ³eled - HeefjYee<ee met$eb veece ’efJeefOemet$ewkeÀJeekeÌ³ele³ee MeeyoyeesOepevekeÀced“~
mee ®es³eceskeÀJeekeÌ³elee $esOee YeJeefle ~ JeekeÌ³ewkeÀJeekeÌ³elee, HeowkeÀJeekeÌ³elee, HeoeLezkeÀJeekeÌ³elee ®e ~
1) JeekeÌ³ewkeÀJeekeÌ³elee - GHepeerJ³eesHepeerJekeÀYeeJeeHeVeyeesOepevekeÀlJeªHee JeekeÌ³ewkeÀJeekeÌ³elee ~ leeqmceefVeefle
met$em³e JeekeÌ³eeLe&yeesOeë GHepeerJ³eë, ’FkeÀes ³eCeef®e“ Fefle efJeefOemet$em³e JeekeÌ³eeLe&yeesOeë GHepeerJekeÀë, Ü³ees
met$e³eesë SkeÀJeekeÌ³elee³eeced GHepeerJ³eesHepeerJekeÀYeeJeeHeVees yeesOeë meceeieleë ~ De®ed meceerHeJeefÊe&veë FkeÀë
mLeeves ³eCed m³eeefoefle mecevJe³eyeesOees pee³eles ~ leLee ®e ’megOeer + GHeem³eë“ Fl³e$e GkeÀejsçefHe ³eCed
Òemep³eles ~ leLee meefle DeefveäªHeeHeefÊeë m³eeled ~ Dem³eeb efmLeleew ³eCedefJeOee³ekeÀmet$ewkeÀJeekeÌ³eeHeVeb leeqmceefVeefle
HeefjYee<eemet$eced DepeJ³eJeefnleHetJe&m³eskeÀë mLeeves ³eCed m³eeefoefle yeesOeb peveef³elJee DeefveäªHeb Jeej³eefle ~
2) HeowkeÀJeekeÌ³elee - HejmHejefveªH³eefveªHekeÀYeeJeeHeVeefJe<e³eleeÒe³eespekeÀHeoIeefìlelJeb HeowkeÀJeekeÌ³elJeced ~
3) HeoeLezkeÀJeekeÌ³elee - HejmHejefveªHekeÀYeeJeeHeVeefJe<e³eleeÞe³elJeb HeoeLezkeÀJeekeÌ³elJeced ~ HetJeexkeÌlemLeue
SJe efveefo&äs, Deef®e Fl³eve³eesë ³eew DeLeez le³eesë ceO³es ue#³eles ~
HeefjYee<eeefve³ecemet$e³eesë Yesoë - HeefjYee<eeefve³ecemet$eeY³eeb efve³ecem³ewJe yeesOeveelle³eesë keÀes Yesoë Fefle efpe%eemee³eeb efJeefOemet$em³e
Heeef#ekeÀÒeJe=Êeew mel³eeb ³ee efve³ece³eefle mee HeefjYee<ee ~ efJeOeerveeb efvel³eÒeJe=Êeew mel³eeb ³eled keÌJeef®eefVe³ece³eefle leefvve³ecemet$eced ~
HeefjYee<eeçefOekeÀejmet$e³eesë Yesoë - mJemLeues SJe efmLelJee meJe&ie=nÒekeÀeMekeÀë oerHe FJe mJemLeues SJe
efmLelJee leÊelÒeosMes<eg mJeer³eefve³eceyeesOevesve efJeefOeMeeðeesHekeÀejkebÀ HeefjYee<eemet$eced ~ Òeeflemet$eb ielJee
mJemeceH³e&meceHe&Cesve efJeO³egHekeÀejkeÀceefOekeÀejmet$eced ~
HeefjYee<eeCeeb me¹ueef³eleejë -
1. J³eeef[ke=ÀleHeefjYee<eemet®eveced ~ 6. keÀueeHeHeefjYee<eemet$eced ~
2. J³eeef[HeefjYee<eeHeeþë ~ 7. pewvesvêHeefjYee<ee ~
3. MeekeÀìe³eveHeefjYee<eemet$eeefCe ~ 8. YeespeosJeke=ÀleHeefjYee<eemet$eced ~
4. ®eevêHeefjYee<eemet$eeefCe ~ 9. Heg©<eesÊeceosJeke=ÀleueIegHeefjYee<eeJe=eÊf eë, HeefjYee<eeHeeþ½e ~
5. keÀelev$eHeefjYee<eemet$eeefCe ~ 10. veeruekeÀCþoeref#eleke=ÀleHeefjYee<eeJe=efÊeë ~
11. nefjYeemkeÀjeeqivenesef$eke=ÀleHeefjYee<eeYeemkeÀjë ~ 13. veeiesMeYeÆke=ÀleHeefjYee<esvogMesKejë ~
12. meerjosJeke=Àleye=nlHeefjYee<eeJe=efÊeë ~ 14. Mes<eeefêmegOeerke=ÀleHeefjYee<eeYeemkeÀjë ~
veeiesMeelHetJe¥ J³eeef[Heg©<eesÊeceosJemeerjosJeveeruekeÀCþoere#f elenefjYeemkeÀjÒeYe=elf eHeefjYee<eeûevLekeÀÊee&j Deemeved ~
HeefjYee<ee³eeë ÜwefJeO³eced - HeefjYee<eeë ÜeY³eeb ÒekeÀejeY³eeb JeefCe&leeë meefvle ~ ³eLee- Jee®eefvekeÀeë (Pri-
mary), %eeHekeÀefme×eë (Secondary) ®e ~ HeeefCeefvevee ÒeefleHeoeskeÌlee met$eeeqlcekeÀe mee#eeog®®eeefjlee
HeefjYee<ee Jee®eefvekeÀer ~ HeeefCeveer³emet$eIeìkeÀHeoeLe&Üeje %eeH³eceevee, v³ee³eefme×e HeefjYee<ee %eeHekeÀHeefjYee<ee
Fl³eg®³eles ~ ÒeLecee³ee GoenjCeced- FkeÀes iegCeJe=×er ~ efÜleer³ee³eeë GoenjCeced - ’efveefo&M³eceevem³eeosMee
YeJeefvle“ ~ Sleeë efÜleer³eefJeYeeiemLeeë HeefjYee<eeë mJeûevLeefJe<e³elJesve GÎsM³ewJeeskeÌleb veeiesMesve HeefjYee<esvogMesKejs -
’Òee®eer v eJew ³ eekeÀjCelev$es Jee®eef v ekeÀeef v e De$e Heeef C eveer ³ elev$es %eeHekeÀv³ee³eef m e×eef v e
Yee<³eJeeefle&keÀ³ees©Heefveye×eefve ³eeefve HeefjYee<eeªHeeefCe leeefve J³eeK³ee³evles ~“
HeefjYee<ee³eeë mJeªHeb ®eelegeJf e&O³esve %eeefHele-v³ee³eefme×-Jee®eefvekeÀ-efceÞeYesovs e efveefCe&leceH³eefmle ~
HeefjYee<ee³eeë keÀe³e&ced - HeefjYee<eeMeeðeb efkeÀceefHe efJeefOemet$eb mecegef®eleMeyoefveJesMemebkeÀes®eeefovee leLee ÒeJeÊe&³eefle
³eLee efMeäÒe³egkeÌleë Meyoë efmeO³eefle DeefleÒemekeÌleb ®e efveJeÊe&³eefle ~ FlLeb efJeefOemet$eeefoÒeJe=efÊeefveJe=efÊejsJe
HeefjYee<eeMeeðeJ³eeHeejë Fefle ~ ³e$e Òe³eesieeCeeb Meyoeveeb Jee meeOeves peefìuelJeb Jew<ec³eb Jee Òeleer³eles leoe
HeefjYee<eeCeeceeefJeYee&Jeë ~
HeefjYee<eeCeeb cegK³eleelHe³e&vleg oes<eeved Jeejef³elJee J³eJemLeekeÀjCecesJe ~ Jemlegleë HeefjYee<eeë
efJeefOemet$eeCeeb meneef³ekeÀeë meefvle ~ meeceev³ekeÀe³e&meeOeves, keÀe³e&efJeMes<emeeOeves, meJee&efOekeÀkeÀe³e&mecHeeoves ®e
meneef³ekeÀeë meefvle ~
DeäeO³ee³³eeb efJeÐeceeveeefve HeefjYee<eemet$eeefCe -
1. FkeÀes iegCeJe=×er - 1.1.3 10. Deeosë Hejm³e - 1.1.54
2. DeeÐevleew ìefkeÀleew - 1.1.46 11. DeveskeÀeued efMeled meJe&m³e - 1.1.55
3. efceo®eesvl³eeled Hejë - 1.1.47 12. leeqmceefVeefle efveefo&äs HetJe&m³e - 1.1.66
4. S®e FiedIe´mJeeosMes - 1.1.48 13. lemceeefol³egÊejm³e - 1.1.67
5. <eÿer mLeeves³eesiee - 1.1.49 14. De®e½e - 1.2.28
6. mLeevesçvlejleceë - 1.1.50 15. mJeefjlesveeefOekeÀejë - 1.3.11
7. GjCed jHejë - 1.1.51 16. meceLe&ë HeoefJeefOeë - 2.1.11
8. Deueesçvl³em³e - 1.1.52 17. JeemeªHeesçeqðe³eeced - 3.1.94
9. ef*®®e - 1.1.53 18. DevegoeÊeb HeoceskeÀJepe&ced - 6.1.148
GYe³eefJeOemet$eeefCe -
1. mJeb ªHeb Meyom³eeMeyomeb%ee - 1.1.68 - meb%ee / HeefjYee<ee
(mJeªHem³e He³ee&³eeCeeb leod efJeMes<eeCeeb ®e ûenCes ÒeeHles efve³eceeLee& HeefjYee<es³eefceefle kesÀef®eoengë - kewÀ³eìë)
2. DeCegefoled meJeCe&m³e ®eeÒel³e³eë - 1.1.69 - meb%ee / HeefjYee<ee
(JeHe&Heeþ GHeosMe Fefle ®esoJejkeÀeuelJeeled HeefjYee<ee³ee DevegHeosMeë - JeeefÊe&keÀced)
3. ³esve efJeefOemleovlem³e - 1.1.12 - meb%ee / HeefjYee<ee
(’Heoe²eefOekeÀejs lem³e ®e leovlem³e HeefjYee<ee“ ³esve efJeefOeefjl³em³ee³eb ÒeHeáeë - HeefjYee<esvogMesKejë)
4. G®®ew©oeÊeë - 1.2.29 - meb%ee / HeefjYee<ee
(lemceeefon J³eekeÀjCe GoeÊeeo³ees Oecee& ³em³eemleodiegCesçef®e meb%eeH³evles HeefjYee<³evles - v³eemeë)
5. ve OeelegueesHe DeeOe&OeelegkesÀ - 1.1.4 - efve<esOeë / HeefjYee<ee
(efve<esOesçefHe HeefjYee<eemee¢M³eeled HeefjYee<eelJeced - GodÐeesleë)
6. efkedÀ*efle ®e - 1.1.5 - efve<esOeë / HeefjYee<ee
(³e$e iegCeJe=×er efJeOeer³esles le$e efkeÀef*efle vesl³egHeefleÿles Fl³esJeefceob HeefjYee<ee YeJeefle- kewÀ³eìë)
7. oseJf ekeÀeefMebMeHeeefol³eJee*doerIe&me$eÞes³emeeceeled - 7.3.1 - efve<esOeë / HeefjYee<ee
(mLeevesçvlejleceë Fl³em³e DeHeJeeoë ~ Deleë HeefjYee<ee - Heoce¡ejer)
8. Hej½e - 3.1.2 - meb%eeefOekeÀejë / HeefjYee<ee
(DeefOekeÀejë HeefjYee<ee Jee, efue²Jeleer HeefjYee<ee, Òel³e³emeb%ee ®e efue²ced Deleë Òel³e³emeb%ee SJe
HeefjYee<ee³eeë ÒeJe=Êeew efue²ced- v³eemeë)
9. ³eLeemebK³ecevegosMemeceeveced - 1.3.10 - efve³eceë / HeefjYee<ee
(³e$eeveskesÀ GÎsefMeveesçvegÎsefMeve½e, le$eeefve³ecesve mecyevOes ÒeeHles efve³eceeLe&efceoceejY³eles ~ Deefve³eces
efve³ecekeÀeefjCeer HeefjYee<ee Fl³evegmeejsCe HeefjYee<eemet$eefceoced - v³eemeë)
10.efJeÒeefle<esOes Hejb keÀe³e&ced - 1.4.2 - efve³eceë / HeefjYee<ee
(efJeÒeefle<esOes Hejefcel³es<ee leg HeefjYee<ee - keÀeefMekeÀe)
11.DevegHemepe&veeled - 4.1.14 - DeefOekeÀejë / HeefjYee<ee
(DeefOekeÀejlJes meJee&efoieCesçÒemejeVeesefHemepe&veJ³eeJe=efÊeë mecYeJeë, HeefjYee<eeªHelJes leg kegÀ$eeefHe keÀeqmcebef½eoefHe
keÀe³ex efJeOes³es efJeOee³ekeÀmet$es<eg Dem³eeë HeefjYee<ee³eeë GHeefmLelesjeJeM³ekeÀlJeeled - ceneYee<³eefveiet{eketÀle³eë)
12.DeeÐevleJeoskeÀeqmceved - 1.1.21 - DeefleosMeë / HeefjYee<ee
(F³eefcen HeefjYee<ee YeJeefle ~ DeeÐevleJeoskeÀeqmceefVeefle - ce.Yee. 1.1.14)
13.HetJe&$eeefme×ced - 8.2.1 - DeefOekeÀejë / HeefjYee<ee
(Dem³e HeefjYee<eelJeced, DeefOekeÀejlJeáe - [e. ieesHeeueMeeðeer)
14.ÒeeioerJ³eleesçCed - 4.1.83 - DeefOekeÀejë/ efJeefOeë / HeefjYee<ee
(DeHeJeeoefJe<e³eb HeefjËl³e DeCed ÒeJele&les - Fefle HeefjYee<ee³eeë GHemLeeHeveb ke=Àleced - keÀeefMekeÀe)
HeefjYee<eeCeeb %eeHekeÀmet$eeefCe -
0.1 MeeðelJemecHeeokeÀHeefjYee<eeCeeb %eeHekeÀmet$eeefCe
1. DeveskeÀeued efMeled meJe&m³e - 1.1.55 9. Deleë ke=ÀkeÀefcekebÀmekegÀcYeHee$e...-8.3.46
2. Gefo®eecee*es J³eeflenejs - 3.4.19 10.Ëo³em³e ËuuesKe³eoCed uemeseq<Jeefle - 6.3.50
3. ooeefle oOeel³eesefJe&Yee<ee - 3.1.139 11.megeqHle*vleb Heoced - 1.4.14
4. mebK³ee³eeë DeefleMeovlee³eeë keÀved - 5.1.22 12.ieeflejvevlejë - 6.2.49
5. mLeefC[ueeled Meef³eleefj Je´les - 4.2.15 13.HetJee&efoefveë - 5.2.86
6. p³eeoeoer³emeë - 6.4.160 14.meHetJee&®®e - 5.2.87
7. efoJe Gled - 4.2.15 15.ef#e³ees oerIee&led - 8.2.46
8. $eÝle Gled - 6.1.111 16.efle<HegveJe&mJeesve&#e$eÜvÜs yengJe®evem³e...- 1.2.63
0.2 yeeOeJeerpeÒekeÀjCem³e HeefjYee<eeCeeb %eeHekeÀmet$eeefCe
1. Je=×Y³eë m³emeveesë - 1.3.92 7. DeY³eemem³eemeJeCex - 6.4.78
2. Jeen Tìd - 6.4.132 8. meceLee&veeb ÒeLeceeod Jee - 4.1.82
3. <elJelegkeÀesjefme×ë - 6.1.86 9. oerIeexçefkeÀleë - 7.4.83
4. Òel³e³eesÊejHeo³ees½e - 7.2.87 10.efvevoefnbmeeqkeÌueMeKeeoefJeveeMeHeefjef#eHeHeefjjìHeefjJee-
5. vesvêm³e Hejm³e - 7.3.22 efoJ³eeYee<eemet³ees Jeg_ed - 3.2.146
6. Deoes peeqiOeu³e&efHe efkeÀefle - 2.4.36 11.nMeéeleesue&*d ®e - 3.2.116
0.3 Mes<eeLe&keÀLeveÒekeÀjCemLeHeefjYee<eeCeeb %eeHekeÀmet$eeefCe
1. kegÀceej ÞeceCeeefoefYeë - 2.1.76 15. mJejefle metefle met³eefleOet_etefolees Jee - 7.2.44
2. DeOe¥ veHegbmekeÀced - 2.2.2 16. nsj®eef* - 7.3.56
3. GHeHeoceefle*d - 2.2.19 17. %eepeveespee& - 7.3.79
4. DeJ³eJesç³eLeeefYeÒesleeK³eeves ke=À_eë keÌlJeeCecegueew - 3.4.59 18. Deesie&gCeë - 6.4.146
5. veesÊejHeosçvegoeÊeeoeJeHe=eLf eJeer©êHet<eceeqv³e<eg - 6.1.142 19. Deeefveueesìd - 8.4.16
6. ³eleesçveeJeë - 6.1.213 20. leveeefoke=À_edY³eë Gë - 3.1.79
7. JeeceosJee[d[îe[d[îeew - 4.2.9 21. DevegoeÊeb HeoceskeÀJepe&ced - 6.1.158
8. Ce®eë eqðe³eeced - 5.4.14 22. Òel³e³eueesHes Òel³e³eue#eCeced - 1.1.62
9. Òeslejbéeeo³emlelHeg©<es - 6.2.193 23. DeeOe&OeelegkeÀm³es[d Jeueeosë - 7.2.35
10.efJeuJekeÀeefoY³eMím³e uegkedÀ-6.4.153 24. veece´sef[lem³eevl³em³e leg Jee - 6.1.99
11.keÀece&mlee®íeru³es - 6.4.172 25. DeefleefHeHel³eex½e - 7.4.77
12.oeefC[vee³eveneefmlevee³eve..- 6.4.174 26. DeefmLeoefOemekedÀL³e#Ceeceveg*og eÊeë ö 7.1.75
13. vesoceomeesjmkeÀesë - 7.1.11 27. DeCegefoled meJeCe&m³e ³eeÒel³e³eë - 1.1.69
14. ³em³e efJeYee<ee - 7.2.15 28. SkeÀe®ed GHeosMesçvegoeÊeeled - 7.2.161.
]
deg
JewÙeekeâjCeeefYeceleŠ keekeäÙeefmeæevleŠ
Òees. yevecee}er efyeMkee}Š
Yeeef<ekeâmebjÛeveeceefOeke=âlÙe efkeÛeejheÇme”s meke&heÇLeceb keekeäÙemebjÛeveeefke<eÙes efkeÛeejŠ DeekeMÙekeâŠ
heÇefleYeeefle ~ Ùeleesefn Demceekeâb efkeÛeejMewuÙeeb kewefkeOÙeb keekeäÙeceeOÙecesvewke heÇkeâšerYekeefle ~ ÙeÐeefhe
ef£švesmeÂMeeŠ kesâÛeve Yee<eekew%eeefvekeâeŠ leLÙesvewlesve menceleeŠ ve meefvle Ùeod ‘keekeäÙewjske mecYee<eCemÙe
heÇejcYeŠ mkeerkeâle&kÙeŠ’ Fefle, efkeâvleg DeeOegefvekeâwie&kes<ekeâwjvegmevOeevehetke&keâcesleled heÇceeCeerke=âleb kele&les Ùeod
Yee<eeÙeeŠ heÇejefcYekeâoMeeÙeeb keekeäÙeeveeced DeLekee keekeäÙeevleie&leeveeb Meyoeveeceske heÇÙeesieŠ ef›eâÙeles ~
yee}eveeb Yee<eeefMe#eCeheÇke=lleew lelmecyeæ-heÇefkeOeew kee Ùeefo olleekeOeeveeŠ YekesceŠ leefn& keÙeb õ<šgb Mekeâ>gceŠ
Ùelles meke&heÇLeceb keekeäÙeevÙeske DeYÙemÙeefvle, heÇÙeg_peles Ûe ~ kemleglemles keekeäÙewjske efÛevleÙeefvle leLee
DekeieÛÚefvle Deefhe~ Skeb ›eâceMemles<eeb heo-%eeveb Meyo-%eeve_Ûe keekeäÙeceeOÙecesvewke Yekeefle ~
ÙeÐeefhe keekeäÙeeveeb efkeefYeve>eŠ DekeÙekeeŠ mecYekeefvle leLeeefhe mechetCe&ekf eÛeejeCeeb keenkeâb keeÛekeâb kee
DeKeC[b keekeäÙeceskeeefmle ~ DeLe&Â<šîee ÙeÜekeäÙeceefmle ™heÂ<šîee meŠ Okeveerveeb mecetn Ske kele&les ~ ›eâceMeŠ
keekeäÙeekeÙekeeveeb efkekeâemeŠ DeYekelleLee MeyowŠ keekeäÙeefkeMeê<s eCeb Ûe meceYekeled ~ Dele Ske keekeäÙeeveeb, Meyoevee_Ûe
mkelev$emellee meke&Šw mkeerke=âlee kele&les ~ SleÙee hetke&heere"f keâÙee Sleled mhe<šerYekeefle ÙeÓe<eeÙeeŠ heÇÙeesieoMeeÙeeb
keekeäÙeeveeb heÇeOeevÙesve cenòkeb keefjkeefle& ~ Ùeleesenf keekeäÙewŠ efkevee Yee<eeÙeeŠ heÇÙeesieŠ, mecYee<eCeb kee ve mecYekeefle ~
efveke&ÛeveeOeejsCe Yee<eekeekeäÙeÙeesŠ DeLe&meecÙeceefhe õ<šgb MekeäÙeles ~ Yee<eeÙeeŠ kÙeglheeflleŠ - Yee<Ùeles Fefle Yee<ee
(Yee<ed+Dekeâd+šehed) FlÙeskeb ef›eâÙeles leLee keekeäÙemÙe Ûe kÙeglheeflleŠ - GÛÙeles Fefle keekeäÙeb (keÛed+CÙeled) Yekeefle ~
kemlegleŠ keekeäÙeceÙeefceob kÙekenejpeiel~ MeyoeefYekÙeòeâsÓefmceved }eskesâ DeefYeheÇeÙe-me*d›eâceCeeLe&b keekeäÙeeveeb
cenòkehetCe&e Yetecf ekeâe mkeerkeâle&kÙee Ske ~ keekeäÙeevÙeske DeLe&ekf eOeeÙekeâeefve Yekeefvle ~ leeefve Ûe Meyoeved efkevee
keâuheefÙelegb ve MekeäÙevles ~ MeyoeMÛe keCe&ew kf e&vee ve mecYekeefvle~ Dele Ske ÙeesieefMeKeesheefve<eefo GefuueefKeleb kele&les -
Dekeâejeefo#ekeâejevleevÙe#ejeefCe meceerjÙesled ~ De#ejsYÙees heoeefve mÙegŠ heosYÙees keekeäÙemecYekeŠ ~~1 Fefle
Dehejb Ûe Yele&n= efjCee Deefhe keCe&heokeekeäÙes<eg ve leLee keâMÛeve YesoŠ heÇkeâefuheleŠ ~ Ùeleesenf lesveesòeâced-
heos ve keCe&eŠ efkeÐevles keCe&s<kekeÙekeeŠ ve Ûe ~ keekeäÙeelheoeveecelÙevleb heÇefkekeskeâes ve keâMÛeve ~~2 Fefle
heele_pe}Ùeesiemet$eeOeejsCe heele_pe}eŠ ÙeesefieveŠ Deefhe heÇefleheeoÙeefvle Ùeled ßetÙeceeCee Ske
keCe&eŠ keekeäÙeMeyosve kÙekeÜerÙevles Fefle ~ kewÙeekeâjCes<eg heÇeÛeerveeMÛe DeefYeheÇÙeefvle Ùeod - keCe&cee}eÙeeb
heÇlÙeskeâb heoceskeâb keekeäÙeb Yekeleerefle heÇleereflejefmle ~ DeleŠ keekeäÙeefkeÛeejheÇme”s keeÛeŠ leLee leo”YetleÙeesŠ
keCe&-MeyoÙeesMÛe ÛeÛe&e DeheÇemeef”keâer ve kele&les ~
MeyomÙe cenòkeceeÛeeÙe&wŠ yengOee heÇefleheeefoleb kele&les ~ mebmeejs Ùeefo MeyoeKÙeb pÙeesefleve&eYeefke<Ùeled
leefn& Yegkeve$eÙeb vetveb lecemeeke=lleceYeefke<Ùeefoefle keâekÙeeoMe&s oefC[veesodIeesef<eleced -
FocevOeb leceŠ ke=âlme>b peeÙesle Yegkeve$eÙeced ~ Ùeefo Meyoe£Ùeb pÙeeseflejemebmeejb ve oerhÙeles ~~3 Fefle
%eeveb veece heÇkeâeMe™heced, De%eeve_Ûe DevOekeâej™heced ~ mebmeejs Skeb ve keâef_Ûep%eeveb
kele&les Ùeled Meyob efkevee kÙeòeâb Yeefkelegcen&efle ~ Sleoske keekeäÙeheoerÙes Yele&n= efjCee meg…g heÇelf eheeefoleb kele&les -
ve meesÓefmle heÇlÙeÙees }eskesâ ÙeŠ MeyoevegieceeÂles ~ Devegefkeæefceke %eeveb meke&b Meyosve Yeemeles ~~4 Fefle
GheÙe&gòeâeveeb keCe&-Meyo-keekeäÙe-leòkeeveecevegMeemeveb kÙeekeâjCeceske mecheeoÙeefle ~ kemlegleŠ
Meyo™hesCe kÙeekeâjCeb meke&efkeOemÙeeefhe heÇÙeesiemÙe DevegMeemeveb keâjesefle ~ Dele Ske ‘MeyoevegMeemeve’efceefle
kÙeekeâjCemÙe veeceevlejb heÇefmeæîeefle ~ `leomÙe leoefmceved mÙeeefo’efle heeefCeefvemet$emÙe5 kÙeeKÙeeveheÇme”s
keâwÙešŠ heÇefleheeoÙeefle Ùeod ‘Ùe$eeLe&s }eskeâeŠ Meyoeved heÇÙeg_peles leoLe&eefYeOeeefÙeve Ske MeeŒesCeevegefkeOeerÙevles
heÇÙeesiecet}lkeeod kÙeekeâjCemce=lesŠ’6 Fefle ~ ‘ceneved efn MeyomÙe heÇÙeesieefke<eÙeŠ’7 Fefle keolee hele_peef}vee
MeyomÙe kÙeehekeâlkeceefhe heÇelf eheeefoleced ~ keekeäÙeheoerÙes Yele&=nefjŠ MeyomÙe %eeveceÙelkeb heÇefleheeoÙeefle ~
kemlegleŠ %eevemÙewke Meyo™hesCe heefjCeecees Yekeefle ~ MeyoMÛe Deevevo™heŠ mkeerke=âleŠ DeelÙeefvlekeâmegKeolkeeled,
mkeie&Heâ}oòkeeÛÛe ~ Dele Ske hele_peef}vee ceneYee<Ùes heÇeòs eâb - SkeâŠ MeyoŠ mecÙei%eeleŠ MeeŒeeefvkeleŠ
megheÇÙegòeâŠ mkeie&s }eskesâ keâeceOetied Yekeefle8 Fefle ~ Dehej_Ûe ‘ÙeŠ MeeŒehetke&keâb Meyoeved heÇÙeg*òd eâs meesÓYÙegoÙesve
ÙegpÙeles, DeLekee hegvejmleg %eeves Ske Oece&Š’9 FlÙeeefo ceneYee<ÙekeÛeveevÙeefhe MeyomÙe yeÇåcelkehe#eb meceLe&Ùeefvle ~
hejchejÙee MeyoceÙemÙe keekeäÙemÙeeefhe cenòkeceslesve efmeæîelÙeske ~
keCe&-Meyo-keekeäÙeeeflcekeâeÙeeŠ keeÛeŠ oeMe&efvekeâb efkekesÛeveced - }eskesâ ÙeÐeefhe Yele&=njsŠ
MeyoyeÇåceefmeæevleŠ heÇefmeæes kele&les efkeâvleg SlemÙe efmeæevlemÙe yeerpecegheefve<elmeg õ<šgb MekeäÙeles ~
cew$esÙeesheefve<eefo Gòeâceefmle -
És yeÇåceCeer keseof lekÙes Meyo-yeÇåce hejb Ûe Ùeled ~ Meyo-yeÇåceefCe efve<CeeleŠ hejb yeÇåceeefOeieÛÚefle ~~10 Fefle
kewÙeekeâjCewŠ ve kesâke}b keeÛeŠ efkeâvleg he=Lei™hesCe keCe&-Meyo-keekeäÙeeveeceefhe leg}vee yeÇåceCee ef›eâÙeles
Ske ~ keeiyeÇåceCee men De#ejyeÇåce-MeyoyeÇåcemeÂMeeŠ efmeæevleeŠ YeejleerÙehejchejeÙeeb meke&Lee heÇemf eÐeefvle ~
keeiyeÇåce- Skeceske keeieefhe keso<s eg Gheefve<elmeg Ûe yeÇåcelkesve efveieÐeles ~ De$eemceeefYeŠ efkeefMe<Ùe
yeeiyeÇåceCe Ske ÛeÛe&e ef›eâÙeles ~ kemlegleesÓmcelhejchejeÙeeb keeÛeŠ peielkeâle&=lkeb heÇemf eæced ~ ‘keeieske efkeMkee
Yegkeveeefve pe%es’, ‘keeefiIe heÇpeeheefleŠ’11, ‘keeikew heÇpeeheefleŠ’12, ‘heÇpeeheefleke&w keekeäheefleŠ’13 FlÙeeoerevf e yeÇeåceCekeekeäÙeeefve
Ûe le$e heÇceeCeYetleeefve meefvle ~ Dehejb Ûe heÇpeeheefleefn& keekeâd14 FlÙehejb keÛeveceefhe leLÙecesleled meceLe&Ùeefle ~
kemleglees keeieefhe Meyo™heeÓefmle ~ Dele Skeeveskeâ$e mee yeÇåce™hesCe keefCe&lee kele&les ~ leÐeLee ‘keeied
kew yeÇåce’ Fefle keÛeveced SslejsÙeyeÇeåceCes15, MeleheLeyeÇeåceCes16, ke=noejCÙekeâesheefve<eefo17 Ûeeshe}YÙeles ~
‘keeiyeÇåce’18, ‘keeefiIe yeÇåce’19, ‘keeefieefle leod yeÇåce’20 FlÙesleeefve Ùeeefve keÛeveevlejeCÙeghe}YÙevles leevÙeefhe
keeÛeŠ yeÇåcelkeb heÇelf eheeoÙeefvle ~ ‘les ce=lÙegceeflekele&vles Ùes kew keeÛecegheemeles’21 Fefle ÚevoesiÙeesheefve<eÉÛeveceefhe keeÛeŠ
yeÇåceCee meeÂMÙeb meeOeÙeefle ~ Skeb keeÛeŠ yeÇåcelkes MeyomÙeeefhe yeÇåcelkecegheheve>ced ~
MeyoleòkemÙe ÛeÛe&eheÇme”s keeÛeŠ heje-heMÙevleer-ceOÙecee-kewKejer-™heeŠ heÇemf eæeMÛeleœeesÓkemLeeŠ
efkekesÛeveerÙeeŠ meefvle ~ heje keekeâd MeyoyeÇåce™hee cet}eOeejs (kegâC[ef}vÙeeb) kele&les, heMÙevleer Ûe veeefYeheÇoMs es
mebemf Lelee MeesYeles ~ ceOÙecee ùefo efle…efle ~ Skeb Ûe kewKejer keâC"osMes kele&les Fefle hejce}Iegce_peg<eeÙeeb
mHeâesšefve™heCeheÇme”s veeiesMeŠ heÇelf eheeoÙeefle ~ heÇme”sÓefmceved meŠ DeOeese} f efKeleeb keâeefjkeâecegæjefle -
heje kee*dcet}Ûe›eâmLee heMÙevleer veeefYemebemf Lelee ~ ùefomLee ceOÙecee %esÙee kewKejer keâC"osMeiee ~~ Fefle
Deemeg Ûeleme=<eg kee#eg kewKejer kÙekenejÙeesiÙee Yekeleerefle %eeheefÙelegb meŠ keoefle -
kewKeÙe&e efn ke=âlees veeoŠ hejßekeCeieesÛejŠ ~ ceOÙeceÙee ke=âlees veeoŠ mHeâesškÙe_pekeâ GÛÙeles ~~ Fefle
DeLe&eled ÙeÐeefhe ceOÙecee-kewKejerYÙeecegYeeYÙeeb veeoŠ ef›eâÙeles le$e Heâ}s YesoŠ ÂMÙeles ~
DeveÙeesce&OÙecee-veeoŠ mHeâesš™heMeyomÙe kÙe_pekeâŠ, kewKejerveeoMÛe meke&<s eeb ßeekeCeheÇlÙe#eefke<eÙees Yekeefle ~ kemlegleŠ
heje, heMÙevleer, ceOÙecesefle $eÙÙeŠ keeÛeŠ met#ce™heeŠ Yekeefvle ÙeeŠ iegneÙeeb efveefnleeŠ ves”Ùeefvle, ve
Ûes<švles ve kee efveefce<eefvle ~ DeleŠ kewKejerkeeÛeceske ceveg<Ùee keoefvle~ SlelheÇme”s $e+ikesomÙe keâMÛeve
cev$eŠ ceneYee<ÙemÙe hemheMeeefÖkesâÓefhe Gæ=leesÓefmle -
Ûelkeeefj keekeâd heefjefcelee heoeefve leeefve efkeogce&veeref<eCeŠ ~
iegne $eerefCe efveefnlee ves”Ùeefvle legjerÙeb keeÛees ceveg<Ùee keoefvle ~~22 Fefle
heje keekeâd keCe&eefoefkeMes<ejefnlee Ûesleveefceßee me=<šîegheÙeeseif eveer peieogheeoeveYetlee kegâC[ef}veer™hesCe
heÇeefCeveeb cet}eOeejs kele&les ~ mee Ûe kegâC[ef}vÙeeŠ heÇeCekeeÙegmebÙeesies kÙepÙeles ~ kee#eg kesâke}efceÙeceske
efveŠ<hevoe kele&les ~ DevÙeeŠ heMÙevlÙeeoÙeMÛe memhevoeŠ meefvle, ÙeeŠ SlemÙeeŠ efkekele&™heeŠ meefvle ~ FÙeceske
heje keekeâd ‘met#cemHeâesš’ FlÙegÛÙeles ~ Dele Ske Yele&n= efjCee kÙeekeâjCemÙe ef$eefkeOekeeefike<eÙelkeb heÇelf eheeefoleced -
kewKeÙe&e ceOÙeceeÙeeMÛe heMÙevlÙeeMÛewleoÆgleced ~ DeveskeâleerLe&YesomÙe $eÙÙeŠ keeÛeŠ hejb efkeogŠ ~~23 Fefle
kemlegleŠ Sleemeeb Ûeleme=Ceeb keeÛeeb keäkeefÛeod kÙeeke=âleekÙeeke=âleself e YesoÉÙesve keieerk& eâjCeb ÂMÙeles ~
kÙeeke=âlesefle Meyosve heMÙevlÙeeefo$eÙÙeeŠ, DekÙeeke=âlesefle Meyosve Ûe Meefòeâ-Meefòeâceoeefo-YesoMetvÙeeÙeeŠ
hejekeeÛeŠ kÙekenejŠ ~ Skeceske ceneYeejlesÓefhe keekeähetefke&keâeÙeeŠ me=<šsŠ efke<eÙes ÛeÛe&e meceghe}YÙeles -
DeveeefoefveOevee efvelÙee keeieglme=<še mkeÙecYegkee ~ Deeoew kesoceÙeer efokÙee ÙeleŠ meke&eŠ heÇke=lleÙeŠ ~~24 Fefle
GheÙe&gòeâeÙeeb keâeefjkeâeÙeeb keekeâdä-heosve heMÙevleer Ske ieÇeåÙee ~ kemlegleŠ lemÙeeŠ Ske Deesbkeâejes,
kesoŠ, MeyoyeÇåce ÛeslÙeeoerefve veeceevlejeefCe heÇefmeæîeefvle ~
De#ejyeÇåce :- ceneYee<Ùes keCe&meceece>eÙeŠ yeÇåcelkesve keefCe&leŠ ~ De#ejmeceece>eÙekeCe&veheÇme”s
hele_peef}Š heÇefleheeoÙeefle - ‘meesÓÙeced De#ejmeceece>eÙeŠ keekeämeceece>eÙeŠ, hegef<heleŠ Heâef}leMÛevõleejkeâekeled
heÇefleceefC[lees kesefolekÙees yeÇåcejeefMeŠ, meke&kesohegCÙeHeâ}ekeeefhleMÛeemÙe %eeves Yekeefle ceeleeefhelejew ÛeemÙe
mkeie&s }eskesâ cenerÙesles’25 Fefle ~ ‘Deesecf elÙeskeâe#ejb yeÇåce’ FlÙe$e heÇCekeŠ MeyoyeÇåce™hesCe keefCe&lees kele&les ~
metlemebefnleeÙeeb heÇCekeŠ hejehejYesosve efÉefkeOeŠ keâefuhelees kele&les - ‘hejŠ yeÇåceelcekeâŠ, DehejMÛe MeyoelcekeâŠ’~
S<eesÓ#ejMeyoŠ Meyoleòkesve mHeâesšelcevee mHeâesšveece>e kee kÙeekeâjCeMeeŒes efmeefæheLeceeieleŠ ~
MeyoyeÇåce - kewÙeekeâjCes<eg hele_peef}Š MeyoyeÇåceefke<eÙes mhe<šcegefuueKeefle ~ meesÓefhe
heÇme”sÓefmceved mee¹self ekeâb keweof keâceefYeceleb heuuekeÙeefle ~ $e+ikesoeogæ=lemÙe ‘Ûelkeeefj ëe=”e’ FlÙeeefocev$emÙe
kÙeeKÙeeveekemejs ceneYee<ÙemÙe šerkeâekeâejwŠ Gòeâced - cenevhejyeÇåcemke™heŠ, oskeesÓvleÙe&eefce™heŠ, meecÙeb
meeÙegpÙeefceefle ~ Devevlejb Yele&n= efjŠ SleoskeeefYeceleb efkemleeefjlekeeved ~ keekeäÙeheoerÙemÙe heÇLeces Meêeks esâ meŠ MeyoyeÇåceCeŠ
DeLe&™hesCe efkekele&veb oMe&Ùeefle ~ lemÙe celeevegmeejceveeefoefveOeveb meke&ieÇeåÙe-ieÇenkeâekeâejkeefpe&leb leled MeyoyeÇåce
ceeÙeemeefnleb meled veece™heelcekeâefceoceefKe}b peieod yegæew Deekeâ}ÙÙe mkekeâe}eKÙeÙee Meòeâîee levcee$eheokeeÛÙeeefve
DeekeâeMeeoerevf e GlheeoÙeefle ~ keekeäÙeheoerÙes vewkesâ<eg heÇme”s<eg MeyoyeÇåceefke<eÙes GuuesKeŠ heÇehÙeles ~
DeveeefoefveOeveb yeÇåce Meyoleòkeb Ùeo#ejced ~ efkekele&lesÓLe&Yeekesve heÇef›eâÙeepeielees ÙeleŠ ~~26
Devevlejb veeiesMeeefoefYeŠ }Iegce_peg<eeefoieÇvLes<eg MeyoyeÇåceCeŠ cenòkeefke<eÙes ÛeÛe&eb ke=âlekevleŠ ~ ce_pet<eeÙeeb
veeiesMeŠ MeòeâdÙeeßeÙeheÇkeâjCes MeyoyeÇåceCeŠ mke™heceskeb efkeke=Ceesefle - heÇ}Ùekeâe}s ceeÙee hejceelceefve
}erÙeles ~ hejvleg lemÙeeŠ DeelÙeefvlekeâes veeMees ve Yekeefle~ lemÙeecekemLeeÙeeb meke&b meghlekeled efle…efle ~
leleŠ ÙeLeekeâe}b ceeÙeeheg®<eÙeesŠ GlheòÙevevlejb efyevog™hecekÙeòeâb ef$eiegCeb Meefòeâceòkeb Ûe peeÙeles ÙemÙe
DeefÛeobMeŠ yeerpeced, efÛeoefÛeefvceßeesbÓMeŠ veeoŠ, efÛeobMeMÛe efyevogjefmle ~ lemceeod efyevoesŠ DekÙeòeâelcee
keCe&eefoefkeMes<ejefnleŠ veeocee$eb jkeŠ meceglheve>Š, ÙeŠ jkeŠ MeyoyeÇåcesefle meb%eÙee efveieodÙeles Fefle ~
Deefmceved heÇme”s vewÙeeefÙekeâ-ceerceebmekeâ-kewÙeekeâjCeeefYecele-Meyomke™he%eeveeLe&b DemceoerÙeb MeesOehe$eb
‘kewÙeekeâjCeeefYeceleŠ MeyoyeÇåceefmeæevleŠ - Skeâb meceekeâ}veced’27 hejece<š&gb MekeäÙeles ~
efkeefkeOeMeeŒeevegceleb keekeäÙe}#eCeced - DeLe&yeesOepevekeâmÙe keekeäÙemÙe mke™heefke<eefÙeCeer ÛeÛe&e
heÇeÛeervekeâe}eoskeeshe}YÙeles ~ efkeefYeve>Šw MeeŒekeâejwŠ keekeäÙemÙe }#eCeb efYeve>eYf eve>heÇkeâejsCe ke=âleced ~ ve kesâke}b
kewÙeekeâjCeeŠ efkeâvleg vewÙeeefÙekeâeŠ, ceerceebmekeâeŠ, Dee}bkeâeefjkeâemleLee DevÙesÓefhe MeeŒekeâejeŠ mkemkeMeeŒeÂ<šîee
keekeäÙemke™heb efkekeseÛf elekevleŠ ~ les<eeb efkeÛeejs<eg keäkeefÛeled meecÙeb kele&les keäkeefÛeÉw<ecÙeb Ûe heefj}#Ùeles ~ De$e ÙeÐeefhe
cegKÙeleÙee kewÙeekeâjCeeefYeceleb keekeäÙemke™heb hegjmke=âlÙewke efkeÛeejeŠ heÇmletÙevles, leLeeefhe heÇme”leŠ DevÙes<eeb MeeŒekeâejeCeeb
efkeefMe<Ùe vewÙeeefÙekeâ-ceerceebmekeâeveeceefhe kesâÛeve efkeÛeejeŠ mebe#f ehÙe heÇmletÙevles ~
DecejkeâesMekeâejesÓcejefmebnŠ keekeäÙe}#eCeb efkeOeelegkeâecees keoefle -
`megefhle*vleÛeÙees keekeäÙeced ef›eâÙee kee keâejkeâeefvkelee'28 Fefle ~
keâewefšuÙeŠ Deefhe mkekeâerÙes DeLe&MeeŒes keekeäÙe}#eCeb kegâke&ved keoefle -
`heomecetnes keekeäÙeceLe&meceehleew Meòeâced'29 Fefle ~
SleeYÙeeb heÇeÛeervekeekeäÙe}#eCeeYÙeeb megefhle*vleheomecetnes keekeäÙeb Yekeleerefle DeLe&Š }YÙeles ~
vewÙeeefÙekeâeefYeceleb keekeäÙe}#eCeced - vewÙeeefÙekesâ<eg ie”sMeŠ mkekeâerÙes leòkeefÛevleeceCeew keekeäÙe}#eCeb
heÇmlegkeved keoefle - `keekeäÙelkeb Ûe efkeefMe<šeLe&hejMeyolkeced Fefle' ~ peieoerMeYeóeÛeeÙe&Š MeyoMeefòeâheÇkeâeefMekeâeÙeeŠ
mkeeshe%eke=lleew keekeäÙemke™heb heÇefleheeoÙeved keoefle - ÙeeÂMe-Meyoeveeb ÙeeÂMeeLe&efke<eefÙeleekeâevkeÙeyeesOeb heÇefle
Devegkeât}e hejmhejekeâe*d#ee leeÂMeMeyomleesce Ske leLeeefkeOeeLe&s keekeäÙeced30 Fefle ~ ‘mkeeLe&yeesOemeceehleŠ
heomecetnŠ keekeäÙeced’ Fefle lemÙeeefYeceleced ~
ceerceebmekeâeefYeceleb keekeäÙe}#eCeced - ‘meceefYenejes keekeäÙeced’ Fefle ceerceebmekeâeefYeceleb keekeäÙe}#eCeb yengOee
mkeerke=âleceefmle ~ SlemÙe Ske }#eCemÙe heuuekeveb hejkeefle&eYf eŠ ceerceebmeeÛeeÙe&Šw ef$eOee ke=âleb ÂMÙeles ~ leÐeLee -
(i) De”lkeIeškeâerYetlehejesösMÙelkeke=âeflekeâejkeâlkeevÙelejheoeLe&yeesOekeâheokeâuheveevegkeât}-
ßegleheomeefve>efOeŠ, me Ûee”lkeIeškeâerYetlekeâjCelkekeâce&lkeevÙelejefke<eÙekeâMeòeâîepevÙe-MeeyoyeesOeevegkeât}-
heomeceefYekÙeenejes keekeäÙeced,
(ii)De”lkeIeškeâhejmhejheoeLe&mebmeie&ke=eflleMeòeâîeheÇÙeespÙeefke<eÙeleekeâMeeyoyeesOeevegkeât}-
heomeceefYekÙeenejes keekeäÙeced ~ leLee
(iii)leoLe&MÛee”lkeIeškeâerYetleb ÙelkeâjCelkeb keâce&lkeb kee leovÙelejefke<eÙeleekeâes ÙeŠ MeòeâîepevÙe-
yeesOemleovegkeât}Š meceefYekÙeenejes keekeäÙeced31 Fefle ~
ceerceebmeemet$ekeâejes pewecf eefveŠ ‘DekeefMe<šmleg keekeäÙeeLe&Š’32 Fefle keekeäÙemke™heb heÇelf eheeoÙeefle ~ }eskesâ
kesos Ûe keekeäÙeeLe&Š meceeveŠ Ske Yekeefle FlÙegheÙe&gòeâmÙe met$emÙe leelheÙe&ced ~ ceerceebmeemet$es DevÙe$eeefhe
pewefceefvevee keekeäÙemke™heb efÉOee heÇefleheeefoleceefmle ~ leod ÙeLee -
(i) meekeâe*d#eb lkeskeâkeekeäÙeb mÙeeomeceehleb efn hetke&sCe33 Fefle leLee
(ii) meceehleb Ûe Heâ}s keekeäÙeced34 Fefle Ûe ~
kesoevleMeeŒeeefYeceleb keekeäÙe}#eCeced - ßeermeoevevoŠ kesoevlemeejmÙe cenekeekeäÙeeLe&heÇkeâjCes
keekeäÙemke™heceskeceghemLeeheÙeefle -
mebmeiee&s kee efkeefMe<šes kee keekeäÙeeLee&s veecemecceleŠ ~ DeKeC[wkeâjmelkesve keekeäÙeeLee&s efkeog<eeb celeŠ ~~35 Fefle
Dee}¿eefjkeâeefYeceleb keekeäÙe}#eCeced - efkeMkeveeLekeâefkejepesve meeefnlÙeohe&Ces keekeäÙe}#eCeb meg…g
heÇefleheeefoleceefmle~ lemÙe celeevegmeejb ÙeesiÙelee-Deekeâe*d#ee-DeemeeflleÙegleŠ heomecetn Ske keekeäÙeb Yekeefle -
`keekeäÙeb mÙeeodÙeesiÙeleekeâe*d#eemeeflleÙegòeâŠ heoesÛÛeÙeŠ'36 Fefle ~
Ûevõe}eskeâmÙe šerkeâekeâejsCe kewÐeveeLeheeÙeiegC[scenesoÙesve efkeefMe<šwkeâeLe&heÇefleheeokeâefvejekeâe*d#e-
heomecetnes keekeäÙeced Fefle keolee mkekeâerÙeb keekeäÙe}#eCeb heÇmlegleced ~37
kewÙeekeâjCeeefYeceleb keekeäÙe}#eCeced - Skeâefle*vleeLe&-cegKÙeefkeMes<Ùekeâ-yeesOepevekeâ-heomecetnes keekeäÙeced
Fefle meke&mecceleb kewÙeekeâjCeeefYeceleb keekeäÙe}#eCeced ~ heomebIeelepeb keekeäÙeced Fefle mebieÇnkeâejsCe kÙeeef[vee
mebieÇns heÇefleheeefoleceemeerled efkeâvleg leuueewefkeâkeâ}#eCeb cevÙeles ~ keeefle&keâkeâejŠ keâelÙeeÙeveŠ Skeâefle*d
keekeäÙeced38 Fefle keeefle&keâcegKesve MeeŒeerÙeb keekeäÙe}#eCeb heÇmleewefle ÙemÙe heuuekeveb efkekesÛeve_Ûe hejkeefle&efve
keâe}s hele_peef}-heÇYe=efleefYeŠ ke=âleb ÂMÙeles ~
GheÙe&gòeâmÙe keeefle&keâmÙe kÙeeKÙeeb heÇmlegkeved Yee<ÙekeâejŠ hele_peef}Š keâLeÙeefle - Skeâefle*d
keekeäÙemeb%eb Yekeleerefle keòeâkÙeced ~ DeeKÙeeleb meekÙeÙeb mekeâejkeâb mekeâejkeâefkeMes<eCeb keekeäÙemeb%eb Yekeleerefle
keòeâkÙeced ~ meekÙeÙeced FlÙeslesve meg…g heÛeefle, og…g heÛeefle, GÛÛewŠ he”leerlÙeeoerveeb keekeäÙelkeb
efmeæîeefle ~ Skeceske GÛÛewŠ he"efle FlÙemÙeeefhe ~ mekeâejkeâefceefle keâLevesve Deesoveb heÛeefle FlÙemÙe
leLee mekeâejkeâefkeMes<eCeced FlÙevesve ce=og efkeMeoceesoveb heÛeefle FlÙemÙe Ûe keekeäÙelkeb efmeæîeefle ~39
De$e meekÙeÙekeâejkeâefkeMes<eCeefceefle }#eCeevegmeejb heÇlÙeskeâb keekeäÙeb Yekeefle mecegeof leb kee keekeäÙeefcelÙe$e
efveÙecees veeefmle ~ ÙeÐeefhe DekÙeÙemÙeeefhe keâejkeâlkeb efkeMes<eCelke_Ûe efmeæîeefle leLeeefhe lemÙe he=Lekeâd
heÇefleheeoveb mhe<šeLe&ceske ~ meef›eâÙeeefkeMes<eCe_Ûe keòeâkÙeefceefle Ùeled hele_peef}vee Gòeâb le$e heÇlÙeemeòÙee
keâejkeâmÙewke Ùeod efkeMes<eCeb leod ie=åÙeles ve leg ef›eâÙeeÙeeŠ ~ DeeKÙeeleheosve Ûe ef›eâÙeeheÇeOeevÙeb }#Ùeles ~
lesve ‘oskeollesve heef”lekÙe’efcelÙeeoew keekeäÙelkeb efmeæîeefle ~ meefkeMes<eCeefcelÙe$e mee#eelhejchejÙee kee Ùeod
efkeMes<eCeb lelmeefnleefcelÙeLe&Š yeesOÙeŠ ~ Skeb meefle ‘veÐeeefmle… keât}s’ FlÙeeoew veÐeeŠ FlÙeeosŠ meceevekeekeäÙelkeb
efmeæîeefle ~ Sleoske }#eerke=âlÙe DecejkeâesMes Decejefmebnsve keâejkeâeefvkeleef›eâÙeekeeÛekeâmÙe megyevleÛeÙemÙe,
efle*vleÛeÙemÙe DeLekee GYeÙemÙe leLee leÙeesŠ DevÙelejmÙe kee keekeäÙelkeb heÇefleheeefoleced ~ keâejkeâ_Ûe
efle*vlekeeÛÙeb leoefleefjòeâkeeÛÙeb kesefle veeefmle keâMÛeve DeeieÇnŠ ~
Sleoske SkeâesösMÙekeâ-SkeâefkeOesÙelkeieYe&ced SkeâkeekeäÙe}#eCeb keekeäÙeheoerÙekeâejsCe Yele&=nefjCee
DeOeesef}efKeleeÙeeb keekeäÙeheoerÙekeâeefjkeâeÙeeb meg…g heÇefleheeefoleced -
meekeâe*d#eekeÙekeb Yesos hejeveekeâe*d#eMeyokeâced ~ ef›eâÙeeheÇOeeveb iegCekeoskeâeLe&b keekeäÙecegÛÙeles ~~40 Fefle ~
De$e keâeefjkeâeÙeecegeuf ueefKeleb keekeäÙeheoceskeâkeekeäÙeyeesOekeâced ~ Dele Ske GösMÙeeveskeâlkes efkeOesÙeeveskeâlkes
Ûe keekeäÙeYesos meefle DeLe&kw eâlkeeoskeâb keekeäÙeb meekeâe*d#eb Ûesod efkeYeeies mÙeeefoefle peewecf eefvemet$eceefhe mebieÛÚles ~
keekeäÙe}#eCeheÇÙegòeâceeKÙeeleheoceefOeke=âlÙe veeiesMekeâwÙešÙeesŠ celeevewkeäÙeb kele&les ~ keâwÙešmleg
DeeKÙeeleefcelÙe$e Skeâlkeefkeke#eCeeled heÛeefleYekeleerlÙeeoew efÉlkeheÇme”s efle*efle*Š FlÙevesve met$esCe efveIeeleb
ve Devegcevetles ~ Gòeâb Ûe lesve heÇoerhes - ‘DeeKÙeeleefceefle Ûewkeâlkeb efkeke#Ùeles }#eCeefkeOeevemeeceLÙe&eled ~
heÛeefleYekeleerlÙeeoew melÙeefhe meeOÙe-meeOeveYeekes DeeKÙeeleÙeeseÉf l& keeled meceevekeekeäÙelkeeYeekeeled efveIeeleheÇme”eled’~
veeiesMemleg GheÙe&gòeâb keâwÙešceleb oes<eÙegòeâb celkee leled KeC[Ùeved keoefle - DeeKÙeeleefcelÙe$e SkeâlkemÙe
efkeke#eCes meefle kÙeefòeâhe#es ‘ve yeÇeåceCeb nvÙeeod’ FlÙeeoew Skeâb yeÇeåceCeced Denlkee ke=âleer mÙeeefoefle
Yee<ÙeesòeâvÙeeÙesve SkeâmÙewke DeeKÙeelemÙe keekeäÙelkeb mÙeeled ve leg DeeKÙeeleevlejmÙesefle ~
keâeefMekeâekeâejeYÙeeb peÙeeefolÙe-keeceveeYÙeeceefhe keâeefMekeâeÙeeced `SkeâeLe&Š heomecetnes keekeäÙeced'41
Fefle keekeäÙe}#eCeb heÇmlegleced ~
efkeefkeOeMeeŒeevegceleŠ keekeäÙeefkeYeeieŠ - yengefYeŠ MeeŒekeâejwÙe&Lee keekeäÙe}#eCeb yengOee ke=âleb leLee
lewŠ keekeäÙeefkeYeeieŠ Deefhe yengefkeOe heÇkeefle&leŠ ~ Sles keekeäÙeYesoeŠ keâefmceved mecheÇoeÙes kesâ<eeceeÛeeÙe&eCeeb
kele&vles Fefle meecheÇleb efkece=MÙeles -
vewÙeeefÙekeâwŠ heÇelf eheeefoleŠ keekeäÙeefkeYeeieŠ - vewÙeeefÙekeâwŠ keekeäÙeb efÉefkeOece”eref›eâÙeles - heÇceeCekeekeäÙeced
DeheÇceeCekeekeäÙe_Ûesefle ~ le$e heÇceeCekeekeäÙeb veece Deekeâe*d#ee-ÙeesiÙelee-meefve>efOeceleeb heoeveeb mecetnŠ ~
ÙeLee ieeceeveÙe FlÙeeefo~ DeheÇceeCekeekeäÙeb ÙeLee - keefÖvee efme_Ûeefle, Üoes keefÖceeved FlÙeeefo~42
leÛÛe keekeäÙeb keâwefMÛeod DevÙeLee Deefhe efkeYepÙeles ~ ÙeLee Deve>cYeósve keekeäÙeb }ewefkeâkeâ-
kewefokeâlkesve efÉefkeOeefcelÙegòeâced ~ F&Mkejesòeâlkeeled kewefokeâb meke&ceske heÇceeCeced, }ewefkeâkeâ_ÛeeheÇceeCeefceefle
lemÙe ÙegefòeâŠ ~ leLee Ûeesòeâb lekeâ&mebieÇns - ‘keekeäÙeb efÉefkeOeb, }ewefkeâkeâb kewefokeâb Ûe, le$e kewefokeâceerMkejesòeâlkeeled
meke&ceske heÇceeCeced, DevÙeoheÇceeCeced43~ le$e kesoIeškeâb keekeäÙeb kewefokeâced44 Fefle keekeäÙeke=efllekeâejŠ ~
lemÙesMkejesòeâlkes heÇceeCecevegceeveced ~ leÛÛe kesoŠ heew®<esÙees keekeäÙelkeeod Yeejleeefokeled’45~
MeyoMeefòeâheÇkeâeefMekeâeÙeeb peieoerMesve keekeäÙeb Ûelegefke&Oeb mkeerke=âleced ~ leÛÛe ÙeLee megyevleb,
efle*vleb, megyevlewkeâmeceefvkeleced leLee megehf le*vleÉÙeieYe&_Ûeself e ~ MeyoMeefòeâheÇkeâeefMekeâeÙeeŠ šerkeâeÙeecegeuf ueefKelee
DeOeesef}efKelee keâeefjkeâe SleÛÛelegefke&Oeb keekeäÙemke™heceskecegefuueKeefle -
megyevleb Ûe efle*vleb Ûe megyevlewkeâmeceefvkeleced ~ megefhle*vleÉÙeieYe&b keekeäÙeceskeb Ûelegefke&Oeced ~~46
le$ewke keekeäÙeb hegvejvÙeLee efÉOee efkeYepÙeles - cenekeekeäÙeced, DekeevlejkeekeäÙeb (KeC[keekeäÙeb)
Ûesefle ~ cenekeekeäÙeb Ûe mkeIeškeâeveskeâveece}YÙeleeÂMeeLe&yeesOekeâb keekeäÙeced47 Fefle keâLÙeles ~
vewÙeeefÙekeâwŠ ef›eâÙeejefnleceefhe keekeäÙelkesve mkeerke=âleceefmle ~ DeleŠ les<eeb celeevegmeejb - megyevlemecetnŠ,
efle*vlemecetnŠ leLee megyevle-efle*vlemecetnMÛeslÙeskebheÇkeâejkeâb ef$eefkeOeb keekeäÙeb mecYekeefle ~ ÙeLee ‘$eÙeŠ
keâe}eŠ’ Fefle megyevlemecetnelcekeâb keekeäÙeb Yekeefle ~ Skeceske ‘heÛeefle Yekeefle’ Fefle efle*vlemecetnelcekeâb
keekeäÙeb Yekeefle leLee ‘Ûew$eŠ heÛeefle’ Fefle megyevle-efle*vleÙeesŠ mecegoeÙeelcekeâb keekeäÙeb Yekeefle ~
ceerceebmekeâwŠ heÇefleheeefoleŠ keekeäÙeefkeYeeieŠ - ceerceebmekeâeŠ efkeefOekeekeäÙeb efve<esOekeekeäÙeefceefle efÉefkeOeb
keekeäÙece”erkegâke&efvle ~ le$e efkeefOekeekeäÙeb ÙeLee - mkeie&keâecees Ùepesle ~ Skeceske efve<esOekeekeäÙe_Ûe ÙeLee ve
keâ}_peb Ye#eÙesled ~ lev$ekeeefle&kesâ kegâceeefj}Yeósve SkeâkeekeäÙelkeheÇme”s Gòeâced -
mkeeLe&yeesOes meceehleeveece”eef”lkekÙehes#eÙee ~ keekeäÙeeveeceskeâkeekeäÙelkeb hegveŠ mebnlÙe peeÙeles ~~
le$e Ûe keekeäÙemÙe GoenjCeb ÙeLee - oMe&hetCe&ceemeeYÙeeb Ùepesle pÙeesefle<šescesve Fefle leLee
cenekeekeäÙeb veece DeKeC[eLe&yeesOekeâkeekeäÙeefceefle ~
keekeäÙeyeesOeheÇme”s DeefYeefnleevkeÙekeeoŠ, DeefvkeleeefYeOeevekeeoMÛesefle ceerceebmekeâeveeb keeoÉÙeb
heÇefmeæîeefle ~ DeefYeefnleevÙekeeefoveeb celes - mebIeelekeeoŠ ›eâcekeeoŠ Fefle Yele&=nefjheÇefleheeefoleb keekeäÙekeeoÉÙeb
Heâef}leb Yekeefle ~ Skeceske DeefvkeleeefYeOeevekeeefoveeb celes Ûe DeeKÙeele-MeyokeeoŠ, DeeÐeheokeeoŠ
he=LekedÀ-meekeâe*d#e-meke&heokeeoMÛesefle keeo$eÙeb Heâef}leb ÂMÙeles ~
kesoeefvleefYeŠ heÇefleheeefoleŠ keekeäÙeefkeYeeieŠ - ceeÙeekeeefoefYeŠ DeÉwlekesoeefvleefYeŠ keekeäÙeb, cenekeekeäÙe_Ûesefle
efÉefkeOeb keekeäÙeb mkeerke=âleced ~ le$e Ûe cenekeekeäÙeb ÙeLee - heÇ%eeveb yeÇåce, Denb yeÇåceeefmce, leòkeceefme,
DeÙeceelcee yeÇåce FlÙeeefo ~
Dee}¿eefjkeâwŠ heÇelf eheeefoleŠ keekeäÙeefkeYeeieŠ - meeefnlÙeohe&CekeâejmÙe efkeMkeveeLekeâefkejepemÙe celeevegmeejceefhe
keekeäÙeb efÉefkeOeb Yekeefle - keekeäÙeb leLee cenekeekeäÙe_Ûeself e ~ meeefnlÙeohe&CemÙe efÉleerÙesÓOÙeeÙes lesve heÇelf eheeefoleced -
`keekeäÙeesÛÛeÙees cenekeekeäÙeefcelLeb keekeäÙeb efÉOee celeced' ~~48
le$e Ûe keekeäÙemÙe GoenjCeceOeesef}efKelecegæ=leb kele&les -
MetvÙeb keemeie=nb efke}eskeäÙe MeÙeveeoglLeeÙe efkeâef_ÛeÛÚvew-, efve&õekÙeepecegheeielemÙe megeÛf ejb efveke&CÙe& helÙegce&Kg eced ~
efkeßeyOeb peeleheg}keâecee}eskeäÙe ieC[mLe}erced, }ppeeveceÇcegKeer efheÇÙesCe nmelee yee}e efÛejb Ûegecf yelee ~~49
levceleevegmeejsCe cenekeekeäÙe_Ûe jeceeÙeCe-ceneYeejleeefo-cenekeâekÙeeefve meefvle ~ 50
Skeb meke&ceenlÙe MeeŒeevegcelees keekeäÙeefkeYeeieŠ DeOeese} f efKeleŠ heÇehÙeles ÙemÙe ÛeÛe&e Gheefj heÇmleglee -
(i) }ewefkeâkeâkeekeäÙeced kewefokeâkeekeäÙe_Ûesefle keekeäÙeb efÉefkeOeced
(ii) heÇceeCekeekeäÙeced DeheÇceeCekeekeäÙe_Ûesefle keekeäÙeb efÉefkeOeced
(iii) megyevleb, efle*vleb, megyevlewkeâmeceefvkeleb leLee megefhle*vleÉÙeieYe&_Ûesefle keekeäÙeb Ûelegefke&Oeced
(iv) megyevlemecetnŠ, efle*vlemecetnŠ leLee megyevle-efle*vlemecetnMÛesefle keekeäÙeb Ûelegefke&Oeced
(v) cenekeekeäÙeced, DekeevlejkeekeäÙe_Ûesefle keekeäÙeb efÉefkeOeced
(vi) efkeefOekeekeäÙeb efve<esOekeekeäÙe_Ûesefle keekeäÙeb efÉefkeOeb leLee
(vii) keekeäÙeb, cenekeekeäÙe_Ûesefle keekeäÙeb efÉefkeOeced ~
keekeäÙeoes<eeŠ - keekeäÙemÙe Ûelkeejes oes<eeŠ Yekeefvle - YeÇceŠ, heÇceeoŠ, efkeheÇef}hmee leLee keâCe&heeške_Ûe ~
Sles<eeb ÛelegCe&eb oes<eeCeeb }#eCeeefve DeOeesef}efKeleeefve meefvle - SkeâheoeLe&s DehejheoeLe&mebmeie&ejeshees
YeÇceŠ, DekeeÛÙes keeÛÙelkeejesheŠ heÇceeoŠ, DevÙeLee %eelemÙeeLe&mÙeevÙeLee yeesOeefÙelegefceÛÚe efkeheÇef}hmee
leLee MeyoesÛÛeejCeevekeât}leeukeeefo kÙeeheejMetvÙelkeb keâCe&heeške_Ûe ~ De$ewleod OÙeelekÙeceefmle Ùeled
Deekeâe*d#ee-ÙeesiÙelee-meefve>efOeÙegòeâs<eg heÇceeCekeekeäÙes<eg GheÙe&gòeâeŠ oes<eeŠ ve Yekeefvle Fefle ~
Yele&=nefjheÇefleheeefoleb keekeäÙemke™heced - kewÙeekeâjCes<eg Yele&n= efjŠ keekeäÙeeveeb keieerk& eâjCes cegKejes ÂMÙeles ~
lesve mkekeâerÙes keekeäÙeheoerÙes keekeäÙemÙe De<šefkeOeb mke™heb ÙeLeeMeeŒeb efkece=<šced ~ kemlegleŠ lesve
mkeefmLeeflekeâe}heÙe&vleb heÇefmeæeveeceghe}yOeeveeb meces<eeb keekeäÙeefmeæevleeveeb meb#esheŠ Ske heÇmlegleŠ ~ keekeäÙeheoerÙes
GefuueefKeleb keekeäÙemke™heheÇefleheeefokeâb keâeefjkeâeÉÙeceOeesef}efKeleced Deefmle -
DeeKÙeeleMeyoŠ mebIeelees peeefleŠ mebIeelekeefle&veer ~ SkeâesÓvekeÙekeŠ MeyoŠ ›eâcees yegæîevegmebùefleŠ ~~
heoceeÐeb he=Lekeâd meke&b heob meekeâe*d#eefcelÙeefhe ~ keekeäÙeb heÇefle ceefleefYe&ve>e yengOee vÙeeÙekeeefoveeced ~~51
DeveÙeesŠ keâeefjkeâÙeesŠ efve<keâ<e&™hesCe heÇelf eheeefoleeveece<šefkeOekeekeäÙemke™heeCeeb efkekejCeb hegCÙejepesve
FlLeb heÇmlegleced -
1. DeeKÙeeleMeyoŠ keekeäÙeced 5. ›eâceŠ keekeäÙeced
2. mebIeeleŠ keekeäÙeced 6. yegæîevegmebùefleŠ keekeäÙeced
3. mebIeelekeefle&veer peeefleŠ keekeäÙeced 7. DeeÐeheob keekeäÙeced leLee
4. SkeâesÓvekeÙekeŠ MeyoŠ keekeäÙeced 8. he=Lekeâd meke&b heob keekeäÙe_Ûesefle ~
Sles<eeb keekeäÙeefkekeâuheeveeb efkeMes<eheÇeflehelleÙes leefÉkejCeb heÇmletÙeles -
1. DeeKÙeeleMeyoŠ keekeäÙeced - DeeKÙeeleMeyoŠ ef›eâÙeeheokeeÛeer ~ lemceeled ef›eâÙee efn keekeäÙeefceefle
leelheÙe&ced ~ Yele&n= jsŠ celeevegmeejsCe keekeäÙesve mhe<šeLe&heÇleerelf eŠ leowke mecYekeefle Ùeoe keekeäÙes ef›eâÙee heÇÙegpÙeles ~
leÛÛe ef›eâÙeeheob ßetÙeceeCeced DevegcesÙeb kee FlÙevÙeŠ heÇMe>Š, efkeâvleg keekeäÙeeLe&heÇleerlÙew ef›eâÙeemellee DeefvekeeÙe&e
Ske ~ Gòeâ_Ûe keekeäÙeheoerÙes nefjke=lleew :- lemÙe ßetÙeceeCeb ef›eâÙeeheoced DevegceerÙeceeveb ef›eâÙeeheob kee
keekeäÙeceske meke&kÙekenejs<etheheÐeles52 Skeâlke-efvelÙelkekeeefovemleg efkeefMe<še ef›eâÙee Ske keekeäÙeefceefle heÇelf eheeoÙeefvle~
les<eeb celes MeyoŠ Skeâ Ske mee Ûe ef›eâÙee, DeLe&esÓhÙeskeâ Ske mee Deefhe ef›eâÙee ~ DeheesæejsCe Ûe
kÙekenejeLe&ceskeâe Ske ef›eâÙee Deveskeâ™hesCe heefjkeâuheles Fefle Yele&=nefjCee heÇefleheeefoleced ~ keekeäÙes keâeefÛeled
ef›eâÙee Ske efveÙelee Yekeefle ~ lemÙeeŠ heÇÙeesiesCe keâle&gŠ keâce&CeMÛe mkeleŠ Yeeveb Yekeefle ~ ‘oskeŠ pe}b
ke<e&efle’ FlÙeefmceved keekeäÙes ke<e&efle Fefle keâLevesve keâle&e, keâce& Ûe mkeleŠ Skeeef#ehÙesles ~
DeeKÙeeleMeyoŠ keekeäÙeced FlÙemÙe DevÙeŠ he#eŠ Deefhe Yele&=nefjCee heÇefleheeefoleŠ ~ Skeâwke
ef›eâÙee Deelceefve keâeefveefÛeod efkeefMe<šeefve heoevÙevleYe&tÙe mechetCe&b keekeäÙeb cevÙeles ~ Gòeâb efn keekeäÙeheoerÙes -
keekeäÙeb leoefhe cevÙesle Ùelheob Ûeefjleef›eâÙeced ~ DevlejsCe ef›eâÙeeMeyob keekeäÙeeoske efn oMe&veeled ~~53 Fefle
Deefmceved efkekeâuhes heÇÙegòeâced DeeKÙeeleheob keâelÙeeÙevemÙe - ‘DeeKÙeeleb meekÙeÙe-keâejkeâ-
efkeMes<eCeb keeÛÙeced’ Fefle keeefle&keâeod ie=nerleb mÙeeled ~ Ùeleesefn DekÙeÙeb keâejkeâefkeMes<eCeefkeefMe<šced DeeKÙeeleceske
keekeäÙeefceefle keâelÙeeÙeveŠ ~ Deefmceved heÇme”s DeeKÙeeleMeyokeeefovemleg meefkeMes<eCeced FlÙeske mkeerkegâke&efvle ~
Ùeleesefn DeeKÙeelemÙe mecyevOesve melÙekemejs keâejkeâeefoefkeMes<eCeeefve mkeleŠ Ske DeOÙeeefÜÙevles ~
2. mebIeeleŠ keekeäÙeced - keCe&mebIeelepeb heob, heomebIeelepeb keekeäÙeced Fefle heÇeÛeerveekeOeejCeeceeefßelÙe
Ske DeÙeb ‘mebIeeleŠ keekeäÙeced ‘ Fefle keeoŠ heÇkele&les ~ SkeâlkekeeoevegÙeefÙeveŠ ‘SkeâeLe&heÇefleheeokeâŠ heomecetnes
keekeäÙeced’ Fefle mkeerkegâke&efvle ~ ÙeLee meke&eefCe meeOeveeefve efceef}lkee heekeâef›eâÙeeb mecheeoÙeefvle, ÙeLee Ûe
meskekeâeŠ mecYetÙe efMeefkekeâecegÉnefvle leLewke heoevÙeefhe efceef}lkewke keekeäÙeeLe&b heÇefleheeoÙeefvle ~ Gòeâb efn
YeespemÙe ëe=”ejheÇkeâeMes - ÙeLee $eÙeesÓefhe ieÇekeeCe GKeeb OeejÙeefvle, ÛelkeejesÓhÙegoÙd evleejŠ efMeefkekeâecegÐeÛÚefvle,
meke&eefCe Deefhe keâejkeâeefCe heekeâb meeOeÙeefvle leLee heoevÙeefhe meke&eefCe keekeäÙeeLe&cevkekeieceÙeefvle ~
kemlegleŠ mebIeelekeeosÓefmceved heoeefve mkelev$eeefCe, hejlev$eeefCe kee FlÙeeefßelÙe ceerceebmeeoMe&ves
DeefYeefnleevkeÙekeeoŠ DeefvkeleeefYeOeevekeeoMÛesefle keeoÉÙeb heÇÛeef}leced ~ ÙeÐeefhe mebIeelekeeoesÓÙeced
DeefYeefnleevkeÙekeeoeveg™hees kele&les Fefle hegCÙejepeŠ DeefYeheÇwefle, efkeâvleg kegâceeefj}Yeósve leovegÙeeefÙeefYeŠ
megÛeefjleefceßewMÛe Dee}esefÛeleesÓÙeb keeoŠ ~ YeóceleevegmeejsCe hejmhejcevegieÇneÐeYeekesve heomebIeelemÙe
keekeäÙelkeb ve mecYekeefle ~ Gòeâb efn lesve keekeäÙeeefOekeâjCes Meêeskeâkeeefle&kesâ -
SkeceeÐevleb meke&<s eeb he=Lekeâd mebIeelekeâuheves ~ DevÙeesvÙeevegieÇneYeekeeled heoeveeb veeefmle keekeäÙelee ~~54 Fefle
SleÉîeeKÙeeveb heÇmlegkelee megÛeefjleefceßesCe keâeefMekeâešerkeâeÙeeced Gòeâced :- heoeveeb he=LeiYetleeveeb
mebIeelekeefle&veeb kee ve keekeäÙelkeb he=LeiYetles<eg efn leekeod keekeäÙeyegefæjske veeslheÐeles ~ mebIeelekeâuhevesÓefhe ve
he=Lekeâd mebIeesÓefhe efkeMes<eŠ, leoeveercehÙevÙeesvÙeevegieÇnmÙe les<kevekeieceeled Demeefle ÛeeieÇns keekeäÙelkekeâuheveecee$eced
SkeâwkeâmÙeeefhe lelheÇme”eled ~
kÙeekeâjCeefvekeâeÙes Yele&=nefjCee mebIeelekeeoesÓÙeb kegâ$eefÛeled meceeref#eleŠ kegâ$eefÛeled meceefLe&leMÛe -
meeceevÙeeLe&emf lejesYetlees ve efkeMes<esÓkeefle…les ~ GheellemÙe kegâlemlÙeeiees efveke=lleŠ keäkeekeefle…leeced ~~55 Fefle
efkeâvleg ÙeLee meekeÙekeeŠ keCe&eŠ efvejLe&keâeŠ Deefhe mecegefoleeŠ mevleŠ meeLe&keâeŠ Yekeefvle leLewke
heoeefve mecegeof leeefve keekeäÙe™hesCe meeLe&keâeefve Yekeefvle Fefle keolee DeieÇs hegveŠ lesve mkeceleceghemLeeefheleced -
ÙeLee meekeÙekee keCe&e efkevee keekeäÙesve kesâveefÛeled ~ DeLe&kevleŠ mecegefolee keekeäÙecehÙeskeefce<Ùeles ~~56
3. mebIeelekeefle&veer peeefleŠ keekeäÙeced - Deefmceved efkekeâuhes SkeâŠ MeyoŠ keekeäÙeefcelÙegÛÙeles ~ me Ûe
MeyoŠ peeefleefveyevOeveŠ Fefle mkeeref›eâÙeles ~ Skeb Meyopeeeflejske keekeäÙeced Fefle leelheÙe&ced ~ ÙeLee
Dee#esheefkeMes<epeefveles YeÇceCes keâcheve-jsÛeve- GlheÇ#s eCeeefo-YesomecYekesÓefhe le$e Skeâwke YeÇceCelkepeeeflejefYekÙepÙeles
leLewke keCe&heokeekeäÙeevÙeefhe OkeefvekÙeef_peleeefve Yekeefvle ~ le$e keCe&eheefÛeleOkeefvekÙe”îemeÂMewjvÙewMÛe
OkeefveefYeŠ efvejkeÙekeb heob kÙepÙeles ~ heÇefÛelelecewŠ leguÙeeleguÙewMÛe OkeefveefYeŠ keekeäÙeb kÙeef_peleb Yekeefle ~
Gòeâ_Ûe nefjke=lleew -
Meyopeelesjske keekeäÙelkes YeÇceCelkeeoÙees Â<ševlelkesveeshevÙemleeŠ~ DeheefÛeleOkeefvekÙe”îemleekeoskeâes
keCe&Š ~ ÙeLee lemÙeeefYekÙeefòeâ- efveefcellewŠ meÂMewjvÙewMÛe ßegefleefYeve>wjskeâb efvejkeÙeke_Ûe heob kÙepÙeles, leLewke
leguÙeeleguÙewŠ heÇefÛelelecewŠ keekeäÙeefceefle57~ hegCÙejepesve DeÙeb Meyoeke=âeflekeekeäÙekeeoŠ peeeflemHeâesš™hesCe
mkeerke=âleŠ - lesve efYeve>heÇÙele>esoerefjleOkevÙeefYekÙeòeâesÓÙeb peeeflemHeâesšes efke}#eCe Skesefle yeesOÙeced58 Fefle ~
4. SkeâesÓvekeÙekeŠ MeyoŠ keekeäÙeced/efvejkeÙekeŠ MeyoŠ keekeäÙeced - Sleefmceved efmeæevles keekeäÙemÙe
Skeâlkeb, efvejkeÙekelkeced DeefkeefÛÚve>lke_Ûe mkeere›f eâÙeles ~ le$e DekeÙekeeŠ keâeuheefvekeâeŠ Yekeefvle ~ Skeâceske efÛe$eb
efvejkeÙekeb hetCe&_Ûe Yekeefle ~ Deeoew efÛe$eb heefjhetCe&b meod ÂkeäheLeceeÙeeefle, leleMÛe efYeve>eYf eve>Yeeies<eg õ<šgŠ Âef<šŠ
ieÛÚefle ~ kemlegleŠ efÛe$emÙe mke™he%eeveeÙe leokeÙekes<eg ÂkeäheeleŠ DeekeMÙekeâŠ ~ Skeceske keekeäÙeceefhe efvejkeÙekeb
efvejekeâe*d#eb Ûe Yekeefle ~ lemÙe %eeveeÙe Meyoeveeb hejmhejb mecyevOeevegmevOeevehetke&keâb keekeäÙeb efkeefMeê<Ùeles ~ efkeâvleg
cet}™hesCe keekeäÙeb efveefke&Yeeieb Yekeefle ~ leLee Ûeesòeâb Yele&n= efjCee -
efÛe$emÙewkeâmke™hemÙe ÙeLee YesoefveoMe&vewŠ ~ veerÛeeefoefYeŠ meceeKÙeeveb ef›eâÙeles efYeve>}#eCewŠ ~~
leLewkewkeâmÙe keekeäÙemÙe efvejekeâe*d#emÙe meke&leŠ ~ MeyoevlejwŠ meceeKÙeeveb meekeâe*d#ewjvegiecÙeles ~~59 Fefle ~
hegCÙejepemleg De›eâcekeekeäÙeb mHeâesš™hesCe leLee DevekeÙekeehes#eb keekeäÙe_Ûe kÙeefòeâmHeâesš™hesCe
mkeerkeâjesefle ~ Gòeâ_Ûe lesve - hejceeLe&mlkemeeke›eâce Ske mHeâesšelcee heÇefleYeemeŠ ~ GheeefOekeMeelleg le$e
yegefæŠ efkeleleskeevegiecÙeles Fefle yeesOÙeced ~60 keeÛemheefleefceßesCeeefhe leòkeefkevoew keekeäÙemÙe efvejkeÙekelkeb
heÇefleheeefoleced ~ le$e keCe&heoefkeYeeieŠ efceLÙee™heŠ Fefle lemÙe DeefYeheÇeÙeŠ ~ levceleevegmeejsCe -
DevekeÙekeceske keekeäÙeced ~ DeveeÐeefkeÐeesheoefMe&lee}erkeâkeCe&heoefkeYeeiecemÙeeŠ efveefcelleefceefle kesâefÛeled61 ~
hejvleg Oece&keâerefle&vee efvejeke=âleesÓÙeb efvejkeÙekekeeoŠ ~ keekeäÙemÙe efvejkeÙekelkemkeerkeâejs le$e
›eâceeYeemees ve mecYekeefle leLee keâe}YesoesÓefhe ve efmeæîeefle ~ Ùeleesefn SkeâmÙewke kemlegveŠ ›eâcesCe %eeveb
ve Yekeefle ~ keekeäÙe-keCe&he#eŠ De”eref›eâÙeles Ûeslleefn& DehetCe&keekeäÙeßekeCesÓefhe hetCe&keekeäÙe%eeveb mÙeeled ~
Sleled meke&b heÇceeCekeeefle&kesâ FlLeb heÇefleheeefoleceefmle - ‘SkeâlkesÓefhe åÙeefYeve>mÙe ›eâceMees ielÙemecYekeeled ~
keâe}Yeso Ske ve ÙegpÙeles ~ ve åÙeskeâmÙe heÇelf eheeflleŠ Ùegòeâe ~ ie=nerleerie=nerleÙeesjYesoe ie=nerleerie=nerleeYeekeeled ~ ›eâcesCe
Ûe keekeäÙeheÇelf eheeflleŠ Â<še ~ meke&keekeäÙemcejCekeâe}mÙeeveskeâ#eCeefveces<eeveg›eâceŠ heefjmeceehleŠ ~ keCe&™heemebmheMe&veMÛewkeâ-
yegefæheÇefleYeeefmeveŠ MeyoelceveesÓheÇefleYeemeceeveeled keCe&›eâceheÇleerlesŠ ~ leoefkeMeosÓhÙeveg›eâceke=âlelkeeled
keekeäÙeYesomÙeeveg›eâcekelees keekeäÙeheÇleerefleŠ ~ keCe&eveg›eâceeshekeâejevehes#eCes lewŠ ÙeLeekeâLeef_Ûeled heÇÙegòeâwjefhe
Ùeled efkeâef_Ûeod keekeäÙeb heÇleerÙeles ~ efkevee kee keCezŠ lewŠ Deveg›eâcekeefÆŠ De›eâcemÙeeshekeâejeÙeesieeled ~
De›eâcesCe Ûe kÙeenle&gceMekeäÙelkeeod ielÙevlejYeekeeÛÛe ~ vewke keekeäÙes keCe&eŠ meefvle ~ leoskeâceske Meyo™heb
kÙe_pekeâeveg›eâcekeMeeoveg›eâcekeÉCe&ekf eYeeiekeled heÇelf eYeemeerelf e Ûesled Deveg›eâcekelee kÙe_pekesâvee›eâcemÙe kÙeefòeâheÇÙegòeâe
kÙeòeâekÙeòeâefkejesOeeled ~ DekeCe&Yeeies Ûe keekeäÙesÓmekeâ}ßeeefkeCeesÓmekeâ}keekeäÙeieefleve& mÙeeled ~ SkeâmÙe
mekeâ}eYeekeeled mekeâ}ßegefleke&e ve keâmÙeefÛeled’62~
hejvleg efvejkeÙekekeeoceefOeke=âlÙe heÇmlegleb Oece&keâerle&sŠ Fceced Dee#esheb ceC[veefceßeŠ KeC[Ùeefle
mHeâesšefmeæew~ Deefmceved heÇme”s Oece&keâerefle&vee Dee#esheÉÙeceghemLeeefheleced~ DeKeC[keekeäÙelkemkeerkeâejs keCe&eveeb
›eâceheÇleerefleŠ ve Yekeefle Fefle heÇLeceŠ Dee#esheŠ~ Skeceske keekeäÙemÙe SkeâebMeßekeCes lemÙe %eeveeheeflleMÛesefle
efÉleerÙeŠ~ DeveÙeesŠ Dee#esheÙeesŠ heÇLecee#eshemÙe KeC[veb kegâke&lee ceC[veefceßesCe Gòeâced - SkeâlkesÓefhe
›eâceMees ceeflejveheeKÙesÙeesheeKÙesÙeekeâej- heÇ}ÙeYesosve hegjmleeled heÇheef_Ûelee ~ kÙe_pekeâmeeÂMÙeemleg
MeyoevlejieÇnCeeefYeceeefveveŠ lesve veeßekeCeb mekeâ}ßekeCeb kesefle63~ leleŠ efÉleerÙee#eshemÙe KeC[veb keâle&gb
lesveesòeâced - ‘lesve keâejCesve hejceeLe&eYeekehe#esÓefhe YeeieMees ieÇnCecegheheÐeles Ske, ve hegveŠ DeßekeCeb kee
mekeâ}ßekeCeb keeheÐeslesefle’64~
5. ›eâceŠ keekeäÙeced - Slevceleevegmeejb ›eâceeefleefjòeâb keekeäÙeb veeefmle ~ Okeefvemecetnsve heomecetnsve kee ÙeŠ
DeLe&Š heÇefleYeemeles le$e ›eâceŠ Ske keâejCeb ve leg keekeäÙeced ~ DeleŠ Deefmceved efkekeâuhes keekeäÙemÙe mellee
Ske ve mkeeref›eâÙeles ~ Meyos<eg Ûe ÙeŠ ›eâceyeesOeŠ le$e keâe}MeòeâsŠ meefve>kesMeŠ yeesOÙeŠ ~ Ùeleesenf keâe}MeòeâsŠ efYeve>b
›eâcekemleg veeefmle ~ Gòeâ_Ûe keekeäÙeheoerÙemÙe nefjke=lleew - ›eâcees efn Meyos<eg keâe}Meefòeâ™heefkeMes<emÙe
efvekesMe Ske ~ meŠ keâe}elcees ve kÙeefleefjÛÙeles65~ heoeveeb efveÙelemeefve>kesMepevÙees efkeMes<e Ske keekeäÙeefceefle Ûeslleoe
efkeMes<emÙe ›eâcepevÙelkeeled ›eâce Ske keekeäÙeced ~ Slevceles heos<eg Ske DeLe&mellee cevÙeles ~ keekeäÙevleg
heÇ}ehecee$eced ~ Gòeâ_Ûe nefjke=lleew - lesve keekeäÙeefcelÙekemleg›eâcesCesoceefYe}ehecee$eb heoceskeeLe&keefoefle ~66
›eâcekeeoesÓÙeb oes<eog<šŠ kele&les FlÙeleŠ DeÙeb he#eŠ ceerceebmekeâwŠ Dee}esefÛeleŠ ~ efkeâvleg
heoeveeb ›eâce Ske keekeäÙeefceefle mkeerkeâejs heo›eâceYesos keekeäÙeYesoeheeflleŠ ~ ÙeLee - ieewŠ MegkeâêŠ, MegkeâêŠ ieewŠ
FlÙeveÙeesŠ keekeäÙeÙeesŠ heo›eâceYesoeled keekeäÙeYesos DeLe&YesoeheeflleŠ~ ‘lesve keekeäÙeb ve efYeodÙeles67, heoeKÙee
keekeäÙemeb%ee Ûe Meyolkeb ves<Ùeles leÙeesŠ’68 ÛeslÙeeodÙegefòeâefYeŠ ›eâcemÙe keekeäÙelkeb KeefC[leb Yele&=nefjCee ~
kemlegleŠ lelkeâeÙe&keenkeâlkeeled ›eâceŠ keekeäÙeefceefle GÛÙeles ve leg ›eâce Ske keekeäÙeefceefle leelheÙe&eLe&Š ~
6. yegæîevegmebùefleŠ keekeäÙeced - Deveg›eâcesCe mebùefleŠ DevegmebùefleŠ ~ keâefuheleeveeb heoyegæerveecevegmebùefleŠ
yegæîevegmebùefleŠ ~ yegæîevegmebùefleŠ Deefhe keekeäÙeb Yekeleerefle <e…Š keekeäÙe}#eCehe#eŠ ~ yegæîevegmebùefleŠ
keekeäÙeefceefle he#es keekeäÙeceKeC[b Yekeefle ~ le$e heoeefve ve meefvle efkeâvleg heoeefve heoyegæîee keâefuheleeefve
meefvle ~ Deefmcevhe#es heomecegoeÙe™helkeb yegæîee heÇkeâuhÙe keekeäÙelkekÙekenejŠ mkeeref›eâÙeles ~ Skeb
yegæîevegmebùefleŠ keekeäÙeefceefle he#es leg yeeåÙemÙe peeeflekÙeefòeâmHeâesšmÙe ve keekeäÙelkeb efkeâvleg DeeYÙevlejmHeâesšmÙewke ~
leLee Ûeesòeâb Yele&=nefjCee keekeäÙeheoerÙes -
ÙeovleŠMeyoleòkeb leg veeowj¹s heÇkeâeefMeleced ~ leoengjhejs Meyob lemÙe keekeäÙes leLewkeâlee ~~69
DeLe&eled ùoÙeevleŠ DekeefmLeleb yeesOe™heb Meyoleòkeced Skeâ›eâceceefhe DeleLeeYetlewŠ ›eâcekeefÉYeeiewŠ
veeo™hewŠ heÇkeâeefMeleced ~ leoske DeeÛeeÙe&wŠ heomke™heefceefle keâLÙeles ~ ÙeLee lemÙe heomke™hemÙe
MeyomÙe Skeâlee mkeiele-mepeeleerÙe-YesoMetvÙelee leLee keekeäÙesÓefhe ÙeesiÙelkeeled leeÂMeerceske SkeâleeceengŠ ~
7. DeeÐeheob keekeäÙeced - mehlecesÓefmcevkeekeäÙe}#eCes keekeäÙeieleceeÐeheoceske keekeäÙeefceefle keâLÙeles ~
leLee Ûeesòeâb Yele&=nefjCee -
kesâke}sve heosveeLee&s ÙeekeeveskeeefYeOeerÙeles ~ keekeäÙemLeb leekeleesÓLe&mÙe leoengjefYeOeeÙekeâced ~~70
GoenjCeeLe&b ‘oskeolleŠ ieeceYÙeepe oC[sve’ FlÙeefmceved keekeäÙes oskeolleheob keekeäÙeeLe&Š
Yekeefle ~ leogòeâb Yele&=nefjCee keekeäÙeheoerÙes -
efkeMes<eMeyoeŠ kesâ<eeef_Ûeled meeceevÙeheÇelf e™hekeâeŠ ~ MeyoevlejeefYemecyevOeeod kÙepÙeles heÇelf ehelle=<eg ~~ 71
‘oskeolleŠ ieeceYÙeepe oC[sve’ FlÙeefmceved keekeäÙes oskeolleheob ieeb keOeeve FlÙemceeod efkeefMe<šceske
Yekeefle ~ DeleŠ keòeâÇe mecegoerefjleb Ûesoefhe YeÇceeled mekeâ}meeOeejCeefceke heÇefleYeeefle ~ hejkeefle&efve keâe}s
iekeeefoheomecyevOeeled efkeefMe<še heÇefleheefllejefYekÙepÙeles ~ Skeb mekeâ}efkeMes<eCe-KeefÛeleMÛe
heÇLecelejceskeeshe›eâevleŠ mebme=<š SkeeLe&Š keekeäÙeeLe&Š Yekeefle Fefle efmeæîeefle ~
hetke&wjLe&wjvegielees ÙeLeeLe&elcee hejŠ hejŠ ~ mebmeie& Ske heÇ›eâevlemleLeeÐes<keLe&kemleg<eg ~~ 72
De$e leelheÙe&ceskeb kele&les Ùeod oskeolleeefo<eg GÛÛeefjles<eg heos<eg ™heYesoŠ Deefmle Ûesoefhe
heMÛeeogÛÛeeefjleb heob hetke&evegmevOeeveeeflkeefMe<šb efke%eeÙeles ~ Skece$eeefhe mebmeie&mÙe heÇ›eâevlelkeelheÇLece Ske
MeyoŠ <e…îeLe&cegheeoeÙe heÇke=lleŠ ~
8. he=Lekeâd meke&heob keekeäÙeced - SleefÉkeâuheevegmeejb keekeäÙes efkeÐeceeveb meke&ced (DeeÐeb, ceOÙeced
DevlÙe_Ûe) heob mecegefoleb keekeäÙeb Yekeefle FlÙeLe&Š ~ SleefÉkeâuheefke<eÙes Gòeâ_Ûe Yele&=nefjCee -
efveÙeleb meeOeves meeOÙeced ef›eâÙee efveÙelemeeOevee ~ me mebefveOeevecee$esCe efveÙeceŠ meved heÇkeâeMeles ~~73
DeLe&eled meeOÙeb meeOeve_Ûe hejmhejb efveÙeleceske ~ kesâke}ced Deekeâe*d#eekeMeeled FlejheoeLe&meefve>Oeeves
meefle efveÙeceŠ meve>ske heÇkeâeMeles Fefle Deeef#ehleheoevlejeefCe heoevÙeske keekeäÙeced ~ kemlegleŠ keekeäÙes
efkeÐeceeveeefve meke&eefCe heoeefve heÇlÙeskeâb meekeâe*d#eeefCe Yekeefvle ~ Ùeleesenf heoeveeb hejmhejekeâe*d#eeÙeeb
meceeveeÙeeb efkeMes<eŠ DeefYeOeerÙeles ~ DeLe&eled keâejkeâheob ef›eâÙeeÙeeb iegCeYetleb meled heoevlejced Deekeâe*d#eefle ~
ef›eâÙeeheob leg heÇOeeveYeekesve DekeefmLeleb keâejkeâheoeefve Dehes#Ùeles ~ Skeb heÇlÙeskeâb heoced DehejmÙe
meekeâe*d#eb Yekeefle ~
keekeäÙemke™heefkeceMe&Š - kegâceeefj}Š Meêeskeâkeeeflle&keâmÙe keekeäÙeeefOekeâjCes Yele&=nefjheÇefleheeefoleced
GheÙe&gòeâce<šefkeOeb keekeäÙe}#eCeceeef#eheved keoefle -
‘SkeceeÐeevlemeke&s<eeb he=LekeämebIeelekeâuheves ~ DevÙeesvÙeevegieÇneYeekeeled heoeveeb veeefmle keekeäÙelee ~~
DeeÐeb Ùeefo heob meke&w: mebefm›eâÙesle efkeMes<ele: ~ lelemleoske keekeäÙeb mÙeeled DevÙeMÛe Ðeeslekeâes ieCe: ~~
SkecevlÙes<eg meke&s<eg he=LeiYetles<kekeefmLeleced ~ mkelev$es<eg efn keekeäÙelkeb keâLeef_Ûeve>eshe}ef#eleced ~~
mHeâesšpeeefleefve<esOeMÛe mÙeeled heomHeâesšpeeeflekeled ~ keeÙe&: heo›eâcees keekeäÙeb ÙeLee keCe&›eâce: heoced ~~
yegæîee ve Ûeeshemebnle&gb ›eâcees efve<ke=â<Ùe MekeäÙeles ~ heoevÙeske efn leÉefvle kele&vles ßees$eyegefækeled ~~
leekelmkeske heos<kevÙe: ›eâceesÓvÙeMÛe heÇleerÙeles ~ le$e Ùeekel›eâceb Yesoes keekeäÙeeLe&mÙe heÇmepÙeles ~~'74
heeLe&meejefLeefceßeŠ mkekeâerÙes jle>ekeâjs GheÙe&gòeâeveeceemeeb keâeefjkeâeCeeb kÙeeKÙeeveekemejs kegâceeefj}celeb
mhe<šerkeâjesefle - ‘ÙesÓefhe kewÙeekeâjCew®òeâe keekeäÙeefkekeâuhee: ‘DeeKÙeeleb........vÙeeÙeoefMe&veeced’ Fefle leeved
efvejekeâjesefle Skeefceefle ~ DevlÙeheokeekeäÙelkeb hejwjveghevÙemleceefhe mecYekeeoghevÙemÙeles, leovevlejb efn
keekeäÙeeLe&: heÇleerÙeles ~ Ùelleekeled DeeÐemÙe DevlÙemÙe meke&s<eeb kee heÇlÙeskeâb efceLeesÓvegieÇnehes#eÙee mebIeelemÙe
kee keekeä Ù elkekeâuheveb leoÙeg ò eâef c elejs l ejeveg i eÇ n ehes # eÙee meb I eelemÙe kee keekeä Ù elkekeâuheveb
leoÙegòeâefcelejslejevegieÇnemecYekeeefoefle ~ DevegieÇnemecYekeceske oMe&Ùeefle - DeeÐeefceefle ~ ve ÛeeÐemÙe
FlejwjvegieÇnŠ keâefMÛeod ÂMÙeles, ve mecYekeefle DeÙeewieheÐeeefoefle ~ leLeeÓvlÙemÙe meke&<s eeb kee mebnleeveeb he=LeiYetleeveeb
kee veemlÙevegieÇnŠ FlÙeen Skeefceefle ~ cee YetlleovegieÇnmleLeeefhe efkeâefceefle keekeäÙelkeb ve Yekeefle Dele Deen
mkelev$esef<keefle ~ Skeb Ûe kÙemleesÛÛeefjleeveeb ieewjMke FlÙeeoerveeb Ûe keekeäÙelkeb mÙeeefoefle ~ SkeâesÓvekeÙekeŠ
MeyoŠ Fefle Ûe peeefleŠ mebIeelekeefle&veer Fefle Ûe efvejekeâjeself e mHeâesšes lf e ~ ›eâcees yegæîevegmebùefleŠ FlÙesleefve>jekeâjeself e
keeÙe& Fefle ~ yegæîevegmebùefleMÛe ›eâcemÙeeefmeæself e Deen- yegæîeself e ~ keâLeefcelÙeen heoeveerelf e ~ efkeâb Ûe keCe&›eâcemÙe
heolkeb ÙegpÙesleeefhe me efn DeLe&heÇleerlÙeewheefÙekeâŠ ›eâceevlejsÓLe&heÇleerlÙeYeekeeled ~ heo›eâcemÙe leg keekeäÙeeLe&heÇlÙeÙeeveewheefÙekeâmÙe
keâLeb keekeäÙelkeced DeewheefÙekeâlkes kee ›eâceYesos keekeäÙeeLe&Yeso: mÙeeefolÙeen leekeeflmkeefle ~’75
keekeäÙemHeâesšŠ- kewÙeekeâjCeeŠ mHeâesšelcekeâb keekeäÙece”erkegâke&efvle ~ mHeâesšes veece ‘mHeâgšlÙevesve DeLe&Š’
Fefle ~ ‘mHeâesšŠ Meyoes OkeefvemlemÙe kÙeeÙeeceeoghepeeÙeles’ Fefle keekeäÙeheoerÙekeâejŠ DeefYeheÇwefle ~
DeefYekÙeòeâkeeokeâes ceOÙeceekemLe DeevlejŠ MeyoŠ Fefle heÇoerhes keâwÙešŠ heÇefleheeoÙeefle ~ me Ûe mHeâesšes
efÉOee - kÙeefòeâmHeâesšes peeeflemHeâesšMÛe ~ kÙeefòeâmHeâesšŠ hegveŠ DeKeC[Š meKeC[MÛe ~ meKeC[Š
hegveŠ keCe&-heo-keekeäÙeYesovs e ef$eOee ~ DeKeC[MÛe heo-keekeäÙeYesovs e efÉOee ~ Skeb he_Ûe kÙeefòeâmHeâesšeŠ ~
Skeceske peeeflemHeâesšMÛe keCe&-heo-keekeäÙeYesosve ef$eOee efkeYeòeâŠ~ FlLeceenlÙe De<šew mHeâesšeŠ
Yekeefvle ~ le$e DeKeC[keekeäÙemHeâesšŠ cegKÙeŠ Fefle vekÙeeŠ ~ keekeäÙepeeeflemHeâesšŠ Fefle heÇe_ÛeŠ ~
kemlegleŠ heo-heÇke=âefleŠ mebefnlee Fefle heÇeefleMeeKÙecelece$e ceeveced ~ heoeveeb heÇke=âefleefjefle <e…erlelheg®<es
DeKeC[keekeäÙemHeâesšhe#eŠ efmeæŠ ~ yengkeÇernew leg meKeC[keekeäÙemHeâesšŠ DeefYeheÇsleŠ ~
Yele&=nefjŠ keekeäÙeheoerÙemÙe keekeäÙekeâeC[s DeKeC[keekeäÙemHeâesšce”erke=âlÙe keoefle -
heoheÇ›eâ=efleYeekeMÛe ke=eflleYesosve keCÙe&les ~ heoeveeb mebefnlee ÙeesefveŠ mebefnlee kee heoeßeÙee ~~76
heokeekeäÙemHeâesšÙeesŠ ceOÙes keekeäÙemHeâesšmÙewke cegKÙelkece”erke=âleb kewÙeekeâjCewŠ ~ Deefmceved
heÇme”s vewÙeeefÙekeâ-ceerceebmekeâ-MeeefyokeâwŠ mkemkeefmeæevleheÇefleheeokeâieÇvLes<eg cenevlees efkeÛeejeŠ heÇmlegleeŠ ~
MeyoŠ yeesOes keâejCeb Yekeefle ~ ßees$eieÇeåÙeŠ iegCeŠ MeyoŠ Fefle vÙeeÙecelecevegme=lÙe ßees$eieÇeåÙeeCeeb
keCe&eveeceske MeyoeefYeOesÙelkeced ~ heÇlÙeskeâb keCe&eveeceveLe&keâlkeeled SkeâwkeâmÙe keCe&mÙe le$e DeLe&yeesOekeâejCelkeb
keòeâgb ve MekeäÙeles ~ DeleŠ keCe&mebIeelemÙewke keâejCelkeb keòeâkÙeced ~ efkeâvleg GÛÛeefjleOkebmeerveeb keCe&eveeb
leeÂkeâd mebIeele Ske Skeâoe ßees$eieÇeåÙees ve Yekeefle ~ Gòeâb Ûe ceneYee<Ùes - SkeâwkeâkeCe&keefle&veer keekeâd
Fefle ~ ve Éew keCe&ew ÙegieheogÛeeÙe&sles ~ ieewefjefle iekeâejs ÙeekeÉeikele&les ve Deewkeâejs, ve kee efkemepe&veerÙes ~
Skeceske Ùeekeoewkeâejs ve iekeâejs, ve efkemepe&veerÙes Ûe ~ Skeb hegveŠ ÙeekeefÉmepe&veerÙes ve iekeâejs, ve Deewkeâejs
GÛÛeefjleheÇOkebefmelkeeled ~
DemÙe meceeOeeve™hesCe ceerceebmekeâeŠ keoefvle Ùeled heÇlÙeskeâkeCe&evegYekepevÙeeŠ mebmkeâejeŠ Skeâeb
mce=efleceghepeveÙeefvle ~ lemÙeeb Ûe mce=leew meke&s keCe&eŠ Ùegieheoske heÇefleYeeefvle Fefle mce=efleheÇefleYeeefmeleeveeb
keCe&eveeceske keeÛekeâlkeced ~ Gòeâb efn kegâceeefj}Yeósve -
ÙeÉe heÇlÙe#eleŠ hetke&b ›eâcepeeles<eg Ùelhejced ~ mecemlekeCe&efke%eeveb leoLe&%eevekeâejCeced ~~
ceneYee<Ùes hele_peef}jefhe heÇefleheeoÙeefle -
yegæew ke=âlkee meke&eMÛes<šeŠ keâle&e Oeerjmlelkeve>eer lf eŠ ~ MeyosveeLe&evkeeÛÙeeved Â<šdkee yegæew kegâÙe&eled heewke&eheÙe&ced ~~
kemlegleŠ ›eâcekeÉCe&mecetn Ske heoced, keekeäÙe_Ûe ~ lemceeod keCe&e Ske heob keekeäÙe_Ûe ~ Gòeâb Ûe
MeeyejYee<Ùes - ‘DeLe ieewejf lÙe$e keâŠ MeyoŠ? iekeâejewkeâejefkemepe&veerÙeeŠ Fefle Yeiekeeved Gheke<e&Š’ Fefle ~
kesoeefvleveesÓefhe ceerceebmekeâe Fke heÇlÙeskeâkeCe&evegYekeYeekeveeefveÛeÙe}yOepevcemce=efleohe&Cee™{eveeb
keCe&eveeceske keeÛekeâlkece”erkegâke&efvle ~ Gòeâb Ûe yeÇåcemet$emÙe Mee¿jYee<Ùes-‘ke=ækÙekenejs Ûe Fces keCe&eŠ
›eâceeÐevegie=nerleeŠ ie=nerleeLe&efkeMes<emecyevOeeMÛe mevleŠ mkekÙekenejsÓefhe SkeâwkeâkeCe&ieÇnCeevevlejb
mecemlekeCe&heÇlÙekeceefMe&vÙeeb yegæew leeÂMee Ske heÇlÙekeYeemeceeveeŠ leb leceLe&cekÙeefYeÛeejsCe heÇlÙeeÙeefÙe<Ùeefvle’ Fefle ~
Skeceske vewÙeeefÙekeâeŠ Deefhe mce=leeveeb les<eeb keCe&eveeb keeÛekeâlkeb ceerceebmekeâeYÙegheielece”erkegâke&evf le~ Gòeâb Ûe
peÙevleYeósve vÙeeÙece_peÙe&eced - ›eâceeslheve>eveeceefhe les<eeb mebmkeâejÉeje keâeÙe&keâjlkeb mecYekeefle Fefle ~
kewÙeekeâjCeeŠ leLee heele_pe}eŠ ÙeesefieveMÛe keCe&eefleefjòeâb heocegheheeoÙeefvle ~ heÇeÛeerveeŠ
kewÙeekeâjCeemleg keCe&cee}eÙeeceskeâb heoceskeâb keekeäÙeceefmle Fefle mkeerkegâke&efvle ~ Skeb ‘leoskesob Iešheob ...
IešceeveÙe’ Fefle keekeäÙeefceefle heÇlÙeefYepeeveefvle ~ SleovegjesOesve keCe&eefleefjòeâmÙe keâmÙeefÛeled DeKeC[mÙe
heomÙe keekeäÙemÙe Ûe mkeerkeâjCeceekeMÙekeâefceefle les mkeerkegâke&efvle ~
Yele&=nefjŠ efvejkeÙekeMeyoŠ keekeäÙeced FlÙemÙe he#eheeleer kele&les ~ levceles efvejkeÙekeMeyoelcekeâes
keekeä Ù ekeeo Skees e f Û eleŠ ~ keekeä Ù eheoer Ù emÙe šer k eâekeâejeMÛeeceg c es k e he#eb ceveef m e ef v eOeeÙe
‘met$ekeâejmÙeeefYeheÇeÙemeceeßeÙesCe yeeåÙe™heŠ Deevlejes kee efveefke&YeeieŠ MeyoeLe&ceÙees yeesOemkeYeekeŠ MeyoŠ
mHeâesš}#eCes Ske keeÛÙeced'77 Fefle heÇefleheeefolekevleŠ ~ ‘efvejkeÙekekeekeäÙekeeo: keekeäÙemÙewke efvejbMemÙe
keeÛekeâlkeeovleje heoheÇefleheeflleŠ efkeYeÇceŠ’ Fefle ns}ejepeesÓefhe heÇefleheeoÙeefle78~
GhemebnejŠ -Yee<eeb efkevee }eskesâ kÙekenejes ve mecYekeefle ~ keekeäÙeb (meeLe&keâb heomecetnb) efkevee Yee<eeefYekÙeefòeâve&
mecYekeefle ~ DeleŠ vÙeeÙe-ceerceebmee-kÙeekeâjCeeefoMeeŒes<eg keekeäÙeefke<eÙekeâes efkeÛeejŠ ojerÂMÙeles ~ GheefjkeefCe&leeveeb
keekeäÙe}#eCeefkeYeeieeoerveecee}eskesâ DeOeesef}efKeleb keekeäÙemke™heb efve<keâ<e&™hesCe mece#eceeÙeeefle -
heomebIeelepeb keekeäÙeced, heomecetnes keekeäÙeced, SkeâeLe&Š heomecetnes keekeäÙeced, efkeefMe<šeLe&hejMeyolkeb
keekeäÙeced, mkeeLe&yeesOemeceehleŠ heomecetnŠ keekeäÙeced, meceefYenejes keekeäÙeced, megefhle*vleÛeÙeb keekeäÙeced,
ÙeesiÙeleekeâe*d#eemeeflleÙegòeâ heoesÛÛeÙeŠ keekeäÙeced, efkeefMe<šwkeâeLe&heÇefleheeokeâefvejekeâe*d#eheomecetnes keekeäÙeced,
Skeâefle*d keekeäÙeced DeLekee Skeâefle*vleeLe&cegKÙeefkeMes<ÙekeâyeesOepevekeâheomecetnes keekeäÙeb Ûesefle ~
- Skeceske DeeKÙeeleMeyoŠ keekeäÙeced, mebIeeleŠ keekeäÙeced, mebIeelekeefle&veer peeefleŠ keekeäÙeced, SkeâesÓvekeÙekeŠ
MeyoŠ keekeäÙeced, ›eâceŠ keekeäÙeced, yegæîevegmebùefleŠ keekeäÙeced, DeeÐeheob keekeäÙeced leLee he=Lekeâd meke&b heob
keekeäÙe_Ûesefle Yele&=nefjmeccelecevÙeoefhe De<šefkeOeb keekeäÙe}#eCeb me”ÛÚles ~
- Sles keekeäÙeefkekeâuheeŠ kesâ<eeceeÛeeÙe&eCeeb kele&vles FlÙeefmceved efke<eÙes celewkeäÙeb veeefmle ~ hegCÙejepeŠ
Sles<ke<šefkekeâuhes<eg kesâ<ee_Ûeve mecyevOeŠ ceerceebmeeoMe&vesveeefhe mkeerkeâjesefle ~ levceleevegmeejb mebIeelekeeoŠ
›eâcekeeoMÛesefle efkekeâuheÉÙeced DeefYeefnleevkeÙekeeefoveeb celeeveg™heb kele&les ~
- Skeceske DeeKÙeeleMeyokeeoŠ, DeeÐeheokeeoŠ, he=Lekeämeekeâe*d#emeke&heokeeoMÛesefle keekeäÙeefkekeâuhe$eÙeced
DeefvkeleeefYeOeevekeeefoveeb celeeveg™heceefmle ~ lesveesòeâced Ùeod ‘SlesÓ<šew keekeäÙeefkekeâuhee DeeÛeeÙe&eCeeced ~
- le$eeKeC[he#es peeefle: mebIeelekeefle&veer, SkeâesÓvekeÙeke: Meyo:, yegæÙevegmebÜefle: Fefle $eereCf e }#eCeeefve ~
- KeC[he#es leg DeeKÙeeleMeyo:, ›eâce:, mebIeele:, heoceeÐeb, he=Lekeâd meke&heob meekeâe*d#eefceefle he_Ûe}#eCeeefve ~
- De$eeefhe mebIeele:, ›eâce: Ûesefle DeefYeefnleevkeÙehe#es }#eCeÉÙeced ~ DeeKÙeeleMeyo:, heoceeÐeb, he=Lekeâd
meke&heob meekeâe*d#eefceefle DeefvkeleeefYeOeevehe#es }#eCe$eÙeefceefle efkeYeeie:’~
- heÇefmeæeŠ ceerceebmekeâeŠ kegâceeefj}Yeó-Meeef}keâveeLe-megÛeefjleefceßeeoÙeŠ keekeäÙeheoerÙes ÛeefÛe&leeveecesles<eeb
keekeäÙeefkekeâuheeveeb mecyevOeŠ kÙeekeâjCeoMe&vesvewke mkeerkegâke&efvle ~
- lellelMeeŒes<eg Ghe}yOes<eg GheÙe&òg eâs<eg meces<eg keekeäÙe}#eCes<eg kewÙeekeâjCeefvekeâeÙes keâelÙeeÙeveke=âleb keekeäÙe}#eCeced
‘DeeKÙeeleb meekÙeÙemekeâejkeâefkeMes<eCeb keekeäÙeced Skeâefle*d’79 Fefle meke&heÇLeceb mkeeref›eâÙeles ~ hele_peef}vee
Deefhe Slevceleb meceefLe&leced ~ keâelÙeeÙeveke=âlemÙe keekeäÙe}#eCemÙe ke=âles lesve Dehetke&MeyomÙe heÇÙeesieŠ
ke=âleŠ - FoceeÐeehetke&b ef›eâÙeles keekeäÙemeb%ee, meceevekeekeäÙeeefOekeâejMÛe80 Fefle ~
- pewefceefvevee heÇesòeâb keekeäÙe}#eCeceefhe Deleerke heÇeÛeerveb kele&les ~ kemlegleŠ pewefceefvekeâelÙeeÙeveke=âleÙeesŠ
keekeäÙe}#eCeÙeesŠ heewke&eheÙe&efveOe&ejCes keâeef”vÙeb kele&les ~
- ceneYee<ÙekeâejsCe hele_peef}vee keâelÙeeÙeveerÙekeekeäÙe}#eCemÙe ke=âles DeeÐeMeyomÙe, Dehetke&MeyomÙe Ûe
heÇÙeesieŠ ke=âleŠ ~ DeleŠ kewÙeekeâjCeeveeb celeevegmeejb keâelÙeeÙeveke=âleceske keekeäÙe}#eCeb heÇeÛeervelejb MeeŒeerÙe_Ûe
kele&les ~ - hele_peef}vee heÇÙegòeâsve Dehetke&Meyosve OkevÙeles Ùeled hetke&b keekeäÙe}#eCeb leLee Ghe}yOeb veemeerod
ÙeLee keâelÙeeÙevesve keekeäÙeb heefjYeeef<eleced ~ Sleoske keekeäÙe}#eCeced DeeOeejerke=âlÙe keâelÙeeÙevees keekeäÙekeâejŠ
Fefle veece>e heÇefmeæŠ DeYekeled ~ kÙeekeâjCeMeeŒes keekeäÙeMeyoŠ keeefle&keâMeyoMÛe heÙe&eÙe™hesCe heÇÙegpÙeles ~
kemlegleŠ ‘keeefle&keâkeâejerÙeceske keekeäÙe}#eCeb pÙeeŠ’ Fefle keâwÙešŠ heÇoerhes heÇkeâeMeÙeefle ~ lemÙe celeevegmeejSCe
pewefcevesŠ keekeäÙeheefjYee<ee leg }ewefkeâkeâer Deefmle ~
- he#eevlejs keâelÙeeÙevemÙe keekeäÙeheefjYee<ee Ûe MeeŒeerÙee kele&les ~ Yele&=nefj-Yeespe-efkeª}eÛeeÙe&wjefhe
keâelÙeeÙevesve heÇmlegleb keekeäÙe}#eCeb MeeŒeerÙeceske mkeeref›eâÙeles ~
- veeiesMesve efkeâvleg lemÙe }ewefkeâkeâlkeb }eskeâMeeŒeesYeÙemeeOeejCelkeb kee mkeerke=âleb kele&les ~
- }ewekf eâkeâb keekeäÙemke™hevleg keâelÙeeÙeveeled hetke&ceske kÙeeef[vee mebieÇns GodIeese<f eleced ~ efkeâvleg leled MeeŒeerÙeb veeefmle ~
- pewecf eefvevee ke=âleceefhe keekeäÙe}#eCeb MeeŒeerÙeb veemleerelf e kesâefÛeled ~ ceerceebmeemet$emÙe heÇeÛeervešerkeâekeâejwŠ pewecf eefveke=âleb
keekeäÙe}#eCeb }ewekf eâkeâb cevÙeles ~ efkeâvleg kegâceeefj}YeówŠ leovegÙeeefÙeefYeMÛe leuue#eCeb MeeŒeerÙeceske cevÙeles ~
Sleeefve keekeäÙe}#eCeeefve DeefOeke=âlÙe vewkeâeŠ Me¿eŠ mecYekeefvle ~ ÙeLee megefhle*vleÛeÙeb
keekeäÙeced FlÙe$e - megyevlemecegoeÙeŠ efle*vlemecegoeÙeMÛe meefcceuÙe keekeäÙeb Yekeefle, DeLekee megyevleefle*vleÙeesŠ
mecegoeÙees keekeäÙeb Yekeefle, DeLekee megyevleeveeb mecegoeÙeŠ efle*vleeveeb mecegoeÙeMÛe mkelev$e™hesCe keekeäÙeb
Yekeefle? Skeceske heomecetnes keekeäÙeced Fefle }#eCes Ûe ÙeLee - meeLe&keâ-MeyoeveeceveLe&keâ-mecegoeÙeesÓefhe
keekeäÙeb Yeefke<Ùeefle ~ ÙeLee ‘ieewŠ DeMkeŠ heg®<eŠ nmleer’ FlÙeeefo, Ùe$e Meyoemleg meeLe&keâeŠ meefvle efkeâvleg
les<eeb mecegoeÙeŠ meeLe&keâes veeefmle ~ Skeâefle*d keekeäÙeefceefle he#es Ûe ‘Skeâefle*d’ FlÙebMes keâce&OeejÙeb
mkeerke=âlÙe ‘Skeâceske Ùeled efle*d leod keekeäÙeceefmle’ Fefle %eelekÙeced DeLekee yengkeÇerefnce”erke=âlÙe ‘Skeâceefmle
efle*d Ùeefmceved leod keekeäÙeceefmle’ Fefle kee %eelekÙeced ~
GheÙe&gòeâefkeÛeejeOeejsCe efve<keâ<e&™hesCe Sleoghemebnle&gb MekeäÙeles Ùeod keekeäÙemke™heefkeÛeejheÇme”s
heeefCeefveheÇYe=leÙeŠ heÇeÛeerveeŠ kewÙeekeâjCeeŠ leLee peeie®keâeŠ veemeved ÙeLee lelhejkeefle&veŠ DeeÛeeÙe&eŠ
hele_peef}-heÇYe=leÙeŠ ~ kemlegleŠ keâelÙeeÙeveeoejYÙe SleefÉ<eÙekeâb efkeMeoefÛevleveb meceghe}YÙeles ~ leleŠ
hele_peef}-Yele&=nefj-keâewC[Yeó-veeiesMeeefoefYeMÛe leefÛÛevleveceieÇsmeeefjleced ~
keekeäÙemke™heeefoefke<eÙes leg hele_peef}jefhe leLee cegKejes ve ÂMÙeles ÙeLee Yele&=nefjŠ~
Skeâefle*vleeLe&cegKÙeefkeMes<Ùekeâ-yeesOepevekeâheomecetnes keekeäÙeced’ Fefle kewÙeekeâjCemecceleb keekeäÙe}#eCeb heÇeÙeŠ
meke&wj”eref›eâÙeles ~ le$eeefhe keeefle&keâkeâejerÙeceske keekeäÙe}#eCeb pÙeeŠ Fefle keâwÙešŠ heÇoerhes heÇkeâeMeÙeefle ~
pewecf evesŠ keekeäÙeheefjYee<ee leg }ewekf eâkeâer, keâelÙeeÙevemÙe keekeäÙeheefjYee<ee Ûe MeeŒeerÙee Fefle keâwÙešmÙe DeefYeceleced ~
}ewefkeâkeâb keekeäÙe}#eCeb heÇkegâke&lee keâwÙešsve heÇoerhes Gòeâced - DeLe&wkeâlkeeoskeâb keekeäÙeb meekeâe*d#eb Ûesod efkeYeeies
mÙeeefoefle ~ Fn leg keekeäÙeced DeeKÙeeleb meekÙeÙeb keâejkeâb efkeMes<eCeced Fefle heefjYeeef<eleb kele&les81~ kemlegleŠ
YeejleerÙehejchejeÙeeb keâelÙeeÙeveŠ keekeäÙekeâej™hesCe heÇemf eæîeefle ~ mken<e&ÛeefjlešerkeâeÙeeb ßeerMe¿jŠ ef}Keefle -
‘keekeäÙeb efkekejCeb keeefle&keâ_Ûe, ÙelkeâjCeelkeâelÙeeÙevees keeefle&keâkeâejŠ FlÙegÛÙeles’ Fefle ~
HeeoìerkeÀe
1. ÙeesieefMeKeesheefve<eod 35. 6 31. ceerceebmeejmeheuke}ced, keekeäÙeefkeÛeejŠ, he=.34
2. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 1.73 32. ceerceebmeemet$eced 1.2.40
3. keâekÙeeoMe&Š 1.4 33. ceerceebmeemet$eced 3.1.20
4. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 1.123 34. ceerceebmeemet$eced 2.3.7
5. De<šeOÙeeÙeer 5.1.16 35. cenekeekeäÙeeLe&heÇkeâjCeced, kesoevlemeejŠ
6. heÇoerheŠ hee. 5.1.16 36. meeefnlÙeohe&CeŠ 2.1
7. ceneYee<Ùes hemheMeeefÖkeâced 37. Ûevõe}eskeâšerkeâe, he=. 8
8. ceneYee<Ùeced, hee. 6.1.84 38. keeefle&keâced 10, hee. 2.1.1
9. ceneYee<Ùeced, 1.1.1, hemheMeeefÖkeâced 39. ceneYee<Ùeced, hee. 2.1.1 , keeefle&keâced 10
10. cew$esÙeesheefve<eod 6.22 40. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2.4
11. MeleheLeyeÇeåceCeŠ 1.3.6.27 41. keâeefMekeâe, hee. 8.1.8
12. MeleheLeyeÇeåceCeŠ 5.1.5.6, 13.4.1.15 42. lekeâ&mebieÇnŠ, lekeâ&Yee<ee
13. MeleheLeyeÇeåceCeŠ 3.1.3.22 43. lekeâ&mebieÇnŠ
14. lewefllejerÙeyeÇeåceCeŠ 1.3.4.5 44. keekeäÙeke=eflleŠ - 4, he=. 20
15 SslejsÙeyeÇeåceCeŠ 6.3 45. lekeâ&oerehf ekeâe - 4, he=. 32 leLee efmeæevleÛevõesoÙeŠ
16. MeleheLeyeÇeåceCeŠ 2.1.4.10, 14.4.1.23, 46. jece®õer - ke=â<Cekeâevleer šerkeâe,
14.6.10.5 MeyoMeefòeâheÇkeâeefMekeâe - 13
17. ke=noejCÙekeâesheefve<eod 1.3.21, 4.1.2 47. mkeeshe%eke=eflleŠ, MeyoMeefòeâheÇkeâeefMekeâe - 3
18. ieesheLeyeÇeåceCeŠ - hetke&YeeieŠ 2.10 48. meeefnlÙeohe&CeŠ 2.1
19. SslejsÙeyeÇeåceCeŠ 2.15.4.21 49. meeefnlÙeohe&CeŠ, heÇLeceŠ heefjÛÚsoŠ
20. pewefceveerÙe-Gheefve<eod 2.9.6 50. le$ewke
21. ÚevoesiÙeesheefve<eod 6.3.2 51. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2.1-2
22. $e+ikesoŠ,1.164.45,hemheMeeefÖkesâÓH³egæl= eced 52. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2.430
23. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced - 1.144 53. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2.326
24. ceneYeejlešerkeâe, Meeefvleheke& - 232.24 54. keekeäÙeeefOekeâjCeced, MeêeskeâŠ - 4
25. ceneYee<Ùeced, 1.1.2, heÇlÙeenejeefÖkeâced 55. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2.15
26. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 1.1 56. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2.54
27. ßegeflecenleer,jecekeâjCeMece&CeesÓefYevevoveieÇvLeŠ,Yeeie,1, 57. nefjke=eflleŠ keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2.21
heÇelf eYeeheÇkeâeMeveced,efouueer,2008,he=.,290-30158. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2.21
28. DecejkeâesMeŠ 1.6.2 59. nefjke=eflleŠ keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2.21
29. DeLe&MeeŒeced 179 60. hegCÙejepeŠ, keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2.13
30. mkeeshe%eke=eflleŠ, MeyoMeefòeâheÇkeâeefMekeâe - 13 61. heÇceeCekeeefle&keâced he=.6
62. heÇceeCekeeefle&keâced, he=. 128-129 73. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2.47
63. mHeâesšefmeefæŠ, he=. 238-239 74. Meêeskeâkeeeflle&keâŠ, keekeäÙeeefOekeâjCec-49-54
64. mHeâesšefmeefæŠ, he=. 239 75. heeLe&meejefLeefceßeŠ, Meêeskeâkeeeflle&keâŠ,
65. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2.50 keekeäÙeeefOekeâjCec-49-54
66. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2.50 76. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced - 2. 58
67. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2.50 77. hegCÙejepeŠ, keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2. 6
68. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2.52 78. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 3.1
69. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2.30 79. keeefle&keâced, ceneYee<Ùeced 2.1.1
70. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2.41 80. ceneYee<Ùeced 2.1.1
71. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2.17 81. heÇoerheŠ, ceneYee<Ùeced. 8.1.18
72. keekeäÙeheoerÙeced 2.411
Úel$eer Úel$ee kesefle efveCe&ÙeŠ
heÇes. yeesOekegâceejPeeŠ
Úel$eMeyoelŒeerlkes efkekeef#eles *erefhe šeefhe Ûe ke=âles ›eâceMees efve<heve>Š Úel$eer Úel$ee Ûesefle
heÇÙeesieŠ mebmke=âleb kÙekenjefÆÙe&oe leoe heÇÙegpÙeles ~ ßegles Ûe leeÂMeheÇÙeesies peeÙeles ßeesleefj mevosnŠ -
Úel$eer kee Úel$ee kee GYeÙees kee meeOegefjefle ~ lel$e meeOeejCepeveeŠ mevosnefceceeceheekeâlle&gb kewÙeekeâjCecegKeb
heÇs#evles ~ Delees kewÙeekeâjCewefke&<eÙesÓefmceved efveCe&ÙesveekeMÙeYeekÙeced ~ le$e keâmceeefÛÛeled efveCe&ÙeelheÇekeâd
Úel$eMeyomÙe leekeÉîeglheeflleYe&ekeveerÙee ~
ÚeoÙelÙeves v eeÓÓleheeef o keâef c elÙeLe& s ÚoOeelees e f C e& e f Û e <š^ e f v e1ef C e}es h es Ümkes Ûe
jewõke=ef<šefvekeejCeeLe&eÓÓkejCeefkeMes<ekeeÛekeâŠ Úl$eMeyoŠ keâêeryees kÙeglheeÐeles MeeefyokeâwŠ ~ leleMÛe CeheÇlÙeÙes
Deeefoke=æew ÙemÙesefleÛeslÙekeâej}eshes ``Úel$eŠ'' efmeæîeefle ~ CeefkeOeeÙekeâ_Ûee$e met$eced- ``Úl$eeefoYÙees
Ce'' Fefle2~ met$esÓefmceved ``Meer}ced''3 ``leomÙe''4 FlÙemÙeeefOekeâejeled leomÙe Meer}efcelÙeLe&s heÇLeceevlesYÙeŠ
Úl$eeefoYÙees CeheÇlÙeÙees Yekeleerefle met$eeLe&Š mecheÐeles ~ Meer}_Ûe veece mkeYeekeŠ ~ Úl$eb Meer}cemÙeslÙeLe&s
Úel$eMeyoes efve<heeÐeles ~ veveg Úl$eb veece õkÙeb, Meer}b veece iegCeŠ, le$eesYeÙeesŠ meeceeveeefOekeâjCÙeeÙeesieeled
Úl$eb Meer}efcelÙeYesosve keâLeb efkeieÇnŠ, Úl$emÙe Meer}lkeeveghehellesŠ ~ leoen oeref#eleŠ MeyokeâewmlegYes -
`Úl$eceeÛÚeoveb iegjesoe&s<eeCeeceekejCeefceefle Ùeekeefo'efle5~ }eskesâ efn ÂMÙeles kÙekeefÜÙeles Ûe iegCewoe&s<ee
DeeefkeÇÙevle Fefle ~ leoskeb iegCemÙe oes<eekejCeòkemecYekeeled iegCekeeefÛeveŠ Úl$emÙe Meer}lkeeshehelleew ve
keâMÛeve oes<eŠ ~ Ske_Ûe Úl$eMeyoesÓ$e }e#eefCekeâes }#eCeÙee iegjesoe&s<eekejCemÙe yeesOekeâŠ ~ leoskeb
ieew C es Ó Le& s Ó $e leef æ leke= e f l leŠ, ceg K ÙeeLe& s ke= l les m lkeveef Y eOeeveeve> s e f l e yees O ÙecYekeef l e ~ Sles v e
ieg®mecyeefvOeoes<eekejCeeefYeve>Meer}keeved Úel$e FlÙeLee&sÓkeielees Yekeefle ~
hejb efkekesÛeveevesve oes<ees iegjew, leoekejCeelcekeâes iegCeŠ Úel$es - Fefle heÇefleHeâ}efle ~ leve>
jesÛeÙeecens, iegjesefve&o&g<šòkes DeeefkeÇÙeceeCemÙeeYeekeeled leoekejCeòkeeveghehellesŠ ~ efkeâ_Ûe og<šs iegjew efveo&g<šmÙe
efkeâb kee efkekeef#eleiegCekeleMÚel$emÙewkeeYeeled ~ oes<eeved ie=Ceeleerelf e iegjeskÙe&lg heve>leÙee lemÙe mkeÙeb oes<ekeòkes
Ùeeweif ekeâlkeeveehellesŠ~ MeeŒes }eskesâ ÛeeYÙeefnl& elkemÙe iegjekemeòkeehellesMÛe ~ lemceeovÙeŠ keâMÛeve hevLee DeeßesÙeŠ~
leefolLeb iegjeso&es<eeCeeceekejCeefcelÙe$e iegjesefjefle he_ÛecÙevleb mkeerkeâeÙÙe&ced ~ iegjesefjlÙegllejb
efkeÐeeb heÇehÙesefle, DeekejCeesllejb ÙeÓkeefle leefolÙemÙe Ûe Mes<eŠ~ leLee efn iegjesŠ efkeÐeeb heÇehÙe oes<eeCeeceekejCeb
ÙeÓkeefle leÛÚl$eefcelÙeLe&Š ~ Slesve iegjesŠ keâe keâLee? Úel$emÙeeefhe oes<ejeefnlÙeceeÙeeefle~ Dele Ske
iegjesoe&s<eekejCeefceefle mecemles heÇÙeesòeâkÙes iegjesefjefle kÙemleŠ heÇÙeesieŠ meceeÛeefjlees oeref#elesve ~ DeLekee
iegjesefjefle <e…îeleceske ~ Ske_Ûe oes<eeCeeceekejCeb iegCeŠ, iegjesŠ oes<eeCeeceekejCeceLe&eled iegCeŠ Úl$eced ~
iegCes oes<eekejCeòkeb Úl$eòke_Ûe Úel$eefve…oes<eeÛÚeokeâòkeeled meg}Yeced ~ Úl$eb Meer}cemÙeslÙe$e Úl$eb
Úl$emeÂMehejb, }e#eefCekeâòkeeled ~ Úl$e_Ûe hetke&esòeâkÙeeKÙeevesve iegCehejŠ ~ leLee efn iegjesŠ iegCe Fke Meer}b
(iegCees) ÙemÙeemeew Úel$e FlÙeLe&Š Heâ}efle ~ }eskesâ iegke&vegiegCeceske Úel$emÙe Â<šlkeeve>eefmceve>Le&s keâeefÛeæeefveŠ ~
ve Ûe ÛÚel$eefve…oes<eeÛÚeove™heiegCemÙe iegjekeske mecYekeeÛÚel$es leomecYekeòkeefceefle keeÛÙeced,
efMe<ÙeesheefMe<ÙehejchejeÙeeb Úel$esÓefhe leòkemÙe megkeÛeòkeeled ~ YeeefkeveesÓefhe leeÂMeiegCemÙe }#eCesve
yegæîee efke<eÙeerkeâjCeeled leLeeheÇÙeesiemÙes<šòkeeÛÛe~ iegCewkeâosMemÙeeefhe Úel$es efkeÐeceevelkeeod OevewkeâosMemeòkesÓefhe
Oevekeeefveeflekeled heÇÙeesieeshehellesMÛe ~
Yee<Ùeke=âlee lke$e ``Úl$eeefoYÙees Ce'' Fefle met$eb kÙeeÛe#eeCesve Úel$eMeyob kÙeglheeoÙelee
efkeâceefhe efke}#eCeceske efkekesÛeveb heÇemleeefke ~ le$eso6b efkeÛeeefjleced- `èfkeâb ÙemÙe Úl$eOeejCeb Meer}b me
ÛÚel$eŠ''? efkeâb ÛeeleŠ? jepeheg®<es heÇehe>ees lf e (ÙeŠ heg®<ees je%eMÚl$eb OeejÙeefle me ÛÚel$eMeyoeefYeOesÙeŠ
mÙeeefolÙeLe&Š)~ Skeb leefn& Gllejheo}esheesÓ$e õ<škÙeŠ ~ ``Úl$eefceke ÛÚl$eefce''efle ~ De$e keâwÙešŠ- GllejheomÙe
FkeMeyomÙe }eshees õ<škÙe FlÙeLe&Š ~ ieewCeer ke=elf leMÚl$eMeyomÙeeßeÙeCeerÙee ~ le$ewke heÇlÙeÙemÙe oMe&veeefolÙegòeâb
Yekeefle, Fefle ÛeeÓn ~ SleeYÙeeb Yee<ÙeheÇoerheeYÙeeb ieewCeke=eflleceleMÚl$eMeyoelheÇlÙeÙe FlÙeeÙeeefle ~ le$e
efpe%eemÙeles- Úl$eMeyomÙe ieewCÙee ke=lÙee ieewCeeLe&mÙe keâmÙe }eYeŠ? keâMÛe lemÙe cegKÙeeLe&Š? keâLeb
ieewCeerke=elf lejeßeÙeCeerÙeself e Ûe ~ le$esob yeesæîeced- ieg®™heeLe&MÚl$eMeyomÙe cegKÙeŠ ~ lemceeod ieg®™heeLe&keâMÚl$eMeyoeled
heÇlÙeÙeesÓveefYeOeeveeve> ~ efMe<ÙeeLe&s }e#eefCekeâeled ieg®efke<eÙehee}ve}#ekeâeled Úl$eMeyoelheÇlÙeÙe Fefle YeekeŠ ~
hejb Úl$eMeyomÙe cegKÙeeLee&s ieg®efjlÙe$e efkeâb ceeveefceefle heefjheÇMe>s Yee<Ùeceske ie=neCe ~
leogòeâced7- `ìeg®MÚl$eced ~ ieg®Cee efMe<ÙeÛÚl$ekeled ÚeÐeŠ'' Fefle ~ heÇoerhes Yee<Ùeefceob ÙeespeÙelee
keâwÙešsveesòeâced - ``De%eeveb efMe<ÙemÙe ÛÚeoÙeefle = efvekelle&Ùeefle ÙeleŠ'' (Delees ieg®MÚl$eced) Fefle ~ hejb iegjew
Úl$elkeb hetCe&lees ve mecYekeced, Delees veeiesMe GÐeesles DeeMeÙeb heÇkeâšÙeve>en - ``ÙeLee Úl$eceg<Ceeefo efvekelle&Ùeefle,
Skece%eeveb ieg®efve&kelle&Ùeefle - Fefle lelmeÂMeòkeeod ieg®Š Úl$eefce''efle ~ keâekÙesÓefhe "cegKeb Ûevõ" Fefle
heÇÙeesiees efn ÛevõmeÂMeòkeeÐeLee, leLee$eeefhe Úl$emeÂMeòkeeod ieg®MÚl$eefceefle heÇÙeesiees veevegheheve>Š ~ leoskecemleg
Úl$emeÂMees ieg®MÚl$e Fefle ieg®™heeLe&MÚl$eMeyomÙe cegKÙeŠ, efkeâvleg ieewCÙee ke=òÙee Úl$eMeyoeled keâmÙeeLe&mÙe
}eYe Fefle efpe%eemeeÙeecegÐeeslekeâejes ye´tles - ``ke=lleew leefÉ<eÙehee}veeoew Úl$eMeyomÙe ke=eflleŠ'' Fefle ~
leefæleeefoke=eflleIeškeâmÙe ÛÚl$eMeyomÙe ieg®efke<eÙehee}veeoew }#eCesefle YeekeŠ~ DemÙe cet}vleg Yee<Ùes
le$ewkeeshe}YÙeles- `èfMe<ÙesCe ieg®MÚl$eefceke heefjheeuÙe'' Fefle ~
De$esocekeielecYekeefle - FkeheomÙeesllejmÙe }esheeÛÚl$eb Meer}cemÙeslÙemÙe Úl$emeÂMeb
Meer}efcelÙeLe&es yeesæîeŠ ~ meÂMeceLe&eled meeÂMÙekeled ~ meeÂMÙe_Ûe ieg®efke<eÙehee}veòkesve ieÇeåÙeced ~
De$eesheefmLeleeŠ $eÙeŠ- ieg®ÛÚl$eÚel$eheoeLe&eŠ ~ le$e iegjew Úl$es Ûe Éew Yeekeew - Úeokeâòkeb heefjheeuÙeòke_Ûe ~
SleeYÙeeb YeekeeYÙeeb ieg®Š Úl$eMeyomÙe cegKÙeeLe&Š ~ Úel$esÓefhe Ûe Éew Yeekeew - ÚeÐelkeb heefjhee}keâlke_Ûe ~ hejb
YeekeÉÙemÙeemÙe Úl$esÓefkeÐeceevelkeeve> efMe<Ùees efn ÛÚl$eMeyomÙe cegKÙeeLe&Š, Deefheleg ieewCe Ske ~
iegCeeoeielees ieewCeŠ ~ iegCeMÛee$e leefÉ<eÙehee}velke™heŠ ~ hee}veMeyoMÛee$e yeeng}keâeled keâlle&efj
uÙegefš hee}keâhejŠ ~ leoskeb ieewCÙee ke=òÙee (}#eCeÙee) Úl$eMeyoesÓ$e leefÉ<eÙehee}keâ™heeLe&yeesOekeâŠ ~
leeÂMeb Meer}b efMe<Ùes Yekeleerefle me ÛÚel$e FlÙegÛÙeles ~ Slelmekke&b heÇoerheesÐeesleieÇvLe}eheveevegjesOesve ~
Yee<Ùeevegmeeefj heÇke=âleb kÙeeKÙeeveb ceÙee mej}Ùee jerlÙewkeceghemLeehÙeles - jepeheg®<es Úel$eheosve
heÇÙeesieÙeesiÙeleeb keejefÙelegb hele_peef}vee Fke™heesllejheo}esheŠ mkeerke=âleŠ ~ ieg®MÚl$eefceefle Ûeesòeâced ~
FÙecegefòeâŠ efmebnes ceeCekekeâ Feflekeled meeÂMÙeeled Úl$elkeejesheeled ~ leLee Ûe ÛÚl$eefceke DeLe&eled ieg®efjke
Meer}cemÙesefle Úel$eMeyoeLee&s Yekeefle ~ FkeeLe&Š meeÂMÙeced ~ meeÂMÙe_Ûe heÇefleÙeesiÙevegÙeesiÙegYeÙeke=eflle ~
leÛÛee$e ÛÚeovehee}veÙeesiÙeòke™heced ~ Fo_Ûe meeÂMÙeb Úeovekeâlle&efj Úeovekeâce&efCe, DeLe Ûe
hee}vekeâlle&efj hee}vekeâce&efCe Ûe meceeveced ~ le$e ÛÚeovekeâlle&=lke_Ûee%eeveefveke=òÙevegkeât}kÙeeheejeßeÙelkesve,
hee}vekeâcce&lke_Ûeeve>heeveeÐeeßeÙelkesveesösMÙelkesve iegjew yeesædÙeced ~ Skeceske ÛÚeovekeâce&òkece%eeve-
efveke=òÙeeßeÙelkesveesösMÙeòkesve, hee}vekeâlle&=lke_Ûeeve>heeveeÐevegkeât}kÙeejeßeÙelkesve efMe<Ùees yeesæîeced ~ leLee
efn ÛÚeovehee}veÙeesiÙeòke™hemeeÂMÙeeYeekeeled jepeheg®<es ve ÛÚe$elkeb, leefmceved OeejCeÙeesiÙelkemÙewke
meòkeeled ~ efMe<Ùes Ûe lelmeòkeelleeflmeæced ~
efkeMes<eŠ- DeÐeleves keâe}s efnvoîeeefoYee<eeheÇYeeefkelee peveeŠ Úel$eMeyob hel$eMeyo_Ûe lekeâejsCewkesâve
heÇÙeg_peles, leÉîeekeâjCeÂ<šîee vetveceMegæced ~ GYeÙe$e OeeleesŠ SkeâmlekeâejŠ, heÇlÙeÙemÙe ÛewkeâmlekeâejŠ,
DeenlÙe lekeâejÉÙeceske efle…efle ~ ve Ûee$e lekeâej}esheeÙe keâMÛeveekekeâeMeŠ ~ DeleesÓmceeefYejsleeÂMeheÇÙeesies
meekeOeevewYe&ekÙeced - Fefle~
Úel$eerefle efve<heeflleheÇkeâejŠ- Úl$eced (Fke) Meer}cemÙee FlÙeLe&s efve<heve>eled Úel$eMeyoeled
DeCheÇlÙeÙeefveefcellekeâkeâeÙÙe&eefCe leeÛÚeref}keâCeheÇlÙeÙesÓefhe YekevleerlÙeLe&kelÙee ``leeÛÚer}kesâ CesÓCke=âleeefve
Yekevleer''efle8 heefjYee<eÙee CeheÇlÙeÙeevles Úel$e FlÙe$e DeCCevlelkeejeshesCe `èfšºeCe_ed.'' FlÙeeefovee9
*erefhe, meg}eshes Ûe `Úel$eer' Meyoes efve<heÐeles ~
Úel$esefle efve<heeflleheÇkeâejŠ- ``leeÛÚeref}kesâ CesÓCke=âleeefve Yekevleer''efle %eehekeâefmeæeÙeeŠ heefjYee<eeÙeeŠ,
mhe<šceske heef"lekÙesÓvegceeveeôesOevecemeeke&e$f ekeâlkeeLe&ecf elÙeefLe&keâÙee ``%eehekeâefmeæb ve meke&$e'' Fefle10 heefjYee<eÙee
Demeeke&e$f ekeâlkeeled šeefhe `Úel$ee' Meyoes efve<heÐeles ~ %eehekeâefmeæb ve meke&$eslÙemÙeeŠ %eehekeâefmeæheefjYee<eÙeeÓefve<šb
veeÓÓheeoveerÙeefceefle leelheÙÙe&ced ~ lesve ``Dehehejer''lÙevesve11 yeefnÙee&is es %eeefhelee he_Ûeceer "keâjmÙe yeefnefj"lÙe$e
veself e yeesæîeced ~ veveg MeyoesÛÛeejCepevÙekeâêMs eeveglheòÙeeÓvegceeveeod yeesOevemÙeevÙeLeeefmeæòkeeve>esòeâeLe&%eehekeâòkeefceefle
Ûesled - ve ~ ve efn Meyoes Û ÛeejCepevekeâkeâC"leeukeeÐeef Y eIeele™heieew j keces k eeolle& k Ùeve>
%eevepevekeâceveeskÙeeheej™heieewjkeefceefle jepee%eemleerlÙegòeâîeeÓvegceeveeod yeesOevesÓefhe keâêsMemÙe meòkeeled ~
`leeÛÚer}kesâ CesÓCke=âleeveer'lÙemÙee %eeheveced - De$e %eehekeâ_Ûe ``keâece&mleeÛÚeruÙes'' Fefle12
met$eceske ~ leLee efn Devesve leeÛÚeruÙes iecÙes keâce&vMeyomÙe meew hejs efš}eshees efveheelÙeles, ``Deved''13
Fefle heÇke=âefleYeekeyeeOeveeLe&ced ~ DeefCe Deved heÇke=âòÙee mÙeeefolÙeLe&kesâve met$esCeevesve Ûe heÇke=âefleYeekeŠ
DeCheÇlÙeÙes hejs efkeOeerÙeles Fefle Ces heÇke=âefleYeekeeheÇehlÙee leôeOeveeLe&efš}esheefveheeleveb kÙeLe&b mep%eeheÙeefle-
leeÛÚeref}kesâ Ces- FlÙeeefo ~ leLee Ûe `Deved' Fefle heÇehleheÇke=âefleYeekeyeeOeveeLe&b efveheeleveb ÛeefjleeLe&ced ~
Heâ}_Ûe Ûeewjer leehemeerlÙeeefo yeesæîeced ~ leogòeâb Yee<Ùes - Skeb leefn& (vemleefæles FlÙeske efš}eshes) efmeæs
meefle Ùeefve>heeleveb keâjesefle lep%eeheÙelÙeeÛeeÙe&Š - leeÛÚeref}kesâÓCesCke=âleeefve Yekeefvle Fefle14~
GYeÙeefkeOeheÇÙeesies yeerpeced - Úel$eerelf e heÇÙeesies ``keâece&mleeÛÚeruÙes'' Fefle met$eYee<ÙemLekeâwÙeškeÛeveceeOeejŠ ~
leogòeâced15 - ``Ske_Ûe `Úl$eeefoYÙeesÓCed' Fefle }eIekeeÙe keâlle&kÙeced, CekeÛeves heÇÙeespeveeYeekeeled ~
`heÇ%eeßeæe-' Fefle16 `pke}eflekeâmevlesYÙeŠ' Fefle17 `leomÙeeb heÇnjCeced' Fefle CekeÛeves *eryeYeekeŠ
heÇÙeespeveced'' Fefle ~ De$eeÙeceeMeÙeŠ - leeÛÚeref}keâmÙewke CeheÇlÙeÙemÙeeCkeâeÙe&%eeheveeled ``leomÙeeb heÇnjCeefceefle
›eâer[eÙeeb Ce'' Fefle efkeefnles Ces òeC[e' FlÙeske ~ leoskeb }eIekeeled Úl$eeefoYÙeesÓCeske efkeOeerÙeleeced, efkeâb
CeheÇlÙeÙeefkeOeevesve ? lemÙeeCkeâeÙe&%eehevesve Ûe ~ Slelmet$eeovÙe$e CeheÇlÙeÙeefkeOeevemÙe *eryeYeekeesÓLe&eled
šehheÇÙeespeveced, De$e leg vesefle ~ DeleŠ hetke&b CeefkeOeeveced, hegveŠ le$e *erheŠ efmeæîeLe&b
%eehekeâefmeæheefjYee<eeßeÙeCeced - FlÙe$e ieewjkeced ~ Ùeefo ÛeeCeske efkeOeerÙesle leefn& DeCCevlelkeeled *erheŠ
efmeæew keÛeveeßeÙe™heieewjkeb vesefle ~ Skeb efn keâwÙešceles òeC[e' FlÙeeefokeled `Úel$ee' FlÙe$e *eryeYeekeŠ
(šehed) heÇÙeespeveb veeefmle - Fefle mhe<šleesÓkeieleb Yekeefle ~ vees Ûesled šey™heheÇÙeespevemeòkes ``CekeÛeves
heÇÙeespeveeYeekeeled'' Fefle keâwÙešesòeâb ve mebieÛÚsle ~ Ùelleg ``DeCees ÉîeÛeŠ''18 Fefle Úel$emÙeehelÙeefcelÙeLe&s
efHeâef_e `Úel$eeÙeefCeŠ' FlÙeefhe Heâ}efceefle leve>, iees$eheÇlÙeÙeevleeoske efHeâ_es efkeOeeveeled ~ ve Ûe %eeheves
`DeCke=âleeefve Yekevleer'efle yengkeÛeveoMe&vesve heÇÙeespeveevlejmelleeÓmleerlÙekeyegæîele Fefle keeÛÙeced, heÇÙeesieYesosve
yengkeÛevelkeeshehellesŠ ~ Dele Ske `keâece&' Fefle met$eesÐeesles veeiesMesve ``Dele Skees›eâceYee<Ùes `DeCke=âleeefve
Yekeefvle' Fefle yengkeÛeveheÇÙeesie FlÙeengŠ'' FlÙe$e ``FlÙeeng''efjlÙevesvee®efÛeŠ heÇoefMe&lee ~ heÇÙeesieYesoeefYeheÇeÙeb
yengkeÛevevleg efHeâ_eefhe Heâ}evlejefceefle celesÓhÙeekeMÙekeâced, DevÙeLee le$e efÉkeÛeveewefÛelÙeeled ~
`Úel$ee' Fefle heÇÙeesiemÙeeOeejmleg ``keâece&mlee.'' Fefle met$eYee<ÙemLeesÐeesleŠ ~ le$eesòeâb veeiesMesve-
``%eehekesâ efn %eehekeâefmeæmÙeeÓmeeke&ef$ekeâòkeeled ``Úel$ee'' Fefle efmeæîeleerefle (keâwÙešesòeâced - Úl$eeefoYÙeesÓCed
Fefle }eIekeeÙe keâlle&kÙeced, CekeÛeves heÇÙeespeveeYeekeeled Fefle) efÛevlÙeefceoefcelÙevÙes (veeiesMeeŠ)'' Fefle ~
SlesveesÐeeslesve Úl$eeefoYÙeesÓCeske keâeÙÙe&Š efkeâceveÙee kegâme=<šîesefle keâwÙešesòeâb hejemleced ~ efkeefnlesÓefCe
*erheesÓkeMÙecYeekeeled ~ meefle Ûe Ces hetke&esòeâjerlÙee heefjYee<ee%eehevesve lemÙee F<š™heeheeokeâlkeeled
`Úel$ee' FlÙe$e šehed heÇÙeespeveced ~ leLee Ûe ``heÇ%eeßeæe.'' FlÙeeefokeled ``Úl$eeefoYÙees CeŠ'' FlÙe$eeefhe
*eryeYeekeŠ heÇÙeespevelkesve mkeerkeâeÙÙe&Š ~ ye=nÛÚyosvogMesKejsÓefhe ``leeÛÚere} f kesâ'' Fefle heÇIeókesâ ŒeerheÇlÙeÙeheÇkeâjCes
veeiesMees ``%eehekeâefmeæmÙeeÓmeeke&ef$ekeâlkeeled Úel$ee FlÙeske'' FlÙeen ~ SkekeâejsCe Ûe ``Úel$eer'' Fefle
heÇÙeesiemÙe kÙeeke=eflleŠ ef›eâÙeles ~
Úel$eerefle *eryevleb ®heb ÙeÐeefhe keâwÙešsveevÙesve kee kesâveefÛeoeÛeeÙe&sCe keâC"jkesCe veesòeâvleLeeefhe
hetkee&sòeâkeâwÙešerÙekeÛevesveemÙe meòkeb mkeeref›eâÙeles ~ le$e keâwÙešesefòeâb efmeæevlekeâewcegÐeeŠ leòkeyeesefOeveerkeâejes
%eevesvõmejmkeleer ``Úl$eeefoYÙeesÓCed'' FlÙeske met$ecemleg efkeâceveÙee kegâme=<šîesefle leg yenkeŠ'' FlÙegòeâdkee
meceLe&Ùeles ~19 SleovÙes ÛeeÛeeÙe&eŠ Úel$esefle ™heb efveieoefvle ~
`Úel$ee' Fefle ™hemÙe heÇkeòeâej DeeÛeeÙe&eŠ -
1) meke&heÇLececegÐeesles20 ye=nÛÚyosvogMesKejs21 veeiesMeŠ `Úel$ee' Fefle ye´tles ~
2) Yetefleke=âlee cenecenesheeOÙeeÙesve leelÙeeMeeefŒeCee ``Úl$eeefoYÙeesÓefCe''fle keòeâkÙes CeieÇnCeeos<eeÓefvelÙee,
lesve `Úel$es'lÙe$e ve *erefyeefle yeesæîeced'' FlÙegòeâced ~22
3) cenecenesheeOÙeeÙeYewjkeefceßeeŠ -``%eehekeâefmeæmÙeemeeke&ef$ekeâlkesve Úel$eslÙemÙe efmeæîeLe&ceskeced
(Úl$eeefoYÙees Ce Fefle) DeefYeOeeveeled'' FlÙeengŠ ~23
4) heefC[lekewÐeveeLeheeÙeiegC[s mkeYeekeheÇkeâeMekÙeeKÙeeÙeeceen- ``%eehekeâefmeæmÙeemeeke&ef$ekeâlkeeled
Úel$eslÙeske'' Fefle ~24
5) heefC[leieeshee}MeeŒeer vesves cenesoÙeŠ mej}ekÙeeKÙeeÙeeb keefòeâ- ``%eehekeâefmeæmÙeemeeke&ef$ekeâleÙee
`Úel$ee' FlÙesleeflmeæîeLe&lkeeefo''efle ~25
De$esob efve<ke=â<Ùeles - (1). keâwÙešsve %eevesvõmejmkelÙee Ûeeefhe keâC"jkesCe `Úel$eer' Fefle
heÇÙeesiees veesòeâŠ ~ (2). }eIekeeÙe ``Úl$eeefoYÙeesÓCed'' Fefle keâlle&kÙeefceefle keâwÙešesefòeâŠ, hejb heeefCeefvevee
}eIekececelkee leLee ve ke=âleefcelÙeleŠ heeefCeefvemecceleŠ ``Úel$ee'' FlÙeske heÇÙeesieŠ~ (3). DevÙe$e
CeheÇlÙeÙeefkeOeeves ÙeLee *eryeYeekeŠ heÇÙeespeveb keâwÙešsve oefMe&leced, leLee `Úl$eeefoYÙees Ce' FlÙe$eeefhe
YeekÙeced, GYeÙeesYe&sos ceeveeYeekeeled ~ (4). ``leeÛÚeref}kesâ CesÓhÙeCke=âleeefve Yekevleer''efle heefjYee<eeb
efke%eehÙe Yee<ÙekeâejŠ hele_peef}jefhe `Úel$ee' Fefle heÇÙeesieceske heÇecf eceerles, %eehevemÙe heÇÙeespeveevlejeYeekeeled ~ (5).
veeiesMe- leeòÙeeMeeefŒe-Yewjkeefceße-kewÐeveeLeheeÙeiegC[s-ieeshee}MeeŒeervesves-heÇYe=efleefYejeÛeeÙe&wŠ Úel$esefle heÇÙeesieŠ
mkemkekÙeeKÙeeves ke=âle Fefle hejchejeÙeecemceekeâb Úel$eslÙeske heÇÙeesieŠ Fefle ~
leoskeb heeefCeefve-hele_peef}-veeiesMe-hejchejemecceleŠ ``Úel$ee'' FlÙeske heÇÙeesie Fefle
leLewkeemceeefYekÙe&kenlle&kÙe Fefle Â{b ces heÇefleYeeefle ~
HeeoìerkeÀe
1. meke&OeelegYÙeŠ <š^ved, GCee., 4-158 2. hee.met.- 4/4/61
3. hee.met.- 4/4/60 4. leomÙe heCÙeced, hee.met. - 4/4/51
5. De. - 4, hee.- 4, Dee.- 2, met.- 61 6. 4/4/62, leæles "ieefOekeâejheÇkeâjCes
7. le$ewke 8. heefjYee<esvogMesKejŠ, Mes<eeLe&keâLeves,
9. hee.met. 4-1-15 heefjYee<eemebKÙee-126
10. heefj.Mes., Mes<eeLe&., heefj.meb.-126 11. hee.met.- 2-1-12
12. hee.met.- 6-4-172 13. hee.met.- 6-4-177
14. heele_pe}ceneYee<Ùeced - 6-4-172 15. `keâece&mleeÛÚeruÙes' Fefle met$eYee<ÙeheÇoerhes ~
16. hee.met.- 5-2-101 17. hee.met.- 3-1-140
18. leoske, 4-1-156 19. 141he=., efmeæevlekeâewcegoer, ŒeerheÇlÙeÙeŠ, he.- 654
20. `keâece&mleeÛÚeruÙes' Fefle met$eesÐeesles ~ 21. ŒeerheÇlÙeÙeheÇkeâjCeced, leeÛÚeref}kesâ Fefle ~
22. heefjYee<esvogMesKejŠ,heefjYee<eemebKÙee - 88, 23. heÇew{ceveesjcee, YewjkeerkÙeeKÙee, efšºeCe.met$eced ~
YeteflekÙeeKÙee ~ 24. leoske, YeekeheÇkeâeMekÙeeKÙee ~
25. leoske, mej}ekÙeeKÙee ~
deg
Deeue¿eefjkeâo=<šŸee mHeâesšlellJeced
[eB. ceefCeoerHeeoeme:
vewÙeeefÙekeâeveeb ÙeLee cegKÙeb HeÇefleHeeÅeb HejceeCeglellJeb Jesoeefvleveeb yeÇÿelellJeb leLee
JewÙeekeâjCeeveecemeeOeejCeceskeâb HeÇefleHeeÅeb mHeâesšlellJeced ~ JewÙeekeâjCemecHeÇoeÙeJÙeeflejskesâCe keâmÙeeefHe oMe&vemÙe
mHeâesšlellJeb ve cegKÙeb HeÇefleHeeÅeced ~ HeeefCeefveHele_peefueHeÇYe=efleefYe: HeÇeÛeerveeÛeeÙe&w: mHeâesšlellJemÙe ÙeLee
HeÇeOeevÙeceÁerke=âleb leLee YeÆesepf ekeâewC[YeÆeefoefYe: veJeerveeÛeeÙe&jw efHe mHeâesšlellJemÙe HeÇeOeevÙeb HeÇelf eHeeefoleced ~
YeieJeÜsoJÙeeme: YeeieJeleHegjeCemÙe oMecemkeâvOes JeemegosJeb ke=â<Ceb mleewefle -
efoMeeb lJeceJekeâeMeesÓefme efoMe: Keb mHeâesš DeeßeÙe: ~
veeoes JeCe&mlJecees¿ej Deeke=âleerveeb He=Lekeâd ke=âefle: ~~ 85/9Fefle ~~
De$e YeieJeeved ke=â<Ce: mHeâesš¤HesCe JeefCe&le: ~ Yelle=&nefjCee mJekeâerÙeJÙeekeâjCeieÇvLes
JeekeäÙeHeoerÙes HejbyeÇÿe mHeâesš¤HesCe HeÇefleHeeefoleced -
DeveeefoefveOeveb yeÇÿe MeyolellJeb Ùeo#ejced ~
efJeJele&lesÓLe&YeeJesve HeÇef›eâÙee peielees Ùele: ~~ (1/1) Fefle ~
HejJeefle&evf e keâeues Deeue¿eefjkeâeÛeeÙez: JewÙeekeâjCeeveeceve=CeleeceÁerke=âlee ~ DeevevoJeOe&veeÛeeÙez®keäleb
OJevÙeeueeskesâ - `HeÇLeces efn efJeÜebmees JewÙeekeâjCee:, JÙeekeâjCecetuelJeeled meJe&efJeÅeeveeced' Fefle ~
Deeue¿eefjkesâCe YeecensveeefHe keâeJÙeeue¿ejieÇvLes YeefCeleced - `ßeæsÙeb peieefle celeb efn HeeefCeveerÙeced' Fefle
(6/63) ~ keâeJÙeceerceebmeeÙee: keâefJejnmÙeefceefle HeÇLecemÙeeefOekeâjCemÙe meHleoMes DeOÙeeÙes Deeue¿eefjkesâCe
jepeMesKejsCeeskeäleced - `MeyoefJeÅesJe efJeÅeeveeb ceOÙes pepJeeue ®efkeäceCeer' Fefle ~ Dele: HeÇKÙeeleeue¿eefjkewâ:
mJeerkeâ=leb efJeÅeeveeb ÙeLee MeyoefJeÅee leLee efJeog<eeb JewÙeekeâjCee: ßeæsÙee: ~
JÙeekeâjCemÙe cegKÙeb HeÇefleHeeÅeb cece ve HeÇyevOeefJe<eÙe:, DeefHe leg Deeue¿eefjkewâ: JÙeekeâjCemÙe
HeÇOeeveHeÇefleHeeÅeb mHeâesšlellJeb mJeerkeâ=lÙe JewÙeekeâjCeeved HeÇefle ßeæe_Ûe efJe%eeHÙe Ùeod OJeefvelellJeceeueesefÛeleb
leosJe ~ Deeue¿eefjkeâe: mecHeÇoeÙeYesosve yengOee, Hejb meJew&: OJeefvelellJeb veeueesefÛeleced ~ Hejb Ùew: JeefCe&leb
OJeefvelellJeb lew: meJezjefHe mHeâesšlellJeceÁerke=âleced ~ DeueÁejMeeŒecevevleced ~ ueIegkeâeÙesÓefmceved efveyevOes
meJe&celemeceekeâgueb og:Mekeâced ~ Delees ceÙee efJeefMe<ÙewJe oC[er, DeevevoJeOe&ve:, cecceš:, Yeespe:,
keâefJekeâCe&HegjMÛesefle Deeue¿eefjkeâeCeeb celeceeefßelÙewJe HeÇyevOe: efveCeer&Ùeles ~
leefn& keâesÓÙeb mHeâesš:? mHeâesšmÙe HeÇLece: HeÇÙeesiees ceneYee<Ùes ÂMÙeles - `SJeb leefn&
mHeâesš: Meyo: ~ OJeefve: MeyoiegCe: ~ ... mHeâesšmleeJeevesJe YeJeefle ~ OJeefveke=âlee Je=efæ:
OJeefve: mHeâesšMÛe Meyoeveeb OJeefvemleg Keueg ue#Ùeles ~
DeuHees cenebMÛe kesâ<eeef_ÛeogYeÙeb lelmJeYeeJele: ~~' (1/1/9) Fefle ~
mHeâesšMeyo: mHegâšdOeelegle: efve<HeVees YeJeleerefle ~ veeiesMemleg mHeâesšJeeoieÇvLes `mHegâšefle
DeLees& Demceeefoefle mHeâesšes JeeÛekeâ Fefle ÙeeJeled' Fefle ~ HejceueIegce_pet<eeÙeeceefHe mHeâesšefve¤HeCes
DeOÙeeÙes Gkeäleced - `mHegâšlÙeLeexÓmceeefoefle JÙeglHellÙee mHeâesš:’ Fefle ~ mHegâšlÙeLe&: Demceeefoefle
mHeâesš Fefle efJeieÇneled ÙemceeoLe&: mHegâšes YeJeefle me mHeâesš: ~ Dele: mHeâesšMeyoesÓÙeceLe&HeÇkeâeMekeâ: ~
mHeâesšMeyo: Ùeesie¤{: ~ Ùesve Meyo: ßetÙeles DeLe&yeesOeMÛe YeJeefle me mHeâesš Fefle DeefYeefnle: ~ Ùele:
HetJe&HetJe&JeCe&eveeb OJebmeJeMeeled GllejesllejJeCex SkeâmeeefnlÙeeYeeJeeled DeLe&yeesOees ve mÙeeled ~ Dele:
mHeâesš: DeLe&yeesOekeâ: Fefle mJeerke=âle: ~ OJeefvevee mHeâesš: mHegâšefle ~ Dele: OJeefve: DeefYeJÙe_pekeâ:
HeÇkeâeMekeâMÛesefle ~ mHeâesšmleg DeefYeJÙeÁŸe: HeÇkeâeMÙeMÛe ~
DeeÛeeÙexCe oefC[vee OJeefvelellJeb ve JÙeeKÙeeleb, Hejb MeyomÙeesHeÙeeseif elJeb efJeJe=leb keâeJÙeeoMex-
FocevOeb lece: ke=âlmveb peeÙesle YegJeve$eÙeced ~
Ùeefo Meyoe£Ùeb pÙeeseflejemebmeejb ve oerHÙeles ~~ (1/4) Fefle ~
keâeJÙeeoMe&mÙe ceeefuevÙeHeÇe_s Úveer Fefle šerkeâeÙeeceefHe Gkeäleceefmle- `leleMÛe leled MeyoyeÇÿe¤Heb
pÙeesefle:, Deemebmeejb peieoefYeJÙeeHÙe ve oerHÙeles ve efJejepeles, leoe Fob ke=âlmveb meJeË, YegJeveeveeb
mJeie&cellÙe&jmeeleueeveeb $eÙeced, DevOeb lece: iee{evOekeâejJÙeeHleefceefle ÙeeJeled ~ OJeevles iee{sÓvOelecemeced
FlÙecej: ~ peeÙesle ~ ÙeÜe lecees ceesnevOekeâejceÙeb meled, DevOeb ves$enerveefceJe %eeveMetvÙeb YeJesled ~' Dele:
Deeue¿eefjkeâeÛeeÙexCe oefC[vee mHeâesšmÙe efJe<eÙe: De$e ve keâefLele:, Hejb MeyoyeÇÿe pÙeesleer¤HesCeesefuueKÙe lesve
SJeb yeesOÙeles Ùeled Deemebmeejb meJeË Meyob efJevee lecemeeJe=leb peeÙesle ~
MeyolellJeb meJe&%eevemÙeeslmeYetleced ~ Meyow: meJe&HeoeLe&mJe¤Heb ÙeLeeÙeLeceefYeJÙekeäleced ~
Meyo: pÙeesefle<ee men GHeefcele: ~ mebmeejesÓÙeb MeyoyeÇÿeCe: efJeJelle&veced ~ JewÙeekeâjCeYet<eCemeejs
efveieefoleced - `mHeâesš¤Heb Ùele: meJeË peieosleefÜJele&les' Fefle ~ DemÙeeLe&: YegJeve$eÙeb leceefme
efveceefppeleceYeefJe<Ùeled Ùeefo Meyo¤HesCe pÙeesefle<ee mebmeej: ve HeÇkeâeefMele: DeYeefJe<Ùeled ~ De$e
Meyo¤HesCe pÙeesefle<ee %eevecesJe lecemee De%eevecesJe yeesOÙeles ~ Meyow: efveefKeueefJeMJemÙe HeÇkeâeMees
YeJeefle ~ MeyoyeÇÿe ÛelegefJe&OeeefYeJÙeef_pele: YeJeefle - Heje, HeMÙevleer, ceOÙecee, JewKejer Fefle ~ DeeÅe
efleœe: efvelÙee: DeleerefvõÙee:, Hejb legjerÙeefceefvõÙeieÇe¢eced ~ HejceueIegce_pet<eeÙeeced Gkeäleced -
Heje Jee*d cetueÛe›eâmLee HeMÙevleer veeefYemebefmLelee ~ ùefomLee ceOÙecee %esÙee JewKejer keâC"osMeiee ~~
oefC[meccele: MeyopÙeeself ejsJe jwKejer¤HesCe HeÇkeâeefMeleced ~ Fob ke=âlmveb peieled iee{evOekeâejsCe
JÙeeHleb peeÙesle Ùeefo MeyoyeÇÿe¤Heb pÙeesefle: ve oerHÙeles ~ keâeJÙeeoMe&mÙe ceeefuevÙeHeÇes_Úveer Fefle
šerkeâeÙeeceefHe Gkeäleced -
mLeeves<eg efJeJe=les JeeÙeew ke=âleJeCe&HeefjieÇne ~ JewKejer Jeekeâd HeÇÙeeskeäle=Ceeb HeÇeCeJe=eflleefveyevOevee ~~
HeÇeCeJe=eflleceefle›eâcÙe ceOÙecee Jeekeâd HeÇJelle&les ~ DeefJeYeeieelleg HeMÙevleer meJe&le: mebùle›eâcee ~
mJe¤HepÙeeseflejsJeevle: met#cee mee DeveHeeefÙeveer ~~ Fefle ~ Hegveë ßegeflejHÙeen -
ÛelJeeefj JeekeâdHeefjefcelee Heoeefve leeefve efJeogyeÇe&ÿeCee Ùes ceCeeref<eCe: ~
iegne $eereCf e efveefnlee vesÁÙeefvle legjerÙeb JeeÛees ceveg<Ùee Jeoefvle ~~ ($e+.Jes.1/164/44) Fefle ~
DeevevoJeOe&veeÛeeÙez: OJeves: mJe¤Heefve¤HeCeHeÇmeÁs Gkeäleced -ÒJeefvejelcee keâeJÙemÙe' Fefle ~ keâesÓÙeb
OJeefve:, Meyole: peeÙeceeve: keâMÛeve ¤HeefJeMes<e: OJeefveefjlÙeefYeOeerÙeles ~ JÙeekeâjCeoMe&ves HeÇÙegkeälemÙe
OJeefveMeyomÙe leLee Deeue¿eefjkewâ: mJeerke=âlemÙe OJeefveMeyomÙe DeLe&iele: HeÇYeso: ve ÂMÙeles Fefle ~
Delees OJeefveJeeoes ve keâesÓHÙeefYeveJees celeJeeo: ~
DeevevoJeOe&vesve OJeefvemJe¤HeefJeMues<eCeeled HeÇeiesJe keâeJÙeelce¤HesCe JÙeJemLeeefHelemÙeeLe&mÙe
YesoefÜleÙeceeueesefÛeleced ~ JeeÛÙeeLe&: HeÇleerÙeceeveeLe&MÛesefle lemÙeeLe&mÙe ÜeJesJe Yesoew ~ HeÇleerÙeceeveeKÙemÙe
OJeefvelellJemÙe efYeefllejsJe efveefJe&Jeeoefmeæes JeeÛÙeeLe&: ~ lele: OJeefvekeâejsCe JeeÛÙeeLe&le: He=LeiYetlemÙe
JÙeÁŸeeLe&mÙe meÆeJeb HeÇefleHeeoÙelee OJeves: mJe¤Heb JÙekeäleced, -
Ùe$eeLe&: Meyo: leceLe&cegHemepe&veerke=âlees mJeeLeez ~
JÙe*dkeäle: keâeJÙeefJeMes<e: me OJeefveefjefle megefjefYe: keâefLele: ~~ Fefle ~
Ùe$eeLe&: Meyoes JeelceeveceLeË Jee ieewCeerke=âlÙe JÙeÁŸeeLe&cesJe HeÇkeâeMeÙeefle, me SJe keâeJÙeefJeMes<ees
OJeefveveecvee JÙeHeefoMÙeles FlÙeeMeÙe: ~
OJeefveJeeoes ve keâesÓefHe vetleve: celeJeeo: FlÙeLeË yeesOeefÙelegb megefjefYe: keâefLele: Fefle
JeekeäÙeebMemÙe HeÇÙeesiees efJeefnlees OJeefvekeâejsCe ~ efJeÜefÆ: HeÇLecele: OJeefveMeyomÙe meceguuesKees efJeefnle: ~
JÙeekeâjCeb meJe&efJeÅeecetueefceefle efJeog<eeb celes JÙeekeâjCemÙewJe HeÇeLecÙeced ~ leLee Ûeeskeäleced - `HeÇLeces efn
efJeÜebmees JewÙeekeâjCee:, JÙeekeâjCecetuelJeeled meJe&efJeÅeeveeced ~ les Ûe ßetÙeceeCes<eg JeCex<eg OJeefveefjefle
JÙeJenjefvle Fefle ~ JewÙeekeâjCeeveeb celes Meyosve mHeâesšmÙeeefYeJÙe_pevee YeJeleerefle leeÂMe: Meyo SJe
OJeefve: ~ OJeefveJeeefoveeb celes MeyoeLee&YÙeeb HeÇleerÙeceeveeLe&: meceefYeJÙeef_pelees YeJeefle ~ Dele SleeÂMe:
MeyoeLe&efJeMes<e: OJeefveHeoJeeÛÙe: ~ Jemleglees OJeefveJeeefoefYejeue¿eefjkewâ: JÙeÁŸeeLeex JÙe_peveeJÙeeHeejMÛesefle
GYeeJesJe OJeefveveecvee meceeKÙeeleew ~
DeefYeveJeiegHlesveeefHe (HeÇLeces GÅeesles) ueesÛevešerkeâeÙeeceeueeseÛf eleced -`ßees$eMe¿gueeR mevleevesveeielee
DevlÙee: Meyoe: ßetÙevle Fefle HeÇe›f eâÙeeÙeeb Meyopee: Meyoe: ßetÙeceeCee: FlÙegkeäleced ~ les<eeb IeCševegjCeve¤HelJeb
leeJeoefmle, les Ûe OJeefveMeyosveeskeälee: ~ ÙeLeen YeieJeeved Yelle=&nefj: -
Ùe: mebÙeesieefJeÙeesieeYÙeeb keâjCew®HepevÙeles ~
me mHeâesš: Meyopee: Meyoe OJeveÙeesÓvÙew®oeùlee: ~~1-102~~ Fefle ~
SJeb IeCšeefoefveveeomLeeveerÙeesÓvegjCeveelceesHeueef#elees JÙeÁŸeesÓHÙeLeex OJeefveefjefle JÙeJeùle: ~ leLee
MeÇtÙeceeCee Ùes JeCee& veeoMeyoJeeÛÙee Devleyeg&efæefveieÇ&e¢emHeâesšeefYeJÙe_pekeâemles OJeefveMeyosveeskeälee:' Fefle ~
JewÙeekeâjCeeveeb veÙes Heje HeMÙevleer ceOÙecee JewKejer Fefle ÛelegefJe&OeJeeCeerceOÙes JewKejerMeyo:
JÙekeäleMeyo: ~ Ùe: JÙekeäleMeyoesÓmceeefYe: ßetÙeles lemceeled ÙeesÓLe&: DeJeiecÙeles le$e mHeâesšmÙe
keâuHevee ef›eâÙeles ~ ÙeLee YesjeroC[mebÙeesieefJeÙeesieeYÙeeb cegngceg&ngjeIeelesve Meyo GlHeÅeles, SJeb ›eâceeielelejÁw:
me MeyoesÓmceekebâ keâCex ieesÛejerYeJeefle, leLewJe MeyomÙe ÛejceOJeefvevee MeyomÙeeLe& JÙeefkeälekeâejkeâ:
mHeâesšes YeJeefle ~ SJeb keâeJÙes DeLe&mÙeeLe&JÙeefkeälekeâejkeâes OJeefveYe&Jeefle ~ DeefYeveJeiegHleeÛeeÙezjefHe ßetÙeceeCee Ùes
JeCee& veeoMeyoJeeÛÙee, DevlÙeyegeæ f efve&ieÇe¢eb mebùle›eâcemJe¤Heb mHeâesšceeng: ~ HetJe&HetJe&JeCe&efJe<eÙekeâevegYeJes
melÙeefHe ÛejceJeCe&efJe<eÙekeâevegYeJeeYeeJes DeLe&HeÇleerefleve& YeJeefle, DeefHe leg ÛejceJeCe&efJe<eÙekeâevegYeJes
DeLe&HeÇleerefleYe&JeleerlÙevegYeJeevegmeejsCe DeefJeÅeeHeefjkeâefuHeleb mHeâesšmÙe mHegâšemHegâšeJeYeemekeâuHeveceeJeMÙekeâced ~
Deeue¿eefjkeâeÛeeÙexCe ceccešsve GllecekeâeJÙemÙe ue#eCeHeÇoeveeJemejs JÙekeäleced -
`FocegllececeefleMeefÙeefve JÙeÁŸes JeeÛÙeeod OJeefveyeg&Oew: keâefLele: Fefle ~ JeeÛÙeeLee&Hes#eÙee
JÙeÁŸeeLe&mÙeeefOekeâÛecelkeâeefjlJeb Ùeefo HeÇleerÙeles leosJe OJeefvekeâeJÙeced ~ De$e Ûee®lJenslegvee JÙeÁŸemÙe
JeeÛÙeeoglkeâ<e& Fefle leelHeÙee&Le&: ~ ceccešsve HegvejefHe Gkeäleced -`yegOewJezÙeekeâjCew: HeÇOeeveYetlemHeâesš¤He-
JÙeÁŸeJÙe_pekeâmÙe MeyomÙe OJeefveefjefle JÙeJenej: ke=âle:' Fefle ~
keâeJÙeHeÇkeâeMemÙe šerkeâekeâejsCe censMJejvÙeeÙeeue¿ejsCe lemÙe DeeoMe&šerkeâeÙeeb mHeâesšMeyomÙe
JÙeeKÙee ke=âlee - `yegOewJezÙeekeâjCewefjefle ~ DeeMegefJeveeefMeveeb ›eâefcekeâeCeeb cesuekeâeYeeJeeoveskeâJeCe&Ieefšle-
keâuemeeefoHeomÙe %eeveemecYeJeeled HetJe&HetJe&JeCe&evegYeJepevÙemebmkeâejmeeefÛeJÙeevegYetÙeceeveÛejceJeCe&mÙe
HeoJÙe_pekeâlJeb lew®ÛÙeles ~ HeomÙe mHeâesšHeefjYee<eeÛejceJeCe&mÙe OJeefveHeefjYee<ee Ûe lew: ke=âlee ~
DeLe&yeesOekeâlJeeod JeCee&Hes#eÙee Heob HeÇOeeveb leÛÛe mHeâesšeKÙeJÙeÁŸecesJeb leod JÙe_pekeâmÙe MeyomÙesefle
ÛejceJeCe&¤HeMeyomÙeslÙeLe&: Fefle ~ leefn& HeÇMve: peeÙeles Deeue¿eefjkeâeCeeb efkeâceefHe mJeceleb veeefmle ?
ÙeÅeefHe Deeue¿eefjkewâ: celeefceob mJeerkeâ=leb leLeeefHe JewÙeekeâjCew: HetJe&cesJe celeefceob oe{Ÿesv& e JÙekeäleced ~
DeeoMe&šerkeâeÙeecegkeäleced -`De$e keâeefjkeâemLemÙe yegOeHeomÙe Deeue¿eefjkeâyegOeHejlJesÓefHe OJeefveJÙeJenejmebJeeoHeÇoMe&veeLeË
JewÙeekeâjCe¤HeyegOeeveeb celeb oMe&Ùeefle yegOewJezÙeekeâjCewejf efle ~ Dele: JÙeekeâjCeoMe&ves HeÇÙegkeälemÙe OJeefveMeyomÙe
Deeue¿eefjkewâ: mJeerke=âlemÙe OJeefveMeyomÙe ve DeLe&ielees efJeYeso: HeÇeoefMe& ~
Me=ÁejHeÇkeâeMemÙe le=leerÙes HeÇkeâeMes Yeespejepesve mHeâesšmÙeeueesÛeveb ke=âleced ~ levceles
HeÇke=âefleHeÇlÙeÙeeefoJeCe&peefveleOJeefvemecetnesÓefYeJÙeÁŸemHeâesšue#eCeesÓLee&lceeÓLee&JemeeÙeHeÇmeJeefveefcelleb Meyo: ~
leefÜMes<eeMÛe HeÇke=âlÙeeefomHeâesš: HeomHeâesšes JeekeäÙemHeâesš Fefle ~
ÙeesÓYetefolÙeeefokeâMeMeyoes YeJeleerlÙeeefokeâMÛe Ùe: ~
YetjmleerlÙeeefokeâes ÙeMÛe me mHeâesšb veeefleJelle&les ~~138~~
HeÇefleHeeÅees efveJellÙe&MÛe HeÇefleHeeokeâ SJe Ûe ~
ef$eOee mHeâesšmHegâšlÙemceeoleesÓLee&mles IešeoÙe: ~~139~~
Gkeäle: ›eâceeod ÜeoMeYesoefYeVeMeMeyoHeÇHe_ÛÙeesÓÙeceveeefoefmeefæ: ~
DeLeeLe&cetllÙee&ÓmÙe efJeJele&ceeÅeb leeJeled HeÇkeâejb HeÇelf eHeeoÙeece: ~~ 140~~ Fefle ~
lesve HeÇke=âefleHeÇlÙeÙeeefoJeCe&peefveleOJeefvemecegoeÙemÙe mHeesšeefYeJÙe_pekeâlJeb mJeerke=âleced ~ levceles
HeÇke=âlÙeeefomHeâesš:, HeomHeâesš: JeekeäÙemHeâesšYesosve mHeâesš$ewefJeOÙeced ~
Deue¿ejMeeŒes Jew<CeJeeue¿eefjkeâeCee- ceJeoevecevemJeerkeâeÙe&ced ~ Jew<CeJeeue¿eefjkeâeCee-
ceue¿ejieÇvLeeveeb ceOÙes Deue¿ejkeâewmlegYeieÇvLe: DeefOekeâ: Mebefmele: FlÙe$e veeefmle mebMeÙe: ~
Deue¿ejkeâewmlegYeieÇvLes oMe efkeâjCee: meefvle ~ le$e keâefJevee keâCe&HegjsCe Deue¿ejkeâewmlegYeieÇvLemÙe
efÜleerÙes efkeâjCes MeyoeLe&Je=eflleefve¤HeCeeJemejs DeeoeJesJe MeyomÙe efvelÙelJeefJe<eÙes mJe¤HeefJe<eÙes Ûe
efJeMes<eefJece<e&: ke=âle: ~ lesve JewÙeekeâjCeeveeb celeceeefßelÙe mHeâesšefvelÙelee HeÇefleHeeefolee ~ lesve
JeCee&lcekeâMeyoeveeceefvelÙelJeb mJeerke=âleb, efkeâvleg veeo¤HemÙe OJeefve¤HemÙe mHeâesšmÙe leg efvelÙelJeb lesve
ceeefveleced ~ Ùes mHeâesšb ve mJeerkegâJe&efvle les<eeb celes les HetJe&HetJe&JeCee&vegYeJeleMÛejceJeCe&-ßeJeCekeâeues
HetJe&HetJe&JeCee&vegYeJepeefvelemebmkeâejmenke=âleÛejceJeCe&mecyevOesve HeoJÙeglHeeovemeceÙeieÇnCeevegie=nerlesve ßees$esCe
ÙegieHeosJe meomeoveskeâJeCee&Jeieeefnveer HeoHeÇleerelf epe&vÙeles menkeâeefjoe{Ÿesv& e HeÇlÙeefYe%eeveJeosJe ~ HeÇlÙeefYe%eeves
HeÇlÙe#esÓefHe Deleerles HetJee&JemLee mHegâjlÙesJe Fefle ~ efkeâvleg vewleled celeceÁerke=âleced ~ mHeâesševeÁerkeâejs efn
meJex mebmkeâeje: efJeMe=±uee: mevle: HeopevÙeHeoeLe&HeÇleerlÙeglHeeoveb keâlegË ve MekeävegÙeg: ~ ve Jee
meomeoveskeâJeCee&Jeieeefnveer HeoHeÇleerefle: ßees$esCe pevÙeles SJeb mHeâesševeÁerkeâejs mebmkeâejeCeeb efJeMe=±ueleÙee
jme FlÙegkeäles mej FlÙemÙe veoer FlÙegkeäles oerve FlÙeslemÙe yeesOe: mÙeeled ~ DeleSJe He=LekeämecyevOeeveeb
mebmkeâejeCeeb ›eâcesCe HejmHejmecyevOekeâeefjlJeb mHeâesšlJeefceefle YeJeefle efmeæced ~ De$esob yeesOÙeb Ùeled
Deeue¿eefjkewâ: HetJe&Jeefle&efYe: MeyoJe=eflleefJe<eÙes ÛeÛee& efJeefnlee efkeâvleg MeyomÙe efvelÙeeefvelÙelJeceeefßelÙe
oeMe&efvekeâer ÛeÛee& JewMeÅesve ve efJeefnlee ÙeLee ke=âlee keâCe&HetjsCe Fefle lemÙe ieÇvLemÙeeefYeveJelJeced ~
meJezjeue¿eefjkewâ: JewÙeekeâjCeeveeb celeceÁerke=âlÙe mHeâesšlellJeceeueesefÛeleced ~ oC[ŸeeÛeeÙez:
MeyoyeÇÿe¤HesCe mJeerke=âlÙe HeÇekeâejevlejsCe mHeâesšlellJeceÁerke=âleced ~ lesve OJeefvelellJeb veeueesefÛeleb
mHeâesšlellJeceefHe ve JÙeeKÙeeleb, Hejb levceles DevOekeâejefJeveeefMe pÙeesefle: JewKejer¤HesCe HeÇkeâeefMeleced ~
Ùeoe HejeJeekeâd JewKejer¤HesCe HeÇefleHeeÅeles, leoe JeeÛÙeJeeÛekeâYeeJe: mHe<šerYeJeefle ~ JewKeerjJeekeâd keâC"-
leeuJeeefomLeevele: GlHeÅeles ~ HejeJeekeâd mJeHeÇkeâeMekeâ: ~ HejeJeekeâd JewKejer¤HesCe efJeJeefle&lee YeJeefle ~
mee SJe mHeâesš: ~ mHeâesš: cetueMeyo: ~ Ùesve Meyosve peiele: DevOekeâej: otjerYeJeefle me Meyo:
Jemlegle: mHeâesš¤HesCe HeÇekeâeefMelees YeJeefle ~ oC[ŸeeÛeeÙez: MeyolellJeefJe<eÙes Ùeod Ùeod Gkeäleb leosJe
mHeâesšlellJeÛeÛee&Ùee: GHeesodIeele: Fefle Jekeälegb MekeäÙeles ~
DeevevoJeOe&veeÛeeÙez: mHe<šle: OJeefvelellJeJÙeeKÙeeveeJemejs mHeâesšlellJeceeueesefÛeleced ~
mHeâesšlellJeJÙeeKÙeevesÓefHe JewÙeekeâjCeeveeb HeÇeOeevÙeb mJeerke=âlÙe mHeâesšlellJemÙe leelHeÙeË JÙeeKÙeeleced ~ DeefYeveJeiegHleeÛeeÙezjefHe
mHeâesšlellJemÙeeueesÛeves JewÙeekeâjCeeveeb celecegeuf ueKÙe mHeâesšmÙe DeefYeJÙeefkeäle: HeÇelf eHeeefolee ~ MeyomÙeskeâmÙe
HeÇlÙeskebâ JeCee&veeb mHeâesšeefYeJÙe_pekeâlJeceefmle ve Jee? Ùeefo HeÇLeceeosJe JeCee&led mHeâesšeefYeJÙeefkeäle: peeÙeles leefn&
DeLe&yeesOemÙe Ûe mHeâesšeefYeJÙekeälesj$eeOeervelJeeled DeLe&yeesOeesHeHelleseÜf leerÙeeefoJeCeexÛÛeejCeceveLe&kebâ YeJesled ~
ve Ûe HeÇlÙeskebâ JeCee&veeb mHeâesšeefYeJÙe_pekeâlJeb efkeâvleg mecegeof leeveeced ? le$e HeÇLeceJeCee&oJs e mHeâesšeefYeJÙekeälesjYeeJeeled
ve efÜleerÙeeefoJeCeexÛÛeejCe- JewÙeLÙe&efceefle ~ ÙeÅeefHe JeCee&: HeÇlÙeskebâ mHeâesšceefYeJÙe_peÙeefvle leLeeefHe
Peefšefle mHeâesšb mHegâšlejceefYeJÙe_peefÙelegb ve meceLee&mles, efkeâvleg efkeâef_ÛeosJe ~
ceccešeÛeeÙezjefHe JewÙeekeâjCeeveeceeOeceCÙe&ceÁerke=âlÙe mHeâesšmÙe mJe¤Heb mHe<šerke=âleced ~
Meyo: efvelÙe: yeÇÿemJe¤Heced ~ mekeâueHeÇlÙeÙeHeÇlÙeeÙeve#eceesÓÁeref›eâÙeles ~ leÜîe_pekeâMÛe JeCee&lcekeâ:
Meyo: ~ Je=efllemleg JÙe_pevewJe ~ leÜîe_pekeâMÛe Meyoes OJeefvelJesve JÙeJeefnÇÙeles Fefle JewÙeekeâjCeeveeb
celeced ~ leLeeefn oHe&CešerkeâeÙeeced -`JewÙeekeâjCee efn HeÇLeces efJeÜebme: levcetuelJeeÛÚyoJÙeJenejmÙe
HeÇOeevelJeb Ûe mHeâesšmÙeeLe&HeÇlÙeÙeve¤HeHeâueHeÇlÙeemellÙee mHegâšmceeoLe& Fefle mHeâesš: ~ GÛÛeeefjleHeÇOJebemf eveeb
efn JeCee&veeb keâLeb lelmecegoeÙe¤HeHeoeLe&HeÇkeâeMelJeefceefle le$e mHeâesš¤HeJÙeÁŸe: mJeeref›eâÙeles ~ me Ûe
HetJe&HetJe&JeCee&vegYeJepeefvelemebmkeâejmeOeÇerÛeerveevlÙeJeCee&vegYeJepeefveleHeÇefleHele=ielÙeesÓefleMeÙeJeMeeoHejes#e FJe
ef›eâÙeceeCe: mekeâueeefYeOesÙeeefYeOeeveceÙe: MeyoyeÇÿesefle JÙeHeosMe Fefle ~
DeevevoJeOe&veeÛeeÙez: ÙeLee mHeâesšmÙeeefYeJÙeefkeäle: efJeMes<eleÙee HeÙee&ueesefÛelee leLewJe
ceccešeÛeeÙezjefHe mHeâesšmÙe mJe¤Heb efJeMes<eleÙee JeefCe&leced ~ Me=ÁejHeÇkeâeMes Yeespejepesve mHeâesšmÙeeefYeJÙeefkeäleb
mJe¤He_ÛeeefßelÙeeueesÛeveb ke=âleb Hejb efJeMes<e¤HesCe mHeâesšmÙe Yesoe: efve¤efHelee: ~ lelHetJe&ceevevoJeOe&veeefo-
efYejeÛeeÙez: mHeâesšmÙe HeÇYesos ve ieg®lJeceejesefHeleb, Hejb Yeespesve mHeâesšmÙe $ewefJeOÙeb mJeerke=âleced ~ lelHejb
Jew<CeJeeue¿eefjkesâCe keâCe&HetjCs e mHeâesšmÙe mJe¤HeeefoefJe<eÙes JÙeeKÙeeleb, Hejb mHeâesšmÙe efvelÙeeefvelÙelJeefJe<eÙes
DeefOekeâleÙeeueeseÛf eleced ~ efMeJeHeÇmeeoYeÆeÛeeÙe&mÙe ceewekf eälekeâeJeueeršerkeâeÙeecegkeäleced -`JewÙeekeâjCew: HeÇelf e<"eefHeles
mHeâesšJeeos efvelejeceemLeeJevle Deeue¿eefjkeâe: ÙeÅeefHe efvelÙe: leLeeefHe keâeÙÙe&ced Fefle ceneYee<ÙeeskeäleefoMee
efvelÙeeveeceefHe JeCee&veeceefYeJÙeefkeäleefceÛÚefvle' Fefle ~
JewÙeekeâjCew: mHeâesšJeeo: HeÇefle<"eefHele:, Deeue¿eefjkewâjefHe mHeesšJeeoesÓÙeceÁerke=âle: ~
Hejb meJezjeue¿eefjkewâ: mHeâesšmÙeeefYeJÙeefkeälemJe¤Heeefokebâ meJe&ceveeueeseÛf eleced ~ kewâMÛeve mHeâesšmÙeeefYeJÙeefkeäle:,
kewâMÛeve mHeâesšmÙe mJe¤Heb, kewâMÛeve mHeâesšmÙe HeÇYeso:, kewâMÛeve mHeâesšmÙe efvelÙeeefvelÙelJeceJeuecyÙe
ÛeÛee& ke=âlee ~ Dele: kesâJeueceskesâveeue¿eefjkesâCe mHeâesšlellJeefve¤HeCeb ve MekeäÙeced ~ meJezjeue¿eefjkewâ:
mHeâesšlellJeefJe<eÙes Ùeod Ùeod Gkeäleced leled meJeË Ùeefo ›eâcesCe efJevÙemleb ef›eâÙeles leefn& mHeâesšefJe<eÙes
HetCee&ÁefJeJejCeb HeÇeHlegb MekeäÙeles Ùeod efn JewÙeekeâjCeieÇvLes<eg lew: efve¤efHeleefceefle Meced ~
HeeefCeveer³elev$es GHemeiee&ë - SkebÀ efJeMues<eCeced
[eB. MeefMeYet<eCeefceÞeë
GHe¬eÀceë ö GHemeie&ë SkeÀe Deke=Àef$ecee meb%ee ~ Dem³eeë meb%ee³eeë Òe³eesieë efve©keÌleeefoÒee®eerveûevLes<eg GHeueY³eles ~
DeJ³e³em³e Yesoë YeJeefle efveHeeleë leLee Dem³e efveHeelem³e Yesoë YeJeefle ieefleë Fefle ~ ielesë Yesoë YeJeefle
1
GHemeie&ë ~ ³eoe Òeeo³eë ef¬eÀ³ee³egkeÌleeë YeJeefvle leoe les GHemeie&meb%ekeÀeë YeJeefvle Fefle meeOeejCeJ³eJenejë ~
DeOegvee Fn ueIegMeesOeÒeyevOes HeeefCeveer³elev$es Òe³egkeÌleesHemeie&efJe<e³es SkeÀb efJeMues<eCeb YeJeefle ~
GHemeiee&ë ÐeeslekeÀeë DeLeJee Jee®ekeÀeë- GHemeiee&ë ÐeeslekeÀeë DeLeJee Jee®ekeÀeë Fefle efJe<e³es Òee®eervekeÀeueeoejY³e
DeÐeeefHe ®e®ee& Òe®eueefle ~ Deleë Deefmceved efJe<e³es He#eÜ³eb efJeÐeles ~ ³eLee- Jee®ekeÀlJeb ÐeeslekeÀlJeáe ~
Òee®eervekeÀeues Dee®ee³e&ë ieei³e&ë GHemeiee&Ceeb Jee®ekeÀlJeHe#eOejë Deemeereof efle efve©keÌleeled %ee³eles ~ ³eLee-
2
``G®®eeJe®eeë HeoeLee& YeJeefvle Fefle ieei³e&ë ~ leoe S<eg HeoeLe&ë Òeengefjces leVeeceK³eele³eesjLe&efJekeÀjCeced'' ~
Dem³e He#em³e DevegJeeos ue#ceCesve GkeÌleceefmle-``They have various meanings says Ga--
rgya; hence whatever their meaning may be, they express that meaning
3
(which brings about) modification in the sense of the noun and the Verb''.
4
Dem³e celem³e J³eeK³ee³eeb ogie&ë Jeoefle ``G®®eeJe®ee yengÒekeÀeje Fl³eLe&ë'' ~ Hegveë le$ewJe me
Jeoefle, ³eefo JeCee&ë DeveLe&keÀeë leefn& Meyoeë, Heoeefve, JeekeÌ³eeefve ®e DeveLe&keÀeefve YeJeefvle ~ ³esve ÒekeÀejsCe
DeMegukeÀlev$eerceeO³ecesve MegkeÌueJeðem³e efvecee&Ceced DemecYeJeb, lesvewJe ÒekeÀejsCe DeveLe&keÀJeCexY³eë
DeLe&³egkeÌleeveeceeiecevecemecYeJeced ~ Deleë JeCee&veeced DeefYeOeeveMeefkeÌleë efJeÐeles ~ Hegveë ³esvewJe ÒekeÀejsCe
ce=efÊekeÀe³eeb mekeÀuece=Cce³eHeoeLe&me=äsë MeefkeÌleë efJeÐeles, lesvewJe ÒekeÀejsCe êJ³eiegCeefJeMes<eÒekeÀeMekeÀÒeoerHem³e
DeefHe ÒekeÀeMelJeMeefkeÌleë efJeÐeles ~ Deleë GHemeiee&ë ve DeveLe&keÀeë Fefle lem³eeefYeÒee³eë ~ veeceeK³eeleeY³eeb
He=LekedÀ GHemeiee&ë DeefHe DeLe&³egkeÌleeë YeJeefvle ~ ³eLee- Òe Fefle Ye=MeeLe¥ ÒekeÀì³eefle ~ mkeÀvOeë DeefHe GHemeiee&Ceeb
5 6
Jee®ekeÀlJeb meceLe&³eefle ~ leleë SleoLe¥ meë ’³eog®®elees efveJelees ³eeefme'' leLee ’efve<keÀewMeeefcye'' Fefle
Òe³eesieÜ³eceguuesKe³eefle ~ lem³e celes ’DeeveLe&keÌ³es efn meefle leef×lemeceemeew ve m³eeleeced'' ~
GHemeiee&Ceeb Jee®ekeÀlJecelem³e ÒeJekeÌlee Dee®ee³e&ieei³e&ë GHemeiee&CeeceLe¥ ÒeoMe&³eefle ³eLeeö
’Dee Fefle DeJee&ieLex (Hitherward) ~ Òe Heje Fl³eslem³e Òeeefleueesc³eced (Antithesis Thither) ~
DeYeerl³eeefYecegK³eced (Towards) ~ Òeleerl³eslem³e Òeeefleueesc³eced ~ Deefle meg Fl³eefYeHetefpeleeLex ~
efveot&efjl³esle³eesë Òeeefleueesc³eced ~ efve DeJe Fefle efJeefveûeneLeea³eew (Downwards) ~ Gle Fl³esle³eesë
Òeeefleueesc³eced ~ meefcel³eskeÀerYeeJeced (Combination) ~ efJe DeHe Fl³eslem³e Òeeefleueesc³eced ~ Deveg Fefle
mee¢M³eeHejYeeJeced (Similarity & Succession) ~ DeHeerefle mebmeie&ced (Contact) ~ GHe
Fl³egHepeveced (Accession) ~ Hejerefle meJe&leesYeeJeced (Being all round) ~ DeOeerl³egHeefjYeeJeced
7
(Being above) ~ Ssée³ex (Supremacy) Jee ~ SJeceg®®eeJe®eeveLee&ved Òeengë ~ les GHese#f eleJ³ee'' ~
Hejvleg Dee®ee³e&MeekeÀìe³evem³e DeefYeÒee³eë YeJeefle GHemeiee&ë mJe³eceveLe&keÀeë ~ Hejvleg
veeceeK³eele³eesmleg DeLeexHemeb³eesieÐeeslekeÀeë YeJeefvle ~ leÐeLee -’ve efveye&×e GHemeiee& DeLee&efVejengefjefle
8
MeekeÀìe³eveë ~ veeceeK³eele³eesmleg keÀceexHemeb³eesieÐeeslekeÀe YeJeefvle'' ~
Dem³e celem³e J³eeK³eeves ogie&ë Jeoefle, ’ve Fefle Òeefle<esOes ~ efveye&×e efve<ke=À<³e veeceeK³eeleceO³eeled
9
HeoJeekeÌ³esve efJejef®eleeë mevleë kesÀ Hegvemles ~ GHemeiee&ë ~.......ve DeLee&ved Deengë'' ~
Hegveë GHemeiee&CeeceeJeM³ekeÀleeefJe<e³es meë Jeoefle ’DeeK³eelecegHeie=¿eeLe&efJeMes<eefceces lem³ewJe
me=pevleerl³egHemeiee&ë.... mee#eeVe les<eeceLee&efYeOeeveMeefkeÌlejefmle, He=Leied efJejef®eleeveeefcel³eefYeÒee³eë ~ ³eLee-
JeCee&veeb HeoeoHeieleeveeceefYeOeeveMeefkeÌlevee&efmle, SJeces l es < eeceef H e veeceeK³eeleef J e³ees i es DeLee& e f Y eOeeve-
10
MeefkeÌlevee&efmle ~ keÀ SJeceen ~ MeekeÀìe³eveë'' ~
³eefo GHemeiee&ë mJe³eceLe&nerveeë leefn& les efkeÀefceefle efJeMes<eeLe¥ Ðeesle³evleerefle efJe<e³es MeekeÀìe³eveë
Jeoefle- ’keÀce&meb³eesieÐeeslekeÀeë YeJeefvle'' ~ Dem³e J³eeK³eeves ogie&ë Jeoefle- ’keÀLeb les<eeceLe&JeÊesefle G®³elesö
veeceeK³eele³eesmleg keÀceexHemeb³eesieÐeeslekeÀe YeJeefvle ~ veeceeK³eele³eesjsJe ³eesçLe&ë keÀce& le$ewJe efJeMes<eb
11
efkeÀefáeogHemeb³egp³e Ðeesle³eefvle'' ~ lem³e J³eeK³eevem³e meceLe&ves me GoenjCeb Òeoe³e Jeoefle,- ³esve ÒekeÀejsCe
ÒeoerHemeb³eesiensleesë êJ³eeveeb iegCeeë DeefYeJ³e¡îevles leLee le$e DeefYeJ³ep³eceeveë ÒeoerHeeÞe³eë ve, Hejvleg
êJ³eeÞe³eë, lesvewJe ÒekeÀejsCe GHemeie&meb³eesies ³eë OeelJeLe&ë, meë leg Oeeleesë SJe, DeefHe leg GHemeiee&Ceeb ve ~ leÐeLeeö
12
’³eLee ÒeoerHemebmeiex êJ³em³e iegCeefJeMes<ees DeefYeJ³ep³eceevees êJ³eeÞe³e SJe YeJeefle ve ÒeoerHeeÞe³eë'' ~
Hegveë De$e mkeÀvOeë DeefHe MeekeÀìe³eveue#eCem³e ’keÀce&'' Fefle Heom³e ’DeLe&ë'' Fl³eLe&ë
Demleerefle mJeerkeÀjesefle ~ ³eLee- ’veeceeK³eele³eesjsJe keÀce&Ceë DeLe&m³e.....'' ~
Deleë Devesve ÒekeÀejsCe Òee®eervekeÀeues GHemeiee&Ceeb ÐeeslekeÀleeefJe<e³es Jee®ekeÀleeefJe<e³es ®e
MeekeÀìe³eveieei³e&³eesë ceO³es celeYesoë Deemeerled ~ Hejvleg HejJeÊeeamece³es meJes& ÐeeslekeÀlJeHe#eb Òee³eleë
De²erke=ÀleJevleë ~ HeeefCeefveë, keÀel³ee³eveë, Hele¡eefueë, kewÀ³eìë, Yele&n= efjë, keÀewC[YeÆë, veeiesMeë leLee meJex Jew³eekeÀjCeeë
13
leLee ie²sMelegu³evew³eeef³ekeÀeë DeefHe ÐeeslekeÀlJeHe#eb meceLe&³eefvle ~ Deleë ÐeeslekeÀlJeHe#es me¹sleeë YeJeefvle ö
(1) ef¬eÀ³eeJee®ekeÀceeK³eelecegHemeieex efJeMes<eke=Àled ~
melJeeefYeOee³ekebÀ veece efveHeelees HeeoHetjCeë ~~ ($eÝ.Òee.Mee. 12/25, Meg.³e.Òee.Mee. 8/46)
(2) GHemeieex efJeMes<eke=Àled ~ (Jeepemeves³eÒeeefleMeeK³eced, 7/54)
(3) GHemeiee&ë ef¬eÀ³ee³eesies ~ (Hee., 1/4/59)
(4) ef¬eÀ³eeefJeMes<ekeÀ GHemeie&ë ~ (Jeeefle&keÀced, Hee., 1/3/1)
(5) ÒeeefleHeefokeÀeLe¥ ³egkeÌleb OeelJeLe&cegHeme=peefvle ³es mJeeLezë ~
GHemeiee& GHeefo<ìemlemceeled mebmkeÀej Meeðesçefmceved ~~ (veeìîeMeeðeced, 15/26)
(6) ef¬eÀ³eeefJeMesef<eleeë Òeeo³e GHemeiee&ë ~ (DeLe&Meem$eced, 2/10/27)
(7) GHemeie&mlJeLe&efJeMes<em³e ÐeeslekeÀeë ~ (efme×evlekeÀewcegoer, 2232)
(8) ÒeeiegHeme=p³ele DeeK³eeleHeom³e Fefle GHemeie&ë ~ (mee³eCeë, $eÝ.Yee.Yetecf ekeÀe³eeced, $eÝ.Jes. 1/164/45)
(9) ef¬eÀ³e³eevegieleeë keÌJeef®eoLe&efYeoesçH³egHemeie&le³ee Je=efÊeë GHeme=p³evles meceerHes mecyevO³evles
Fl³egHemeiee&ë.... ~ Dele Deen ef¬eÀ³eevegielee Fefle ~ (mebef#eHlemeejJ³eekeÀjCeced, 2/607)
(10) Oeeleesë HetpeeLe&mJeefle ieleeOee&eOf eHe³e&elf e¬eÀceeLee&elf eJepe&ë Òeeefo©Hemeie&ë ÒeekedÀ ~ (nsce®evêë, 3/1/1)
(11) ÒeeÐegHemeiee&ë ÒeeiedOeeleesë ~ (megHeëë)
GHemeiee&Ceeb ÐeeslekeÀlJeb veerlJee SkeÀë jceCeer³eë MueeskeÀë ceeIekeÀeJ³es ³eLeeö
mevlecesJeef®ejceÒeke=ÀlelJeeoÒekeÀeefMeleceefHe Ðegleo²s ~
efJeYećeb ceOegceoë Òeceoeveeb OeelegueervecegHemeie& FJeeLe&ced ~~ (10/15)
De$e ceefuueveeLeë ÐeeslekeÀlJeHe#eb mJeerke=Àl³e Jeoefle ’.... YetJeeefokesÀ ueerveb iet{ceLe&ceefYeOes³eced
GHemeie& ë Òeeef o ef j Jeeef o JeÐeg l eled Ðees l e³eef l e mce ~ .... GHemeie& m ³e
OeelegueerveeLe&ÐeeslekeÀlJeceoevemevoeveeoeJevegmevOes³eced’ ~ (meef¡eJeveer, le$ewJe)
GHemeiee&Ceeb mebK³ee - GHemeiee&Ceeb mebK³ee¬eÀceeefoefJe<e³esçefHe DemceekebÀ Meeðes celeYesoë Heefj¢M³eles ~ ³eLee-
(1) ieei³e&m³e celes GHemeiee&ë efJebMeeflemebK³ekeÀeë YeJeefvle ~ lem³e celes GHemeiee&Ceeb ¬eÀceë, ³eLee- Dee, Òe,
14
Heje, DeefYe, Òeefle, Deefle, meg, efvejd, ogj,d efve, DeJe, Gled, mece, efJe, DeHe, Deveg, DeefHe, GHe, Heefj, DeefOe ~
(2) $eÝkedÀÒeeefleMeeK³es efJebMeeflemebK³ekeÀesHemeiee&Ceeb JeCe&vee GHeueY³eles ~ le$e oefMe&leë ¬eÀceë, ³eLee- Òe,
15
DeefYe, Dee, Heje, efvejd, ogj,d Deveg, efJe, GHe, DeHe, meced, Heefj, Òeefle, efve, Deefle, DeefYe, meg, Gled, DeJe, DeefHe ~
(3) Jeepemeves³eerÒeeefleMeeK³es ³eLee- Heje, GHe, DeHe, DeJe, Òeefle, Heefj, Deveg, DeefHe, Deefle, DeefOe,
16
Dee*d, Òe, meced, efvejd, ogjd, Gled, efve, efJe, meg, DeefYe ~
(4) DeLeJe&ÒeeefleMeeK³es ³eLee- Òe,Heje, efve, meced, Dee, ogjd, efvejd, DeJe, DeefOe, Heefj, efJe, Deefle, DeefYe,
17
DeefHe, meg, Gled, DeHe, GHe, Deveg, Òeefle ~
(5) efkeÀvleg lewefÊejer³eÒeeefleMeeK³es SkeÀeoMemebK³ekeÀeë GHemeiee&ë meefvle Fefle GkeÌleceefmle ~ ³eLee- Dee, Òe,
18
DeJe, GHe, DeefYe, DeefOe, Òeefle, Heefj, efJe, efve ~
19
(6) ³eÐeefHe ye=nÎsJelee³eeb efJebMeeflemebK³ekeÀeë GHemeiee&ë meefvle Fefle GkeÌleceefmle, leLeeefHe MeekeÀìe³eveceles
20
DeefOekeÀesHemeie&$e³eceefmle Fefle le$e GkeÌleceefmle ~ ³eLee- De®í, Þeled, Devleë ~
(7) HeeefCeveer³elev$es ÒeeefoieCes ÜeefJebMeeflemebK³ekeÀeë GHemeiee&ë efJeÐevles ~ ¬eÀcesCe ³eLee- Òe, Heje, DeHe,
meced, Deveg, DeJe, efvemed, efvejd, ogmed, ogjd, efJe, Dee*d, efve, DeefOe, DeefHe, Deefle, meg, Gled, DeefYe, Òeefle,
21 22 23
Heefj, GHe ~ Hegveë HeeefCeveer³elev$es DeefOekeÀesHemeiee&ë efJeÐevles ~ ³eLee- Þeled, Devleë leLee ce©led ~
Deleë HeeefCeveer³eHejcHeje³eeb 25 me±îekeÀeë GHemeiee&ë meefvle ~ ³eefo ye=nÎsJelee³eeë celeb efJe®eej³eeceë,
leefn& De®í Fefle GHemeie¥ veerlJee 26 me±îekeÀeë GHemeiee&ë YeJes³egë ~
GHemeiee&CeeCeeb ÞesCeerefJeYeeieë - GHemeiee&ë DemceekebÀ efJe®eejs efÜÒekeÀejkeÀeë ~ ³eLee-
GHemeiee&ë
Òeeo³eë Mes<eeë
ef¬eÀ³ee³eesieeë efJeMes<e#es$eeslHeVeeë
ÒeeefoieCes Heefþleeë 22me±îekeÀeë GHemeiee&ë ÒeLeceYeeies Deeie®íefvle ~ ³eoe Sles ef¬eÀ³ee³egkeÌleeë
YeJeefvle leoe les ef¬eÀ³ee³eesieeë GHemeiee&ëYeJeefvle ~ Sles ÜeefJebMeefleme±îekeÀeë YeJeefvle ~ De$e ÒeeefoieCeefmLeles<eg
24
ÜeefJebMeefleme±îekeÀs<eg ogmed, ogjd, efvemed, efvejd Fefle GHemeie&®elegä³eb efJeÐeles ~ ³eÐeefHe ’memepeg<ees ©ë“
Fefle met$eevegmeejsCe mekeÀejm³e jsHeÀeosMeë YeJesled, DeLee&led efvemed ==>efvejd leLee ogmed ==>ogjd YeJesled,
25
leLeeefHe Fn efvemeë ogmeë ®e He=LekedÀHeþveb ’GHemeie&m³ee³eleew'' Fefle met$eeLe¥ YeJeefle ~ keÀejCeb efvejd+De³eles
Fefle mLeues HetJeexkeÌlemet$eevegmeejsCe jsHeÀm³e uekeÀejeosMees YeJeefle ~ leleë èfveue³eles' Fefle ªHeb YeJeefle ~ ³eefo
èfvejd' Fl³em³e mLeeves èfvemed' m³eeled, leefn& ’memepeg<ees ©ë'' Fl³evesve ©ke=Àles Hegveë jsHeÀm³e ’GHemeie&m³ee³eleew''
26
met$eevegmeejsCe ueeosMeë ve mecYeJeefle ’HetJe&$eeefme×ced'' Fefle met$eevegjesOesve ~ Deleë efvemogmeesë He=LekedÀHeeþë
Fn YeJeefle ~ mece³es mece³es GHemeie&ÒeefleªHekeÀeë GHemeie&meb%ekeÀeë ve YeJeefvle, DeefHeleg les kesÀJeueb efveHeelemeb%ekeÀeë
27
YeJeefvle ~ ³eLee- DeJeoÊeb, efJeoÊeced ~ Hegveë ÒeeefoieCes Heefþles<egg ÜeefJebMeefleme±îekeÀs<eg GHemeiex<eg kesÀ®eve
Deef¬eÀ³ee³eesiesçefHe efJeMes<e#es$es GHemeie&meb%ekeÀeë YeJeefvle ~ Sles efJeMes<e#es$eeslHeVeesHemeiee&ë YeJeefvle ~ ³eLee-
28
ÒeeOJeë Fl³e$e ’GHemeiee&oOJeveë'' Fefle met$eevegmeejsCe `Òe' Fl³em³e GHemeie&lJeb efme×îeefle Deef¬eÀ³ee³eesieeled ~
Deleë Fn `Òe' Fefle efJeMes<e#es$eeslHeVeesHemeie&ë YeJeefle ~
Hegveë JeeefÊe&keÀevegjesOesve Deeieleeë $e³eë GHemeiee&ë efÜleer³eYeeies Deeie®íefvle ~ Sles<eecegoenjCeeefve
¬eÀceMeë YeJeefvle,- Þe×e, DevleOee&, ce©ÎÊees ~ Fn Þeled, Devleë, ce©led- Fl³esles<eeb kesÀJeuecegHemeie&meb%ee
29
YeJeefle, ve leg efveHeelemeb%ee ~ Hegveë ye=nÎsJeleevegjesOesve ’De®í“ Fl³em³eeefHe GHemeie&lJeb efme×îeefle ~ De$e
30 31
``GHemeiee&ë ef¬eÀ³ee³eesies'' Fefle ³eesieefJeYeeieeosles<eecegHemeie&meb%ee YeJeefle ~
JewefMeäîeced - ielesë Yesoë YeJeefle GHemeie&ë ~ Hejvleg meJex DeefHe GHemeiee&ë Òee³eleë ieeflemeb%ekeÀeë YeJeefvle,
Hejvleg meJee&ë iele³eë GHemeie&meb%ekeÀeë ve YeJeefvle ~ keÀoeef®eled SJeb ¢M³eles keÀefleHe³eefJeMes<e#es$eeslHeVeesHemeiee&ë
ieefleªHesCe Heefjef®eleeë ve YeJeefvle ~ ³eLeeö
ÒeeOJeë † Òeieleë DeOJeeveced † Òe + DeOJeved + meg ~
32
’GHemeiee&oOJeveë'' Fefle met$eevegmeejsCe Fn ’Òe'' Fl³em³e ³eÐeefHe GHemeie&lJeb efme×îeefle,
leLeeefHe ef$eÀ³ee³eesieeYeeJeeled De³eb leg iel³egHeue#eCeb ve YeJeefle ~ DeeqmceeqvJe<e³es v³eemekeÀejë Jeoefleö ’GHemeie&½ee$e
33
ve iel³egHeue#eCeced ~ kegÀle Sleled? ef$eÀ³ee³eesieeYeeJeeled'' ~ GHemeiee&ë ueewefkeÀkeÀmebmke=Àles Òee³eleë
34 35
OeeleesjJ³eJeefnleHetJe&ced Deeie®íefvle ~ efkeÀvleg JewefokeÀmebmke=Àles les J³eJeefnles DeJ³eJeefnles Jee Oeeleesë
36
ÒeekedÀ Devevlejb Jee Deeie®íefvle ~ GHemeiee&ë efle*vleHeos leLee megyevleHeos Oeeleesë HetJe&ced Deeie®íefvle ~
³eLee- ÒeCeceefle, Òeieleë ~ Hegveë Oeeleesë HetJe&ced SkeÀeefOekeÀesHemeiee&ë DeefHe Deeie®ís³egë ~ ³eLee- Òel³eeie®íefle
(Òeefle +•Dee•+ ie®íefle) ~ keÀoeef®eled DeOeeleesë HetJe&ced GHemeiee&ë DeefHe Deeie®ís³egë ~ ³eLee-
37 38
ÒeeOJeë †Òeieleë DeOJeeveced† Òe•+ DeOJeved•+ De®ed•+ meg ~ De$e `Òe' GHemeie&ë ~ GVemeë†GVelee
39 40
veeefmekeÀe ³em³e me † Gled•+ veeefmekeÀe•+ De®ed•+ meg ~ De$e `Gled' GHemeie&ë ~
GHemeiee&ë efkebÀ kegÀJe&efvle Fefle efJe<e³es Meeðes HejcHeje³eeb ®e GuuesKeë efJeÐeles ~ ³eLee-
MeekeÀìe³eveer³eOeelegHeeþs GkeÌleceefmle,-
OeelJeLe¥ yeeOeles keÀef½eled keÀef½eÊecevegJeÊe&les ~ lecesJe efJeefMeveäîev³e GHemeie&ieefleefm$eOee ~~
Hegveë JeOe&ceeveë keÀelev$eefJemlejs ÒeefleHeeo³eefle,- ``le$eesHemeiee&½elegOee& YeJeefvle ~
OeelJeLe¥ yeeOeles keÀef½eled keÀef½eÊecevegJeÊe&les ~ lecesJe efJeefMeveäîev³esçveLe&keÀesçv³eë Òe³egp³eles ~~
keÀef½eled OeelJeLe¥ yeeOeles, ³eLee- ÒeJemeefle ~ keÀef½eled DevegJeÊe&les, ³eLee-Dee®eäs ~ lecesJe
efJeefMeveefä Dev³eë, ³eLee efvejer#eles ~ DeveLe&keÀe, ³eLee Òeuecyeles ~''
Þeerieg©Heoneueoejë mJekeÀer³eHegmlekesÀ DeeqmceeqvJe<e³es Goenjefle,-
41
keÌJeef®eod efYeveefÊe OeelJeLe¥ keÌJeef®eÊecevegJeÊe&les ~ efJeefMeveefä lecesJeeLe&cegHemeie&ieefleeqðeOee ~~
Hegveë GHemeiee&Ceeb Òe³eesies DeÒe³eesies ®e ³eled DeLe&HeefjJeÊe&veb YeJeefle leled veerlJee SkeÀë meceCeer³eë
MueeskeÀë HejcHeje³eeb ÒeeH³eles, ³eLee-
DeeHetJe&ë meJe&pevletveeb efJeHetJeex cenleeceefHe ~ ÒeHetJe&ë meeHejeOeveeb kesÀJeueb ³egJeefleefÒe³eë ~~
efJeMues<eCeb ³eLee-
(1) Dee +•nejë† Deenejë - meJex<eeb efÒe³eë ~
(2) efJe•+ nejë † efJenejë - cenppeveeveeb efÒe³eë ~
(3) Òe•+ nejë † Òenejë - ogäeveeb efÒe³eë ~
(4) nejë - veejerCeeb efÒe³eë ~
Fn J³eekeÀjCes GHemeie&m³e efJeefJeOekeÀe³e&efJe<e³es meb#esHesCe Deeuees®evee efJeOeer³eles ~
42
(1) OeelJeLe¥ yeeOeles , √ieced ⇒ ie®íefle ⇒ Deeie®íefle ~
(2) OeelJeLe&cevegJeÊe&les, √ieced ⇒ ie®íefle ⇒ DeefOeie®íefle ~
43
(3) OeelJeLe¥ HeefjJeÊe&³eefle DeLeJee DeveskeÀeLe¥ /efJeMes<eeLe¥ ÒekeÀì³eefle, √Ë ⇒ Òenejë ⇒
efJenejë ⇒ mebnejë ⇒ Heefjnejë ⇒ efvejenejë ⇒ Deenejë ⇒ nejë ⇒ Òel³eenejë
⇒ GHenejë ⇒ efvenejë ⇒ DeHenejë ⇒ G×ejë
(4) GHemeiee&ë keÀoeef®eled efkeÀefáeled ve keÀjesefle, ³eLee- √uecyed ⇒ uecyeles ⇒ Òeuecyeles ~
DeeqmceVesJe efJe<e³es ogie&ìerkeÀe³eeb efJeÐeles,-
44
ÒeÒeHetp³e ceneosJeb mebmeb³ec³e ceveë meoe ~ GHeesHene³e mebmeie&cegogÃleë me leeHemeë ~~
45
(5) GHemeiexCe DekeÀce&keÀOeeleJeë keÀoeef®eled mekeÀce&keÀeë YeJeefvle ~ ³eLee- nefjë JewkegÀCþced DeO³eemles ~
46
(6) GHemeiexCe CelJeeosMeë YeJeefle ~ ³eLee- √veced ⇒ veceefle ⇒ ÒeCeceefle ~
47
(7) GHemeiexCe <elJeeosMeeefokeÀe³e¥ YeJeefle ~
Hegveë GHemeiee&Ceeb cenlJeefJe<e³es HeUmeguesceneso³eeë ³eod Jeoefvle leÊeg DeleerJejes®ekeÀb YeJeefle ~
les<eeb efJe®eejë YeJeefle- ’mebmke=Àlem³e cetue³egYee(cetue³egjesYeejleer³ee)ieeefceveeced DeJ³e³eeveeced Dev³elejes Jeieex
veece Òeeo³eë ~ vewkeÀemeg ³egYeer³e(³egjesYeejleer³e)Yee<eemeg Sles<eeb Òe®egjÒe³eesie¢M³eles ~........Sles Òeeo³eë
Deeoew leeJeod GYe³eLee Òe³eesie#eceeë Deemeved : DeeK³eelesve men ef¬eÀ³eeefJeMes<eCele³ee, veecvee men
mebyevOeJee®ekeÀle³ee ~ les<eeb HejcHejeieleced Fob Ü³eb mJeªHeb Jesos mHeäle³ee ¢iiees®ejb YeJeefle ~ ie®ílee
keÀeuesve leg les<eeb ÒeHeolJesve (preposition), DevegHeolJesve (post-position) Jee mebyevOeJee®ekeÀlee
DeÛmeled, DeefOekeÀeefOekebÀ ®e les DeeK³eeleefve³elee DeYetJeved ~ GHemeie&lJesve ef¬eÀ³eeefJeMes<eCeHejle³ee DeJeeefMe<³evle
Fefle ³eeJeled ~ Deveg, Òeefle, Heefj Fl³eeo³eë kesÀ®evewJe Òeeo³eë veecemebyevOeJee®ekeÀle³ee DeJeeefMe<³evle, ³es
HeejbHeefjkeÀ J³eekeÀjCes keÀce&ÒeJe®eveer³emeb%e³ee J³eJeefÛ³evles ~ ³elmel³eb, ve kesÀJeueb Òeeefoue#eCeeefve, Dev³eev³eefHe
ÒeHeoeefve DevegHeoeefve ®e mebmke=Àles ve leLee Òe®egjeefCe, ³eLee Dev³eemeg ³egYeer³eYee<eemeg (³egjesYeejleer³eYee<eemeg) ~ les<eeb
Òe³eespevem³e efJeYeeqkeÌleÒel³e³ewë DevegefÿlelJeeled ieleeLe&le³ee les DeÒe³eesieced DeeHvegJeved ~
GHemeiee&ë Deeoew leeJeled mJelev$ee Deemeved ~ F³eb les<eeb cetue³egYeer³ee (cetue³egjesYeejleer³ee)
DeJemLee Jesos Òeefleefyeeqcyeleeçefmle ~ le$e efn les Oeeleesë HejsçefHe J³eJeefnlee½eeefHe YeJeefvle ~ cegK³eJeekeÌ³es
¢M³eceeveë GoeÊemJejë les<eeb mJeelev$³eb Ðeesle³eefle ~ ¬eÀcesCe leg les DeeK³eeleHejlev$ee DeYeJeved ~ Devlele½e
GkeÀe(GÊejkeÀeefuekeÀ)mebmke=Àles Oeeleesë DeJ³eJeefnleHetJe&le³ewJe les<eeb Òe³eesiees ¢M³eles ~ ke=Àovlewë men Òe³egkeÌlee
48
GHemeiee&mleg Deeefoleë ÒeYe=l³esJe mecemlee Deemeved ~“
GHemebnejë - Demceeled efJe®eejeled SJeb %ee³eles mebmkeÀ=leJ³eekeÀjCes GHemeiee&Ceeb cenlJeHetCe¥ ³eesieoeveb efJeÐeles
J³eekeÀjCeÒeef¬eÀ³eeefveJee&neLe&ced ~ Deleë GHemeiee&ë J³eekeÀjCes DeefJe®ísÐee²ªHesCe ÒeefleYeeefvle ~
deg
HeeoìerkeÀe
1. GHemeiee&ë ef¬eÀ³ee³eesies ~ (Hee.(HeeefCeefvemet$eced), 1/4/59)
2. efve©keÌleced, 1/3 ~
3. L. Sarup, English Translation, Ibid
4. efve©keÌleJe=efÊeë ~
5. le$e ³eogkeÌleb, JeCe&JeoveLe&keÀe GHemeiee& veeceeK³eeleefJe³eesieeled Fefle Sleo³egkeÌleced ~ DeefHe ®e ö JeCezjveLe&kewÀjejY³eceeCeb
HeoceH³eveLe&keÀcesJe m³eeled ve ¿eMegukewÀjejY³eceeCeë Heìë MegkeÌueë YeJeefle... ³eLee ce=oesçJe³eJeeveeb Ieìs IeìejcYeMeefkeÌle-
jefYeJ³ep³eles ~ SJeced...le$ees®³eles ÒeoerHeesçefHe mJesveeLe&vs e ÒekeÀeMekesÀveeLe&JeevesJe, mel³eefHe ®eeLe&JeÊJes ÒekeÀeM³eceLe&ceeOeejYetleb
Òel³ee³e³eved mJeeb ÒekeÀeMeveMeefkeÌleceefYeJ³eveefkeÌle....efJe³egkeÌleeveeceefHe veeceeK³eeleeY³eeb.... leÐeLee Òe Fl³eeefokeÀce&eCf e
Ye=MeeLex.... ~ (efve©keÌleJe=eÊf eë)
6. $eÝ.Jes. 10/142/4 ~
7. efve©keÌleced 1/3 ~
10. ogie&Je=efÊeë, le$ewJe ~
12. ogie&Je=efÊeë, le$ewJe ~
13. GHemeiee& ÐeeslekeÀeë, ve Jee®ekeÀeë ~ ÐeeslekeÀlJeb ®e OeeleesjLe&efJeMes<es leelHe³e&ûeenkeÀlJeb, leogHemevoevesve le$e
MeefkeÌleJee& ~ (leÊJeef®evleeceefCeë, MeyoKeC[s, He=.- 854)
15. ÒeeY³eeHejeefveog&jvegJ³egHeeHemebHeefjÒeeflev³el³eefOemetoJeeefHe ~
GHemeiee& efJebMeeflejLe&Jee®ekeÀeë menslejeY³eeced ~~ (12/22)
16. HejesHeeHeeJeÒeefleHe³e&vJeH³el³eO³ee*dÒemeefVeog&©efVeefJemJeefYe ~~ (6/24)
17. ÒeHejeefCemeceeogefCe&jJeeefOeHeefjJeerefve ®e ~
Del³eY³eefHe metoHee ³e GHeevegÒeefleefJe&bMeefle ~~ (2/17)
18. Dee ÒeeJeeHeesHeeY³eefOe Òeefle HeefjefJeveerl³egHemeiee&ë ~~ (1/15)
19. GHemeiee&mleg efJe%es³eeë ef¬eÀ³ee³eesiesve efJebMeefleë ~
efJeJes®e³eefvle les ¿eLe¥ veeceeK³eeleefJeYeefkeÌle<eg ~~ (2/94)
20. De®íÞeovleefjl³esleevee®ee³e&ë MeekeÀìe³eveë ~
GHemeiee&ved ef¬eÀ³ee³eesieevcesves les leg $e³eesçefOekeÀeë ~ (2/95)
21. (keÀ) Þe®íyoesHemebK³eeveced ~ GoenjCecedöÞe×e ~ (Jee.(JeeefÊe&keÀced),ceneYee<³eced, Hee.,1/4/59)
(Ke) Þe®íyom³eesHemebK³eeveb keÀÊe&J³eced ~ (ceneYee<³eced, le$ewJe)
(ie) Þe®íyom³e De*deJf eOeew GHemeie&lJeb Jee®³eced ~ (JeeefÊe&keÀefceob yeeueceveesjceevegjesOesve, efme×evlekeÀewcegoer, 3283)
(Ie) Þeovlejes©Hemeie&JeodJe=efÊeë (Jee., efme×evlekeÀewcegoer, 3283)
(*) Þe®íyom³eesHemebK³eeveced ~ (Jee., keÀeefMekeÀe, Hee., 1/4/59)
(®e) le$esob ÒeefleHeeoveced- ``GHemeiee&ë'' Fefle ³eesieefJeYeeieë ef¬eÀ³eles ~ De$e ®e ``Òeeo³eë'' Fefle veeefYemecyeO³eles ~
lesve ce©®íyom³e leÊJeefJeOeeJegHemeie&meb%ee YeJeleerefle ~ Dele SJe ³eesieefJeYeeieeled Þe®íyom³ee*defJeOeeJevleë
Meyom³eeef¹efJeefOeCelJes<etHemeie&meb%ee YeJeleerefle JesefoleJ³eced ~ (v³eemeë,Hee., 1/4/59)
22. DevlejeMeyom³eeef¹efJeefOeCelJes<etHemeie&lJeb Jee®³eced ~ Goe- DevleOee& ~ (Jee., yeeueceveesjcee, efme×evlekeÀewcegoer, 3283)
23. (keÀ) ce©®íyoesHemebK³eeveced ~ Goe- ce©ÎÊees ~ (Jee.,ceYee., Hee., 1/4/59)
(Ke) ce©®íyom³eesHemebK³eeveb keÀÊe&J³eced ~ (ceneYee<³eced, le$ewJe)
24. Hee., 8/2/66 ~
25. Hee., 8/2/19 ~
26. Hee.,8/2/1 ~
27. GHemeie&efJeYeeqkeÌlemJejÒeefleªHekeÀe½e efveHeeleeë ~ GHemeie&ÒeefleªHekeÀeë - DeJeoÊeb efJeoÊeb ®e ®eeefokeÀce&efCe ~
megoÊecevegoÊeb ®e efveoÊeefceefle ®es<³eles ~~ keÀeefMekeÀe, Hee., 1/4/57 ~
28. Hee., 5/4/85 ~
29. GHemeie&meb%ewJes<³eles, ve efveHeelemeb%ee ~ Heoce¡ejer, Hee., 1/4/59 ~
30. Hee., 1/4/59 ~
31. ...``GHemeiee&ë'' Fefle ³eesieefJeYeeieë ef¬eÀ³eles ~ De$e ®e ``Òeeo³eë'' Fefle veeefYemecyeO³eles ~ lesve ce©®íyom³e
lelJeefJeOeeJegHemeie&meb%ee YeJeleerefle ~ Dele SJe ³eesieefJeYeeieeled Þe®íyom³ee*defJeOeeJevleëMeyom³eeef¹efJeefOe-
CelJes<etHemeie&meb%ee YeJeleerefle JesefoleJ³eced ~ ³eesieefJeYeeiem³esob efue²ced ``Òe%eeÞe×e®ee&Je=efÊeY³ees Ceë'',
`èflejesçvleOeez'' Fefle ®e efveoxMeë ~ v³eemeë, Hee., 1/4/59 ~
32. Hee., 5/4/85 ~
33. v³eemeë, le$ewJe ~
34. les ÒeeiedOeeleesë ~ (Hee., 1/4/80)
35. J³eJeefnlee½e ~ (Hee., 1/4/82)
36. ívoefme HejsçefHe ~ (Hee., 1/4/81)
37. GHemeiee&oOJeveë ~ (Hee., 5/4/85)
38. GHemeie&½ee$e ve iel³egHeue#eCeced ~ kegÀle Sleled ? ef¬eÀ³ee³eesieeYeeJeeled ~ (v³eemeë, le$ewJe)
39. GHemeiee&®®e (Hee., 5/4/119) ~ Òeeos³eex veeefmekeÀeMeyomleovleeod yengJeérnsj®ed veeefmekeÀe³ee vemeeosMe½e ~
(efme×evlekeÀewcegoer,le$ewJe)
40. GHemeie&ûenCeb ÒeeoerveecegHeue#eCeced, veeefmekeÀeMeyom³eeef¬eÀ³eeLe&lJesve leb Òel³egHemeie&lJee³eesieeled ~ ve ®e ef¬eÀ³ee-
³eesieeYeeJesçH³egHemeie&lJecemleg Fefle MebkeÌ³eced ~ (leÊJeyeesefOeveer, le$ewJe)
41. J³eekeÀjCeoMe&vesj Fefleneme, He=.(He=ÿced), 346 ~
42. (keÀ) GHemeiexCe OeelJeLeex yeueeov³e$e veer³eles ~
ÒenejenejmebnejefJenejHeefjnejJeled ~~ (efmekeÀew.,2232,Hee., 8/4/18)
(Ke) GHemeiexCe OeelJeLeex yeueeov³e$e veer³eles ~
veernejenejmebnejÒeleernejÒenejJeled ~~ (cegiOeyeesOeìerkeÀe³eeb ogiee&oemeë)
43. GHemeie&JeMee×elegjveskeÀeLe& ÒekeÀeMeke=Àled ~
ÒenejenejmebnejefJenejHeefjnejJeled ~~ (MeekeÀìe³eveer³eOeelegHeeþë) ~
44. J³eekeÀjCeoMe&vesj Fefleneme, He=., 346 ~
45. (keÀ) DekeÀce&keÀe DeefHe Jew meesHemeiee&ë mekeÀce&keÀe YeJeefvle ~ (ceneYee<³eced, ``veJesefle''met$es) ~
(Ke) keÌJeef®eoLex Òeeefo³eesies ¿ekeÀcee&CeesçefHe OeeleJeë ~
me keÀcee&Ceë Òepee³evles meleeb me²eppevee FJe ~~ (Je=efÊeveeje³eCeë) ~
46. GHemeiee&omeceemesçefHe CeesHeosMem³e ~ (Hee., 8/4/14, Fl³eeo³eë) ~
47. GHemeiee&led megveesefle.... ~ (Hee., 8/3/65, Fl³eeo³eë) ~
48. ³egYeeleë mebmke=Àleb Òeefle, He=., 151-153 ~
JÙeekeâjCeMeeŒeerÙeJeerhmeeheoeLe&efJeMues<eCeced
[e@. megOeekeâjefceße:
ue#ÙewkeâÛe#eg<keâ: YeieJeevheeefCeefve: peiele: cenodkeâuÙeeCekeâjmÙe SkeâmÙe Jemlegve: hegve®æejb
ke=âleJeeved ÙemÙe veece YeJeefle JÙeekeâjCeMeeŒeced ~ Ùeefo YeieJele: DeJeleej: ve mÙeeled leoe mebmke=âlepeieefle
ceneveveLe&: mÙeeled ~ keâ§eved JÙeJeefmLeleefveÙeleefveef§eleefveefJe&keâuheefveÙeceeYeeJes keâmÙeeefhe meeOeejCemÙe
pevemÙeeefhe meûefle: ve YeJeefle efkebâ hegveoxJeYee<eeÙee: ~ osJeJeeCÙee: Ùes efJe<eÙee: efveef§elee: le$e keâmÙeeefhe
lÙeeie: veeefmle ~ ØeeÙe: meces<eeb ÛeueeÛeueeveeb, pe[Ûesleveeveecewefnkeâecegef<cekeâeCeeb, meeceevÙeefJeefMe°eveeb,
owefvekeâeowefvekeâeveeb, efmLejieefleMeerueeveeb, ÛeeJee&keâeoejYÙe JesoevleoMe&veheÙe&vleeveeb ÛeÛee& JejerJeefle& ~ les<eg
Jemleg<eg ØeeCeYetle: Ùe: Meyo:, Ùeb efJevee ve keâmÙeeefhe heÆîeeb ieefle:, ØeJe=efle:, efveJe=efòeJee& ~ les<eg
Meyos<Jeefhe cenÉwefMe°Ÿeb Ùeled keâmÙeeefhe SkeâOee GÛÛeejced , keâmÙeeefhe efÉOee GÛÛeejCeced, Deeue¿eefjkeâ#es$es
hegve: hegve: GÛÛeejCeb Meyoeue¿ejheosveeefhe ØeÙeesie: ÂMÙeles ~ keâmÙeeefhe SkeâOee GÛÛeejCeb hejvleg
ye£Le&ØelÙeeÙekeâ: ~ keâmÙeeefhe GÛÛeejCeb efYeVeceLe&§e efYeVe: ~ SJecesJe MeyoefJe<eÙes yenJe: efJeÛeeje:
efJeJe=lee: meefvle ~ les<eg efÉOee GÛÛeejCeefJe<eÙeceefOeke=âlÙe keâ§eve efJeÛeej: ØemletÙeles ~ le$eeefhe JeCe&mÙe
efÉOee GÛÛeejCeb, heomÙe efÉOee GÛÛeejCeced ~ DeÛees jneYÙeeb És1, DeveefÛe Ûe2,ef$eØeYe=efle<eg MeekeâšeÙevemÙe3
FlÙeeoerefve JeCe&efÉlJeefJe<eÙekeâeefCe met$eeefCe ~ heoefJe<eÙes meJe&mÙe És4, Fefle met$eeefOekeâejs efJeefnleeefve
met$eeefCe efvelÙeJeerhmeÙees:5, hejsJe&pe&ves6, Øemecegheeso: heeohetjCes7, GheÙe&OÙeOeme: meeceerhÙes8,
JeekeäÙeeosjeceefv$elemÙeeÓmetÙeeÓmecceeflekeâeshekegâlmveYelme&ves<eg9 DeeyeeOes Ûe10, Øekeâejs iegCeJeÛevemÙe,11
Deke=âÛÚs^ efØeÙemegKeÙeesjvÙelejmÙeeced12, ÉvÉb jnmÙeceÙee&oeJeÛeveJÙegl›eâceCeÙe%ehee$eØeÙeesieeÓefYeJÙeefòeâ<eg13,
FlÙeeoerefve ~ SJeb ØekeâejsCe veevee efÉlJeefJe<eÙemelJes<eg les<eg DevÙeleceb efJeÅeles JeerhmeelelJeb leÛÛe efkeâefceefle
efpe%eemeeÙeeb ØeØeLececegefmLeleb YeJeefle efvelÙeJeerhmeÙees: Fefle met$eced ~ met$esÓefmceved heoceskeâb mehlecÙevleced ~
DeLe&§eslLeb DeeYeer#CÙes JeerhmeeÙeeb (efJeMes<esÛÚeÙeeced) Ûe ÅeeslÙes heomÙe efÉJe&Ûeveb YeJeefle ~ DeeYeer#CÙeb
efle*vles<eg DeJÙeÙemeb%ekeâke=âovles<eg Ûe ~ GoenjCeb ÙeLee- heÛeefle heÛeefle ~ YegòeäJee YegòeäJee ›epeefle ~
JeerhmeeÙeeb Je=#eb Je=#eb efmeÃeefle ~ «eecees «eecees jceCeerÙe: ~ efvelÙeJeerhmeÙees: Fefle met$es heomÙesefle kegâlees
ueyOeced ~ Ûesòeefn& ‘heomÙe’14 Fefle met$eevegkeâ<e&Ceb JesefoleJÙeced ~ ÙeÅeefhe heomÙesefle met$eeled heomÙeslÙevegkeâ<e&Ceb
ef›eâÙeles leefn& meJe&mÙe És 15,Fefle met$es meJe&«enCeb JÙeLe&ced ~ És FlÙemÙewJeeefOekeâejmet$elJesve meJe&keâeÙe&efveJee&efoefle
Jeòegâb MekeäÙeced , leLeeefhe ve lemÙe meJe&mÙeself e heomÙe JewÙeLÙe&b ye=#eeYÙeeefcelÙeeoew mJeeefo<JemeJe&veecemLeeve16,Fefle
met$esCe Øeke=âeflecee$emÙe efÉlJeb ve YeJesosleoLe&ced ~ Ùeefo meJe&mÙe És Fefle met$es meJe&«enCeb ve mÙeeled leefn&
Øeke=âeflecee$emÙe efÉ£ÛÛeejCeb mÙeeled ~ ke=âles leg meJe&mÙe Fefle «enCes ve oes<e: ~ Ùelees efn
MeyoeefOekeäÙeeoLee&eOf ekeäÙeefceefle vÙeeÙeeovegkeâ<e&CeeuueyOes heomÙe FlÙebMesÓefleØemeefòeâefveJeejkesâ hegve: ef›eâÙeceeCemÙe
meJe&mÙe FlÙebMemÙe meJe&MeyosveeJeÙeJekeâelmvÙe&mÙe efJeJeef#elelJehejkeâleÙee JÙeeKÙeeveeod ve Øeke=âeflecee$emÙe
efÉ£òeâeheefòeefjefle yeesOÙeced ~ veveg ØeoefMe&leeceeheefòeb JeejefÙelegb Ùeefo ‘efvelÙeJeerhmeÙees:’ FlÙe$eevegke=â<šmÙe
heomÙe mecyevOe: ef›eâÙeles leefn&—
ve Keueg ve Keueg yeeCe: meefVeheelÙeesÓÙeceefmceved ~ ce=ogefve ce=ieMejerjs letueJeeMeeefJeJeeie>s: ~~17
Fefle JeekeäÙemÙe efÉlJeb ke=âleb keâLeb mebieÛÚsle ?
DehejÃe—
ëe=CegùoÙejnmÙeb ÙelØeMemleb cegveerveeced ~ ve Keueg ve Keueg Ùeesef<elmeefVeefOe: meefVeOesÙe:~
njefle efn nefjCee#eer ef#eØeceef#e#egjØew: efheefnleceefhe leveg$ewef§eòecehÙegòeceeveeced ~~18
Fefle ØeceeefCekeâJeekeäÙeÃe keâLeb mebieÛÚslesefle ÛesVe, le$e mLeues leg yeeCemeefVeheelemebmcejCe-
cee$emeÀeeleefÛeòeJewkeäÙeeefOekeäÙeÅeesleveeLe&lJeeled heomÙe efÉlJeb ve efJeefnleced ~ ÙemÙeeJemejmÙe JeCe&veb keâjesefle
keâefJekegâueieg®: keâeefueoeme:, leoe lemÙe cen<exJÙeekeâjCeefveÙecemÙeeefhe OÙeeveb veemleerefle metÛÙeles heoefÉlJee-
YeeJesvesefle JeekeäÙeJeCe&vehejkeâlJeeooes<eeYeeJe: ~ DehejÃe ÚvoesYeÁefYeÙee leLeekeâjCemÙeesoes<eeefoefle meceeOeevesve
meJe&oes<eefvejemeeled ~ efÉleerÙes MueeskesâÓefhe lemÙe ceneefJejòeâmÙe yeÇÿeefJeoes ceneheg®<emÙe ÛewlevÙeceneØeYeesef§eòeb
efvelejeb efKeVeb efJe<eÙeefJe<epJeeueeefOekeâjCeb Ùeesef<elmebieb mce=lJee ÅeesleveeLeË heoefÉlJeeYeeJe: ~
ÚvoesYeÁªheoes<eeheefòeefjeflemeceeOeeveb Jee keâeÙe&efcelÙeoes<e: ~
ceneYee<ÙesÓefhe ‘nsÓueÙees nsÓueÙees Fefle’19 heoefÉlJekeâle&JÙes JeekeäÙeefÉlJeheefjkeâuheveb oes<e: ~ DeLee&led
JeekeäÙemÙe heefjefmLeefle JeMeeosJe efÉlJecevÙeLee heomÙewJe efÉlJeb ve JeekeäÙemÙe ~ JeekeäÙeeLe&%eeves heoeLe&%eeveb
keâejCeefceefle Fefle efveÙeceØeeceeCÙeeled JeerhmeeMeyomÙe efve<heefòe: efJeÛeeÙe&les `Deehè JÙeehleew' Fefle
ieCeheeþoMe&veeled JÙeehlÙeLe&keâeod efJehetJe&keâeod Deehed20 OeeleesefjÛÚeÙeeb meefve , mevÙe*es:21 Fefle met$esCe
efÉlJes, hetJeexYÙeeme:22 Fefle met$esCe hetJe&YeeiemÙeeYÙeememeb%eeÙeeced ,‘De$e ueesheesÓYÙeememÙe’23 Fefle
met$esCe DeYÙeemeueeshes Deeh%eehÙe=Oeeceerled24 Fefle met$esCe meefve hejs DeekeâejmÙe F&lJes, efJe FlÙeghemeie&IeškesâkeâejsCe
men oerIex Jeerhmee FlÙemceeoØelÙeÙeeled25 Fefle met$esCe De-ØelÙeÙes šeefhe Ûe meefle JeerhmeeMeyo: efmeæŸeefle
Fefle ~ Gòebâ Ûe ceneYee<Ùes efvelÙe JeerhmeeheoeLe&efJe<eÙes ~ le$e meJe&ØeLeceb efvelÙeceefOeke=âòÙe efJeÛeej: ~
efvelÙe FlÙegòesâ keâmÙe «enCeced ~ efvelÙeeLe&mÙe, efvelÙeMeyomÙe, efvelÙeheÙee&ÙeJeeefÛeve: Jee ~ leLee efn
Yee<Ùeced – Fn keâmceeved YeJeefle ~ efnceJeeved ,Jee[Je:, heeefjÙee$e:, mecegõ: Fefle ~ efvelÙes És YeJele:
Fefle Øeehveesefle ~ vew<e oes<e: ~ DeÙeb efvelÙeMeyoesÓmlÙesJe ketâšmLes<JeeefJeÛeeefue<eg YeeJes<eg Jele&les ~ leÅeLee
efvelÙee Åeew:, efvelÙee he=efLeJeer, efvelÙeceekeâeMeced ~ DemlÙeeYeer#eCÙesefhe Jele&les ~ leÅeLee efvelÙeØenefmelees
efvelÙeØepeefuhele Fefle ~ leod Ùe DeeYeer#eCÙesefhe Jele&les lemÙesob «enCeced ~26 DeLe efkeâefceob Jeerhmesefle?
Deehe>eslesjÙeb efJehetJee&efoÛÚeÙeeceLex meved efJeOeerÙeles Fefle ~ ceneYee<ÙeJeekeäÙeefJeJejCeefJeOeeÙekesâve
ßeerceleeheoJeekeäÙeefJeJejCeefJeOeeÙekesâve ßeercelee heoJeekeäÙeØeceeCe%esveeÛeeÙexCe kewâÙešsve efJeJe=leced leLee efn
Deehe>eslesefjefle JÙeglheefòeØeoMe&vesve ef›eâÙeeefJeMes<es ÙeesieªefÌ{Jeeahmee Meyo Fefle oMe&Ùeefle Fefle27 ~ lemÙeeef«ecesmet$es
GÅeesles ef›eâÙeeefJeMes<esefle JÙeeefhleØeefleefheheeoefÙe<eeªhes ÙeesieªefÌ{Ùe&mÙeslÙeLe&: Fefle28 ~ veveg Ùeefo JeerhmeeMeyoes
Ùeesieªef{meeceLÙexve JÙeeefhleØeefleefheheeoefÙe<eeªheeLe&mÙehejleÙee JÙeeKÙeeÙelesleoe ceneYee<Ùe«evLeefJejesOe: ~
leLee efn le$e ceneYee<Ùes DeLe efkeâefceob Jeerhmee ? Deehe>eslesjÙeb efJehetJee&efoÛÚeÙeeceLex meved efJeOeerÙeles Fefle
«evLesve JeerhmeeMeyoeLeË efveªÛÙe lele: ÙeÅesJeb efÛekeâer<e&efle efpener<e&efle FlÙe$eeefhe Øeehe>esefle Fefle «evLesve ke=âle:
hetJe&he#e: vew<e oes<e: ~ vewJeb efJe%eeÙeles JeerhmeeÙeeceefYeOesÙeeÙeeefceefle ~ keâLeb leefn& ? keâle=&efJeMes<eCecesleled ~
Jeerhmeefle Fefle Jeerhme: ~ Jeerhme§esled keâlee& YeJeleerefle ~ keâ: hegve: JeerhmeeLe&: ? DeveJeÙeJeeefYeOeeveb
JeerhmeeLe&: ~ DeveJeÙeJesve õJÙeeCeeceefYeOeevecesJe JeerhmeeLe&: Fefle «evLesve ke=âleb le$elÙeb meceeOeeveÃe JÙeLeË
mÙeeled ~ Ùelees efn Øemeòebâ efn Øeefleef<eOÙeles Fefle vÙeeÙesve efÛekeâer<e&leeròÙeeoew ØeehlesjYeeJesve
leÉejCeØeÙeemeJewÙeLÙee&heòes: ~ Ùeesieªef{mJeerkeâejs Ùe$e JÙeeefhleªhemecyevOemÙe ØeefleheeovesÛÚe mÙeeled ,
le$ewJe efÉlJeced ve leg leLee efÛekeâer<e&leerlÙeeoeefJeefle ÛesVe , lemÙe Yee<ÙemÙe Ùeesieªef{meeceLÙe&ceveefYeOÙeeÙewJe
ØeJe=òelJesve Me¿emeceeOeeveoueÙeesefve&ouelJeehelÙeeYeeJeeled ~ leLee Ûeesòebâ kewâÙešsve Dehejes ªef{lJeceyegæÇJee
ÙeÅesJeefceefle Fefle29~ GheÙeg&òeâ JeerhmeeheoeLe&efveªheCeb ke=âlJee JeerhmeeLeË efveªhÙeles le$e ceneYee<Ùes keâ:
hegveJeeahmeeLe&: ? DeveJeÙeJeeefYeOeeveb JeerhmeeLe&: ~ DeveJeÙeJesve õJÙeeCeeceefYeOeevecesJe JeerhmeeLe&: ~30
DemÙe mhe°erkeâjCeb kewâÙeš: mJešerkeâeÙeeb ke=âle: ÙeLee– keâ: hegve: JeerhmeeLe& Fefle – DeLe&: ØeÙeespeveced ~
SJeb YetleeÙee: JeerhmeeÙee: Gheeoeves efkebâ ØeÙeespeveefceefle ØeMve:~ DeveJeÙeJeeefYeOeeefceefle – meekeâuÙesve
õJÙeeCeeb ef›eâÙeeiegCemecyevOeØeefleheeoveb JeerhmeeHeâueefcelÙeLe&: ~ lele§e ceneYee<Ùes DeveJeÙeJeeefYeOeeveb
JeerhmeeLeË Fefle Ûesled peelÙeeKÙeeÙeeb efÉJe&veØemeÁ:~ DeveJeÙeJeeefYeOeeveb JeerhmeeLeË Fefle Ûesled peelÙeeKÙeeÙeeb
efÉJe&Ûeveb Øeehe>esefle ~ ›eerefnÙe&Je Fefle ~ ve JewkeâeLe&lJeeppeeles: ve Ûew<e oes<e: ~ efkebâ keâejCeced ? SkeâeLeex
efn peeefle: ~ SkeâceLe&ØelÙeeÙeefÙe<Ùeeceerefle peeefleMeyo: ØeÙegpÙeles ~ DeveskeâeLee&ßeÙelJeeÛÛe JeerhmeeÙee: ~
Deves k eâeLee& ß eÙee Ûe heg v eJeea h mee ~ Deves k eâeLe& m ecØelÙeeÙeef Ù e<Ùeeceer e f l e Jeer h mee ØeÙeg p Ùeles ~
SkeâeLe&lJeeppeelesjveskeâeLee&ßeÙelJeeÛÛe JeerhmeeÙee peelÙeeKÙeeÙeeb efÉJe&Ûeveb ve YeefJe<Ùeleerefle ~ le$e Ûe
kewâÙeš: - peelÙeeKÙeeÙeeb peeleew heoeLex meekeâuÙesve õJÙeeCeeb ØeefleheefòeYe&Jeefle ~ ÙeLee yeÇeÿeCees ve
nvleJÙe: Fefle meJe&yeÇeÿeCe nveveØeefle<esOe: ØeleerÙele~ ve ÛewkeâeLe&lJeeefoefle – Ùeefo JÙeefòeâJÙeefleefjòeâe
peeefle:, DeLe lÙeòeâYesonsleJes JÙeòeâÙe SJe peeefle: GYeÙeLee YesoeYeeJeeppeeefleue#eCe SkeâesÓLe&: ~ le$e
ÙeLee DeivÙeeveÙeves ÛeesefolesÓÛeesefoleceefhe hee$eb veevlejerÙekeâlJeeoie>vLeeveÙevemÙeesheeoerÙeles leLee peeleew
ÛeesefoleeÙeeb õJÙeb ef›eâÙeeÁeYeeJesve ØeleerÙeles ~ leleesÓveJeÙeJeeefYeOeevemÙe YesoefJe<eÙelJeeppeelÙeefYeOeevesleoYeeJeeled
efÉJe&ÛeveeYeeJe:~ SkeâMes<esÓhÙeefmceved Jeves MeesYevee: Je=#ee: Fefle keâefleheÙeeveeceefhe Je=#eeCeeb MeesYevelJesve
ØeÙeesieoMe&veeoveJeÙeJeeefYeOeeveeYeeJeeod efÉJe&ÛeveeYeeJe: ~ «eecees «eecees jceCeerÙe Fefle letòesâ
efve:Mes<e«eeceielejceCeerÙelJeØeleerefle: ~ leLeeefmceved Jeves Je=#ees Je=#e: MeesYeve: FlÙegòesâ meJex<eecesJe
Je=#eeCeeb ØelÙeskebâ meefVeJesMeefvejhes#eoMe&veerÙelJeÙeesieØeleerelf e: ~ meJex Je=#ee: MeesYevee: FlÙe$e leg meJe&veece>eJeerhmeeÙee:
Åeesleveeod efÉJe&ÛeveeYeeJe: ~ Fn leg meJex cee<ee: yeÇeÿeCesYÙees oòee Fefle ÙeÅeefhe keâmcewef§eled $eÙees oòee:,
keâmcewefÛeled heÃe, leLeeefhe ØeÙeesieeod JeerhmeeÓYeeJe: ~ Ùeoe lJeskewâkeâes oòemleoe JeerhmeemecYeJeevcee<ees
cee<ees oòe Fefle efÉJe&Ûeveb YeJeefle ~
Je=efòekeâej: — veevee JeÛeveeveeceefOekeâjCeeveeb ef›eâÙeeiegCeeYÙeeb ÙegiehelØeÙeesòegâJÙee&hlegefceÛÚe Jeerhmee Fefle~
veeveeYetleceLe&õJÙeue#eCeb Ùes Meyoe yeÇgJeefvle, les<eeb ÙeevÙeefOekeâjCeevÙeefYeOesÙeeefve les<eeb meneefJeJeef#eleeveeb
he=LekeâdmebKÙeeÙegòeâeveeb ØelÙeskebâ ef›eâÙeeiegCeÙegòeâeveeb ØeÙeesòegâ: ef›eâÙeÙee iegCesve Jee Ùegieheoskeâkeâeuee JÙeehlegefceÛÚe
mee Jeerhmee ~ le$e veeveeJeeefÛeMeyosve peeefleMeyoefvejeMe: ~ ÙegieheÃ^nCesve ›eâceefJeJe#eeÙeeb efÉJe&ÛeveefvejeMe:~
ÙeLee Deefmceved JevesÓÙeb Je=#e:, MeesYeveesÓÙeb Je=#e:, MeesYeve Fefle ›eâcesCe MeesYevelJeØeefleheeoveb yentveefhe
Meyoeved ØeÙeg¿dles Fefle~31 Devesve Øeoerhes kewâÙešØeoefMe&leceeiexCe JeerhmeeÙee ÙeeÂMeb mJe£heced , õJÙeeCeeb
ef›eâÙeeiegCeeYÙeeb men ÙegiehelmecyevOe: me meJe&LewJe mhe°erYeJeefle ~ Dele SJe JeerhmeeheoeLe&mÙe kewâÙešesòeâmÙe
hetJee&ÛeeÙe&mÙe kewâÙešsve JÙeeKÙeelemÙe ÙeeÂMeb mJeªheb leogheoMe&leÙee veeiesMeYeósve GÅeesles ØeoefMe&leced ,
leLee efn Ùegieheefoef›eâÙeeiegCeeYÙeeb Ùegieheod JÙeehekeâlJesveevJeÙeb yeesOeefÙelegefceÛÚslÙeLe&: Fefle 32~
lelJeyeesefOeveerkeâej:, %eevesvõmejmJeleer— Jeer h meeÙeeef c eef le – JÙeehleg ef c eÛÚe Jeer h mee ~
JÙeeefhleØeefleefheoeoefÙe<esefle ÙeeJeled ~ me Ûe ØeÙeesòegâOe&ce& DeeyeeOeeled ~ iele iele FlÙegòesâ efØeÙemÙe
efÛejieceveeefoveeheeref[lees JeekeäÙeb ØeÙeg¿dles Fefle ØeleerÙeles ~ leLee Je=#eb Je=#eb efmeÃeefle FlÙeeoew JÙeeefhleb
yegyeesOeefÙe<eesejf ob JeekeäÙeefcelÙeJeieceeled ~ MeeyoyeesOeefJe<eÙemleg JÙeeefhlejsJe ~ leLee Ûe efvelÙeJÙeehlÙees: FlÙesJemet$eefÙelegb
MekeäÙeced ~ JÙeeefhleefjn keâelmvÙe&ced ~ leÛÛeeefOekeâeefjkeâced ~ meJex yeÇeÿeCee: Deeceefv$elee: FlÙeeoew ÙeLee ~
ve ef n peieleer l eues ef J eÅeceevee: yeÇ e ÿeCee: meJex Ó ef h e kes â veef Û eoecev$eef Ù eleg b Mekeä Ù evles Fef l e
mJe«eecemLemJepeeleerÙeyeÇeÿeCehejleÙee le$e mebkeâesÛees ÙeÅeYÙeghesÙeles leefn De$eeefhe mekeâueJe=#emesÛevemeeceLÙeË keâmÙeeefheceveg<ÙemÙe
veemleerefle Ùe$e Jeeefškeâeoew Je=#emesÛeveeLe&ceefOekeâejmleÉeefškeâemleJe=#eeCeecesJe keâelmvÙeË Je=#eb Je=#eb efmeÃeleerelf elÙeeoew
iecÙeles DeYÙeghesÙeced ~ Ùe$e Ûe mebkeâesÛes keâejCeb veeefmle le$eemebkeâesÛe F° SJe ~ peeleew peeleew efveOeveceghewefle Fefle
ÙeLee ~ ve ÛewJeb Je=#eced Je=#eefcelÙeeoew yengJeÛeveØemeÁ:, yentveeb ceeveesÓefhe yenglJemebKÙeeÙeemle$eYeeveeled~
ØelÙeskeâefve‰ceskeâlJecesJe efn le$e Yeemeles FlÙeeefoceveesjceeÙeeb efmLeleced ~ Fefle ~33 lelJeyeesefOeveerJÙeeKÙeeÙee:
DemÙee: heÙee&ueesÛevesve JeerhmeeÙee: mJeªheb ÙeLeeYee<Ùeb ÙeLee kewâÙešesòeâceefYeJÙeòeâlejb YeJeefle ~ le$e Ùee
keâeÛeve yengJeÛevelJeeheefòeØeYe=efleMe¿emeeefhe meceeefnlee ~ ÙeÅeefhe lelJeyeesefOeveerkeâej: met$emJeªhes heefjJele&veb
ke=âleced le$e efvelÙeJeerhmeÙees: mLeeves efvelÙeJÙeehle=Ùees: Fefle met$emJeªheb keâlegË MekeäÙeefceefle mJeceleb
ØeoefMe&leced ~ leòeg ÙeLeeßeglevÙeemes efJeheefjJele&ves Ûe cee$eeefoieewjJeeYeeJesve keâLeefÃevceevÙeb YeJesoefhe efkeâvleg
meveLexÛÚeÙeemle$eØeleerlÙee keâLeb leLee met$eefÙelegceeweÛf elÙeØeoMe&veb MekeäÙeceefhe mÙeeled ~ le$e Ùeeefhe! le$e efvelÙeJÙeehÙees:
FlÙesJeekeâejs met$es keâle&JÙes Ùegeòf eâ: ØeoefMe&lee Ùeod ve meveLe& FÛÚe MeeyoyeesOes Yeemeles, efkeâvleg JÙeeefhlejsJe
MeeyoyeesOeefJe<eÙe Fefle ~ lemÙe ÙeÅeefhe Glheefòejefhe keâlegË MekeäÙee Ùeod DevÙeefæ Meyoeveeb JÙeglheefòeefveefceòecevÙeÛÛe
ØeJe=eòf eefveefceòeefceeflevÙeeÙeeled ØeÙeesies meefve melÙeefhe ve me MeeyoyeesOes Yeemeles ~ ÙeLee keâlegj& erehf meleleceb keâce&34 Fefle
met$es ‘òeâmÙe Ûe Jele&ceeves’35 Fefle met$esCe Jele&ceevekeâeueªheeLex <e‰Ÿeeb peeleeÙeeb melÙeeceefhe Jele&ceevekeâeue:
MeeyoyeesOes ve Yeemeles ~ veeieesepf eYeó: efueKeefle òeâØelÙeÙeesheeòeJele&ceevelJevleg ve efJeJeef#eleced ~36 lesve keâšb
ke=âleJeeved keâefj<Ùeefle FlÙeeefo efmeefæ: ~ leLee Ûe lelJeyeeseOf eveerJÙeeKÙee ÙeÅeefhe meveLee&eJf eJe#eÙee ueeheefÙelegb MekeäÙee,
leLeeefhe efJeJe#ewJe efkeâue MeyoØeJe=òeew nslegejf efle meJe&ueeskeâefmeæes efJe<eÙe: ~ efkeâefÃeefæ efJeJe#eg: MeyoevegÛÛeejÙeefle ~
Dele SJe JeòegâmleelheÙe&%eeveceefhe MeeyoyeesOes keâejCeefceefle mJeerke=âleced ~ efJeJe#ewJe leelheÙe&ced ~ leLee Ûe
meveLe&mÙe YeeveceeJeMÙeced lesve JÙeehleew mJeªhele: melÙeeceefhe ve efÉªÛÛeejCeced ~ efkeâvleg Ùeefo
Jeòegâmlesve leelheÙexCe efJeJe#ee YeJesled , leoe met$eefceob ØeJele&les efvelÙeJeerhmeÙees: Fefle ~ Dele SJe kewâšÙesve
Je=eòf ekeâejceleefmeæb JeerhmeeÙee ÙelmJeªheb oefMe&leb Øeoerhes le$e ØeÙeesòegâJÙee&hlegecf eÛÚself e JeekeäÙes ØeÙeesòegâefjefle heob
efveJeseMf eleced ~ leLee efn veevee JeÛeveeveeceefOekeâjCeeveeb ef›eâÙeeiegCeeYÙeeb ÙegiehelØeÙeesòegâJÙee&hlegecf eÛÚeJeerhmee Fefle ~
mJeÙecesJe Ûe lelJeyeeseOf eveerke=âefÆ: JÙeehlegecf eÛÚeJeerhmee ~ JÙeeefhleØeefleefheheeoefÙe<eself e ÙeeJeled ~ mee Ûe ØeÙeesòegâOece&:
FlÙeeefo«evLesve Øeefleheeefoleced ~ Delees ÙeLee vÙeecesJe met$ecemleg~ efkeâÃe met$eeCeeb heejeÙeCesve Oece&ßeJeCeeled ÙeoeÓÂ°eLe&met$emÙe
mJeªheb leLewJeeÁerkeâle&JÙeced ~ leLeeveghetJeeakeâmet$eeCeeb heejeÙeCesvewJe Oeceexlheòes: ~ leefn& Â°ceefhe ØeÙeesòegâefjÛÚeªheeLe&ueeYeªheb
Heâueb Ùeoe mecYeJeefle leoe JÙeLe&ce$ee«en: ~ DehejÃe yeÇeÿeCesve efve<keâejCees Oece&: <e[Áes JesoesOÙesÙees %esÙe§eself e ~
ØeOeeveb <e[Ás<eg JÙeekeâjCeced ~ Fefle ceneYee<ÙeJeekeäÙesve JÙeekeâjCemÙe JesoeÁlJeced ~ leoefhe JÙeekeâjCeb
ØeOeeveceÁced ~ ØeeOeevÙeÃeesheheeefoleb kewâÙešsve JÙeekeâjCeMeeŒemÙe Øeoerhes leLeeefn ØeOeeveÃeself e heoheoeLee&JeiecemÙe
JÙeekeâjCeefveefceòelJeevcetue- lJeelÉekeäÙeeLee&meeÙemÙeself e YeeJe: Fefle ~ (ceneYee<ÙehemheMeeefÖkesâ) leLee Ûe ÙeLee
JesoeveeceeveghetJeeaheefjJele&veb keâlegË ve MekeäÙeles leLee meefle lemÙeeJesolJeeheòes: ~ ÙeLeeveghetJeeakesâ SJe JesolJeeled
leLewJe JesoeÁmÙe JÙeekeâjCeMeeŒemÙe efmLeefle: ~ DeeveghetJeea heefjJele&ves JesoeÁlJeeveeheòes: ~ leLee Ûe
ÙeLeeßeglecesJe met$ecemleg ~ efvelÙeJeerhmeÙees: Fefle Jeerhmee Ûe mecÙeiegheheVee ØeceeCewejf efle Meced ~
HeeoìerkeÀe
1. hee.met. 8/4/46 14.hee.met 8/1/16 26. ceneYee<Ùeced 8/1/4
2. hee.met 8/4/47 15.hee.met. 8/1/1 27. Øeoerhes 8/1/4
3. hee.met 8/4/50 16.hee.met.1/4/17 28. 8/1/5ceneYee<Ùes GÅeesles ~
4. hee.met 8/1/1 17.DeefYe%eeveMeekegâvleueced ~ 29. Øeoerhes le$ewJe ceneYee<Ùes 8/1/4
5. hee.met 8/1/4 18.ÛewlevÙeÛeefjleeJeuÙeeced ~ 30. ceneYee<Ùeced 8/4/1
6. hee.met 8/1/5 19.hemheMeeefÖkeâced ~ 31. 8/1/4 ceneYee<Ùes Øeoerhes ~
7. hee.met 8/1/6 20.efmeæevlekeâewcegoerle=leerÙeYeeie:, 32. 8/1/4GÅeesles ~
8. hee.met 8/1/7 mJeeefoieCe,Oeeleg:mebKÙee,1260 33. efmeæevlekeâewcegoer,
9. hee.met 8/1/8 21.hee.met. 6/1/9 lelJeyeesefOeveer 8/1/4
10. hee.met 8/1/10 22.hee.met. 6/1/4 34. hee.met.1.4.49
11. hee.met 8/1/12 23.hee.met. 7/4/58 35. hee.met.2.3.67
12. hee.met 8/1/13 24.hee.met. 7/4/55 36. MeyosvogMesKejs,
13. hee.met 8/1/15 25.hee.met.3/3/120 keâejkeâØekeâjCes,hee.met.1.4.49
deg
ke=ÀoeefoJe=efÊe<JeskeÀMes<eJe=efÊeë - SkeÀesçJece<e&ë
[eB. pe³eÞeeroeMeë
Je=led Oeeleesë - JeÊe&les ³e³ee, JeÊe&les Deve³ee Jeself e J³eglHeÊeew; DeefOekeÀjCes - JeÊe&lesçeqmceefVeefle; YeeJes -JeÊe&veb
Je=efÊeefjefle J³eglHeÊeew efÊeÀved1 Òel³e³es meefle Je=efÊeMeyoes efve<HeÐeles ~ le$e HejeLee&efYeOeeveb Je=efÊeë2 Fefle
ke=ÀoeefoJe=efÊemJeªHeced ~ MeÊeÀîeeefoYesovs e Je=eÊf eeqm$eOewl³e$e Je=eÊf emJeªHeefveCe&³es Òee®eerveeë -MeeyoyeesOeefve<þHeoeLeexHe-
efmLeeflepevekeÀlJeb Je=eÊf elJeefceefle Jeoefvle ~ veJ³eemleg -pev³epevekeÀYeeJekeÀuHeves ieewjJee®íyoeefvel³elJeeHeÊes½e MeeyoyeesOensleg-
MeyoeLeexHeefmLel³evegketÀueHeoHeoeLe&mecyevOelJeb Je=eÊf elJeefceefle ue#eCeceengë~ kesÀef®eÊeg Meyoë leoLe&mecyevOelJeb Je=eÊf elJeefceefle
G®egë~ mee ®e Je=eÊf eeqm$eOee ~ MeefÊeÀë, ue#eCee, J³e¡evee ®eself e ~ Jee®³eJee®ekeÀYeeJeeHejHe³ee&³ee MeefÊeÀjsJe Je=eÊf eefjefle
Jew³eekeÀjCeeveeb meeceefûekeÀefme×evleë ~ le$e Meyoeefvel³eJeeefoveeb ke=ÀÊeef×lemeceemewkeÀMes<emeveeÐevleOeelegªHeev³elece-
ªHeJe=eÊf emeb%ekesÀ<eg ³eeLeeL³e&yeesOee³e ceneYee<³ekeÀejsCeeHejb Je=eÊf eue#eCeb ÒeefleHeeefoleb HejeLee&eYf eOeeveb Je=eÊf eefjefle3~ ÒeeiegÊeÀJe=Ê³eHes#e³ee
F³eb Je=eÊf eë efYeVee ~ ke=ÀÊeef×lemeceemewkeÀMes<emeveeÐevleOeelegªHes<eg HejeLe&eJf eOeeveªHee Je=eÊf eë efme×e ~ SJeáe S<ee
HejeLee&eYf eOeeveªHeeJe=eÊf eë DeJe³eJeMeefÊeÀmenke=Àlemecegoe³eMeefÊeÀmeeO³ee ~ le$eeJe³eJeMeefÊeÀë meceemeeoew ueeskeÀefme×e,
leef×leeoew leÊeoLex efJeefnleÒel³e³eeveeb Meem$eefme×e Fefle ~ meceemeeefoJe=eÊf e<eg SkeÀMes<eesçv³eleceë~ efMe<³ele Fefle Mes<eë,
SkeÀm³e Mes<eë SkeÀMes<eë Fefle meeceev³eJ³eglHeefÊeHe#eë ~ De$e Mes<ees veece FlejefveJe=eÊf eHetJe&keÀced DeJemLeeveced ~ Òel³eLe¥
Meyoe DeefYeefveefJeMevles ~ SlemceelkeÀejCeeoveskesÀve MeyosveeveskeÀm³eeLe&m³eeefYeOeeveb ÒeeHveeself e ~ le$eeveskeÀeLe&eJf eOeeves DeveskeÀMeyolJeb
ÒeeHveeself e ~ F<³eles ®e SkesÀveeH³eveskeÀm³eeefYeOeeveb m³eeefoefle~ le®®eevlejsCe ³elveb ve efmeO³eefle ~ lemceeoskeÀMes<eë Fefle
Yee<³eeled (ce.Yee., 1-2-64)~ efMe<³eceeCeb uegH³eceeveeLee&eYf eOee³eerelf e v³ee³esve Þet³eceeCeHeoeJe=Ê³ee yeesOees pee³eles ~
SkeÀm³e Ieìm³e efJeJe#ee³eeceskeÀes IeìMeyoes Òe³egp³eles ~ yentveeb leefÜJe#ee³eeb leg yenJees IeìMeyoeë Òe³eesÊeÀJ³eeë ~ leLee
®e oMeeveeb Ieìeveeb efJeJe#ee JeÊe&les leefn& oMeke=ÀlJeë IeìMeyoë Òe³eesÊeÀJ³eë ~ leleë pemeeo³eë yenglJeÐeeslekeÀeë Òel³e³eeë
ÒeJeÊe&veer³eeë ~ efkeÀvleg efJeYeefÊeÀ³eespeveelHetJe&cesJe oMeeveeb IeìMeyoeveeb ceO³es veJeeveeb ueesHees JeÊeÀJ³ees YeJeefle ~ SJeáe
SkeÀm³e le$e Mes<ees YeJeefle~ me ®e SkeÀë efMe<³eceeCeb uegH³eceeveeLee&eYf eOeeef³e Fefle v³ee³esve4 mJeer³eceLe¥ uegHleeveeb
veJeeveeáeeLe¥ yeesOe³eefle ~ FocesJe SkeÀMes<em³e meeceev³emJeªHeced ~ Deleë efÜlJeefJeJe#ee³eeb HeoÜ³em³e, yenglJeefJeJe#ee³eeb
yentveeáe Òe³eesieJ³eeJe=l³eLe&ceskeÀMes<eë Fefle efme×evleë ~
ke=ÀÊeef×lemeceemewkeÀMes<emeveeÐevleOeelegYesosve Je=efÊeë HeáeefJeOee Fefle Òee®eerveeë~ SkeÀMes<em³e Je=efÊelJece-
ve²erkegÀJe&leë veJ³eceles Je=efÊeë ®elegOexefle efJeMes<eë~ SkeÀMes<em³e Je=efÊelJeceefmle Jee ve Jesefle efJe®eejCeelÒeekedÀ
keÀesç³eceskeÀMes<eë kegÀleesçm³e DeejcYeë? Fefle efJe®eejCeer³eë~ ’*îeeHÒeeefleHeefokeÀeled“5 Fl³evegMeemeveeled
*îevleeled DeeyevleelÒeeefleHeefokeÀeled megyeeo³eë ÒeeefleHeefokeÀÒel³e³eeë efJeOeer³evles~ ’ÜsîekeÀ³eesefÜ&Je®evewkeÀJe®eves“6
’yeng<eg yengJe®eveced“7 Fefle DevegMeemevesve SkeÀlJeefJeJe#ee³eeceskeÀJe®eveÒel³e³eë ÒeeefleHeefokeÀeLe&efÜlJeyenglJe-
efJeJe#ee³eeb efÜJe®eveyengJe®eveÒel³e³eeë ÒeJeÊe&vles~ efÜlJeefJeJe#ee³eeb ÒeeefleHeefokeÀÜ³eb, yenglJeefJeJe#ee³eeb
ÒeeefleHeefokeÀyeengu³em³e ÒeeefleHeefokesÀ meefle SkeÀMes<eeLe¥ ’meªHeeCeeceskeÀMes<e SkeÀefJeYekeÌleew“8 Fefle met$eb ÒeejyOeb
HeeefCeefvevee~ ’Je=×es ³etvee leuue#eCe½esosJe efJeMes<eë“9 Fefle met$eeosJe keÀejë DeHeke=À<³eles ~ meceeveb ªHeb ³es<eeb
leeefve mJeªHeeefCe ~ SkeÀMes<e Fl³e$e met$es SkeÀ Fefle uegHleefJeYekeÌl³evleb He=LekedÀ Heoced ~ mJeªHeeCeeefceefle
SkeÀm³e Fl³evesve DevJesefle~ FlejefveJe=efÊeHetJe&keÀceJemLeeveb Mes<eë~ SkeÀefJeYeÊeÀew ³eeefve mJeªHeeC³esJe ¢äeefve
les<eg SkeÀ SJe efMe<³eles Fefle met$eeled ~ IeìMeyoeled yenglJeefJeJe#ee³eeb yentveeb IeìMeyoeveeb Òeme²s les<eg SkeÀm³e
Mes<ees YeJeefle ~ De$e met$es ªHeûenCeeYeeJes meceeveeveeceskeÀMes<e SkeÀefJeYeÊeÀew Fefle leeJevcee$es G®³eceeves ³e$e
Meyoë DeLe&½e meJe¥ meceeveced, le$ewJe Fob met$eb ÒeJeÊexle~ leLee meefle ’Je=#eeë“ ’Hue#eeë“ Fl³eeoeJesJe
SkeÀMes<eë m³eeled~ ’De#eeë“ ’ceemeeë“ Fl³eeoew ve m³eeled ~ ke=Àles ®e ªHeûenCes Þe=efleke=Àleb leewu³eceeÞeer³eles~
ÒeeOeev³esve Þees$eseqvê³eûee¿eb Jemleg De$e ªHeMeyosve G®³eles Fefle YeeJeë~ SkeÀefJeYeÊeÀew ³e$e mJeªHeeC³esJe
¢äeefve le$ewJe Fob met$eb ÒeJele&les Fefle DeLee&²erkeÀejeled peveveerJee®ekeÀm³e ceele=Meyom³e Heefj®ísle=Jee®ekeÀm³e
ceele=Meyom³e ®e GYe³eesë Y³eefme SkeÀMes<ees ve YeJeefle ~ le³eesë Meyo³eesë kegÀ$eef®eled ªHemeec³esçefHe keÌJeef®eled
’ceelejew“ ’ceeleejew“ Fl³eeefojerl³ee Jew<eec³emeÊJeeled Dem³e met$em³e ÒeJe=efÊevee&efmle~ SkeÀefJeYeÊeÀeefJeefle
HeoeYeeJes ’nefjCe“ m$eerJee®ekeÀ nefjCeerMeyom³e nefjleJeCe&efJeefMeäm$eerJee®ekeÀ’nefjCeer“Meyom³e ®e
SkeÀMes<eeveeHeÊesë ~ leleë leef×leÒel³e³es HegJb eÓeJes ®e meefle SkeÀ$e nefjleself e Dev³e$e nefjCeself e Òe³eesieJewªH³eeled ~
leoLe&ceskeÀefJeYeÊeÀeefJeefle GHeeÊeced ~
veveg SkeÀMes<e Fl³e$e Mes<eCeb Mes<e Fefle YeeJemeeOeveHe#es, efMe<³ele Fefle Mes<e Fefle keÀce&meeOeveHe#esçefHe
SkeÀm³e SJe Mes<ees YeJeleerefle SkeÀûenCeb efkeÀceLe&efceefle ®esog®³eles FlejefveJe=efÊeJeled DeJemLeeveb Mes<eë~
SkeÀûenCeeYeeJes efÜyengveecesJe DeJemLeeveb m³eeoskeÀm³e efveJe=efÊeë YeJesled ~ SkeÀûenCes Hegveë ef$eÀ³eceeCes ve oes<eë
YeJeefle ~ mJeªHeHeoeYeeJes IeìHeìew Fl³eeoew efJeªHemLeuesçefHe Fob met$eb ÒeJelexle ~ Mes<eûenCeeYeeJes SkeÀ Fefle
SleeJeogÊeÀew SkeÀë DeeosMeë m³eeled ~ leLee meefle Deée½e Deée½e Deéeeww Fl³e$e Deevle³e&leë ÜîegoeÊeeJeleë
DeeosMeleë ÜîegoeÊeJeeved DeeosMeë Òemep³esle ~ SkeÀMes<eesç³eb efkeÀceLe&ceejY³eles Fefle efJe®ee³e&le s~ Òel³eLe¥
Meyoeë DeefYeefveefJeMevles Fefle v³ee³eë ~ DeLe¥ DeLe¥ Òeefle Òel³eLe&ced ~ lesve v³ee³esve lelleled J³eefÊeÀÒeefleHeeovee³e
veeveeMeyoÒe³eesieë ÒeeHveesefle ~ De#eeë oerJ³evleeced, De#eeë Yep³evleeced, De#eeë Yegp³evleeced Fl³eeoew JeekeÌ³es
Òel³eLe¥ MeyoefveJesMeoMe&veeled keÀoeef®eled lee¢MeÒe³eesies menefJeJe#ee³eeb ÒeeHlem³e ÜvÜm³e JeejCee³e Fob
met$eceeJeM³ekeÀced ~ efkeÀáe DeveskeÀeLee&efYeOeeves DeveskeÀMeyolJeb ÒeeHveesefle ~ F<³eles ®e SkesÀveeefHe DeveskeÀªHeeefYeOeeveb
m³eeefoefle ~ le®®eevlejsCe ³elveb ve efmeO³eefle ~ lemceeoskeÀMes<eë~ Òel³eLe¥ MeyoefveJesMeë Fefle v³ee³eelÒel³eLe¥
MeyoÒe³eesiem³e oMe&vesve keÀoeef®ellee¢MeÒe³eesies ÒeeHlem³e ÜvÜm³e efveJe=efÊeë SkeÀMes<eejcYem³e cegK³eb HeÀueced~
SJeb HeeefCeefvevee ’Je=×es ³etvee leuue#eCe½esosJe efJeMes<eë“10 ’m$eerHegbJe®®e“11 Fl³eeoerefve keÀefle®eve SkeÀMes<emet$eeefCe
HeefjefMeäeefve ~ le$el³eeë efJeMes<eeë Deûes efJe®eejef³e<³evles ~ FoeveerceskeÀMes<em³e meeceev³eleë efJe®eejë ef$eÀ³eles~
ueeskeÀefme×evleeveeb Meyoeveeb meeOeglJeb %eeHeveb J³eekeÀjCeb YeJeefle~ le$e SkeÀMes<em³eeefHe ueeskeÀefme×le³ee
le®íyoeveeb meeOeglJe%eeHevee³e SkeÀMes<eÒekeÀjCeb ÒeejyOeb HeeefCeefvevee ~ YeieJeeved HeeefCeefveë ’meªHeeCeeceskeÀMes<e
SkeÀefJeYekeÌleew“12 Fefle met$eeoejY³e ’ûeec³eHeMegme«s<Jele©Ces<eg ðee“13 Fefle met$eb ³eeJeled oMeefYeë met$ewë
SkeÀMes<eb meceejYele ~ le$e Deeefoceb met$eb ’meªHeeCeeceskeÀMes<e SkeÀefJeYekeÌleew“14 Fefle ~ meJee&meg efJeYeefÊeÀ<eg
³eeefve mJeªHeeC³esJe ¢äeefve les<eg SkeÀ SJe efMe<³eles ~ efMeäm³e uegH³eceeveeLee&efYeOeeef³elJesve lesve mecetneLeex
efJeOeer³eles ~ Dele SJe ’Ieìew“ ’Ieìeë“ Fl³eeoew efÜlJeyenglJe³eesë DevJe³eë ~ Dem³e met$em³e menefJeJe#ee-
efJe<e³elJesve ÒeeHlem³e ÜvÜm³eeHeJeeole³ee met$em³eem³eejcYeeled ÜvÜeHeJeeoë SkeÀMes<eë ~ lev$esCewJe efme×s
SkeÀMes<eejcYeë J³eLe& Fefle keÀeef®eled Me¹e Gosefle ~ leLee efn DeLe&Ü³eyeesOes®í³ee Meyom³e meke=ÀogHeeoeveb
lev$eefcel³eg®³eles ~ lev$eb efÜefJeOeb Meyolev$eceLe&lev$eáesefle ~ Meyom³e He³ee&³eHeefjJe=efÊe-DemenÊJes Meyolev$eced ~
³eLee - De#eeë Fl³eeefo ~ De$e De#eMeyoë osJevee#eejLee#eeveeb ÒeefleHeeokeÀë ~ le$e SkesÀve Meyosve efJeefYeVeeLee&ë
yeesO³evles ~ De#eMeyom³e mLeeves leoLe&yeesOekeÀMeyoevlejÒe³eesies efJeefYeVeeLee&ë vewJe yegO³evles Fefle MeyoHe³ee&³eHeefjJe=Êesë
Demenveeled Meyolev$eefceoced ~ MeyoHe³ee&³eHeefjJe=efÊemenÊJes leg DeLe&lev$eced ~ ³eLee - Ieìeë Fl³eeefo ~ De$e
keÀueMeeë Fl³eefHe Òe³eesÊegbÀ MekeÌ³eles ~ Meyolev$emLeues De#eeë Yep³evleeb, Yegp³eleeced Fl³eeoew ef$eÀ³eeYesoeled
De#eHeoeLe&m³eeefHeYesoë ~ Dele SJe yees×gë DeeJe=Ê³ee yeesOeë YeJeefle ~ G®®eejCevleg lev$esCe ~ DevJeef³eHeoeLe&m³e
SkeÀlJes leg SkeÀesHeefmLel³ew JeevJe³eë~ ³eLee - Ieìeved HeM³e Fl³eeefo ~ FlLeb ÒeeiegÊesÀve lev$esCewJe ye»Le&yeesOevee³e
SkeÀMeyoÒe³eesies efme×s Hegveë leoLe&ceskeÀMes<eejcYeë J³eLe& Fefle Me¹e³eeb lem³esob meceeOeeveced ~ lev$esCewJe efme×s
SkeÀMes<eejcYeeled me ®e meªHeeCeeceskeÀMes<e SJesefle efve³eceë HeÀueefle ~ lele½e Òel³eLe¥ efveJesMeë Fefle v³ee³esve
DeLee&led DeLe¥ Òeefle SkewÀkeÀm³e Meyom³e Òe³eesie Fefle oMe&ves keÀoeef®eled lee¢MeÒe³eesies ÒeeHlem³e ÜvÜm³e
efveJe=efÊeë SkeÀMes<eejcYem³e HeÀueced ~
ÜvÜeHeJeeo SkeÀMes<e Fefle efme×lJesve menefJeJe#ee³eecesJe De³eefceefle HeÀueefle ~ meªHeeCeeb ÜvÜefJe<e³es
SkeÀMes<ewJesl³egÊeÀlJesve J³eHes#ee³eeb ®ekeÀejIeefìleJeekeÌ³eefmeef×ë ~ SJeceskeÀMes<em³e ÒeJe=Ê³e²erkeÀejeosJe
menefJeJe#eeefJe<e³es SkeÀMes<eJ³eJenejë cegK³eë ~ le$e ÒeeefleHeefokeÀlev$eb YeJeefle ~ De#eeë Yep³evleeced, Yegp³evleeced
Fl³eeoew DemenpeefJe<e³es efJeYeÊeÀîevlelev$es SkeÀMes<eJ³eJenejë ieewCeë ~ ³eLee - ’meJee&oerefve meJe&veeceeefve“15
Fefle met$es meJe&veeceeefve Fefle lev$esCe Òe³egÊeÀced ~ SkeÀë meb%eeyeesOekeÀë Meyoë Dev³eë meJex<eeb veeceeefve meJe&veeceeefve
Fl³eLe&yeesOekeÀë ~ mHeäcewlelle$ewJe met$es Yee<³es ~ SkeÀMes<emLeues GÓtleeJe³eJeYesomecegoe³em³e efJeMes<³elJesve
efÜJe®eveyengJe®eve³eesë GHeHeefÊeYe&Jeefle ~ Òel³eLe¥ MeyoefveJesMeë Fefle oMe&ves DeLe&ced DeLe¥ Òeefle Òel³eLe&efceefle
DeLe&mJeerkeÀejHe#es FoceskeÀMes<emet$eb ÒeejyOeced ~ DeLeez DeLeez Òeefle Òel³eLe&ced, DeLee&ved DeLee&ved Òeefle ®e Òel³eLe&ecf eefle
DeeÞe³eCeHe#es Fob met$eb Òel³eeK³eeleb Yee<³es ~ DeLe&ced DeLe¥ Òeefle oMe&vesçefHe DeveskeÀIeìeefoHeoeveeb meeefnl³es Je=eÊf ejsJe ve
DeveefYeOeeveeled ~ Dele SJe le$e ÜvÜm³e ÒeeeqHlejsJe veeefmle ~ SkeÀMes<emet$eÒel³eeK³eele=Yee<³ekeÀejceles le$e le$e
Yee<³es Òe³egÊeÀë SkeÀMes<eMeyoë efJeYeÊeÀîevlelev$eHejë ~ lev$esCe MeyoÒe³eesieë JeÊe=À¢äîee yees×ëg leled yeesOeë DeeJe=Ê³ee
Jeself e yeesO³eced ~ FlLeb Òel³eLe¥ MeyoefveJesMe Fl³e$e SkeÀMes<eejcYeÒel³eeK³eeves HeÀefueles GYe³e$e HeÀueYesoes veeefmle ~
SkeÀMes<em³e Je=efÊelJeceefYeÒesl³e YeÆesefpeoeref#eleë Je=efÊeë HeáeOesefle ~ leLeeefn - SkeÀMes<eefJeOee³ekeÀmet$eb
’meªHeeCeeceskeÀMes<e SkeÀefJeYeÊeÀew“16 Fefle SkeÀefJeYeÊeÀew ³eeefve mJeªHeeC³esJe ¢äeefve les<eeceskeÀ SJe efMe<³ele
Fefle met$eeLe&ë ~ De$e met$es ’Je=×es ³etvee leuue#eCe½esosJe efJeMes<eë“17 Fefle met$eeosJekeÀejesçHeke=À<³eles ~
efJeYeÊeÀîeJe®ísosve meeªH³em³e mJeerkeÀejosJe nefjCem$eerJee®ekeÀnefjCeerMeyom³e, nefjleJeCe&efJeefMeäm$eerJee®ekeÀ-
nefjCeerMeyom³e ®ewkeÀMes<e GHeHeVeë ~ Dev³eLee Òe³eesieeJe®ísosve meeªH³em³e ûenCes leef×leeoew JewªH³eeled ve
m³eeled ~ efle*vlemLeues ef$eÀ³ee³ee SkeÀlJesve lem³eeë SkesÀvewJeesÊeÀlJeeled GÊeÀeLee&veeceÒe³eesie Fefle v³ee³esve
efÜleer³em³e Òe³eesie SJe veemleerefle meªHemet$eYee<³es mHeäced18~ SkeÀMes<eefJeOee³ekeÀmet$es<eg ’efle<³eHegveJe&mJeesve&#e$eÜvÜs
yengJe®evem³e efÜJe®eveb efvel³eced“19 Fefle met$eeled ÜvÜs Fl³evegJeÊe&les ~ SkeÀMes<eesoenjCemLeues<eg meJe&$e ÜvÜs
ÒeeHles leÂeOekeÀlJesve SkeÀMes<e DeejyOeë ~ Delees ÜvÜesçHeJeeo SkeÀMes<e Fefle iec³eles ~ Deleë SkeÀMes<em³e
ÜvÜmeb%ee, meceememeb%ee ®e YeJeleë ~ Dele SJe DeefYe³egÊeÀesÊeÀew meceemeelHe=LeieskeÀMes<eûenCeb me²®íles ~
Hejvleg veeiesMeYeÆsve Je=Êesë ®eelegefJe&O³ecesJe ÒeoM³e&les ~ ve le$e SkeÀMes<ecevleYee&Je³eefle ~ lem³e Je=efÊemJeªHeb ve
Ieìles Fefle lem³eeMe³eë ~ leLee efn - He=LeieLeexHemLeeHekeÀeveeb HeoeveeceskeÀerYet³e SkeÀeLe&yeesOekeÀlJeced
SkeÀeLeeaYeeJemeeceL³e&ced ~ Je=efÊeªHeceskeÀeLeeaYeeJemeeceL³e&ceskeÀMes<em³e ve Ieìles ~ le$e He=LeieLeexHemLeeHekeÀeveeb
HeoeveeceYeeJeeled SkeÀeLe&yeesOekeÀlkem³e leuue#eCem³e ®eemecYeJeeled, SkeÀMes<em³e Je=efÊelJeJ³eJenejmleg
oeref#eleeefoefYeë ke=Àleë ieewCeë ve leg cegK³eë~ YeieJelee Yee<³eke=Àlee ’HejeLee&efYeOeeveb Je=efÊeë“20 Fefle Je=Êesë
ue#eCecegkeÌleced ~ De$e Yee<³ekeÀejJe®eves HejMeyoë leoLe&Hejë, lesve ³egkeÌleesçLe&ë HejeLe&ë ~ SJeáe HejeLexve
mecye×es ³eë mJeeLe&ë lem³eeefYeOeeefYe³ee& GHeefmLeefleë lelkeÀejCeefcel³eLe&ë ~ DeLeJee HejsCe = ÒeOeeveMeyosve
MeyoevlejeLe&m³eeefYeOeeveced = efJeMes<eCelJesve ûenCeb lelkeÀejCeefcel³eLe&ë ~ le$e meceemeleef×le³eesë
HeoesÎsM³ekeÀefJeefOelJesve SkeÀeLeeaYeeJem³e meÊJesve meceLe&HeefjYee<ee³eeë ÒeJe=efÊeë mHeäwJe ~ HejceskeÀMes<es
HejeLee&eqvJelemJeeLeexHemLeeHekeÀlJeeYeeJeeled lem³e Je=efÊelJes ve ceeveced ~ SJeáe menefJeJe#ee³eecesJe ÒeJeÊe&ceevem³e
SkeÀMes<em³e ÜvÜeHeJeeolJesve JeekeÌ³em³e Je=efÊelJesve J³eJenejë ieewCeë ~ lele½eleñeë Je=Êe³eë ve leg Heáe ~
’meceLe&ë HeoefJeefOeë“21 Fl³eefOekeÀejmet$em³e le$e mecyevOees veeefmle ~ ye»Le&yeesOes®í³ee Meyom³e meke=ÀogHeeoeveb
lev$eefce®³eg®³eles ~ le®®e MeyoleVe DeLe&lev$eYesosve efÜefJeOeced ~ Meyolev$e_®e ÒeeefleHeefokeÀlev$eb,
efJeYeÊeÀîevlelev$e_®e ~ ÒeeefleHeefokeÀlev$e_®e menefJeJe#ee³eeefceefle lesve SkeÀMes<eJ³eJenejë cegK³eë~
DemenefJeJe#ee³eeb efJeYeÊeÀîevlelev$es SkeÀMes<eJ³eJenejë ieewCeë SJeáe ÒeeefleHeefokeÀlev$ecegHeue#³e SkeÀMes<e-
met$eeC³eejyOeeefve ~ ve yeéïeCeb nv³eeefol³eeoew DeveskeÀJ³eefÊeÀyeesOesçefHe lesve peelesë ÒeeOeev³esve mJeerkeÀejeled
lem³e SkeÀlJesve ve yengJe®eveÒeme²ë ~ ve ®e peeefleHe#es SkeÀMes<eb efJevewJe efveJee&nmecYeJes meªHemet$eb22 J³eLe&efceefle
Jee®³eced ~ J³eefÊeÀHe#eeefYeÒee³esCe lem³e met$em³eejcYeeled ~ GÊeÀáe Yee<³es- ’êJ³eb HeoeLe¥ celJee SkeÀMes<eë
ÒeejY³eles“23 Fefle ~ SJeáe J³eefÊeÀHe#es met$eejcYeë, peeefleë HeoeLe& Fefle He#es lem³e DeveejcYeë Fefle
HeÀefueleced ~ peeefleë MeyoeLe&ë leogHeueef#eleë êJ³eb MeyoeLe&ë Fl³eeefoceles leg peel³eJeeq®íVeJ³eÊeÀerveeceveskeÀlJesve
DeveskeÀMeyoÒe³eesieÒeeHleew leoLe&ceskeÀMes<eë DeejY³eles ~ peeefleë HeoeLe& Fefle celes leg DeveskeÀJ³eefÊeÀyeesOem³e
SkeÀmceeled SJe mecYeJesve DeveskeÀMeyoÒe³eesiem³e DeÒeeHl³ee met$em³eeÒemeefÊeÀë Fefle YeeJeë ~ ³eÐeefHe De#eeë
Yep³evleeced, Yegp³evleeced, oerJ³evleeced Fl³e$e ve efn SkeÀe peeefleë Òeleer³eles efkeÀvleg efYeVeefYeVeeë peele³eë,
leLeeefHe Jew³eekeÀjCeceles peeefle<JeefHe meÊeeªHepeel³evlejm³ee²erkeÀejsCe lem³eeë SJe MeyoJee®³elJesve lem³e
SkeÀlJeeled ve le$eeefHe oes<eë ~ DeLeJee ÒeeiegÊeÀmLeues DeveskesÀ<eg De#eMeyos<eg De#eMeyolJeb veece SkeÀe peeefleefjefle
ve le$eevegHeHeefÊeë ~ peeleew peel³eevlejb ve efn vew³eeef³ekeÀeë De²erkegÀJe&efvle ~ Hejvleg Jew³eekeÀjCewë peeefle<eg
peel³eevlejce²eref$eÀ³eles Fefle Jew³eekeÀjCeceleefJeMes<eë ~ efveë meeceev³eb meeceev³eefceefle vew³eeef³ekeÀceleb Jew³eekeÀjCewë
vee²eref$eÀ³eles ~ SJeceYeeJes<eg ®eleg<e&g DeefHe DeYeeJelJeb peeeflej²eref$eÀ³eles ~ SJeáe peeefleHe#es mJeªHemet$eb24
Òel³eeK³ee³eles ~ J³eefÊeÀHe#es met$eejcYesçefHe S<e SJe yeesOeÒeef$eÀ³esefle ve efn DeejcYeÒel³eeK³eeve³eesë HeÀueYesoë~
’Hegceebvm$eer³ee“25 Fefle Dev³eled met$eced ~ ðeer³ee meneskeÌleew Hegceeef_í<³eles leuue#eCe SJe efJeMes<e½esled
Fefle lem³eeLe&ë ~ ³eLee - yeéïeCe½e yeéïeCeer ®e Fl³e$e Devesve met$esCe HegbMeyom³e Mes<eë leleë efÜJe®eveÒel³e³es
yeéïeCeew Fefle ªHeced ~ Devesve Meyosve ’Hegbceeved eqm$e³ee“26 Fefle SkeÀMes<eJeueeled yeéïeCelJepeel³eeÞe³e³eesë
m$eerHegbmeesë yeesOees YeJeefle ~ yeéïeCelJeJeleer m$eer, yeéïeCelJeJeeved Heg©<eë Fefle ~ SJeb efMeJe½e efMeJee®e efMeJeew,
Yeélee ®e mJemee ®e Yeéleejew Heg$e½e ogefnlee ®e Heg$eew Fl³eeoew meJe&$eeefHe peel³eeÞe³elJesve m$eerHeg©<e³eesë yeesOees
YeJeleerefle met$eejcYeHe#es JeÊeÀJ³eced ~ Jemleglemleg peeefleë HeoeLe& Fefle He#es SkeÀMes<emet$eeefCe Òel³eeK³eeleeefve
Yee<³ekeÀejwë ~ les<eece³eceeMe³eë ’ve kesÀJeueb Yeélejew Fl³eeoeJesJe SkeÀMes<es leLee yeesOeë éeñeeefo<JeefHe SkeÀMes<eefJe<e³es
Yeéle=lJeb êäJ³eced“27 Fefle Yee<³eJe®eveeled Yeélejew Fl³eeoew Yeéle=lJesve SJe éeñeeefoyeesOees pee³eles ~ éemeefj
Yeéle=lJeceejesH³eles ~ efHelejew Fl³eeoew efHele=lJeeosë ceeleefj DeejesHesCe efHele=lJesvewJe ceeleeefHe$eesë yeesOees pee³eles ~ efHelejew
Fl³eeoew ÒekeÀjCeJeMeeosJe ceeleeefHe$eesë DeefHe GYe³eesjefHe efJeMes<eyeesOees YeJeefle ~ keÀoeef®eeflHele=Ü³em³eeefHe Òeleerelf eë ~
’Je=×es ³etvee leuue#eCe½esosJe efJeMes<eë“28 Fl³eefHe SkeÀMes<eejcYekebÀ met$eced ~ le$eeefHe
DeejcYeÒel³eeK³eele=celeYesosve yeesOes Yesoes YeJeefle ~ ieei³e&½e ieei³e&e³eCeer½e Fl³eeoew ieei³ex ®e ieie&iees$elJeejesHesCe
lesvewJeªHesCe ³etveesçefHe yeesOeë ~ yeéïeCeer½e yeéïeCe½e yeéïeCeew Fl³eeoew yeéïeC³eeb yeéïeCelJeejesHeeled lesvewJe
ªHesCe yeéïeCeeryeesOees pee³eles ~ ve leg yeéïeCeerlJesve yeéïeCeeryeesOeë DevegYeJeefJejesOeeled ~ efHelejew Fl³eeoew leLee
yeesOesçefHe efHelee Fl³eeefo SkeÀJe®eveevlemLeues ve leLee yeesOees pee³eles ~ le$e MeyoMeefÊeÀmJeYeeJe SJe keÀejCeced~
met$eceles leg SkeÀMes<eejcYeë yeerpeced ~ menefJeJe#ee³eeb ÜvÜm³e ÒeJe=l³eeHeÊ³ee leoHeJeeole³ee ÜvÜefveJe=l³eLe&ced
SkeÀMes<emet$eeefCe HeeefCeefvevee DeejyOeeefve Fefle ve leoejcYem³e Jew³eL³e&efceefle yeesO³eced ~ SJeáe SkeÀMes<eejcYesçefHe
DeveejcYesçefHe Jee MeyoMeefÊeÀmJeYeeJeelleoejcYeyeueeÜe efHelejew Fl³eeefoMeyoÒe³eesiemLeues lelle×cee&jesHesCe
lesvewJe ªHesCe lelleoLe& yeesOees pee³eles Fefle yeesO³eced ~ ÜvÜefveJe=efÊeë SkeÀMes<eejcYem³e HeÀueefceefle YeeJeë ~
HeeoìerkeÀe
1. eqm$e³eeb efÊeÀved, Hee.,3-2-94 10. Hee. 1-2-65 19. Hee., 1-2-63
2. ce.Yee., 2-1-1 11. Hee. 1-2-66 20. ce.Yee. 2-1-1
3. ce.Yee., 2-1-1 12. Hee. 1-2-64 21. Hee. 2-1-1
4. ue.Me.Mes., 1-2-64 13. Hee. 1-2-73 22. Hee. 1-2-64
5. Hee. 4-1-1 14. Hee. 1-2-64 23. ce.Yee. 1-2-64
6. Hee. 1-4-22 15. Hee. 1-1-27 24. Hee. 1-2-64
7. Hee. 1-4-21 16. Hee., 1-2-64 25. Hee. 1-2-67
8. Hee. 1-2-64 17. Hee., 1-2-65 26. Hee. 1-2-67
9. Hee. 1-2-65 18. ce.Yee., 1-2-64 27. ce.Yee. 1-2-67
28. Hee. 1-2-65
deg
meeceL³e&Yesos J³eHes#eeHe#eefJeJes®eveced
[eB efJeIveséejefceÞeë
Je=led Oeeleesë - JeÊe&les ³e³ee, JeÊe&les Deve³ee Jesefle J³eglHeÊeew; DeefOekeÀjCes - JeÊe&lesçeqmceefVeefle; YeeJes
-JeÊe&veb Je=efÊeefjefle J³eglHeÊeew efÊeÀved1-Òel³e³es meefle Je=efÊeMeyoes efve<HeÐeles ~ le$e HejeLee&efYeOeeveb Je=efÊeë2 Fefle
ke=ÀoeefoJe=efÊemJeªHeced ~ MeÊeÀîeeefoYesosve Je=efÊeeqm$eOewl³e$e Je=efÊemJeªHeefveCe&³es Òee®eerveeë - MeeyoyeesOeefve<þ-
HeoeLeexHeefmLeeflepevekeÀlJeb Je=efÊelJeefceefle Jeoefvle ~ veJ³eemleg - pev³epevekeÀYeeJekeÀuHeves ieewjJee®íyoeefvel³e-
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Meyoë leoLe&mecyevOelJeb Je=efÊelJeefceefle G®egë ~ mee ®e Je=efÊeeqm$eOee ~ MeefÊeÀë, ue#eCee, J³e¡evee ®esefle ~
Jee®³eJee®ekeÀYeeJeeHejHe³ee&³ee MeefÊeÀjsJe Je=efÊeefjefle Jew³eekeÀjCeeveeb meeceefûekeÀefme×evleë ~ le$e Meyoeefvel³eJeeefoveeb
ke=ÀÊeef×lemeceemewkeÀMes<emeveeÐevleOeelegªHeev³eleceªHeJe=efÊemeb%ekesÀ<eg ³eeLeeL³e&yeesOee³e ceneYee<³ekeÀejsCeeHejb
Je=efÊeue#eCeb ÒeefleHeeefoleb `HejeLee&efYeOeeveb Je=efÊeefjefle'3~ ÒeeiegÊeÀJe=Ê³eHes#e³ee F³eb Je=efÊeë efYeVee ~
HejeLee&efYeOeeveeeqlcekeÀe³eeë Je=Êesë J³eeK³eeveeoJeiec³eles ³eÊeleÊeoLee&efYeOeeveeqlcekeÀ³ee Jee®³eJee®ekeÀ-
YeeJeeHejHe³ee&³eeK³e³ee MeÊeÀîee meceefvJeleeë Meyoeë ueeskesÀ leÊeoLex<JesJe Òe³eg¡evles ~ Dele SJe Meem$ekeÀejwë
MeyosveeLe&m³e efJeue#eCemecyevOees Je=efÊeHeosveeefYeefnleë ~ leleesçv³eeLe&Òel³ee³evee³e Je=efÊeefj³eb HeefjkeÀefuHelee ~
SJecegÊeÀªHesCe J³eeK³eelee HejeLee&efYeOeeef³ekeÀe Je=efÊeë ke=ÀÊeef×lemeceemewkeÀMes<emeveeÐevleOeelegªHes<eg keÀLeb me«ìles
Fefle efpe%eemee³eceg®³eles ³eled ’meceLe&ë HeoefJeefOeë“4 Fefle cenef<e&HeeefCevesë HeefjYee<eemet$em³e J³eeK³eeveeosJe
HejeLee&efYeOeeveue#eCee³eeë Je=Êesë ÒeejcYeë ~ lemceeled HeomecyeefvOevees ³es efJeOe³eë les ke=ÀÊeef×lemeceemewkeÀMes<e-
meveeÐevleOeelegªHee Je=efÊeHeoJee®³ee YeJeefvle ~ ³eë keÀef½eefon Meem$es HeoefJeefOeë Þet³eles me meceLeex JesefoleJ³eë~
efJeOeer³eles Fefle efJeefOe, Heoeveeb efJeefOeë HeoefJeefOeë ~ meë meceemeeefoë ~ Fn met$es meceLe&Meyoë MeÊeÀeLe&yeesOekeÀë~
efJeûenJeekeÌ³eeLee&efYeOeeves ³eë MeÊeÀë meë meceLeex JesefoleJ³eë Fefle ~ DeLeJee meceLe&HeoeÞe³elJeeled meceLe&ë
Fefle~ DeLee&led efJeûenJeekeÌ³eeLee&efYeOeeveªHeeJe=efÊeë meceemes leef×les ®e JeÊe&les ~ Hejb Heje²JeÓeJeefJeYeefÊeÀefJeOeeve³eesë
ve mee Je=efÊeë ¢M³eles efJeûenJeekeÌ³eeLee&veefYeOeeveeled ~ Jemleglemleg meceLee&efve Heoev³eeÞe³ees ³em³e meë meceLe&HeoeÞe³eë,
leÓeJeë meceLe&HeoeÞe³elJeced ~ Devesve ÒekeÀejsCe meceemeeefoë meceLeex pee³eles ~ ³em³eeÞe³eë meceLe&ë meesçefHe
DeeÞe³eOecee&jesHeeled meceLe& SJe YeJeefle ~ le®®e meeceL³e¥ efÜefJeOeced- SkeÀeLeeaYeeJeJ³eHes#esefle Yesosve ~
’meceLe&ë HeoefJeefOeë“5 Fefle met$eYee<³es SkeÀeLeeaYeeJeÒe³eespeveeveeb Jee®eefvekeÀlJecegle mJeeYeeefJekeÀlJeb
efJe®ee³e& mJeeYeeefJekeÀlJeHe#eë J³eJemLeeefHeleë ~ Devevlejced -’DeLe ³es Je=efÊeb Jele&³eefvle, efkeÀvle Deengë?“6
Fl³egHe$eÀc³e Je=efÊeJele&veJeeoerveeb celecegHev³emleced ~ Devevlejb ÒeefleÜefvÜle³ee ’HejmHejJ³eHes#eemeeceL³e&ceskesÀ“7
Fl³egHev³emleced ~ SJeáe mebieleeLe&ë meceLe&ë, mecye×eLe&ë meceLe& Fefle meceLe&Meyom³e efÜOeeJ³eglHeefÊeHe#eë8
ÒeoefMe&leë ~ GYe³e$e J³eglHeÊeew OeelJeesefYe&vveeLe&keÀlJesçefHe mecegoe³e³eesë He³ee&³elJesve mecyevOeeLe&keÀlJeced ~ leLee
®e Òeke=Àlemet$es9 meceLe&Meyos J³eHe#eeJeeoë SJe ie=¿eles J³eglHeefÊeJeMeeled ~ efJeMeyoë J³eeflenejë Fl³e$ewJe
HejmHejeLe&keÀë ~ DeHes#eeMeyoë DeekeÀe*d#eeLe&keÀë ~ leLee ®e DeekeÀe*d#eemeefVeefOe³eesi³elJes<eg melmeg ³eë
HejmHejmecyevOeë mee J³eHes#esefle YeeJeë ~ De³eceefHe J³eHes#eeHe#eë Je=efÊeJele&veJeeefoveecesJe ~ Je=ÊeeJeefHe
JeekeÌ³elegu³eekeÀe*d#ee³eeë meÊJesve Yesos meefle mJemJeeefceYeeJeeefomecyevOeyeesOeë, HeoYesosve J³eglHeefÊeYesoeoekeÀe*d#ee-
JeMesve SJe leÊeled J³eglHeefÊekeÀuHeveeled ~ JeekeÌ³es je%eë Heg©<eë Fl³eeoew HejmHejkeÀe*d#e³eesë jepeHeg©<e³eesë
mJemJeeefceYeeJemecyevOem³e jepeeefoHeoesÊejefJeYeÊesÀë Jeeef®ekeÀe ~ Je=Êeew jepeHeg©<e Fl³eeoeJeefHe J³eHes#eeJeeos
jepeHeob jeef%e MeÊeÀb, Heg©<eHeob Heg©<es MeÊeÀefceefle efYeVeefYeVeMeefÊeÀûenellelmeeef®eJ³esve jepeHeg©<e³eesë He=LeiegHeefmLele³eesë
le³eesë HejmHejekeÀe*d#e³eesë mJemJeeefceYeeJemecyevOeë~ Dele SJe jepeved + *med, Heg©<e + meg Fl³eJemLee³eeb
HejmHejekeÀe*d#eeªHemeeceL³e&meÊJesve meceememeb%ee³eeb ’megHeesOeelegÒeeefleHeefokeÀ³eesë“10 Fefle Meem$esCe megHees uegkedÀ,
megyeLe&m³e mecegoe³eeosJe Òeleerlesë ~ SJeáe megHees uegHlelJeeled Je=ÊeeJegHemepe&veHeos mebK³eeyeesOesve efJeYeefÊeÀpev³eesHe-
efmLeeflenslegle³ee Je=Êeew efJeYeÊesÀjYeeJesve leÂesO³emebK³ee³eeë DeH³eveJeieefleë ~
efkeÀáe ’®eeLex ÜvÜë“11 Fl³evesve meceemem³e ®eeLex MeefÊeÀyeesOevesve GÊeÀeLee&veeceÒe³eesieë Fefle v³ee³esve
ÜvÜs ®ekeÀejm³e DeÒe³eesieesçefHe efme×ë~ SJeáe veeceeLe&³eesë J³eglHeefÊeefJejesOeesçefHe ve ~ JeekeÌ³e¢äefJe©×-
efJeYeefÊeÀkeÀlJem³e Je=ÊeeJeefHe DevegmevOeveeled ve veeceLe&³eesë DeYesoevJe³eJ³eglHeefÊeefJejesOeë ~ Dele SJe
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DeeOes³eleemecyevOesve yeesOeë ~ Dev³eLee veeceeLe&ÒekeÀejkeÀYesoevJe³eyeesOeewHeeef³ekeÀefJeYeÊeÀîeLe&m³eeYeeJeeled
leoefmeef×efjefle YeeJeë ~ efkeÀáe Meem$eer³eÒeef$eÀ³ee%eeveJeleeceefHe lep%eeveke=ÀleesHeosMeeled ueeskeÀJ³eglHeÊ³ee yeesOeë~
efkeÀáe SkeÀeLeeaYeeJeHe#es JeeH³eée Fl³e$e ’F&olg eew ®e meHlec³eLex“12 Fefle met$eefJeefnleb Òeie=¿elJeb Jee³e&les ~
met$esçLe&ûenCeyeuesve meHlec³eLe&cee$eJe=efÊelJem³e ûenCeeled ~ meceefYeJ³eeËleHeoeLee&vevJeef³elJesveesHeefmLeefleefJe<e³elJeb
Òeie=¿em³e ~ Òeke=Àles ®e SkeÀeLeeaYeeJeyeueeled meceefYeJ³eeËleeée - ªHeHeoeLee&vJeef³elJesve JeeHeerHeoeLe&m³e GHeefmLeefleefJe<e³elJeeVe
Òeie=¿elJeced ~ J³eHes#eeJeeos JeekeÌ³esFJe Je=ÊeeJeefHe HeoeLee&veeb He=LeiegHeefmLeefleefJe<e³elJesve meceefYeJ³eeËleHeoeLee&vevJeef³elJem³e
meÊJeeled Òeie=¿elJeeHeefÊeë Fefle ®esVe JeeH³eéeë Fl³e$e JeeH³eefOekeÀjCekeÀeéem³e GHeefmLel³ee ve Òeie=¿elJeced ~
J³eHes#eeJeeos met$emecceefleÒeoMe&veefJe®eejë - ’megyeeceeqv$eles Heje²JelmJejs“13 Fl³evesve ’meceLe&ë HeoefJeefOeë“14
Fefle HeefjYee<eeyeueeled efJeOeer³eceevem³e Heje²JeÓeJem³e HeoefJeefOelJeeled le$e J³eHes#eemeeceL³e&b, ve SkeÀeLeeaYeeJeë
Je=Êeew Fefle J³eHes#eeJeeefoveë~ Dev³eLee Je=Êeew SkeÀeLeeaYeeJemJeerkeÀejs Heje²JeÓeJes J³eHes#eemeeceL³e&ced, meceemeeoew
SkeÀeLeeaYeeJemeeceL³e&efceefle meceLe&met$es15 JeekeÌ³eYesoë m³eeled ~ Heje²JeÓeJemet$es16 meceLe&HeefjYee<ee³eeë17
ÒeJe=Ê³eYeeJes leg ’$eÝlesve efce$eeJeªCeJe=leJe=OeeJe=lemHe=Mes“ Fl³eeoew $eÝlesve Fl³eeosë Heje²JeÊJes Deeceeqv$elee²lJes
’Deeceeqv$elem³e“18 ®e Fl³eeoew GoeÊeeHeefÊeë m³eeled ~ HeefjYee<eeÒeJe=Êeew19 vee³eb oes<eë ~ ³elees efn ’megyeeceeqv$eles
Heje²JelmJejs“20 Fefle met$es meceLe&met$e21 ÒeJe=Êeew HejmHejekeÀe*d#eeªHeJ³eHes#ee ³e$e le$ewJe Heje²JeÓeJeë ~
³eLee - ceêeCeeb jepeved ~ leLee efn megyeeceeqv$eles met$es Yee<³es- ’megefyeefle efkeÀceLe&ced? keÀjesef<e Deìved vewleoefmle~
DemeeceL³e&eo$e ve YeefJe<³eefle~ keÀLecemeeceL³e&ced? meceeveeefOekeÀjCecemeceLe&JeÓJeefle“22 Fl³egkeÌleced ~ De³eb
YeeJeë - Deeceeqv$elem³e HeolJeeled leeqmceved Hejleë efJeOeer³eceevem³e Heje²JeÓeJeë ÒeJeÊe&les ~ ³eLee - ceêeCeeb
jepeved ~ keÀjesef<e Deìved Fl³e$e meeHes#ecemeceLe&JeÓJeleerefle Je®evesve HeoÜ³em³e meeceL³ee&YeeJeeled Òeke=Àlemet$em³e23
DeÒeJe=Ê³ee efle*vlem³e Heje²JelJeJeejCee³e ef$eÀ³eceeCeb megyûenCeb J³eLe&efceefle ~ ’leleë vew<e oes<eë ~
DeOeelJeefYeefnleefcel³esJeb leled“24 Fefle Yee<³es GÊeÀced ~ DeLee&led meceeveeefOekeÀjCecemeceLe&Jeefol³em³e
DeeOeelJeefYeefnleefceefle meeHeJeeole³ee Òeke=Àles meeceL³e&meÊJes yeeOekeÀeYeeJesve HeefjYee<ee³eeë ÒeJe=Êeew efle*vlem³eeefHe
Heje²JeÓeJeeHeefÊeë~ leÜejCee³e megyûenCeceeJeM³ekeÀced ~ Devesve Yee<³emevoYexCe Heje²JeÓeJemet$es25
meceLe&HeefjYee<ee³eeë26 ÒeJe=efÊeë mHeäwJe ~ le$eeefHe meeceL³e&b J³eHes#eeªHecesJe velJeskeÀeLeeaYeeJeªHeced Fefle ~
keÀce&Oeej³emeceemes HeoÜ³eyeesO³eeLee&efleefjÊeÀmJeeLe&m³e DeYeeJeeled J³eHes#eemJeerkeÀejs HeÀueeYeeJe½esVe~
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DeJ³e³eerYeeJes, ve_edlelHeg©<es ®e efveHeeleeveeb Jee®ekeÀlJesve jepeHeg©<e Fl³eeoeefJeJe HetJeexÊejHeo³eesë J³eHes#ee ~
efveHeeleeveeb ÐeeslekeÀlJecesJesefle Deefve³eceeled, keÀe³ee&vegjesOesve Jee®ekeÀlJem³eeefHe mJeerkeÀejeled ~ efve<keÀewMeeeqcyeefjl³eeoew
$eÀevleeÐeLe&m³e DeekeÀe*d#eeJeMeeosJe HeowkeÀosMev³ee³esve efmeef×ë~ yengJeérneJeefHe mecegoe³eJee®³esve Dev³eHeoeLexve
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’DeveskeÀcev³eHeoeLe“27 Meem$eyeueeled efmeef×ë ~ ÜvÜsçefHe ’®eeLex ÜvÜë“28 Fefle Meem$eyeueeled
mecegoe³eMeefÊeÀyeueeled MekeÌ³eefceefle J³eHes#eeJeeoefme×evleë~
J³eHes#eeJeeoKeC[veefJe®eejë - Jemleglemleg J³eHes#eeJeeoë Je=Êeew ve mJeerkeÀe³e&ë Yee<³eefJejesOeeled ~ le$e efn
Yee<³eced - ’DeLewleeqmceved J³eHes#ee³eeb meeceL³e&s meesçmeeJeskeÀeLeeaYeeJeke=Àle efJeMes<eë meë keÀle&J³eë“29 Fefle ~
SkeÀeLeeaYeeJem³e mJeerkeÀejs leÊeod Je®evecevlejeefHe keÀeefveef®eled Òe³eespeveeefve efmeO³eefvle ~ J³eHes#eeJeeos leg
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mebK³eeefJeMes<em³e, mebK³eemeeceev³em³e ®e DeveJeieceë, je%eë $eÝ]×m³e Fl³eeefoefJeMes<eCemecyevOeeYeeJeë,
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meeceL³e&s ³eesçmeeJeskeÀeLeeaYeeJeke=Àlees efJeMes<eë me JeÊeÀJ³eë“30 Fefle ~ leLee OeJeKeefojeefJel³e$e OeJe½e Keefoj½esefle
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Je=Ê³ewJe OeJeKeefojmeceg®®e³es MeÊeÀîe²erkeÀejeled Fefle ®e ueesHees veevegMeemeveer³eë~ SJeb efve<keÀewMeeeqcyeefjl³e$e
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mecegoe³eMekeÌ³elJes ve efkeÀefáeled ceeveefceefle ~
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leLee ®e ue#eCe³ee jepemecyevO³eefYeVeë Heg©<eë Fefle yeesOeë~ HetJe&Heom³e lelmecyeefvOeefveue#eCee mJeerkeÀejeosJe je%eë
HeoeLezkeÀosMelJesve le$e efJeMes<eCeevJe³eë ve me²®íles ~ HeoeLexë HeoeLexveevJeself e ve leg HeoeLezkeÀosMesve Fefle v³ee³eeled ~
efkeÀáe mJeÊJemecyevOesve jepeHeoeLe&m³e Heg©<esçvJe³eë, lesve ®e mJelJemecyevOesve jepeJeeved Heg©<eë
Fefle yeesOees pee³eles, Delees ve ue#eCee Fefle ®esVe ~ YesocetuekeÀmJeÊJeeefomecyevOesve DevJe³es Deesoveë He®eleerl³eeoew
DevJe³eyeesOeJeejCee³e Yesomebmeie&veeceeLe&ÒekeÀejkeÀMeeyoyeesOes leefÜefnleÒel³e³epeesHeefmLelesë nsleglJeeJeM³ekeÀlJesve
Yesomebmeie&keÀyeesOeemecYeJeë~ Deleë ue#eCe³ee SJe Fäefmeef×ë Fefle~ efkeÀáe ue#eCeeÞe³eCesveeYesoyeesOee²erkeÀejs
’lelHeg©<eë meceeveeefOekeÀjCeë keÀce&Oeej³eë“34 Fefle DevegMeemeveeled jepeHeg©<e Fl³eeoew keÀce&Oeej³elJeeHeefÊejefHe
ve YeJeefle ~ meceemeIeìkeÀHeoeLe&m³e efJeMes<³elJes meefle ³eled DeueewefkeÀkeÀefJeûens HeoÜ³esçefHe SkeÀefJeYeefÊeÀkeÀefveoxMeë
le$ewJe keÀce&Oeej³elJemJeerkeÀejeled ~ Òeke=Àles jepeHeg©<e Fl³eeoew Òeke=ÀlemeceemeIeìkeÀm³e Heg©<eHeoeLe&m³e efJeMes<³elJesçefHe
jepeved + *med, Heg©<e + meg Fl³eueewefkeÀkeÀefJeûens Heo³eesë GYe³eesjskeÀefJeYeefÊeÀkeÀlJeeYeeJeeled ve keÀce&Oeej³eeHeefÊeë~
ef®e$eiegë Fl³e$e ef®e$e + pemed, iees + pemed Fl³eueewefkeÀkeÀefJeûenJeekeÌ³es meceeveefJeYeefÊeÀkeÀlJesçefHe yengJeérnew
Dev³eHeoeLe&m³e efJeMes<³elJesve meceemeIeìkeÀHeoeLe&m³e efJeMes<³elJeeYeeJeeled vee$e keÀce&Oeej³elJeeHeefÊeë ~ Heáeeveeb
Hetueeveeb meceenejë HeáeHetueerl³eoeJeefHe meceenejm³e efJeMes<³elJesve IeìkeÀHeoeLe&m³e leÊJeeYeeJeeled oes<eeYeeJeë~
Deleë J³eHes#eeJeeoë SJe mJeerkeÀe³e&ë Fefle vew³eeef³ekeÀeë ~
Je=Êeew ue#eCe³ee efveJee&në Fefle vew³eeef³ekebÀ celeb ve meceer®eerveced ~ jepeHeg©<eeefomeceemes efJeYeÊesÀë
uegkeÀe uegHlelJesve DeJeefMeäs ue#eCeemJeerkeÀejs DeefHe DeuegkedÀ meceemes oes<eë ~ keÀCþskeÀeueë, oem³eeë Heg$eë
Fl³eeoew ue#eCee³eeb ceeveeYeeJesve le$e efJeMes<eCeevJe³eeHeefÊeë ~ le$e keÀCþskeÀeueë Fl³e$e keÀCþsmLeë keÀeuees
³em³esefle efJeûenë ~ mLeMeyom³e ueesHeë SJeáe ’nuovleelmeHlec³eeë meb%ee³eeced“35 Fl³evesve meHlec³eeë
DeuegkedÀ ~ Òeke=Àles meHlec³eeë ÞeglelJesve keÀCþMeyom³e uee#eefCekeÀlJesve leoLex efJeMes<eCeevJe³eeHeefÊeë~ oem³eeë
Heg$eë Fl³e$eeefHe ’<eÿîee Dee$eÀesMes“36 Fl³evesve efJeYeÊeÀîeueesHeë ~ Deleë efJeYeÊeÀîevleeveeb ue#eCe³ee efveJee&ne-
YeeJeeled vew³eeef³ekeÀceleb ve Ieìles ~ ³elees efn vew³eeef³ekeÀceles veeeqcve Òel³e³es ®e He=LekeÌMeefÊeÀë ~ leoLe&³eesë
DeekeÀe*d#eeJeMeeled HejmHejcevJe³eë ve leg Òel³e³eevles efJeefMeäeMeefÊeÀë ~ efJeefMeäs MeÊeÀîeYeeJes MekeÌ³emecyevOe-
ªHeue#eCee ve Ieìles Fefle YeeJeë ~ SJecesJe efJeYeÊeÀîeLe&m³e mebmeie&le³ee YeeveeoefHe efJeYeÊeÀew ue#eCewJe ve mebie®íles ~
HeeoìerkeÀe
1.De., 3-2-94 10.De.,2-4-71 19.De., 2-1-1 28. De.,2-2-29
2.ce.Yee., 2-1-1 11.De.,2-2-29 20.De., 2-1-2 29. ce.Yee.,2-1-1
3.ce.Yee., 2-1-1 12.De.,1-1-19 21.De., 2-1-1 30. ce.Yee., 2-1-1
4.Hee.,2-1-1 13.De., 2-1-2 22.ce.Yee.,2-1-2 31. De.,7-1-23
5.ce.Yee., 2-1-1 14.De.,2-1-1 23.De., 2-1-2 32. De.,2-1-11
6.ce.Yee., 2-1-1 15.De.,2-1-1 24.De., 2-1-2 33. De., 2-2-10
7.ce.Yee., 2-1-1 16.De., 2-1-2 25.De.,2-1-2 34. De., 1-2-42
8.ce.Yee., 2-1-1 17.De., 2-1-1 26.De.,2-1-1 35. De., 6-3-9
9.ce.Yee., 2-1-1 18.De., 6-1-198 27.De.,2-2-24 36. De., 6-3-21
mebmke=ÀleJ³eekeÀjCem³e efJekeÀeMes ye²er³eeveeb ³eesieoeveced
[eB MeesYevekegÀceejYeÆe®ee³e&ë
YeejleJe<ex J³eekeÀjCeeJeleejë Òee®eerveë ~ HegjekeÀeues yentefve J³eekeÀjCeMeem$eeC³eemeved ~ Dem³e
ÒeLeceÒeJekeÌleeªHesCe ye´ïeosJeë mJeerke=Àleë YeJeefle ~ Òee®eervekeÀeues DeäÒekeÀejkeÀJ³eekeÀjCeceLeJee
veJeÒekeÀejkeÀJ³eekeÀjCeceemeerled~ Hejvleg efYeVeefYeVeHejcHeje³eeb ûevLes<eg ®e HejcHejeCeeb veeceefJe<e³es celeYesoë
Heefjo=M³eles ~ Hejvleg ve leeefve J³eekeÀjCeeefve HeefjHetCee&v³eemeved ~ Deleë les<eg $egìerë v³etveleeb ®e efJeYeeJe³eved
YeieJeeved HeeefCeefvejäeO³ee³eer veecvee mJelev$eb MeyoevegMeemeveb j®e³eeceeme ~ DeämJeO³ee³es<eg Üeef$ebMeled Heeos<eg
Òee³esCe 4000mebK³eekesÀ<eg ®e met$es<eg efveye×eë meefvle mebmke=ÀleYee<eeJ³eekeÀjCeefve³eceeë ~ meJex<eg J³eekeÀjCes<eg
ueeskeÀJesomeeOeejCele³ee cetOe&v³eleceb HeeefCeveer³eJ³eekeÀjCeefceefle ~ HeeefCevesjvevlejb keÀel³ee³eveë Dem³eeë HejcHeje³eeë
ÒeceeCeYetlee®ee³e&ë ~ keÀel³ee³eveeovevlejb Mes<eeJeleejë YeieJeeved Hele¡eefueë Deeie®íefle ~ De³eb ef$ecegefveHejcHeje³eeb
(HeeefCeefveë, keÀel³ee³eveë, Hele¡eefueë ®e) ``³eLeesÊejb cegveerveeb ÒeeceeC³eced'' Fefle v³ee³esve ÒeceeCeYetlee®ee³e&ë
YeJeefle ~ Hele¡euesjvevlejb YeÊe&=nefj-pe³eeefol³e-Jeeceve-YeÆesefpeoeref#ele-keÀewC[YeÆ-nefjoeref#ele-veeiesMe-
Jejojepeeo³eë Òeefme×eë YeJeefvle ~ Sles<eg YeÊe&=nefjë ®elegLe&cegefveªHesCe Heefjef®eleë YeJeefle ~
HeeefCeveer³eJ³eekeÀjCem³e efJekeÀemeHejcHejeb ³eefo HeM³eeceë, leefn& SJeb ¢M³eles F³eb HejcHeje
veJeÒekeÀejkeÀe YeJeefle ~ ³eLee- met$eHejcHeje, Je=efÊeHejcHeje, Jeeefle&keÀHejcHeje, Yee<³eHejcHeje, oMe&veHejcHeje,
Òeef¬eÀ³eeHejcHeje, efme×evleHejcHeje, J³eJenejHejcHeje, DeeOegefvekeÀHejcHeje ®e ~
HeeefCeefvevee DeäeO³ee³³eeb MeyoeveecevegMeemevee³e Òe³eemeë ke=Àleë ~ SJeb efve³ev$eCeceefHe ke=Àleced ~ Hejvleg
keÀeueevlejs DeveskesÀ<eeb Meyoeveeb efve³ev$eCeb heeefCeefvemet$esCe ve mebpeeleced ~ SleoLe¥ keÀejCeÜ³eb mecYeeJ³eles ~
(1) mece³em³e ÒeJeenevegmeejsCe kesÀ<eeef_®eled Meyoeveeb HeefjJeÊe&veb peeleced ~
(2) keÀefleef®eled vetleveeë Meyoeë vetleveeM®e Òe³eesieeë Yee<ee³eeb mebie=nerleeë ~ Deleë Meyom³e
efJe<e³es HeeefCeveer³eefve³eceë efMeefLeueë peeleë ~ Yee<ee³eeë HeefjJeÊe&vesve HeefjJe×&vesve ®e Sleled meJe¥ mJeeYeeefJekebÀ
YeJeefle ~ HeeefCevesë GÊejJeefle&veë Jew³eekeÀjCeeë J³eekeÀjCeefve³ecesve efve³ev$eCee³e ®esefäleJevleë ~ les<eeb Òe³eemeë
efÜefJeOeë o=M³eles, ³eLee- (1) HeeefCeveer³eJ³eekeÀjCeceeOeejerke=Àl³e ke=Àleë Òe³eemeë, (2) veJeerveJ³eekeÀjCe-
HejcHeje³eeë ÒeejcYeë ~ HeeefCeefveJ³eekeÀjCeceeOeejerke=Àl³e ie®ívleë Jew³eekeÀjCeeë DeäeO³ee³³eeë mJejtHee#egCCee³e
Òe³eemeb ke=ÀleJevleë ~ Deleë De$e efkebÀef®eled HeefjJele&veb ke=ÀlJee vetleveeveeb Meyoeveeb meeOeglJeÒeefleHeeoveb ke=Àleced ~
³es<eeb Òe³eesieeCeeb meeOeglJeb HeeefCeefveÒeCeerlemet$ewë ve peeleb, ³es ®e leogÊejJeefle&keÀeues Òe®eefueleeë veemeved, les<eeb
meeOeglJeÒeoMe&vee³e HejJeefle&Jew³eekeÀjCeeë Yee<eeefJeMeejoë ®e efve³eceeë ÒeCe³eefvle ~
Deleë HeeefCeveer³eHejcHejeb efJene³e Dev³eeë DeefHe HejcHejeë DeeqmcevYeejles YetKeC[s ¢M³evles ~
Hegveë Yeejlem³e efYeVeefYeVeÒeevles<eg HeeefCeveer³eHejcHeje³eeë Dev³eHejcHeje³eeë ®e efmLeefleue&#eles ~ efJeMes<eleë
ye²ÒeosMes HeeefCeveer³eeë DeHeeefCeveer³eeë veJeerveeë ®e Jew³eekeÀjCeeë o=M³evles ~ mebmke=ÀleJ³eekeÀjCeHejcHeje³eeë
ef J ekeÀeMeeLe¥ ye²Òeos Mes nef j veeceece= le-peg cej-®eevê-meejmJele-keÀelev$eeef o -ye²er ³eJ³eekeÀjCeeveeb b
³eesieoeveceefJemcejCeer³eced ~ Hegveë veJeerveefJe®eej³egÊesÀ<eg ye²er³eJew³eekeÀjCes<eg JeeuejeceHe_®eeveve-Heg©<eesÊeceosJe-
vevoefkeÀMeesjYeÆ-meerleeveeLeefme×evleJeeieerMe-efJeÐeemeeiej-jeceleke&ÀJeeieerMe-ieg©Heo-ef#eefleMe®evê-ÞeerMe®evê-
kegÀcegoj_peve-Meejoej_peve-megveereflekegÀceej-mel³ej_peve-keÀ©CeeefmevOeg-De³eesO³eeveeLemeev³eeue-megkegÀceej-
mel³eveeje³eCeÒeYe=le³eë Òeefme×eë Dee®ee³ee&ë meefvle ~ efkeÀ_®e peieoerMe-ieoeOej-jIegveeLeefMejesceefCe-
JeemegosJemeeJe&Yeewce-pe³eke=À<CelekeÀe&ue¹ej-YeJeevevoefme×evleJeeieerMe-ÒeYe=le³eë ye²er³evew³eeef³ekeÀeë DeefHe
J³eekeÀjCeHejcHeje³eeë efJekeÀemes mJekeÀer³ecenlJeHetCe¥ ³eesieoeveb ke=ÀleJevleë ~ ye²er³eJew³eekeÀjCes<eg kesÀ®eve veJ³eeë
kesÀ®eve Òee®eerveeë YeJeefvle efJe®eej¢äîee mece³e¢<ìîee keÀe³e&¢<ìîee ®e ~ ye²er³eJew³eekeÀjCeeb ³eesieoeveefJe<e³es
³eÐeefHe De$e le$e Deeuees®evee ÒeeH³eles, leLeeefHe leeë meJee&ë DeHeefjHetCee&ë ~ Deleë SleoLe&efcen keÀefleHe³eye²er³e-
Jew³eekeÀjCeeveeb efJe<e³es veJeerveÒekeÀejsCe veJeerveÒe³eemeë ce³ee ef$eÀ³eles ~
®eevêJ³eekeÀjCecedömecYeJeleëHeáeoMeMelekeÀeled F&.HetJe¥ ®eevêmecÒeoe³em³e ÒeJele&keÀë ®evêieesefcevee®ee³e&ë
DeeefJeYet&leë Deemeerefoefle ~ ®evêieesefcevceneso³eë ye²ÒeosMes cenevJew³eekeÀjCeë Deemeerled ~ Yele=&efnjceneso³esve
mJekeÀer³eJeekeÌ³eHeoer³eûevLes ®eevêmecÒeoe³em³e Jew³eekeÀjCeeë GefuueK³evles ~ meb#esHesCe HeeefCeveer³eHe×l³eeë
HegveefJe&v³eemeë ®evêe®ee³e&m³e GÎsM³eceemeerled ~ SkeÀoe ye²ÒeosMes ®eevêJ³eekeÀjCeb meceepes meJex<eeb efÒe³eced
Deemeerled ~ ®evêe®ee³e&ceneso³esve ceneYee<³eb Jeeefle&keÀáe DeeefÞel³e ®eevêmet$eeefCe ÒeCeerleeefve~ Jeew×HeefC[le-
keÀeM³eHesve ®eevêJ³eekeÀjCeced DeeOeeefjke=Àl³e yeeueeJeJeesOeë Fefle mebef#eHleJ³eekeÀjCeûevLeë ÒeCeerleë~ Hegveë
Oece&oemesve ®eevêJ³eekeÀjCem³eesHeefj ®eevêìerkeÀeûevLeë leLee HetCe&®evêsCe OeelegHeje³eCeûevLeë ®e ÒeCeerleë~
keÀelev$e/keÀueeHeJ³eekeÀjCecedö ye²ÖeosMes keÀelev$eJ³eekeÀjCeb keÀueeHeveecvee Òeefme×ceefmle ~ MeJe&Jec&eeceneso³esve
megÒeef×keÀueeHeJ³eekeÀjCeb ÒeCeerleced~ ueeskeÀkeÀLeevegmeejsCe kegÀceejkeÀeefle&keÀm³e DeeosMesve MeJe&Jecee&ceneso³esve De³ebb
J³eekeÀjCeûevLeë ÒeCeerleë ~ Fob J³eekeÀjCeb cenef<e&HeeefCeefveceleeHes#e³ee DeveskeÀ#es$ess efYeVeceemeerledd ~ ye²ÒeosMes
keÀueeHeJ³eekeÀjCeevegmeejsCe HeþveHeeþveceÐeeefHe Òe®eervemebmke=ÀleÒeefleÿeves<eg ®eleg<Heeþîeeb ®e ¢M³eles ~
ogie&efmebnceneso³esve keÀueeHeJ³eekeÀjCem³eesHeefj keÀelev$eJe=efleë ÒeCeerlee ~ keÀueeHeJ³eekeÀjCem³eesHeefj
DeveskeÀìerkeÀeûevLeeë ye²er³eJew³eekeÀjCewë efJejef®eleeë ~ les<eg keÀefleHe³eÒeefme×e®ee³ee&ë ³eLee- keÀefJejepe-kegÀue®evê-
ieesHeerveeLe-ÞeerHeefle-ef$euees®eve-ÒeYe=le³eë ~
mebe#f eHlemeejJ³eekeÀjCecedömecYeJeleë Jeoervê®e¬eÀ®et[æ eceefCe-¬eÀceoeréejsCe mebe#f eHlemeejë veece J³eekeÀjCeûevLeesç³eb
efJeefueefKeleë~ ¬eÀceoeréejceneso³esve YeÊe&=nefjceneYee<³eìerkeÀeceeOeeefjke=Àl³e De³eb ûevLeëefJejef®eleë~ Dem³e
ûevLem³e DeefOekeÀebMeesoenjCeeefve YeefÆkeÀeJ³eleëmebie=efnleeefve ~ meë HeeefCeveer³eMeeðem³e celebb meb#esHesCe Deefmceved
ûevLes Òe³e®íefle, leefn& De³eb ûevLeë mebef#eHlemeejjtHesCe megÒeefme×ë ~ Deefmceved ûevLes ¬eÀceeoeréejceneso³eë lem³e
%eevem³e Heefj®e³eb ooeefle ~ mebef#eHlemeejm³eesHeefj iees³eer®evêsCe `jmeJeleer'efle ìerkeÀe ÒeCeerlee ~ pegcejvevoerceneso³esve
`jmeJeleer'efle ìerkeÀecegHeefj `jemeJeleer'efle ìerkeÀeûevLeë efJeefueefKeleë~ mecÒeefle ye²ÒeosMeevleie&le®eleg<Heeþîeeb
Dem³e J³eekeÀjCem³eesHeefj Heþve-HeeþveceefHe Òe®eueefle ~
meejmJeleJ³eekeÀjCecedö DevegYeteflemJeªHee®ee³e&ceneso³esve mecYeJeleë®elego&MeMelekeÀm³e ceO³eYeeies meejmJele-
ûevLeesç³eb ÒeCeerleë~ meejmJeleJ³eekeÀjCem³eesHeefj DeveskeÀìerkeÀeûevLeeë efJeefueefKeleeë~ ³eLee-Het¡ejepem³e Òeef¬eÀ³ee,
Dece=leYeejl³eeë megyeesefOeveer meejmJelem³e Yee<³ekeÀejsCe keÀeefMekeÀveeLesve efJeÐeeefveJeemeìerkeÀe peieVeeLeceneso³esve
meejoerìerkeÀe ®e ~ Hegveë mejmJeleerJe=efleHeef¡ekeÀeìerkeÀeûevLeë ke=À<CeveeLeceneso³esve Dem³eesHeefj ÒeCeerleë~
cegiOeyeesOeJ³eekeÀjCecedö efJe¬eÀce®elegoMeMelekesÀ JeesHeosJeceneso³esve cegiOeJeesOeJ³eekeÀjCeb ÒeCeerleced ~ JeesHeosJem³e
j®eveeMewueer mebef#eHlee mejuee ®e ~ meë HeeefCeveer³eJ³eekeÀjCeceeefÞel³e cegiOeyeesOeb mebef#eHleªHesCe efJejef®eleë~
ye²er³eHeefC[leë jeceleke&ÀJeeieerMeceneso³esve cegiOeyeesOem³eesHeefj megÒeefme×ìerkeÀeûevLeëÒeCeerleë~ mecÒeefle
ye²ÒeosMeevleie&le®eleg<Heeþîeeb Dem³e J³eekeÀjCem³eesHeefj HeþveHeeþveceefHe Òe®eueefle ~
nefjveeceece=leJ³eekeÀjCecedö Dem³e ªHeÜ³eb ÒeeH³eles ~ ³eLee,- mebef#eHleªHeb ye=nêtHeáe ~ ye²ÒeosMem³e
Òeefme×Oeeefce&keÀJew³eekeÀjCeew YeJeleë ªHeieesmJeeceer peerJeieesmJeeceer ®e ~ ¸eeräer³e<ees[MeMelekesÀ
ªHeieesmJeeceerceneso³esve nefjveeceece=leefceefle #egêb Jew<CeJeJ³eekeÀjCeb ÒeCeerleced ~ leleë ÞeerpeerJeieesmJeeceerceneso³esve
nefjveeceece=leJ³eekeÀjCeb HetCe&ªHesCe efJeefueefKeleced~ Sleew Jew³eekeÀjCeew leoer³eûevLes Þeerke=À<Cem³e ÞeerjeOee³eeë ®e
veece J³eekeÀjCeHeeefjYeeef<ekeÀHeoªHesCe J³eJeËl³e, J³eekeÀjCeb jef®eleJevleew ~ ye²ÒeosMes nefjveeceece=le-
J³eekeÀjCeevegmeejsCe HeþveHeeþveceÐeeefHe Òe®eervemebmke=ÀleÒeefleÿeves<eg ®eleg<Heeþîeeb ®e ¢M³eles ~
DeeMegyeesOeJ³eekeÀjCecedö¸eeräer³eesveefJebMeMelekesÀ leejeveeLeJee®emHeefleceneso³esve DeeMegyeesOeveece megÒeefme×J³eekeÀjCeb
ÒeCeerleced ~ Hegveë ye²ÒeosMes Dev³esæçefHe Jew³eekeÀjCeeë mebmke=ÀleJ³eekeÀjCem³e HejcHejeb mJekeÀer³ecenlJeHetCe&³eesieoevesve
HeefjJeef×&leJevleë ~ les<eg keÀefleHe³eJew³eekeÀjCeeveeb ûevLesve men veeceesuuesKeë ce³ee efvecves ef¬eÀ³eles ~
1. MeefMeYet<eCeYeÆe®ee³exCe J³eekeÀjCemebûenûevLeë ÒeCeerleë ~
2. JemevlekegÀceejje³eceneso³esve efme×evlemevoerHeveerûevLeë ÒeCeerleë ~
3. peerJeevevoefJeÐeemeeiejceneso³eë cegiOeyeesOemeejûevLeb mebef#eHlemeejJ³eekeÀjCeb ®e ye²Yee<ee³eeb ÒeCeerleë ~
4. JejoekeÀevle-efJeÐeejlveceneso³esve J³eekeÀjCemebûenûevLeesç³eb ÒeCeerleë ~
5. osJesvêkegÀceejefJeÐeejlveceneso³esve ueIegHeeefCeveer³eûevLeë ÒeCeerleë ~
6. MeewjervêceesnveþekegÀjceneso³esve ieevOeJe&keÀueeHeJ³eekeÀjCeûevLeë ÒeCeerleë ~
7. ³e%eséejcegKeesHeeO³ee³eceneso³esve veeiesMeesMeefkeÌleÒekeÀeMeûevLeë ÒeCeerleë ~
8. meerleeveeLeefme×evleJeeieerMeceneso³esve keÀelevleJ³eekeÀjCeûevLeë ÒeCeerleë ~
9. osJesvêkegÀceejefJeÐeejlveceneso³esve DeäeO³ee³³eecegHeefj efJeÐeejlveÒeYeeìerkeÀe ÒeCeerlee ~
10.meejoej¡eveje³e-kegÀcegoj¡eveje³eceneso³eeY³eeb efme×evlekeÀewcegÐeeë efceleYeeef<eCeerìerkeÀe ye²er³eYee<ee³eeb
megÒeefme×ìerkeÀe ®e ÒeCeerles ~
11.ÞeerMe®evê®e¬eÀJeleeaceneso³esve OeelegÒeoerHem³eesHeefj OeelegÒeoerHeefJeJejCeûevLeë ÒeCeerleë ~
12.meerleeveeLeefme×evleJeeieerMeceneso³esve keÀelev$eieCeceeueeûevLem³eesHeefj efMeMegyeesefOeveerìerkeÀe ÒeCeerlee ~ Hegveë
keÀelev$emet$eeCeecegHeefj meerleeveeLeefme×evleJeeieerMeceneso³eë keÀelev$eme¡eerJeveerìerkeÀeced DeeK³eeleJe=eÊf eáe ÒeCeerleew ~
13.meerleeveeLem³e Heg$esCe ke=À<Cevevoceneso³esve keÀelev$eHeefjefMeäm³eesHeefj ceveesjceeìerkeÀe ÒeCeerlee ~
14.nerjeueeueefceÞeceneso³esve meejmJelemet$eeCeecegHeefj yeeueceveesjceeìerkeÀe ÒeCeerlee ~
15.HeefC[lejeceveeje³eCeYeÆe®ee³e&ceneso³esve meejmJeleìerkeÀe ÒeCeerlee ~
16.keÀeueerHeolekeÀ&e®ee³e&ceneso³esve meejoerefoefHekeÀeìerkeÀe ÒeCeerlee ~
17.ye=nÜw³eekeÀjCeYet<eCeûevLem³eesHeefj cevegosJeYeÆe®ee³exCe ªHeeueerìerkeÀe ÒeCeerlee ~
18.ceeOeJelekeÀe&ue¹ejceneso³esve YeJeevevom³e keÀejkeÀ®e¬eÀm³eesHeefj ceeOeJeerìerkeÀe ÒeCeerlee ~
19.Þeercees#eoe®ejCemeeceeO³ee³eerceneso³eë ceneYee<³em³e veJeeefÚkebÀ ye²Yee<ee³eeb Devegefoleë ~ Hegveëye²Yee<ee³eeb
ceneYee<³em³e HemHeMeeefÚkebÀ DeveskeÀye²er³eHeefC[leeë ÒeCeerleeë ~ les<eg ÒecegKeeë ³eLee ef#eefleMe®evê®eÆesHeeO³ee³e-
meejoej¡eveje³e-oefC[mJeeceeroeceesoj-mebIeefce$eeoemeiegHle-ie²eOejkeÀj- v³ee³ee®ee³exl³eeo³eë~
20.ef#eefleMe®evê®eÆesHeeO³ee³esve ®eevêJ³eekeÀjCeb ye²Yee<ee³eeb leLee²ueYee<ee³eeb Technical Terms
and Technique of Sanskrit Grammar Fefle ûevLeÜ³eb efueefKeleced ~
21.efJe<CegHeoYeÆe®ee³e&ceneso³esve ye²Yee<ee³eeb keÀejkeÀÒekeÀjCeb mecHeeefoleced ~
22.De³eesO³eeveeLemeev³eeueceneso³esve ye²Yee<ee³eeb Jeweof keÀmJejjnm³eb, HeeefCeveer³eJeweof keÀJ³eekeÀjCeefceefle ûevLeewb efueefKeleew~
23.meefvOeÒekeÀjCeb HeefjYee<eeÒekeÀCeáe ye²Yee<ee³eeb keÀjgCeeefmevOegoemeceneso³esve Devegefoless ~
24.[.leHeveMe¹jYeÆe®ee³e&ceneso³eë JewefokeÀÒekeÀjCeb, ueIegefme×evlekeÀewcegoerced, DeäeO³ee³eebr, keÀejkeÀÒekeÀjCeb
®e ye²Yee<ee³eecevegefoleë ~ Hegveë me Heele¡eueeveeb MeyoeLe&ef®evlee Fefle ûevLeb jef®eleJeeved ~
25.Þeerceled-Òe%eevemJeªHeye´ïe®eejerceneso³esve ueIegefme×evlekeÀewcegoer ye²Yee<ee³eeb ÒeCeerlee ~
26.cegiOeyeesOeJ³eekeÀjCem³eesHeefj ye²Yee<ee³eeb DeveskeÀye²er³eHeefC[leeë ìerkeÀeë ke=Àleeë ~ les<eg ÒecegKeeë ³eLee
- osJesvoveeLemesveiegHleë, GhesvoveeLemesveiegHleë, JemevlekegÀceejkeÀeJ³eleerLe&ë, efiejerMe®evêefJeÐeejlveë, ve=l³e-
ueeueMeerueë, ueesnejeceefMejesjlveë, ³eesiesvêveeLejef#eleë, DeefveueJejCeleke&ÀJesoevleleerLe&ë, efvej¡evemJeªHe-
ye´ïe®eejer, efvel³eevevomce=efleleerLe&ë,M³eecee®ejCekeÀefJejlveë ®e ~
27. jeceleejCeefMejesceefCe-$ewueeskeÌ³eveeLeceneso³eeY³eeb ye²Yee<ee³eeb megHeëJ³eekeÀjCeb ÒeCeerleced~
28.YeJeevevom³e keÀejkeÀ®e¬ebÀ megOeebMegMesKejYeÆe®ee³exCe ye²Yee<ee³eeb ÒeCeerleced ~
29.pe³eke=À<Cem³e meejce¡ejer keÀeueerHeoleke&Àe®ee³e&-jpeveerkeÀevleleke&Àjlve-ieg©veeLeefJeÐeeefveefOe-Heáeeveve-
leke&Àeue¹ejceneso³ewë ÒeCeerlee ~
30.DeeMeglees<eefJeÐeeYet<eCeë JeesHeosJem³e keÀefJekeÀuHeêgceb ÒeCeerleJeeved ~
31.peevekeÀerveeLeMeeðeerceneso³esve YejleceefuuekeÀeskeÌlekeÀejkeÀesuueemeûevLeë ÒeLeceleë ÒekeÀeefMeleë ~
32.ieg©Heoneueoejceneso³esve ye²Yee<ee³eeb J³eekeÀjCe-oMe&vesj- Fefleneme Fefle megÒeefme×ûevLeë ÒeCeerleë ~
33.keÀeueerpeerJeveosJeMecee&ceneso³esve MeyoMeeðesj Fefleneme Fefle megÒeefme×ûevLeë ÒeCeerleë ~
34.JewefokeÀJ³eekeÀjCeb HeefC[leM³eecee®ejCekeÀefJejlveceneso³esve ÒeefCeleced ~
35.Karunasindhu Dasceneso³esve Dee²ueYee<ee³eeced ’Paribha-s.a-s in the Pa-n.inian
System of Grammar'' Fefle ûevLeë ÒeCeerleë~
36.Narendra Chandra Nathceneso³esve Dee²ueYee<ee³eeb ’Pa-n.inian Interpre-
tation of the Sanskrit Languag'' Fefle ûevLeë ÒeCeerleë~
37.Sukumar Sen ceneso³esve Dee²ueYee<ee³eeb ’Paninica'' Fefle ûevLeë ÒeCeerleë~
38.Bhabani Prasad Bhattacharyaceneso³esve Dee²ueYee<ee³eeb ’Vedic Gram-
mar” Fefle ûevLeë ÒeCeerleë ~
39.Rabisankar Banerjee ceneso³essve Dee²ueYee<ee³eeb ’Concept of Asiddhatva
in Pa-n.ini'' Fefle ûevLeë ÒeCeerleë ~
40.mel³eveeje³eCe®e¬eÀJeÊeeaceneso³esve ye²Yee<ee³eeb ``HeeefCeveer³e MeyoMeem$e'' Fefle ûevLeë ÒeCeerleë ~
Hegveë ye²ÒeosMes Dev³esçefHe efJeÜebmeë mebmke=ÀleJ³eekeÀjCem³e efJekeÀeMeeLeb& ÒeyevOeceeO³ecesve, efveyevOeceeO³ecesve,
ìerkeÀeceeO³ecesve, J³eeK³eeveceeO³ecesve leLee meceeuees®eveeefoceeO³ecesve Òe³eemeb ke=ÀleJevleë ~ Deleë DeJemejsçeqmceved
les meJex Hetpeveer³eeë YeJeefvle ~
Deleë mebmke=ÀleJ³eekeÀjCem³e efJekeÀeMeeLe&ceefleÒee®eervekeÀeueeled DeÐeeefHe ye²er³eeveeb ³eod ³eesieoeveceemeerled
leÊeg DeefJemcejCeerced ~
deg
J³eekeÀjCeced - SkebÀ efJeMues<eCeced
ÒeoerHekegÀceejmJeeFB
G®³eles Yee<ee YeeJem³e JeeefnkeÀe ~ Yee<ee efn ueeskeÀm³e meJe&ÞesÿefveefOejefmle ~ ve¿esveeb efJevee
peveeë efkeÀceefHe ®ee© keÀÊeg¥ MekeÌveg³egë ~ peveeveeb efJe®eejeë Yee<e³ewJe peveHeos Òemejefvle ~ F³eb leg DemceekebÀ
meebmke=ÀeflekeÀ-meeceeefpekeÀ-J³eJenejm³e ceeO³eceªHee ~ leleë SleoLe¥ oC[er keÀeJ³eeoMex Jeoefle-
``Jee®eecesJe Òemeeosve ueeskeÀ³ee$ee ÒeJeÊe&les''~ (keÀeJ³eeoMe&ë, 1-3)
Deef#eme¹es®eveeefoefYeë keÀáeve mJeeefYeÒee³eb ÒekeÀì³evleesçefHe ceeveJeeë meJe&Lee mHeÀejb ve mHeÀej³eefvle Fefle ~
efkebÀ ®e ve kesÀJeueb efJeÐeceeveeveeb Heg©<eeCeeceefHeleg DeefleHetJe&peeveeb ³egieevlejer³eeCeeceefHe cenleeb efJe®eejOeeje-mceeefYe%ee&³eles,
Devegeñf e³eles ®e ~ leosJe %eeveb Yee<ee³ee SJe ceefncee Fefle ~ ³eLee ÒeeefCeveeb ke=Àles ef#eeflepeueHeeJekeÀieievemeceerjCeevee-
ceeJeM³ekeÀlee meJezë mJeere¬f eÀ³eles, leLewJe Yee<eeJe³eJeYetleeveeb MeyoeveeceHeerl³e$e ve keÀe½eve efJeÒeefleHeÊe³eë ~
ceeveJepeelesë DeY³ego³eefJekeÀeMeÒeiele³eë Yee<eeb efJevee ve mecYeJeefvle ~ SkeÀYee<eeYeeef<emecegoe³esve
DevegYet³eceeveeveeefceefvê³emebmHe=äJemletveeb efyecyeªHeb lelmecegoe³eceefmle<kesÀ meceªHesCe efleÿefle ~ Deleë ³eoe
lelmecegoe³em³e keÀesçefHe mJeHeoeLee&vegYetefleb ÒekeÀeMeef³elegefce®íefle, leoe me mJeceefmlemkeÀmLeHeoeLe&efyecyeb
leppevemecegoe³es J³eJeefmLeleesHe³egkeÌleOJeefveÒeleerkeÀªHeYee<e³ee ÒekeÀì³eefle ~ Þeeslee leodOJeefveefveJesefoleHeoeLe&efyecyeb
³eoe yeg×îee ie=”eefle, leoe lem³e DeLe&yeesOeë YeJeefle ~ De$e HeoeLe&efyecyes<eg n<e&¬eÀesOeeefoYeeJeeJesieefyecyeeefve
DeefHe ie=nerleeefve ~ FlLeb Yee<ee efn SkeÀm³e DevegYeteflecev³eb Òeefle ve³eefle ~ Deleë Yee<ee ÒeleerkeÀeeflcekeÀe meleer
ceeO³eceªHee ~ Yee<eeÒeleerkeÀeefve leg OJeefveÒeleerkeÀeefve YeJeefvle ~
peieefle ®e ³eeJevlees Jele&ceevee J³eJenejemles meces Yee<eevegHeeefleve SJeself e Òel³e#eevegYeJesve efme×ced ~ Dele
SJe nefjCeeskeÌleced-
ve meesçefmle Òel³e³ees ueeskesÀ ³e®íyoevegiecee¢les ~
DevegefJe×efceJe %eeveb meJe¥ Meyosve Yeemeles ~~
JeeûetHelee ®esogl¬eÀecesoJeyeesOem³e Meeéeleer ~
ve ÒekeÀeMeë ÒekeÀeMesle mee efn Òel³eJeceefMe&veer ~~ (Jee.He., 1/124-125)
DeefHe ®e ³eefo Yee<eep³eesefleve& m³eeÊeoe meceûeb YegJeve$e³ece%eeveevOekeÀejsCe J³eeHleb YeJesled ~
Jeoefle ®ee$e oC[erö
FocevOevleceë ke=Àlmveb pee³esle YegJeve$e³eced ~
³eefo Meyoe»³eb p³eeseflejemebmeejb ve oerH³eles ~~ (keÀeJ³eeoMe&ë, 1/4)
Yee<ee ceeveJeced FlejsY³eë ÒeeefCeY³eë efJeMes<e³eefle ~ He=efLeJ³eeb ceeveJees efn SkeÀHetCe&Yee<ee³eeë
DeefOekeÀejer ~ Yee<ee mJe³ebmecHetCee& YeJeefle ~ meceûeefJeées Òee³eleë 6000-7000 mebK³ekeÀeë Yee<eeë
efJeÐevles Fefle Yee<eeefJeMeejoeë ÒeefleHeeo³eefvle ~ meowJe Yee<ee³eeë HeefjJeÊe&veb YeJeefle ~ peerJemeÊee³eeë Òeefle#eCeb
HeefjJeÊe&veb YeJeefle ~ Yee<ee peerefJelee leoe YeJeefle ³eoe le$e HeefjJele&veb, vetleveÊJeb, jceCeer³elJeb ®e efleÿefle ~
Yee<ee³eeb efmLejlee veece ce=l³egë ~ ``#eCes #eCes ³eVeJeleecegHewefle leosJe ªHeb jceCeer³elee³eeë“ (efMeMegHeeueJeOeced,
4/17) J³eJenejs<eg Yee<ee peerJeefle ~ Deleë DeHetCe&J³eJenejs<eg DeHetCeex®®eejCeeod DeHetCee&vegkeÀjCeeod Jee
Yee<ee HeefjJeÊe&les ~ #egêeefle#egêb HeefjJeÊe&veb MeleMeë Je<ex<eg cenêtHeb ve³eefle ~ S<ee meoe HeefjJeÊe&veMeeruesefle
Dem³eeë Devl³eªHeb veeefmle ~ ueeskeÀJ³eJenejsCe men Yee<eeçefHe peerefJelee YeJeefle ~
Deleë Yee<ee³eeë mJeªHeb meJe&oe HeefjJeÊe&les ~ Yee<ee keÀeefþv³eb peneefle, meeju³eb ®eeooeefle ~
³eoe Yee<ee ueeskeÀefÒe³ee megmecHeVee ®e YeJeefle, leoe Yee<eeefJeoes Yee<eeieleMeyoeveeceHeYe´MeWY³ees j#eCee³e, leeb
J³eekeÀjCeefve³eceMe=±ueeye×eb kegÀJe&efvle ~ Dele SJe J³eekeÀjCeb MeyoevegMeemeveefcel³eg®³eles hejcHeje³eeced ~
Deleë SkeÀe Yee<ee leoe keÀeuepe³eer YeefJe<³eefle, ³eoe lem³eeë Yee<ee³eeë SkebÀ megmece=×b J³eekeÀjCeb
YeefJe<³eefle ueeskesÀ ~ ³eefäb efJevee He²§J³ekeÌlesë ³ee¢Meer DeJemLee YeJeefle, J³eekeÀjCeb efJevee Yee<ee³eeë lee¢Meer
DeJemLee YeJeefle ~ Fob J³eekeÀjCeb leg DeHejeefJeÐee ~ Jesoeled SJe Dem³e GlHeefÊejYeJeled ~ Fob leg Jesoe²ced ~
<eìd<Je²s<eg J³eekeÀjCeb cegK³eced ~ JesoHeg©<em³e cegKeb Keueg Foced ~
efkeÀefceob J³eekeÀjCeHeoefceefle efJe<e³es HejcHeje³eeb Meeðes ®e efJeefJeOee JeCe&vee Heefj¢M³eles ~ ³eLee-
(keÀ) Òeke=Àl³eeefoefJeYeeiesve MeyoeveecevegefMe<³eles ~
meeOeglJeb ³esve leled Meeðeb JesÐeb J³eekeÀjCeeefYeOeced ~~
J³eeef¬eÀ³evles Heoeveern ef¬eÀ³evles vetleveeefve ®e ~
DevJeeK³eevemce=eflemlemceeogkeÌlee J³eekeÀjCeb yegOewë ~~ (HejcHeje)
(Ke) J³eeef¬eÀ³evles J³eglHeeÐevles Meyoeë Devesve Fefle J³eekeÀjCeced ~
(ie) DeLe J³eekeÀjCeefcel³em³e Meyom³e keÀë HeoeLe&ë ? met$eced ~...SJeb leefn& Meyoë ~ ue#³eue#eCes
J³eekeÀjCeced ~ ue#³eb ®e ue#eCeb ®ewleled mecegefoleb YeJeefle ~ efkebÀ Hegveue&#³eced, efkebÀ Jee ue#eCeced ~ Meyoes
ue#³eë, met$eb ue#eCeced ~......DeLe Jee Hegvejmleg met$eced ~ Fl³eeoerefve (HemHeMee.)
YeejleJe<ex J³eekeÀjCeeJeleejë Òee®eerveë ~ HegjekeÀeues yentefve J³eekeÀjCeMeem$eeC³eemeved ~ Dem³e
ÒeLeceÒeJekeÌleeªHesCe ye´ïeosJeë mJeerke=Àleë YeJeefle ~ Òee®eervekeÀeues DeäÒekeÀejkeÀJ³eekeÀjCeced DeLeJee
veJeÒekeÀejkeÀJ³eekeÀjCeced Deemeerled ~ ³eLee-
(keÀ) J³eekeÀjCeceäÒeYesoced (ogie&ë, efve©keÌleJe=efÊeë) ~
(Ke) Deäew J³eekeÀjCeeefve <eìd ®e efYe<epeeb J³ee®eä leeë mebefnleeë ~ (YeemkeÀje®ee³e&ë)
(ie) meesç³eb veJeJ³eekeÀjCeeLe&JesÊee ~ (jecee³eCeced, GÊejekeÀe. 36/47) ~
Hejvleg efYeVeefYeVeHejcHeje³eeb ûevLes<eg ®e HejcHejeCeeb veeceefJe<e³es celeYesoë Heefjo=M³eles ~ les<eg
celes<eg keÀeefve®eve celeeefve ³eLee-
(keÀ) yeéïecewMeevecewvêb ®e ÒeepeeHel³eb ye=nmHeefleced ~
lJeeä^ceeefHeMeueb ®esefle HeeefCeveer³eceLeeäceced ~~ (nwceye=nodJe=Ê³eJe®etefCe&)
(Ke) Fvê½evêë keÀeMeke=ÀlmveeefHeMeueer MeekeÀìe³eveë ~
HeeefCev³ecejpewvesvêeë pe³evl³eäeefoMeeefyokeÀeë ~~ (JeesHeosJeë,keÀefJekeÀuHeêgces)
(ie) ÒeLeceb Òees®³eles yeéïeb efÜleer³ecewvêceg®³eles ~
³eec³eb ÒeeskeÌleb lelees jewêb Jee³eJ³eb Jee©Ceb leLee ~~
meeefJe$eb ®e leLee ÒeeskeÌleceäceb Jew<CeJeb leLee ~~ (YeefJe<³eHegjeCeced, yeéïeHeJe&efCe)
(Ie) Ssvêb ®eevêb keÀeMeke=Àlmveb keÀewceejb MeekeÀìe³eveced ~
meejmJeleb ®eeefHeMeueb MeekeÀu³eb HeeefCeveer³ekeÀced ~~ (ÞeerleÊJeefJeefOeë)
Hegveë Sleeë HejcHejeë efJene³e Dev³esçefHe HejcHejeë Dee®ee³ee&ë ®e Deemeved ~ Dele SJe ³eeqlkeÀceefHe
Jee YeJeleg J³eekeÀjCeeLe¥ HeeefCeveer³eJ³eekeÀjCes mce=leeë Dee®ee³ee&ë, HeeefCevesë HetJe&Jeleea-Dee®ee³ee&ë, HejJeleea-
Dee®ee³ee&ë ®e efve³eceÒeCe³eves ®eseäf leeë Deemeved ~ Hejvleg HeeefCeefvemece³es efJeÐeceeveeefve J³eekeÀjCeeefve HeefjHetCee&v³eemeved ~
Deleë les<eg $egìerë v³etveleeb ®e efJeYeeJe³eved YeieJeeved HeeefCeefvejäeO³ee³eer veecvee mJelev$eb MeyoevegMeemeveb j®e³eeceeme ~
DeämJeO³ee³es < eg Üeef $ eb M eled Heeos < eg Òee³es C e 4000meb K ³eekes À <eg ®e met $ es < eg GHeef v eye×eë meef v le
mebmke=ÀleYee<eeJ³eekeÀjCeefve³eceeë ~ meJex<eg J³eekeÀjCes<eg ueeskeÀJesomeeOeejCele³ee cetOe&v³eleceb Fob ³eekeÀjCeefceefle ~ Fob
J³eekeÀjCeceLee&led F³eceäeO³ee³eer ceeveJeceefmlekeÀm³e meJeexÊecee me=efä Fefle efJeÜebmeë Jeoefvle ~ Deefmceved
efJe<e³es Jew%eeefvekeÀcetOe&v³eeë jepeejceVee ceneso³eeë Jeoefvle- “Sanskrit has a scientific base
which no other language in the world has including Greek, and Latin
with which it has close affinity both in vocabulary, and grammar.
This is largely due to its grammatical organisation, particularly the
Paninian tradition as formulated by Panini in his book, the Astadhyayi
written about 2500 years ago, and divided into eight books of four
chapters each. Panini’s book is one of the greatest exhibits of hu-
man intellect. It is the first attempt in the history of the human mind
to take a sort of “Chemical Analysis” of a language of scientific lines
(MeJoevegMeemeveced). His grammar is not only considered a masterpiece of
close-reasoning and artistic arrangement, but remains till today un-
surpassed in its economy of words to describe linguistic features.”
(Sanskrit Grammar, Dr. Raja Ramana, Bhavan’s Journal, p.-1)
Hegveë Fob J³eekeÀjCeb leg mebieCekeÀs ³ev$esJ³eJenejeLe&cegHe³egÊebÀ YeJeefle ~ NASA Fefle
ieJes<eCeemebmLee³eeë ieJes<eCee ÒeefleHeeo³eefle mebmkeÀ=leb Keueg Artificial Intelligence(AI) Fefle
efJe<e³es GHe³egÊebÀ YeJeefle ~ ³eLee- “In the past twenty years, much time, effort,
and money has been expended on designing an unambiguous rep-
resentation of natural languages to make them accessible to com-
puter processing. These efforts have centered around creating sche-
mata designed to parallel logical relations with relations expressed
by the syntax and semantics of natural languages, which are clearly
cumbersome and ambiguous in their function as vehicles for the trans-
mission of logical data. Understandably, there is a widespread be-
lief that natural languages are unsuitable for the transmission of many
ideas that artificial languages can render with great precision and
mathematical rigor.
But this dichotomy, which have served as a premise under-
lying much work in the areas of linguistics and artificial intelligence,
is a false one. There is at least one language, Sanskrit, which for the
duration of almost 1000 years was a living spoken language with a
considerable literature of its own. Besides works of literary value,
there was a long philosophical and grammatical tradition that has
continued to exist with undiminished vigor until the present century.
Among the accomplishments of the grammarians can be reckoned
a method for paraphrasing Sanskrit in a manner that is identical not
only in essence but in form with current work in Artifical Intelli-
gence”. (Sanskrit & Artifical Intelligence-NASA, by Rick Briggs, p-1)
Hegveë Deeqmceved efJe<e³es Science in Samskrit Fefle ûevLes GÊeÀceefmle- “The
methodology of the grammar rules formulated by the Ancient gram-
marian Panini in his treatise ‘Ashtaadhyaayi’ help the modern Lin-
guistic Studies, Phonetics & Natural Language Processing (NLP).
[Samskrita Bharati, New Delhi, Third Print, Dec. 2007, p-146]
Deleë Devesve ÒekeÀejsCe DeäeO³ee³eerûevLem³e leLee HeeefCeveer³eJ³eekeÀjCem³e cenlJeb JewefMeäîeáe efJeÜefÓë
mJeerke=Àleced ~ DeHejáe met$eHeeþ-OeelegHeeþ-ieCeHeeþ-GCeeefoHeeþ-efue²evegMeemeveªHekeÀHeáee²J³eekeÀjCesve men
HeeefCeefveefMe#ee-efÜªHekeÀesMe-HeeleeueefJepe³eûevLeeveeb ÒeCeslee HeeefCeefveë YeJeefle Fefle HejcHeje ~
HeeefCeveer³eJ³eekeÀjCem³e yengefJeOeeefve JewefMeäîeeefve meefvle ~ De$e DevegJele&vekeÀewMeueb oMe&veer³eced
Fefle ~ DevegJele&vem³e meeOeejCeefve³eceë YeJeefle HejJeÊeeamet$es ³eeqÜYeÊeÀîevleb Heob efJeÐeles leefÜYeÊeÀîevleb Heob
HetJe&met$eeled meeOeejCeleë veevegJeÊe&les, Hejvleg meceeveefJeYeÊeÀîevleb efJeMes<eCeceLeJee efJeOes³eHeocevegJeÊe&les ~
³eLeeö``nuevl³eced“ (1-3-3) ~ Fn `nued' Fefle Heob efJeMes<³eb leLee `Devl³eced' Fefle Heob efJeMes<eCeced ~
Hegveë De$e GYe³eHeob ÒeLeceevleesÎsM³eHeoced ~ leleë ``GHeosMesçpevegveeefmekeÀ Fled“(1-3-2) Fefle met$eeled
`De®ed DevegveeefmekeÀë' Fefle efJeMes<³eefJeMes<eCeelcekeÀÒeLeceevleesÎsM³eHeob veevegJeÊe&les, Hejvleg `GHeosMes' Fefle
meHlec³evleb Heob leLee `Fled' Fefle ÒeLeceevleesÎsM³eHeob DevegJeÊexles ~ Hegveë DevegJe=efÊe#es$es keÀefleHe³eefJeMes<eefve³eceeë
DeefHe efJeÐevles ~ De$e SJeceJeOes³eb ³eled DeäeO³ee³³eecevegJe=efÊeë Hegve©ÊeÀoes<eb efvejekeÀjesefle Fefle ~ SleoefleefjÊeÀ#es$es
heeefCevesë JewefMeäîeceefHe GHeueY³eles ~ FlkeÀjCes heeefCevesë keÀewMeueb leg DevegkeÀjCeer³eced ~ heeefCevesë FlkeÀe³exCe
mJejefJeOeeveeefokeÀe³ee&efCe YeJeefvle ~ Hegveë Òee®eervekeÀeues efJejecejefnleYeeJesve DeäeO³ee³³eeë j®evee DeYeJeled ~
³eLee - Je=ef×jeowpeos²§Ceë....~ Deleë SleoLe¥ ®ekeÀejeefoÒe³eesiekeÀewMeueb HeeefCeefvevee efve×e&efjleced ~ DeHej_®e
DeäkeÀm³e j®evee Heeje³eCekeÀewMeueb ue#eerke=Àl³e SJe DeYeJeefoefle Òeleer³eles ~ mecYeJeleëHeeefCevesë
De³eceefYeÒee³ejemeerled J³eJenejë MeefÊeÀûeenkeÀefMejesceefCeefjefle ~ leleë SleoLe¥ lem³e met$eeefCe ÖeceeCeeefve, ³eLeeö``leoefMe<³eb
meb%eeÒeceeCelJeeled“ (Hee., 1-2-53), ``ÒeOeeveÒel³e³eeLe&Je®eveceLe&m³eev³eÒeceeCelJeeled“ (Hee., 1-2-56) ~
Hegveë HeeefCeveer³emet$eeCeeb ieeefCeeflekeÀefJeÍ}s<eCeceefHe DeOegvee Heefjo=M³eles ~ DeeqmceeqvJe<e³es GÊeÀceefmleö
``Panini’s Astadhyayi which gives a mathematical mode (Vidya Nivas
Mishra, The Descriptive technique of Panini, Parish, 1966, pp. 10-
22) of grammatical description is regarded as one of the greatest
monuments of human intelligence“. (L. Bloomfield, Language, p. 11)
Demceeled HeeefCevesjvevlejb keÀel³ee³eveë Dem³eeë HejcHeje³eeë ÒeceeCeYetlee®ee³e&ë YeJeefle ~
keÀel³ee³eveeovevlejb Mes<eeJeleejë YeieJeeved Hele¡eefueë Deeie®íefle ~ De³eb ef$ecegefveHejcHeje³eeb ``³eLeesÊejb
cegveerveeb ÒeeceeC³eced“ Fefle v³ee³esve ÒeceeCeYetlee®ee³e&ë YeJeefle ~ Hele¡euesjvevlejb YeÊe&=nefj-pe³eeefol³e-Jeeceve-
YeÆesefpeoeref#ele-keÀewC[YeÆ-nefjoeref#ele-veeiesMe-HegC³ejepe-nsueejepe-JejojepeÒeYe=le³eë Òeefme×eë Dee®ee³ee&ë
YeJeefvle ~ Sles<eg YeÊe&=nefjë ®elegLe&cegefveªHesCe Heefjef®eleë YeJeefle ~
HeeefCeveer³eJ³eekeÀjCem³e efJekeÀemeHejcHejeb ³eefo HeM³eeceë, leefn& SJeb ¢M³eles F³eb HejcHeje
veJeÒekeÀejkeÀe YeJeefle ~ ³eLee- met$eHejcHeje, Je=efÊeHejcHeje, Jeeefle&keÀHejcHeje, Yee<³eHejcHeje, oMe&veHejcHeje,
Òeef¬eÀ³eeHejcHeje, efme×evleHejcHeje, J³eJenejHejcHeje, DeeOegefvekeÀHejcHeje ®e ~
³eeqlkeÀceefHe Jee YeJeleg HeeefCeefvevee DeäeO³ee³³eeb MeyoeveecevegMeemevee³e Òe³eemeë ke=Àleë ~ SJeb
efve³ev$eCeceefHe ke=Àleced ~ Hejvleg keÀeueevlejs DeveskesÀ<eeb Meyoeveeb efve³ev$eCeb heeefCeefvemet$esCe ve mebpeeleced ~ SleoLe¥
keÀejCeÜ³eb mecYeeJ³eles ~
(1) mece³em³e ÒeJeenevegmeejsCe kesÀ<eeef_®eled Meyoeveeb HeefjJeÊe&veb peeleced ~
(2) keÀefleef®eled vetleveeë Meyoeë vetleveeM®e Òe³eesieeë Yee<ee³eeb mebie=nerleeë ~ Deleë Meyom³e
efJe<e³es HeeefCeveer³eefve³eceë efMeefLeueë peeleë ~ Yee<ee³eeë HeefjJeÊe&vesve HeefjJe×&vesve ®e Sleled meJe¥ mJeeYeeefJekebÀ
YeJeefle Fefle ~ HeeefCevesë GÊejJeefle&veë Jew³eekeÀjCeeë J³eekeÀjCeefve³ecesve efve³ev$eCee³e ®esefäleJevleë ~ les<eeb
Òe³eemeë efÜefJeOeë o=M³eles, ³eLee- (1) HeeefCeveer³eJ³eekeÀjCeceeOeejerke=Àl³e ke=Àleë Òe³eemeë, (2) veJeerveJ³eekeÀjCe-
HejcHeje³eeë ÒeejcYeë ~ HeeefCeefveJ³eekeÀjCeceeOeejerke=Àl³e ie®ívleë Jew³eekeÀjCeeë DeäeO³ee³³eeë mJejtHee#egCCee³e
Òe³eemeb ke=ÀleJevleë ~ Deleë De$e efkebÀef®eled HeefjJele&veb ke=ÀlJee vetleveeveeb Meyoeveeb meeOeglJeÒeefleHeeoveb ke=Àleced ~
³es<eeb Òe³eesieeCeeb meeOeglJeb HeeefCeefveÒeCeerlemet$ewë ve peeleb, ³es ®e leogÊejJeefle&keÀeues Òe®eefueleeë veemeved, les<eeb
meeOeglJeÒeoMe&vee³e HejJeefle&Jew³eekeÀjCeeë Yee<eeefJeMeejoë ®e efve³eceeë ÒeCe³eefvle ~
Dele SJe ³eeqlkeÀceefHe Jee YeJeleg J³eekeÀjCeeLe¥ Dee®ee³e&HeeefCeefveë, HeeefCeveer³eHejcHeje³eeë Dev³esçefHe
Dee®ee³ee&ë, HeeefCeveer³eJ³eekeÀjCes mce=leeë Dee®ee³ee&ë, HeeefCevesë HetJe&Jeleea-Dee®ee³ee&ë, HejJeleea-Dee®ee³ee&ë
efve³eceÒeCe³eves ®esefäleeë Deemeved ~ Sles<eeb meeqcceefueleÒe³eemeevegmeejsCe mecÒeefle mebmke=ÀleJ³eekeÀjCeb peieefle
HeleekeÀe³eles ~ DeOegvee mebmke=ÀleJ³eekeÀjCem³e cenlJeb ue#eerke=Àl³e meceûeefJeées Yee<eeefJe%eeveeefoceeO³ecesve Dem³e
He³ee&Hleeuees®eveb YeJeefle ~ FocesJe mebmke=ÀleJ³eekeÀjCem³e HeÀueced ~
deg
J³eekeÀjCeHejcHeje³eeceeieceeë
[eB. meesceejeCeervevoer
Deeieceë SkeÀë J³eekeÀjCemecceleefJeefOe Fefle Jew³eekeÀjCeeë DeefYeue<eefvle ~ Òeke=Àlesë Òel³e³em³e
Jee DeefleefjkeÌleªHesCe JeCeexHeefmLeefleë efve³eceesç³eb HeeefCeveer³eJ³eekeÀjCes ÒeeH³eles ~ keÀesç³eceeieceë Fefle efJe<e³es
lewefÊejer³eÒeefleMeeK³em³e J³eeK³ee³eecegkeÌleceefmle-`Dev³e$e efJeÐeceevemleg ³ees JeCe&ë Þet³elesçefOekeÀë ~
Deeiec³eceevelegu³elJeelme Deeiece Fefle mce=leë ~~' (Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar,
p., 51) ~ Hegveë Deeqmceved DeeieceefJe<e³es keÀeefMekeÀe³eecegkeÌleceefmleö
JeCee&iecees JeCe&efJeHe³e&³e½e Üew ®eeHejew JeCe&efJekeÀejveeMeew ~
OeeleesmleoLee&efleMe³esve ³eesiemleog®³eles HeáeefJeOeb efve©keÌleced ~~ (Hee.met.,6/3/109)
Hegveë DeeieceefJe<e³es efme×evlekeÀewcegoerkeÀejsCe G®³eles ö
YeJesÜCee&iecee×bmeë efmebnes JeCe&efJeHe³e&³eeled ~
iet{eslcee JeCe&efJeke=ÀlesJe&Ce&veeMeelHe=<eesojced ~~ (efme×evlekeÀewcegoer.1034, Hee.met., 6/3/109)
JeCee&ieceeod nbmeHeob nmedOeeleesë `He®eeÐeef®e' Fl³evesve DevegmJeejeiecees YetlJee efme×îeefle ~ Deleë
DemceeosJeb %ee³eles DeeieceefJeefOeë J³eekeÀjCes SkeÀmJeerke=ÀleefJeefOeë YeJeefle ~
HeeefCeveer³eJ³eekeÀjCeûevLes ef$ebMeoefOekeÀmebK³ekeÀeë Deeieceeë meefvle ~ keÀoeef®eoeieceeë DevegyevOe³egkeÌleeë
YeJeefvle keÀoeef®eled les DevegyevOejefnleeë YeJeefvle ~ Òee³eleë DevegyevOeefJe³egkeÌleeieceeë SkeÀJeCee&lcekeÀeë YeJeefvle
J³eekeÀjCeHejcHeje³eeced ~ ³eLee– legkedÀ , mleg + legkedÀ + keÌ³eHed = Fl³e ~ efYeVeefYeVeJ³eekeÀjCeHejcHeje³eeced
DeeieceefJeefOeefJe<e³es JeCe&vee ÒeeH³eles ~ Deeieceeë DeveskeÀÒekeÀejkeÀeë YeJeefvle ~ HeeefCeveer³eHejcHeje³eeb efceoeieceeë
Devl³eeled De®eë Devevlejced Deeie®íefvle (1/1/47) ~ lesvewJe ÒekeÀejsCe efìoeieceeë DeeÐeeJe³eJeeë
YeJeefvle leLee efkeÀoeieceeë Devl³eeJe³eJeeë YeJeefvle (1/1/46)~ DeOegvee efJeefJeOeJ³eekeÀjCeHejcHejeÒeeHle-
keÀefleHe³eke=ÀoefOekeÀejevleie&leeieceeveeb mebef#eHleeuees®eveb ce³ee efJeOeer³eles ~
HeeefCeveer³eJ³eekeÀjCes DeeieceefJeefOeë -
Deced- ``me=efpe¢MeesPe&u³eceefkeÀefle'' (Hee.met., 6/1/58) Fl³evesve Deced ~ ³eLee-ñeäJ³eced ~
legkedÀ- ’ÛmJem³e efHeefle ke=Àefle legkedÀ'' (Hee.met., 6 /1 /71) Fl³evesve legkedÀ ~ ³eLee-mlegl³eë ~
cegcedö ``De©efÜ&<eopevlem³e cegced'' (Hee. met., 6 /3 /67) Fl³evesve cegced ~ ³eLee-De©vlegoë ~
vegced ö ’Mes ceg®eeoerveeced'' (Hee. met., 7 /1/ 59 ) Fl³evesve vegced ~ ³eLee-ceg_®eefle ~
cegkeÀd- ``Deeves cegkedÀ'' (Hee. met., 7 /2/ 82)~ Fl³evesve cegkedÀ ~ ³eLee- He®eceeveë ~
³egkedÀ- ``Deelees ³egkedÀ ef®eCke=Àleesë'' (Hee. met., 7 /3 /33) Fl³evesve ³egkedÀ ~ ³eLee- oe³ekeÀë ~
DevegmJeejë-``DevegveeefmekeÀeled HejesçvegmJeejë'' (Hee. met., 8/3/4 ) Fl³evesve DevegmJeejeieceë ~ ³eLee-Hegmb keÀesekf eÀueë~
keÀelev$eJ³eekeÀjCes DeeieceefJeefOeë -
Deced-’veeefceveesçced Òel³e³eJe®®ewkeÀmJejm³e''(21) ~ GHeHeom³eeveJ³e³em³ewkeÀmJejm³e veeefceveë Hejesçced
YeJeefle KeevegyevOeÒel³e³eevles Oeeleew Hejs ~ ³eLeeö veeJeccev³eë ~ vejccev³eë ~ ieeccev³eë ~
cekeÀejë-``GHemeiee&odmegogY³ee¥ ueYesë ÒeeiYeeled KeueIe_eesë''(24) ~ Fl³evesve GHemeiee&led Hejm³e ueYOeeleesë
Òee*d cekeÀejeiecees YeJeefle KeuedIe_eesë Hejleë , ve leg megogY³ee&ced ~ F&<eledÒeuecYeë, megÒeuecYeë ~
meejmJeleJ³eekeÀjCes DeeieceefJeefOeë -
Fìd- ``ke=Àleë''(3)~ mesìdOeeleesë Hejm³e ke=ÀledÒel³em³e Jemeeosefj[eiecees YeJeefle ~ ³eLee-Yet+ le = = YeefJelee ~
³egkedÀ-``Deelees ³egkedÀ''(6)~ DeekeÀejevlem³e Oeelees³egi& eeiecees YeJeefle ef_eefle efCeefle ®e Hejs ~ ³eLee-oe+Jeg= oe³ekeÀë ~
cegced-`èfiejlesjm³e Jee ueë mJejs Jee®³eë''(12) ~ efieues Hejsçefieuem³e ~ efieueMeyob efJene³e HetJe&m³e cegced
JekeÌleJ³eë ~ ³eLee-efleefceë efieueleerefle efleefcebefieueë ~
legkedÀ-``ÛmJem³e efHeefle ke=Àefle legkedÀ''(56)~ ÛmJem³e efHeefle ke=Àefle Hejs legieeiecees YeJeefle ~ ³eLee-keÀce&ke=Àled
>keÀce& + ke=À + eqkeÌJeHed ~
megìd -``mecHe³e&Hg esY³eë keÀjeslesë megì'd '(efveÿe,1/1/3)~ meb Heefj GHe SY³eë Hejm³e keÀjeslesOee&leesYet&<eCesçLex MeesYevesçLex
®e Jee®³es meefle meg[eiecees YeJeefle ~ ³eLeeö mebemq ¬eÀ³eles mceemeew mebmke=Àleë ~ Heefjeq<¬eÀ³eles mceemeew Heefj<ke=Àleë ~
vegced-``DeH³e³eesjeefVel³eced(139) ~ DeHÒel³e³em³e Òel³e³emecyeefvOeveë DekeÀejelHejm³e Melegefve&l³eb vegceeiecees
YeJeefle F&Heesë Hejleë ~ ³eLee-YeJeefle Fefle YeJeved YeJevleew YeJevleë~
cegiOeyeesOeJ³eekeÀjCes DeeieceefJeefOeë -
leved-``mJem³e leved efHeefle''(983) Fefle met$esCe ÛmJeevleOeeleesë efHeefle Òel³e³es ³eesies leveeiecees YeJeefle ~
³eLee öDee¢l³e > Dee*d ö¢*d (efJeoejCes) + keÌ³eHed , efkeÀÊJeeÃgCeeYeeJes efHeÊJeeled leved ~
Fced-``ceen&eled ¬eÀcees vesced le=Ceë''(993) Fefle met$esCe ceene&led (ceced DeelcevesHeoced Den&leerefle ceen&ë
lemceeled) ¬eÀceë Hejm³e le=Ceë Fced ve m³eeled ~ ³eLee-Òe¬eÀvlee > Òe - ¬eÀced + le=Ced ~
cegCed-``³³eeueYees cegCed''(978) Fl³evesve Dee*d HetJe&m³e ueYedOeeleesë ³ekeÀejs Hejs cegCed Deeiecees YeJeefle ~
³eLee ö DeeuecY³ee ieewë ~
ceved-``je$esce&ved Jee ke=Àefle''(996) Fefle met$esCe je$eew GheHeos ®ejdOeeleesë ke=Àefle Òel³e³es Hejs ceveeiecees YeJeefle
Fefle ~ ³eLee- jeef$eáejë ~
mbef#eHlemeejJ³eekeÀjCes DeeieceefJeefOeë -
vegced-``F<esefj®íd efJeosveg&ced ®e''(56) Fl³evesve efJe×eleesë GÒel³e³es vegceeiecees YeJeefle ~ ³eLee-efJeod (%eeves)+
G = efJevogë ~
Deced-``K³e½eelceceveve'' (32) Fl³evesve DeelceefJe<e³es %eeves Jele&ceeveeled megyevleesHeHeos meefle Ke-Òel³e³es
Deceeiecees YeJeefle ~ ³eLeeö Deelceeveb Òee%eb cev³eles = Òee%ebcev³eë ~
legkedÀ-``¢CeelesÛmJe½e''(61) Fl³evesve ÛmJeevleOeeleesë Hejb efkeÀefle efHeefle Òel³e³es Hejs legieeiecees YeJeefle ~
³eLeeö ¢== + eqkeÌJeHed = oo=led ~
ce- ``veevleefÜ<eo©<eecevleuegkedÀ ®e''(529) Fl³evesve efKeovles Hejs veevleeled efÜ<eleesç©<e½eesÊejs cees YeJeefle ~
S<eecevleuegkedÀ ®e ~ ³eLeeöjepecespe³eë efÜ<evleHeë De©vlegoë ~
nefjveeceece=leJ³eekeÀjCes DeeieceefOeefOeë -
cegced-`èfcele-veKe-HeefjceeCes<eg keÀcce&meg He®eë KeMed'' (245) Fl³evesve efcele-veKe-HeefjceeCekeÀce&efCe GHeHeos meefle
KeMed Òel³e³e³eesiesve cegceeiecees YeJeefle ~ De$e ‘efceleeLe&m³eeefHe’ Fl³eskesÀ~ ³eLee-DeuHe+He®ed+KeMed = DeuHecHe®eë~
³egkeÀd-``Deelees ³egkedÀ'' (Deeb. Òe. 180) Fl³evesve ³egieeieceë YeJeefle ~ ³eLee- oe + CekeÀ = oe³ekeÀë ~
cegkedÀ-``Delees cegieeves'' (5/3) Fl³evesve cegieeieceë YeJeleefle ~ ³eLee- He®eceeveb Jew<CeJeb HeM³e ~ He®ed +
Meeve > He®ed +cegkedÀ + Meeve > He®eceeveë ~
Fìd-``Gefolees Jesìd efkeÌlJe''(ke=À.Òe.82) (5.56) Fl³evesve F[eieceë ~ ³eLee- Yet + keÌle = YeeefJeleë ~
legkedÀ-``JeeceveeÊegkedÀ''(ke=À.Òe.87) Fl³evesve legieeieceë ~ ³eLee- mleg + keÌ³eHed = mlegl³eë~
Devesve ÒekeÀejsCe efYeVeefYeVeJ³eekeÀjCes<eg Deeieceeveeb ke=Àles efve³eceeë ÒeeH³evles ~
J³eekeÀjCeHejcHeje³eeë efJekeÀeMes ye²er³eHegmlekeÀÒekeÀeMekeÀeveeb ³eesieoeveced
®evovekegÀceejceC[ueë
YeejleYetKeC[s mebmke=ÀleJ³eekeÀjCem³e HejcHeje DeefleÒee®eervekeÀeueeosJe Òe®eueefle ~ J³eekeÀjCeb
veece efkeÀced ? J³eeef$eÀ³evles J³eglHeeÐevles Meyoeë Devesvesefle DeLee&led efJe + Dee*d + keÀ= + u³egìd (keÀjCes) =
J³eekeÀjCeced ~ ³eÐeefHe lewefÊejer³emebefnlee³eeb (6/4/7) ``J³eekeÀjesled“ Fefle Heosve J³eekeÀjCem³e cetuemJeªHem³e
GuuesKeë ÒeeH³eles, leLeeefHe Òee³eleë J³eekeÀjCeHeom³e meJe&ÒeLeceÒe³eesieë efve©ÊesÀ ÒeeH³eles ~ ³eLee,- ``ve
meJee&efCe Fefle ieei³eex Jew³eekeÀjCeeveeb ®ewkesÀ ~“ Dem³e DeHejveece YeJeefle ``MeyoevegMeemeveced“ Fefle ~
DevegefMe<³evles DemeeOegMeyosY³ees efJeefJe®³e yeesO³evles Fl³evegMeemeveced ~ Meyoeveeced DevegMeemeveced =
MeyoevegMeemeveced ~ ``keÀle=&keÀce&Ceesë ke=Àefle“ (Hee. 2/3/65) Fefle met$eevegmeejsCe Fn <e<þer efJeYeeqkeÌleë,
keÀjCeeLex u³egìdÒel³e³eë ®e YeJeefle ~ Meem$eHeosve meeceeveeefOekeÀjC³ee®íyoevegMeemeveb veece Meem$eb, le®®e
J³eekeÀjCecesJe ~
efkebÀ veece J³eekeÀjCeced ? Dem³e Me¹e³eeë efvejekeÀjCes Hele_peefueë met$eb J³eekeÀjCeb, Meyoë J³eekeÀjCeb,
Deve³eesë mecegefole©Heb Jee J³eekeÀjCeced Fefle He#e$e³eb mecegHemLeeH³e efme×evleªHesCe met$eb J³eekeÀjCeefceefle
efme×evleb ÒeefleHeeo³eefle ~ ³eLee,- ``DeLe Jee Hegvejmleg met$eced ~ veveg ®eesÊeÀced ~ met$es J³eekeÀjCes <e<þL³eexçvegHeHeVeë
Fefle ~ vew<e oes<eë ~ J³eHeosefMeJeÓeJesve YeefJe<³eefle ~“ (HemHeMeeefÚkeÀced)
HejcHeje³eecegÊeÀceefmle,-
Òeke=Àl³eeefoefJeYeeiesve MeyoeveecevegefMe<³eles ~
meeOeglJeb ³esve leled Meeðeb JesÐeb J³eekeÀjCeeefYeOeced ~~
J³eeef¬eÀ³evles Heoeveern ef¬eÀ³evles vetleveeefve ®e ~
DevJeeK³eevemce=eflemlemceeogkeÌlee J³eekeÀjCeb yegOewë ~~
³eled efkeÀceefHe Jee YeJeleg Yeejles J³eekeÀjCeeJeleejë DeefleÒe®eerveë ~ JewefokeÀkeÀeueeled ÒeefleMeeK³e-
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ye²er³eHegmlekeÀÒekeÀeMekeÀeveeb mebmke=ÀleJ³eekeÀjCeHejcHeje³eeë efJekeÀeMes efkeÀ³eled ³eesieoeveb efJeÐeles leefÜ<e³eceeefÞel³e
Deeuees®evee efJeOeer³eles ~
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efvecves Heefþleeë YeJeefvle ~ veeceJee®ekeÀlJeeled HegmlekeÀÒekeÀeMekeÀeveeb veeceeefve ª{Heoeefve YeJeefvle ~ Hejvleg
Yee<ee³eeb J³eJenejeLe¥ les<eeefcen meefJeYeeqkeÌlekeÀefveoxMeë ef¬eÀ³eles ~
1. meosMeë, 101/efme, efJeJeskeÀevevo jes[, keÀesuekeÀelee, 700006
2. mebmke=Àle - yegkedÀ - ef[Hees, 28/1, efJeOeeve mejCeer, keÀesuekeÀelee, 700006
3. mebmke=Àle -HegmlekeÀ- YeeC[ejced, 38, efJeOeeve mejCeer, keÀesuekeÀelee, 700006
4. keÀ©Cee-ÒekeÀeMeveer, 18S, ìwceej uesved, keÀesuekeÀelee, 700009
5. meeefnl³e -efvekesÀleveced, kesÀ 3/10, ceekeÀe&me mkeÀes³eej, keÀesuekeÀelee, 700007
6. yeveejme - cekexÀvìeFue - keÀcHeeveer, 125,cenelcee ieebOeer jes[, keÀesuekeÀelee, 700007
7. jJeervê - Yeejleer - efJeéeefJeÐeeue³eë, 56S, yeejekeÌHegj ì^¹ jes[, keÀesuekeÀelee, 700050
8. JeOe&ceeve- efJeéeefJeÐeeue³eë, JeOe&ceeveced, Heef½eceye²ÒeosMeë
9. ÒeesûesefmeYe- yegkedÀ -HeÀesjced, 33, keÀuespe jes[, keÀesuekeÀelee, 700009
10. efo -{ekeÀe -mìg[sCìmed -ueeFJe´sjer, 5, M³eecee®ejCe os äêrìd, keÀesuekeÀelee, 700073
11. peevekeÀerveeLe -efÒeeeqCìb -DeeC[ -HeeqyueefMeb -neGmed, efme.DeeF&.efì. efyeefu[b, efmebnerJeeieeved, keÀesuekeÀelee,
700007
12. ®eÆesHeeO³ee³e- yeéoeme&, keÀesuekeÀelee
13. Heef½eceye² -jep³e -HegmlekeÀ- He<e&od, keÀesuekeÀelee
14. þekegÀj -yeéoeme&, keÀesuekeÀelee
15. keÀesuekeÀelee -efJeéeefJeÐeeue³eë, keÀesuekeÀelee
16. ³eeoJeHegj -efJeéeefJeÐeeue³eë, keÀesuekeÀelee
17. JeeCeer - HegmlekeÀeue³eë, 22, yeuejece Iees<e äêrìd, keÀesuekeÀelee
18. kesÀ. jes³es, 7, YeJeeveer oÊe uesved, keÀesuekeÀelee
19. keÀesefnvegj- efÒeefvì²- JeekeÀ&med, Decenä& äêrìd, keÀesuekeÀelee
20. Smed. jes³es DeeC[ keÀes., 90/4, S neefjmeved jes[d, keÀesuekeÀelee
21. ieYeCe&cesCì- mebmke=Àle - keÀesuesped, 1, yeef¹ced ®eeìeefpe& äêrìd, keÀesuekeÀelee, 700012
22. efveG- yes²efue -Òesmed, MeesYeeyeepeej, keÀesuekeÀelee
23. Sefme³eeefìkedÀ-meesmeeFefì, keÀesuekeÀelee
24. mebmke=Àle-meeefnl³e-Heefj<eod, keÀesuekeÀelee
25. yesuegjceþë, yesuegjd, keÀesuekeÀelee
ye²ÒeosMes ÒekeÀeefMeles<eg mebmke=ÀleJ³eekeÀjCeHegmlekesÀ<eg SkeÀefmebnYeeieë Slewë HegmlekeÀÒekeÀeMekewÀë
ÒekeÀeefMeleë ~ Sles<eeb mebmke=ÀleevegjkeÌleeveeb Òeefleÿeveeveeb Òe³eemensleesë mebmke=ÀleJ³eekeÀjCeHejcHeje³eeë He³ee&HleefJekeÀeMeë
ye²Yetceew YeJeefle ~ Deleë Sles ÒekeÀeMekeÀeë DeefYevevoveer³eeë YeJeefvle ~ Hegveë J³eeqkeÌleielemlejs efJeÜebmeë
ye²ÒeosMes mebmke=ÀleJ³eekeÀjCeûevLeeved ÒekeÀeefMeleeë Keueg ~ Deleë mebmke=ÀleJ³eekeÀjCeHejcHeje³eeë efJekeÀeMeeLe¥
Sles<eeb meJex<eeb ye²er³eHegmlekeÀÒekeÀeMekeÀeveeb cenlJeHetCe&b ³eesieoeveb efJeÐeles Fefle veeefmle mevosneJekeÀeMeë ~
deg
Status of Philosophy to Sanskrit Grammar : A Brief
Note on Bhartr. hari
Prof. Aruna Ranjan Mishra
mee meJe&efJeÅeeefMeuheeveeb keâueeveeb ÛeesheyevOeveer ~
leÉMeeoefYeefve<heVeb meJeË Jemleg efJeYepÙeles ~~1/125~~
[She (the speech) is the encloser of all sciences, arts and
crafts. All the objects on production get categorized through her
influence. – Vâkyapadi-yam, 1/125]
All philosophical branches in India claim to have shown paths
to the highest good, self-realisation or to the realization of Brahman.
That is the justification for their being the branches of philosophy. In
the Nyâya-sûtra (1/1/1), Gautama says that the knowledge of six-
teen categories leads to the highest well-being – |É¨ÉÉhÉ |É¨ÉäªÉ ... ÊxÉOÉ½þºlÉÉxÉÉxÉÉÆ
iÉk´ÉYÉÉxÉÉÊzÉ&¸ÉäªÉºÉÉÊvÉMÉ¨É&. In the Vaiúesika Sûtra (1/1/4) Kan.âda shows
that the highest well-being can be attained through the knowledge
gained by the similarity and dissimilarity of categories - {ÉnùÉlÉÉÇxÉÉÆ
ºÉÉvÉ¨ªÉÇyewvÉ¨ªÉÉÇ¦ªÉÉÆ iÉk´ÉYÉÉxÉÉÊzÉ&¸ÉäªÉºÉ¨ÉÂ * In Sâm.khya system, the viveka-khyâti
or the knowledge of the difference between Purus.a and Prakr.ti
brings in moks.a or salvation which is the permanent freedom from
three types of pain. So Kapila says in his Sâm.khya-Sûtra (1/1) -
+lÉ ÊjÉÊ´ÉvÉnÖù&JÉÉiªÉxiÉÊxÉ´ÉÞÊkÉ®úiªÉxiÉ{ÉÖ¯û¹ÉÉlÉÇ&* In the Yoga system, mind gets clear
through the practice of eight yogas and then appears viveka-khyâti
or the knowledge of the difference between soul and non-soul. This
knowledge leads to the destruction of agony and to the attainment of
salvation-Ê´É´Éä EòJªÉÉÊiÉ®úÊ´É{±É´ÉÉ ½þ
É xÉÉä
{ ÉÉªÉ& (Y.S., 2/26). In the -mâmsâ,
Pûrva-mi
- .
Jaimini propagates that heaven is the highest good which can be
attained through sacrificial performances or yajña which is the core
of dharma, because all other actions bring in bondage. - So he be-
gins his treatise with- the sûtra - +lÉÉiÉÉä vÉ¨ÉÇÊVÉYÉÉºÉÉ* (Jaiminiyasûtram-1/
1/1). In the Uttarami mâm.sâ the realization of Brahman as non-dif-
ferent from the self is the highest attainment of life. So Brahma-
sûtra begins with +lÉÉiÉÉä ¥ÉÀÊVÉYÉþÉºÉÉ (1/1/1) and the assurance of the
Upanis.adas is cited as the proof for the possibility of the liberation
of soul - ¨ÉÖHò& |ÉÊiÉYÉÉxÉÉiÉÂ (4/4/2).
Thus emancipation of soul has been the aim of all the philo-
sophical branches. Indian poetry and poetics also claim to have this
aim when all the poeticians agree to declare caturvarga as the goal
of poetry and many equate poetic rasa with Brahmânanda. How-
ever although poeticians propagate such opinions they never claim
poetics or literature to be a part of philosophy.
On the other hand the ancient thinkers of Indian grammati-
cal system have openly asserted that grammar having been a study
of s'abdabrahma is a type of philosophy. Its connection with the
language of gods and with the Veda and its interpretations make it
rightfully, as they say, almost a philosophical system. In the Yajurveda
(19.77)1, it is hinted that prajâpati connected the operations of gram-
mar with truth and faith. Hence the ancient - theorists might have seen
philosophy in grammar. In the Taittiri ya Sam.hitâ (6.4.7) it is said
that initially the elements of Vâk was unmanifest. Indra facilitated its
manifestation (vyâkaran.a) on the request of gods. Thus the speech
2
elements were called vyâkr.tâ vâk . In the Mun.d.akopanis.ad (1/1)
and Gopatha Brâhma¸(1/24) also we get the word ‘vyâkaran.a’.
Thus the Vedic references to the concept and subject might have
bolstered the idea of recognizing grammar as a philosophy. Gram-
marians can remind about the Vedic proof for the philosophical sta-
tus of grammar- xÉÉ¨É°ü{Éä ´ªÉÉEò®ú´ÉÉÊhÉ (UôÉxnùÉäMªÉÉä, 6/3/2). So showing the
word and meaning in œabdabrahma the system of grammar vindi-
cates its status of philosophy. When word is accepted as Brahman
(´ÉÉMÉÂ ´Éè ¥ÉÀ - ye=Þ½þnùÉ®úþhªÉEòÉä{ÉÊxÉ¹Énù, 4/1/2; ´ÉÉÎMPÉ ¥ÉÀ -Bä.¥ÉÉ., 2/15), grammar, the
study of words has to be regarded as philosophy.Œa´karâcârya has
also declared that those who honestly study grammar cross the re-
gion of death- iÉä ¨ÉÞiªÉÖ¨ÉÊiÉ´ÉiÉÇxiÉä ªÉä ´Éè ´ÉÉSÉ¨ÉÖ{ÉÉºÉiÉä (¶ÉÉRÂóEò®ú¦ÉÉ¹ªÉÆ on ¥É.ºÉÚ. 1/3/8).
On the other hand in the Kiskindhyâ Kân.·a of Râmâyan.a,
Râma praised the knowledge of grammar of Hanuman, who al-
though spoke at length did not commit any mistake -
xÉÚxÉÆ ´ªÉÉEò®úhÉÆ EÞòiºxÉ¨ÉxÉäxÉ ye½ÖþvÉÉ ¸ÉÖiÉ¨ÉÂ*
ye½Öþ ´ªÉÉ½þ®úiÉÉxÉäxÉ xÉ ÊEòÎ\SÉnù{É¶ÉÎynùiÉ¨ÉÂ ** (®úÉ¨ÉÉªÉhÉ¨ÉÂ, 4/3/29)
In Mahâbhârata (Uddyoga-parva) the sage Sanat-sujâta
advises Dhr.tarâs.t.ra many things required for the realization of the
Supreme Being. In that context he hints that by manifesting all the
meanings a pundit is a grammarian in the micro level and the Brah-
man is so in the macro-level. Such a declaration of Brahman as the
Supreme Grammarian fetches grammar a status of philosophy –
ºÉ´ÉÉÇlÉÉÇxÉÉÆ ´ªÉÉEò®úhÉÉnÂù ´ÉèªÉÉEò®úhÉ =SªÉiÉä *
iÉx¨ÉÚ±ÉiÉÉä ´ªÉÉEò®úhÉÆ ´ªÉÉEò®úÉäiÉÒÊiÉ iÉiÉÂ iÉlÉÉ * (Maha-bha-rata, 5/43/61)
The old Indian tradition recognizes œabdabrahma as
Parambrahma. Maha-bha-rata says that one who is expert in con-
centrating on the œabdabrahma by studying grammar and Veda
etc, finally attains the Parambrahma :
uäù ¥ÉÀhÉÒ ´ÉäÊnùiÉ´ªÉä ¶Éynù¥ÉÀ {É®Æú SÉ ªÉiÉÂ *
¶Éyn¥ÉÀÊhÉ ÊxÉ¹hÉÉiÉ& {É®Æú¥ÉÀÉÊvÉMÉSUôÊiÉ ** (¨É.¦ÉÉ, ¶ÉÉÎxiÉ{É´ÉÇ, 232/30)
The Supreme Being is perceived as the Œabdabrahma by
the grammarians like Bhartr.hari –
+xÉÉÊnùÊxÉvÉxÉÆ ¥ÉÀ ¶ÉyniÉk´ÉÆ ªÉnùIÉ®ú¨ÉÂ*
Ê´É´ÉiÉÇiÉä%lÉÇ¦ÉÉ´ÉäxÉ |ÉÊGòªÉÉ VÉMÉiÉÉä ªÉiÉ&** (V.P., 1/1)
The whole universe is created from the s'abda aspect of the
supreme Being. There is no difference of opinion among the Dvaita,
Advaita and Vis'is.t.âdvaita theorists on the Verbal element of Brahman.
This idea of Maha-bha-rata is followed by Patañjali the au-
thor of vyâkaran - .a¸a Mahâbhâs.ya, Bhartr.hari, the author of
Vâkyapadi ya and by many others. In the Paspaúâhnika of
Mahâbhâs.ya, Patañjali says that only after having the sacred thread
ceremony, Brahmin boys were studying grammar – {ÉÖ®úÉEò±{É BiÉnùÉºÉÒiÉÂ
ºÉÆºEòÉ®úÉkä É®úEòÉ±ÉÆ ¥ÉÉÀhÉÉ ´ªÉÉEò®úhÉÆ º¨ÉÉvÉÒªÉiÉä (Ed. S.D. Joshi, University of Pune,
1986, p. 16). He has declared that grammar is one of thoses branches
of study which should be studied even without any specific cause or
gain - ¥ÉÉÀhÉäxÉ ÊxÉ¹EòÉ®úhÉÉä vÉ¨ÉÇ& ¹Éc÷RÂóMÉÉä ´ÉänùÉä%vªÉäªÉÉä YÉäªÉ¶SÉ* (ibid, p. 7).
Now, why grammar is a philosophy & why it should be
read even without a gain? Patañjali replies that word is eternal &
meaning is eternal. The relation between the two is also eternal. A
science dealing with eternity has to be philosophy. Words are eter-
nal because no body creates words like pot etc. by a potter. Some-
body may ask for a pot in a potter’s house. But nobody orders for
some words in a grammarian's house. Words and meanings exist
eternally. Their eternal relationship is discovered & used by human
3
beings . Thus grammar analyses the pravr.tti-nimitta (motive for
using) of words. The knowledge of this motive is very subtle and it
leads to the knowledge of Œabdabrahma which - is nothing but eter-
nal ambrosia. So Bhartr.hari in his Vâkyapadi ya (V.P.) says - iÉºªÉ
|É´ÉÞÊkÉiÉk´ÉYÉºiÉnÂù¥ÉÀÉ¨ÉÞiÉ¨É¶xÉÖiÉä ** (1/131). Hence Patañjali says a user of the
right words attains victory even in the other world - ºÉÉäxÉxiÉ¨ÉÉ{xÉÉäÊiÉ VÉªÉÆ
{É®újÉ ... (S.D. Joshi, op.cit,-p. 9) A thorough knowledge of grammar
makes the supreme Vân.i kind, who compassionately discloses all
4
her secrets like a wife to her husband .
Bhartr.hari says that grammar is nearest to the Brahman, and
studying it is the best among all penances. This is because wises say
grammar as the first limb of the Vedas –
+ÉºÉzÉÆ ¥ÉÀhÉºiÉºªÉ iÉ{ÉºÉÉ¨ÉÖkÉ¨ÉÆ iÉ{É&*
|ÉlÉ¨ÉÆ UôxnùºÉÉ¨ÉRÂóMÉ¨ÉÉ½Öþ´ªÉÉÇEò®úhÉÆ yeÖvÉÉ&** (V.P., 1/11)
Bhartr.hari says that grammar is a straight path towards that
holiest of lights (illuminators) and that supreme essence of speech
(i.e., Œabdabrahma) which has assumed different classes of forms –
|ÉÉ{iÉ°ü{ÉÊ´É¦ÉÉMÉÉªÉÉ ªÉÉä ´ÉÉSÉ& {É®ú¨ÉÉä ®úºÉ&*
ªÉiiÉiÉÂ{ÉÖhªÉiÉ¨ÉÆ VªÉÉäÊiÉºiÉºªÉ ¨ÉÉMÉÉæ%ªÉ¨ÉÉ\VÉºÉ&** (V.P., 1/12)
Grammar is the gate way to liberation, a corrective to the
flaws of speech and is purifier of all the vidyâs. It shines over all of
5
them . Such a notion of Bhartr.hari about grammar is a great support
to Patañjali’s Philosophy model that provides a proximity with the
supreme God through the study of grammar - ¨É½þiÉÉ näù´ÉäxÉ xÉ& ºÉÉ¨ªÉÆ ªÉlÉÉ
ºªÉÉÊnùiªÉvªÉäªÉÆ ´ªÉÉEò®úhÉ¨ÉÂ** (¨É½þÉ¦ÉÉ¹ªÉ¨ÉÂ, {Éº{É¶ÉÉ. Ed. S.D. Joshi, op.cit, p. 12). In
the same tone, Bhartr.hari says that supreme being is attained by
taking recourse to grammar – iÉnÂù ´ªÉÉEò®úhÉ¨ÉÉMÉ¨ªÉ {É®Æú ¥ÉÀÉÊvÉMÉ¨ªÉiÉä** (V.P., 1/
22). This happens because Brahman is the essence of speech. As
the soul it exists inside the sphere of antah.karan.a. It is the inner
knower that dwells in the subtle quintessential speech and transforms
itself into audible speech for the purpose of revealing nature. This su-
preme consciousness takes the form of mind and after being baked in
fire of the stomach, it enters the life-breath and then gets-uttered –
+lÉÉªÉ¨ÉÉxiÉ®úÉä YÉÉiÉÉ ºÉÚIù¨Éä ´ÉÉMÉÉi¨ÉÊxÉ ÎºlÉiÉ& *
´ªÉHòªÉä º´ÉºªÉ °ü{ÉºªÉ ¶Éynùi´ÉäxÉ Ê´É´ÉkÉÇiÉä **
ºÉ ¨ÉxÉÉä¦ÉÉ´É¨ÉÉ{Ét iÉäVÉºÉÉ {ÉÉEò¨ÉÉMÉiÉ&*
´ÉÉªÉÖ¨ÉÉÊ´É¶ÉÊiÉ |ÉÉhÉ¨ÉlÉÉºÉÉè ºÉ¨ÉÖnùÒªÉÇiÉä** (V.P., 1/112-13)
Therefore, every utterance is the transformation of the su-
preme consciousness, and grammar is a means for going near that
consciousness through the linguistic analysis. That Pure Light, the final
essence of speech and free of any form appears in several forms of
expression in this darkness of crude world of ignorance. The wise who
after knowing the secrets of grammar has transcended the manifested
speech showing form and action, and hence crossed beyond the mun-
6
dane light and darkness goes closer to that supreme consciousness .
Bhartr.hari observes that a soul-that has crossed over all
grammatical errors and has ability to study the Vedas-realises Brah-
man, the source of the Vedas and whose person is constituted of the
Veda (in the form of pran.ava):
+jÉÉiÉÒiÉÊ´É{ÉªÉÉÇºÉ& Eäò´É±ÉÉ¨ÉxÉÖ{É¶ªÉÊiÉ*
UôxnùºªÉSUôxnùºÉÉÆ ªÉÉäÊxÉ¨ÉÉi¨ÉÉ UôxnùÉä¨ÉªÉÓ iÉxÉÖ¨ÉÂ** (V.P., 1/17)
Actually Bhartr.hari’s philosophisation of grammar is based
more on the logic that human reasoning is nothing but the power of
words. The process of logic, which is never based on non-scriptures, is
very much in accordance with the words or verbal expressions-
¶ÉynùÉxÉÉ¨Éä´É ºÉÉ ¶ÉÊHòºiÉEòÉæ ªÉ& {ÉÖ¯û¹ÉÉ¸ÉªÉ&*
¶ÉynùùÉxÉxÉÖMÉiÉÉä xªÉÉªÉÉä%xÉÉMÉ¨Éä¹´ÉÊxÉyùÉxvÉxÉ&** (V.P., 1/138)
Thus for jñânmârgins who depend on logic, reasoning and
arguments, the knowledge of grammar becomes important for the
realization of Brahman. Even those who are in Bhaktimârga have
to read and understand Bhaktis'âstra and stotras through a good
expertise in grammar. So Bhartr.hari says :
ºÉÉvÉÖi´ÉYÉÉxÉÊ´É¹ÉªÉÉ ºÉè¹ÉÉ ´ªÉÉEò®úhÉº¨ÉÞÊiÉ&*
+Ê´ÉSUäônäùxÉ Ê¶É¹]õõÉxÉÉÊ¨ÉnÆù º¨ÉÞÊiÉÊxÉyùÉxvÉxÉ¨ÉÂ** (V.P., 1/142)
Conclusion : In this way the philosophical identity of grammar is
recognized from a very ancient times. The theory of ‘Eternity of
Word’ propounded by Audumbarâyan.a has been analysed directly
or indirectly by Yâska in his Nirukta. Then Sphot.âyan, Pân.ini and
Patañjali nourished that tradition of thought giving a credential of
philosophy to grammar. The whole of this thought is crystalised in
the first Kân.·a of V.P., where it is found that word, soul and Bull (a
symbol of Œiva’s knowledge), are juxtaposed. Speech exists in
speaker as his soul, which is the Bull with whom an identity is the
goal of all sâdhakas. Œiva is the creator of œabdatattva or gram-
mar. So the mention of Vr.s.abha (Bull) is important here. A flawless
speech through grammar fetches the proximity to that Bull and S'iva.
One who knows the secret working of words through grammar
attains the nectar of Brahman –
+Ê{É |ÉªÉÉäHÖò®úÉi¨ÉÉxÉÆ ¶Éynù¨ÉxiÉ®ú´ÉÎºlÉiÉ¨ÉÂ*
|ÉÉ½Öþ¨ÉÇ½þÉxiÉ¨ÉÞ¹É¦ÉÆ ªÉäxÉ ºÉÉªÉÖVªÉÊ¨É¹ªÉiÉä**
iÉº¨ÉÉt& ¶ÉynºÉÆºEòÉ®ú& ºÉÉ ÊºÉÊrù& {É®ú¨ÉÉi¨ÉxÉ&*
iÉºªÉ |É´ÉÞÊkÉiÉk´ÉYÉºiÉnÂùye´ÀÉ¨ÉÞiÉÊ¨É¹ªÉiÉä** (V.P., 1/131-32)
Foot Notes
1. où¹]Âõ´ÉÉ °ü{Éä ´ªÉÉEò®úÉäiÉÂ ºÉiªÉÉxÉÞiÉä |ÉVÉÉ{ÉÊiÉ&*
+¸ÉrùÉ¨ÉxÉÞiÉä nùvÉÉiÉÂ ¸ÉrùÉÆ ºÉiªÉä |ÉVÉÉ{ÉÊiÉ&** (ªÉVÉÖ´É&änù&, 19/77)
2. ´ÉÉMÉÂ ´Éè {É®úÉSªÉ´ªÉÉEÞòiÉÉ´ÉnùiÉÂ iÉä näù´ÉÉ <xpùù¨É¥ÉÖ´ÉxÉÂ <¨ÉÉÆ ´ÉÉSÉÆ xÉÉä ´ªÉÉEÖòÐ´´ÉÊiÉ* iÉÉÊ¨ÉxpùÉä
¨ÉvªÉiÉÉä%´ÉGò¨ªÉ ´ªÉÉEò®úÉäiÉÂ iÉº¨ÉÉÊnùªÉÆ ´ªÉÉEÞòiÉÉ ´ÉÉMÉÖSªÉiÉä** (iÉè. ºÉÆ., 6/4/7)
3. ªÉ±±ÉÉäEäòlÉÇ¨ÉlÉÇ¨ÉÖ{ÉÉnùÉªÉ ¶ÉynùÉxÉÂ |ÉªÉÖ\SÉiÉä, xÉè¹ÉÉÆ ÊxÉ´ÉkÉÉè ªÉixÉÆ EÖò´ÉÇÎxiÉ* ªÉä {ÉÖxÉ& EòÉªÉÉÇ
¦ÉÉ´ÉÉ ÊxÉ´ÉÞkÉÉè iÉÉ´ÉkÉä¹ÉÉÆ ªÉixÉ& ÊGòªÉiÉä* iÉtlÉÉ – PÉ]äõùxÉ EòÉªÉÈ EòÊ®¹ªÉxÉÂ EÖò¨¦ÉEòÉ®úEÖò±ÉÆ
MÉi´ÉÉ½þ – EÖò¯û PÉ]Æõ EòÉªÉÇ¨ÉxÉäxÉ EòÊ®ú¹ªÉÉÊ¨É* xÉ iÉÉ´ÉSUôynùÉxÉÂ |ÉªÉÖªÉÖIÉ¨ÉÉhÉäÉ ´ÉèªÉÉEò®úhÉEÖò±ÉÆ
MÉi´ÉÉ½þ EÖò¯û ¶ÉynùÉÉxÉÂ |ÉªÉÉäIªÉ <ÊiÉ* ({Éº{É¶ÉÉÊÚEò¨ÉÂ, Ed. S.D. Soshi, Univer-
sity of Pune, 1986, p. 25)
4. =iÉ i´É& {É¶ªÉzÉnùnù¶ÉÇ ´ÉÉSÉ¨ÉÖiÉi´É& ¶ÉÞh´ÉzÉ ¶ÉÞhÉÉäiªÉäxÉÉ¨ÉÂ*
=iÉÉä i´Éº¨Éè iÉx´ÉÆ Ê´ÉºÉ»Éä VÉÉªÉä´É {ÉiªÉ =¶ÉiÉÒ ºÉÖ´ÉÉºÉÉ&** (@ñMÉÂ´Éänù&, 10/71/4,
quoted in ibid, p. 13)
5. iÉnÂùuùÉ®ú¨É{É´ÉMÉÇºªÉ ´ÉÉRÂó¨É±ÉÉxÉÉÆ ÊSÉÊEòÎiºÉiÉ¨ÉÂ* -
{ÉÊ´ÉjÉÆ ºÉ´ÉÇÊ´ÉtÉxÉÉ¨ÉÊvÉÊ´ÉtÆ |ÉEòÉ¶ÉiÉä** - The Vâkyapadi ya, Ed. Tra
(Eng) K. Raghavan Pillai, MLBD, Delhi, 1971, 1/14.
6. |ÉiªÉºiÉÊ¨ÉiÉ¦ÉänùÉªÉÉ ªÉuùÉSÉÉä °ü{É¨ÉÖkÉ¨É¨ÉÂ *
ªÉnùÎº¨ÉzÉä´É iÉ¨ÉÊºÉ VªÉÉäÊiÉ& ¶ÉÖrÆù Ê´É´ÉiÉÇiÉä **
´ÉèEÞòiÉÆ ºÉ¨ÉÊiÉGòÉxiÉÉ ¨ÉÚÌkÉ´ªÉÉ{ÉÉ®únù¶ÉÇxÉ¨ÉÂ *
´ªÉiÉÒiªÉÉ±ÉÉäEòiÉ¨ÉºÉÒ |ÉEòÉ¶ÉÆ ªÉ¨ÉÖ{ÉÉºÉiÉä ** (V.P., ibid, 1/18-19)
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Philosophisation of Time (Ka-la) in the Atharvaveda(19.53)
and
its Treatment in Subsequent Philosophical Texts
Prof. Satyajit Layek
Vedas are the first literary documents of art and culture, where
the policy of ‘give and take’ as conceived by the vedic seers was preva-
lent. Considering the functional utility of the mantras, Vya-sadeva
had classified vedas into three groups of sam.hita-s otherwise known
as ‘trayi-’. Although, the Atharvaveda has not been included in the
list of ‘trayi-’ namely, in the group of R.k, Yajus & Sa-ma sam.hita-s
still it proves its philosophical insight and importance as revealed in
the su-ktas like Ka-la( 19.53), Bhu-mi( 12.1) etc. As it is often said
that the Atharvaveda talks about primitive ideas like black magic,
witchcraft or sorcerism and almost all mantras are mere duplica-
tion or re-duplication of the aforesaid mantras, included either of
those three sam.hita-s. Moreover, Sa-yan.a-ca-rya too, for some un-
known reason, did not comment on the ka-lasu-kta, and this is still a
matter of serious concern. Of course, Atharvaveda deals with good
and
. evil - both aspects justified by the two names atharvan and
angirasa - twin priests, who happened to be dedicated to both the
purposes in order to keep a balance in the s'a-stric tradition in gen-
eral and the society in particular. In the vedic tradition, invocation of
deities was done by Hota-, the main priest of the R.gveda. Adhvaryu
was the performer of sacrifice through offerings to the invited dei-
ties. Cultural entertainment was the sole concern of Udga-ta-, who
was the main priest of Sa-maveda. Brahma-, whose status was the
general supervisor, used to watch and prescribe expiation for any
short-comings occur during performances. So, from that point of
view, this Veda too enjoys equal status in the devised procedural
format. Because, the vedic Aryan culture was totally based upon
sacrificial ceremonials, the society was sacrifice oriented and the
economy was agro-based. Needless to say, the ultimate goal of the
vedic Aryans was to obtain liberation through sacrifice. And hence,
there must have been certain spriritual and philosophical values at-
tached to the sam.hita-s. However, this su-kta under discussion ap-
pealed to me in its spirit and matter and therefore, I intend to furnish
the same philosophical speculation as real as it should have been
hinted by the first mantra to the study of time - both eternal and
non-eternal. The first mantra has been explained by Uvat.a-ca-rya
in many ways in order to bring its hidden philosophical purport and
has also tried to connect these essences logically with the reality of
the Universe. The meaning of the word ka- la is ‘kalayita
jagatsarjanakarta-’. In fact, an non-manifested deity, who has the
power of creating the Universe, could be none but the Almighty
brahman.a(praja-pati), who is treated as the eternal soul in modern
parlance. Firstly, ka-la is metaphorically compared with a running
horse, whose mouth, throat and feet are tied up by seven ropes and
has the ability to produce offsprings (apatya). Persons having wis-
dom of as'vas'a-stra (modern term is animal husbandry) can exclu-
sively ride and get off in order to reach their destination. The whole
Universe happened to be its jurisdiction and the wheels of the chariot
could engulf the whole world (vis'va). The derivative meaning of as'va
as defined by the niruktaka-ra Ya-ska-ca-rya as - ‘as'nute vya-pnoti’
i.e. one who pervades. This horse can cover up the entire road
existing in the three ka-las as conceived by the seer for local usage -
past, present and future.
Secondly, the Sun God is being compared with the ka-la which
envelops the Universe. Here we find a good simile. It has seven rays of
seven colours. The Sun God sucks water from the planet Earth and
gives back that in the form of water without which the living being can-
not survive (the required food chain for sustenance of living beings).
People in general, not only crave for water, but also seek it in more
quantity, so that cultivation could go on smoothly; and mortal beings
could thrive on those produced grains. So , in a way, there is a cause-
effect relationship with the activities took up by the people at large and
the help rendered by the Sun God. Every being is impressed by the
blessings of Sun and therefore, the commentator has conceived seven
suns - as compared to saptaras'mi or sapta-s'va. A line runs in its
favour eulogising –‘a-rogo bhra-ja patara patam.ga svarn.ara
jyotis.oman vibhsas.hiti’(Tai.Âra.1.7.1). Furthermore, these seven
rays equated with seven seasons or with the seven vedic meters (ga-
yatri, br.hati etc.). In appreciation he counted rays are of thousand
eyes of ka-la (time manager i.e. su-rya) and quoted fromUdyoga
Parva of Maha-bha-rata (32/52) as follows:
“dva-vimau purus.au loke su-ryaman.d.alabhedino ;
parivra-d yogayuktas'ca ran.e ca-bhimukho hatah. .”
This sun is conceptualised rightly by the seer par excellence as
the soul of the Universe- “su-rya a-tma- jagatastathus.as'ca iti”
(Aai.Âra.2.2.8).
Thirdly, ka-la is compared with the simile of parama-tmana
(the infinite soul), who has the nature of omnipresence and omnipo-
tence. It has the capacity of being product and the producer. In
Indian speculative philosophy, this theory is called as
janyajanakabha-va. Any person could foresee its segmented forma-
tion such as - day, month etc. The other way of obtaining this capital ‘K’
(i.e. parama brahman.a) or Ka-la is bit akin to the Veda-nta tradi-
tion of philosophy, and could be obtained by - s'ravan.a (hearing
of), manana (mentation) and nididhya-sana (meditation), which are
said to be the prime ways of knowing the highest soul.
Fourth explanation of the commentator is - ka-la can play
either the role as father or son (ka-la eva pitr.tvena putratvena
vyvahr.yate). In short, previous birth represents the fatherhood and
the present birth the sonhood. Even, in the one and the same birth
ka-la is treated as like father like son and vice versa by the cosmic
law-‘am.ga-t am.ga-t sambhasi hr.daya-t adhi ja-yase’. Kauthumiya
Upanis.ad supports the same view by saying - ‘a-tma- vai putrana-
masi sam.jiva s'aradas'atam’ (Kau.Upa., 2.11).
s'veta-svetara upanis.ad opines everything came out of time
is regarded a heterodox doctrine. Maitri upanis.ad (6.15) intro-
duced the concept of time and timeless-that which is prior to sun is
timeless and which begins with sun is within the time. Time is also
accounted for prakr.ti (origin) in S'aivism.Such time cycle has three
components - sr.s.t.i (creation), sthiti (existence) and laya (destruc-
tion) regulated by Brahma-, Viss.n.u and Mahes'wara. Each day starts
at early hours and remains all through and disappears in darkness.
The same pattern resembles in every leaving creatures-childhood, adult-
hood and the old days.In this context local usage - ihaka-la in the sense
of present time and paraka-la in the sense of future also in vogue.-
Bhartr.hari, the philosopher grammarian in Va-kyapadiya ka-rika-
(1/3) expresses time as an instrumental cause (nimittaka-ran.a) on the
basis of the fact that in creation, existence and destruction- in all the
three forms time remains in devided state. Bha-s.a-paricchedaka-ra
Bis'wana-tha too echoed the same view. The same topic did not end
here. It became the prime objective of many philosophical schools.
Simply because, philosophy remains always in search of reality and
these six systems of Indian orthodox philosophical schools came
into being; just to safeguard the vedas and uphold the vedic Aryan
culture. Kan.a-da, the founder of the ‘vais'es.ika dars'ana’ intended
to represent the metaphysics of this mundane universe into seven
categories (pada-rthas) namely: substance (dravya), quality (gun.a),
action (karman), generality (sa-ma-nya), particularity (vis'es.a), in-
herence (samava-ya) and negation (abha-va). Out of seven, the first
six are positive entities and the last one is negative. Substance is
again divided into nine sub sets- earth (ks.iti), water (ap), fire (tejas),
air(marut), sky (vyoma), directions (dik), time (ka-la), soul
(dehi)and mind (manas). The purpose of such division may be com-
ing closer to the reality with which we behave in day to day life. Let
me remind you, that during that era, laboratory investigation was not
prevailing, as found in the present day. These are all logical postulations
of cognitive science. After having had the cognition of a particular ob-
ject the cognisor tries to explain it rationally by using his logical sagacity
through languages. Same is the case with time, the seventh count among
substances of the Indian logical system i.e. the vais'es.ika system.
Annambhat..ta, the author of Tarkasam.graha (TS, a pre-
mier philosophical text) tried to define time (ka-la) and says-‘ati-ta-
vyvaha-rahetuh. ka-la’. This definition is totally based upon the us-
age (vyvaha-ra) of living beings such as past or present, day or
night; but does not convey the full connotation of the word ka-la.
Vis'wana-tha Nya-yapañca-nana has defined time in a mean-
ingful way. He says in a ka-rika-(k.) of Bha-.sa-pariccheda as follows-
“Janya-na-m. janakah
- .
-lo jagata-ma-s'rayo matah.
ka .-
- - - -
paraparatvadhi hetu ks.an.adi syadupadhitah..”(ka.45)
i.e. Ka-la is the producer of all products of this universe and
happened to be the container (a-dha-ra) of the world. Posteriority
(paratva) and priority (aparatva) are the causes of common us-
ages. Moments etc. are the imposition (a-ropa) on it. So, this expla-
nation somewhat resembles to the definition led by Uvat.a-ca-rya.
According to Annambhat..ta time is the cause of usage, which is a
kind of linguistic expression. On the contrary, Vis'wana-tha opines
it as the cause of certain cognition or notion but not all. It amounts to
say that the definition of Annambhat..ta falls short to encompass
such phenomenon.
- Philosophically speaking, time is beyond sense-
organ (ati ndriya). But Vis'wana-tha moves a step further and says
if we are to accept the instrumentality of time, we cannot deny it as
an independent entity and cause of our daily usage guided by par-
ticular cognition. Moreover, cognition may occur due to other causes
too, and once it is produced, it constitutes a separate class prop-
erty. After having known its nature and form, we name it by using
word and that denotes. Annambhat..ta was perhaps aware of com-
mon usage of people at large and made a simpler definition. As I
have already stated that Kan.a-da has not only explained positive
and negative entities but also entities beyond the range of sense-
organs. Furthermore, whatever remained unexplained had been
named as adr.s.t.aka-rita. Someday someone will be able to explain
those phenomena such as the upward movement of fire, zigzag course
of air etc. Now-a-days, these are realities which have been unfolded by
the scientists. Here too; Kan.a-da acknowledges the importance of time.
Despite it being the cause of knowledge and usage, what is
its ontological status that remained unanswered till date in both In-
dia and West? Sa-m -
. khyians denied its independent existence. It
could be easily included in the sub category namely, in the sky. Some
modern naiya-yikas identify it with God on the ground being incor-
poreal and imperceptible. They also resort inference (anuma-na)
for knowing. Their anuma-na runs–‘paratvaparatve sasmava-y-
ikaran.ake bha-vaka-ryatvam, ghat.avat’. In other words, they pos-
tulate the metaphysical status of it. In other system, time being the
nature of contact (sam.yogaru-pa), is non-inherent cause (a-samav-
a-yikran.a) of the qualities like paratva and aparatva which have
the substances as locus in which they rest upon, for their material
causes. This type of contact is identified with the movements of sun
(su-ryaparispanda) with material objects like ‘pot’. And philosophical
enough these motions of the sun constitute the upa-dhis segmented by
names like moment, day and month. To corroborate this type of seg-
mentation Siddha-ntacandrodaya (a commentary in TS by Sri-kr.s.n.a
Dhurjati) says- “Janyama-tram. kriya-ma-tram. vaka-lopa-dhih. mu-r-
tama-tram.digupa-dhih.” i.e. whatever is a product and whatever is
an action accept time as imposition. And direction has the imposi-
tion right only on entities which have limited sizes. This is in short the
minute difference of ka-la and dik. Again, there is a saying - ‘sarv-
a-dha-rah. ka-lah.’ i.e. living or non-living entities are under the scan-
ner of time. By temporal relation, things exist on earth. Even, six
stages of bha-vavika-ras (changing scenario of entities affected by
time) such as ja-yate (birth), asti (existence), vardhate (growing
up), viparin.amate (changing aspects), apaks.-i yate (decaying) and
at the last vinas'yati (destruction) come within this preview. Some
philosophers are of the opinion that ka-la is nothing but the sum-
total of direction (dik), soul (a-tman) and sky (a-ka-s'a). But this
practice gives birth to logical cumbersome (gauravados.a) which is
not entertained in logical format but logical simplicity is expected.
And therefore, we had to accept time as a separate substance.
Tarkabha-s.a- of Kes'aba Mishra opines ka-la as one, eter-
nal and all pervading. Again he says-
“ka-lo’pi digviparitaparatva-paratva-numeya.
sam - - -
. khyapariman.a-pr.thaktva-sam.yoga-vibhagavat.”
i.e. time is reckoned as opposite to space (dik) & could be
inferred in terms of posteriority & priority. It is again associated with five
qualities such as-number (sam.khya-), measurement (parima-n.a), sev-
eralty (pr.thakatva), contact (sam.yoga) and separation (vibha-ga) etc.
A section of naiya-yikas assign reality to moments only and
regard time as merely a collection of such moments. This is the na-
ture of sakhan.d.a-ka-la. But akhan.d.a-ka-la cannot be divided.
Which is the other form of parama-tman (the supreme being), whom
a jiva-tman (finite being) always endures to realise, and wants to
be united. This quest started in the Upanis.adic era, and is continu-
ing till date. It is also said: once a jiva-tman becomes one with the
parama-tman that phenomenon is treated as good as liberated stage
(free from all bondages) of the soul.
Classical literatures and the great epic Maha-bha-rata describes
yama is the controller of time of the living beings. A course of dialogue
in the story ‘Yaks.ayudhis..thirasam.va-da’ in the Vanaparva narrates
this saga beautifully. Yudhis.t.hira satisfies the query of dharmara-ja ‘kim-
a-s'caryamatah. param’? Yudhis.t.hira answers -
“ahanyahani bhu-ta-ni gacchanti-ha yama-layam.
s'es.a-h. stha-varamicchanti kima-s'caryamatah. param.”
i.e. as per Hindu philosophical belief, everyday a number of
people pass away to their heavenly abode while the remaining on-
lookers expect more time to enjoy this habitable society with their
kith and kins although all are aware of their time bound cycle. Who
knows when the final call will come? And as corroboration it is
again said about the ka-la.
“asmin maha--mohamaye kat.a-he su-rya-gnina- ra-tridivendhanena.
ma-sartudarvi parighat.t.anena bhu-ta-ni ka-lah. pacatiti va-rta-.”
In the Paura-n.ic deliberations lord S'iva is attributed with
maha-ka-la. Poet Ka-lida-sa has conceived its eight fold in the bene-
diction of his remarkable play S'akuntala-. At the end too, he ar-
ticulated and prayed to resist his re-birth. He was a staunch worship-
per of lord S'iva. The maha-ka-la tample of Ujjain (MP) corrobo-
rates this fact too. This anthropomorphic nature of the vedic non-
manifested deities came into the limelight in the pura-n.as. They are
classified after the qualities prevailed in prakr.ti and purus.a - sa-ttvik,
ra-jasik and ta-masik. In the s'ivasam.kalpasu- kta (34.6) of
S'uklayajurveda we find its double nature - creative and destruc-
tive. The rudra form of S'iva is malevolent and the S'iva form is
benevolent.
Tantra literature (Br.hat Tantrasa-ra) derives ka-la in many
-
ways from the word ka-li (i) ‘ka-lamasya astiti’ refers to goddess ka-li,
the first or foremost deity (a-dya-s'akti) in Godhood arena. Further it
says (ii) ‘ka-lah. samayah. ityarthah.’, (iii) ‘ka -lah samanah yamah
- - -. . .
- -
ityarthah.’ (iv) ‘kalasya mahadevasya patni kali ityarthah.’.
And with the passage of time this concept has been developed
in manifold bhadraka-li-, s'mas'a-naka-li-, raks.a-ka-li-, guhyaka-li-, ratant-
i-ka-li-, daks.ina-ka-li- so on and so forth highlighting one specific aspect
of her nature. All are associated with time only. How these different
aspects came into being needs to be addressed very minutely.
Time is symbolic and personified with the god of death as
well. But our common belief inherited from ancient sources that Yama
is the authority who determines the life span of each living creatures
and grants longevity. On the contrary, the Vedic concept r.ta is the
eternal law of the cosmic universe which regulates both-creation
and destruction. Lord Kr.s.n.a identifies himself with ka-la as death
symbol in order to destroy people (Gi-ta-.11.32). Ancient people
were not aware of the theory of relativity but were familiar with the
concept of time and space empirically varies from country to coun-
try and person to person. From spiritual point of view - a man suf-
fers as long as he is in dual state of mind and obtains bliss the mo-
ment he enters in the state of Sama-dhi. All are time bound activities
of soul’s transmigration according to the Veda-nta tradition.
In the sojourn of time all these amount to conclude that from
the pre-Vedic era till date this segmented form of time otherwise known
sakhan.d.a-ka-la has been highly regarded by the people at large. Al-
though its gender was not determined before the paura-n.ic era begins.
When the Vedism started, the different positions of moon,
sun and other planets; their impacts at different time became re-
quired factor of computing for sacrificial offerings. And after being
aware of its functional aspect, the ka-la was elevated to the status of
a deity, and philosophisation started thereafter. As we all know the
Vedic deities are mythical in character rather theological, because
myth always apprehends the reality of mass-experience. And the
same passion about ka-la is still continuing in the present day society
even in this modern age. We again find several usages of ka-la in
classical Sanskrit literature too. Out of five cult- S'iva, S'akti, Su-rya,
Gan.es'a and Vis.n.u due to cultivated spiritual notions the first two
Vedic god became united in the belief of common mass. Belief on
God remains the substratum of all religious schools in India. Su-rya,
endowed with a chariot, as vehicle, remains the time regulator to
maintain the cosmic law (R.ta) does not lose its religious identity.
Lord Gan.es'a became the first worshipped - God in our religious
- -
culture as the name suggests (Gan.anam i s'a) and lord Vis.n.u de-
scended to the earth in as many as ten forms of incarnations (avat-
a-ras) for the welfare of the people and society, which gives rise to
the avatarism cult. Brahman.a, lost its identity and remained in the
conceptual level. With these changing phenomenal progressive and
developmental formations of time we should better live with the view
- ‘yesterday was a history, tomorrow is a mystery and today is a gift
for all of us.’
deg
Contribution of a Kâtantra-Grammarian on Vedic Conjugations
Prof. Parboty Chakraborty
It is commonly asserted that as a grammarian Pân.ini deserves
the most remarkable position in Indian grammatical tradition, as he dealt
with both classical and Vedic Sanskrit in formulating his aphorisms while
non-Pân.inians are said to be generally lagging behind in this respect.
Conjugational system in Sanskrit language is a vast and intricate area
where different systems of grammar tried their best to make a thorough
comprehensive and systematic analysis as well as interpretations thereof.
Further, in Vedic language, more peculiarities are found which would be
treated as irregular otherwise. The formulations of Pân.ini and contribu-
tion of his followers were only accesses for accommodating the varia-
tions of Vedic Sanskrit, taking by the terms, chandas or mantra usu-
ally. But to our surprise, a grammarian of the Kâtantra system of
Vyâkaran.a engaged himself in interpreting Vedic usages following the
techniques and technical terms of Sarvavarman and his followers. He is
CandrakântaTarkâlan.kâra of Bengal and he flourished in 19th century.
Thus, going a step further, he composed a work entitled Kâtantra-
Chandah.-Prakriyâ. Actually, the Vedic formations were excluded by
st
other Kâtantra-grammarians beginning from the 1 Century A.D.; so
the extensive work with formulations and interpretations upon them on
euphonic combination, declension, conjugation, primary and second-
ary suffixation, etc. has given this grammar the form of a complete sys-
tem and enhanced its popularity. With this end in view, we must pay
attention to his contribution in dealing with the old Indo-Aryan language
and specially of its remote past as Vedic Sanskrit in this occasion. To
accommodate irregular as well as regular forms, the author uses the
adverbial phrase, bahulam, denoting diversely at the beginning of his
book; yet for elaborative uses, he mentions the words for option, like
vâ, vibhâs.â etc. in many cases. Modern linguistic observations are
also necessary in studying such a topic.
In consideration with verbal system, Vedic peculiarities are
involved more in morphological aspects, but semantical features are
also to be discussed with due importance.According to tenses and
moods of an action of a verb, Sanskrit-conjugations are commonly
classified into 10 types among which let. is treated as Vedic case
only. But other systems should have specified areas. In this situa-
tion, the Perfect-suffixes are employed in the past sense where the
action is not perceived by the narrator himself. But this condition
cannot be followed in the expressions like Denb ÐeeJeeHe=efLeJeer Deeleleeve (â-
√tan + Perfect first person singular 1/1), Denb met³e&cegYe³elees ooMe& (√dr.œ= to
see + Perfect 1/1), Denb ÐeeJeeHe=efLeJeer DeeefJeJesMe (â - √viú = to enter + Perfect
1/1) - R.g. 10/125/6, etc., when the narrator or speaker is the first
person and the speaker is performer of the actions. So in addition
to unperceivable cases, general past sense is allowed by
paroks.âbhûte (âkh. 1/5). In this way, the Aorist, Imperfect and
Perfect suffixes are extended for denoting any time optionally
(¿emlev³eÐeleveerHejes#eeë meJe&keÀeues<Jev³elejm³eeced (âkh. 1/6). So, unlike classical San-
skrit, Vedic hymns are found, e.g.DeÐe osJees JevemHeeflejYeJeled Tait. Br. 3/16/
15 (adya = today,abhavat < √bhû + Imperfect 3/1), DeÐee ceceej me
Ôîeë meceeve– R.g. 10/55/5 (adya = today, mamâra < √mr. = to die +
Perfect 3/1). Imperative sense ( = request) is also denoted through
the aorist as osJees osJesefYejeieceled (âgamat < â - √gam + Aorist 3/1),
because it means O God! Come with other gods.
Interestingly, Perfect uses both in classical and Vedic San-
skrit, deserve special mention from historical and linguistic points of
view. Grammatical rules primarily prescribe the use of Perfect-suf-
fixes in the cases of past events, not experienced by the speaker. So
the events of the very day and of the first person as speakers should
not be justified in general, though later grammarians have made some
special provisions for the first-personal uses in Perfect-system. Truly
speaking, various uses of Perfect-conjugations both in classical and
Vedic literature reveal the Present-tense with some modifications is
indicated by this. So the theory of unperceivability (paroks.a) and
past-sense (bhûta) may be dispersed with in justifying the meanings
of Present-Perfect-tense through Perfect-endings.
According to modern scholars (like A.A. Macdonell, Pres-
ently Prof. Satyaranjan Banerjee), the Perfect primarily refers to a
condition attained by the agent as the result of a preceding action
(cf. Vedic Grammar for Students, p. 341). So the above cases
may be taken as a Present-tense form. Sometimes, Perfect verb
forms are accompanied by the adverb, purâ (formerly) and nûnam,
and then the action is related to a past and present time as well like
Hegje vetveb ®e mlegl³ee $eÝ<eerCeeb HemHe=Oe´ (the praises of the seers have vied together in
past time and now also) - R.g. 6/34/1,Meéeef× Je TefleefYeJe&³eb Hegje vetveb yeYegpcens
(we have constantly enjoyed your aids and now also) R.g. 8/67/16.
A list of verbs with specific denotations may be regarded to be
found bearing present-tense meaning alone. But there are a lot of
Perfect-conjugational uses which denote past action, or a single
action that has been completed in the recent past (e.g. Heg$eë keÀCJem³e Jeeced
Fn megmeeJe meesc³eb ceOeg R.g. 8/8/4) or remote past. Sanskrit grammarians
obviously have given predominance in this sense of remote past for the
treatment of the Perfect-conjugation (lit. / paroks.a-). Sanskrit literature,
starting from the epic age to classical ages actually shows the various
uses of the Perfect. So in great epics and Purân.as- the word, uvâca is
not infrequently used (like Depeg&ve GJee®e, Þeerke=À<Ce GJee®e, Deeqive©Jee®e etc.) which
bears the sense of Present Perfect. The instances of the second canto of
Bhat..tikâvya are most remarkable. In the first stanza, the finite verb, i.e.,
dadarœa as a Perfect form is to be connected syntactically with a
Present-participle, dadhânâm (… efÞe³eb oOeeveeb Mejob ooMe&). Here the ad-
justments by grammatical formal rules face some problems.
Perfect conjugations are different from the present ones in many mor-
phological features. Eight types of infixes are provided for present tense
verbs (also for Imperfect, Imperative and Optative) and these suffixes
are termed sârvadhâtuka. These infixes have no place in Perfect-
systems as it is ârdhadhâtuka instead of the former. But Vedic uses
prove some Present tense-character in Perfect which may support the
exception. They are as follows: Me=eqCJejs (Jemetefve ³eeefve Me=eqCJejs) (R.g. 1/15/18),
megevq Jejs (R.g. 8/53/3). In the first case, √œru becomes √œr., similar to Present
system (œr.n.oti,œr.n.utah. etc.) with the infix, nu. But these operations are
not usually acceptable in Sanskrit Perfect system.
Notices have been given by Candrakânta in formalising the
use of Present-suffixes in the case of the Optative and other re-
spects. These suffixes, used in two specific senses, viz. reciprocal
agreement (upasam.vâda) and apprehension (âúan.kâ, âkh. 1/8)
are technically designated as let. (sâ let. - 1/9) in this text whereas
Pân.ini treated it as independent conjugational system as Vedic Sub-
junctive. The differences of let.-endings from the Present-
(vartamânâ) endings are prescribed by Candrakânta in five sûtras.
To denote command, invitation etc. or cause-effect relation of an
expression, mutual agreement, apprehension, Vedic Subjunctive is
admitted. The special treatment for this by Candrakânta is note-
worthy. There are many morphological deviations between the
Present tense system and the Vedic Subjunctive system. Yet, in
Kâtantra-Chandah.-Prakriyâ, Candrakânta prescribes Present-tense
character primarily naming them as vartamânâ, though he desig-
nated these particular cases as let. afterwords. Unlike Present-sys-
tem, here the infix is ‘s’ in general and augment is De/Dee and personal
endings are also changed in many spheres. So the question arises –
what was the necessity to Candrakânta to treat the Vedic subjunc-
tive as a Present-tense system primarily?
In Sanskrit Injunctive sentences, with the particle, mâ, Aorist
endings are discernible; but the initial augment is prohibited. This
provision is diversely followed in Vedic Sanskrit. So, augment is not
found in Jeepees ve Òeerlees efJeMees efJeleejerled (R.g. 1/69/3), Fvogpe&efve<ì jesomeer (R.g. 9/98/
9), efce$ees ve YetÓtlem³e jIeesë (R.g, 1/77/3). It is to be noted here that if injunc-
tion is denoted from the sentence with the use of the negative par-
ticle, na, then prohibition of the initial augment is justifiable some-
how. But it is not the case everywhere. Here modern scholars observe
that the use of Injunctives require special prescription & interpretation,
because it cannot always be distinguished from the Subjunctive. So the
word, gamat might be Subjunctive, i.e. a let., or injunctive of a-gamat.
On the other hand, De is augmented with the use of mâ also;
as in cee Jeë #esÒes Hej Jeerpeev³eJeeHmegë Here, avâpsuh. is the Aorist verb aug-
mented with De; also in -DeYew<eercee& Heg$ekeÀ (see. âkh. 4/4). Though Aorist
form is commoner with mâ and it is sanctioned by the grammatical
texts, but Imperfect and other forms in Sanskrit deserve serious
attention. So the Vedic uses, like cee JeoOJeced (Imperative) – Tait. Sam.,
cee efyeYeerle (Imperative) – (Ait. Br.),cee ve Fvê HejeJe=CekedÀ R.g 8/97/7 (Imper-
fect) and classical usages like cee kegÀ© Oevepeve³eewJeveieJe&ced should come under
linguistic observation of grammarians. .
The intensive verbs where the yaN-suffix elided, is an impor-
tant feature of interpreting Vedic Sanskrit by the present grammarian.
Considering the special treatments required for this type of verbs, both
Pân.inians and Kâtantrians introduced a name, carkarîta (P. – listed in
adâdi class, Kâtantra-Chandah.-Prakriyâ, âkh. 2/3). This is the Vedic
feature alone
. in the opinion by some but others hold that the Intensives
with yaN-elided may be permitted in classical . Sanskrit also. Here
Candrakânta uses the term, cekrîyita. Though yaN . -suffix is elided, gram-
matical operations are followed similar to yaN-suffixation. But here
âtmanepada endings are not allowed in active voice. Candrakânta
formulates here a sûtra (kartariparasmaipadam, âkh. 2/5), though
Pân.inians managed it with some implications and logical conclusions.
Personal endings are diversely augmented with iT . (âkh. 3/6,7); e.g.
bobhavîtî (from √bhû), roravîtî (√ru), úamîdhvam (√œam), uparavîtî;
but uparauti, úâmyadhvam etc. are not augmented. Pân.ini has enun-
ciated the augment only for singular endings in parasmaipada, viz. ti, si
and mi. So, œamîdhvam does not come under Pân.inian interpretations.
Peculiarities of reduplication and some exceptions have been duly at-
tended by Candrakânta in deriving karîkr.s.yate from √kr.s.(âkh. 2/1),
augmentation with r for cam.cûryamân.a, marmr.jyamâna etc., aug-
mented with ri and rî, ro for carikarti, carkarti, carîkarti, carîkaroti,
carkarîti etc. (so, varvarti, varîvarti etc.). As an underivable form,
like bobhûtu, telîkte, ganîganti (âkh. 2/4) etc. are justified in option.
In this way, morphological features involved in various verbal
systems like Optative, Imperative etc. & semantic variations of Vedic
age may come under close scrutiny of Sanskrit grammarians as well as
linguisticians. To probe into the different stages of development of San-
skrit verb forms is a vast but illuminating area in comparing all the branches
of Indo-European languages. Grammatical tradition in India tried in their
own ways to cope up with the varieties of general and exceptional verbal
forms. To be engaged in translation studies from OIA to NIA, attention is
required for the content and context of a verb found in literature.
Abbreviation
Ait.Br. Aitareya Brâhman.a
âkh. âkhyâtaprakaran.a of Kâtantra-Chandah.-Prakriyâ
NIA New Indo Aryan
OIA Old Indo Aryan
P Pân.ini
R.g. R.g Veda
Tait.Br. Taittirîya Brâhman.a Tait.Sam. Taittirîya Sam.hitâ
Passion, Option and Caution in Verb-management
Dr. Narayan Prasad Dash
Introduction : - Management precisely means any skillful treatment
of or any delicate device to deal with the issue in question. This
paper, from that point of view, is a brief communicative attempt to
show some select reflections on the appropriate use and inadvert-
ent use of verbs in Sanskrit in the light of the dictum that a verb
animates a sentence. It is notable that Patan ~jali’s term for grammar
is S'abdânus'âsanam, as if sabdas or words, not sentences also,
were the only things that should find place in a treatise on grammar.
Therefore the ancient Sanskrit grammarians may be called
abhihitânvayavâdins, the lone exception being Bhartr.hari because
of his giving priority to sentence over word.
Heos ve JeCee& efJeÐevles JeCex<JeJe³eJee ve ®e ~
JeekeÌ³eeled Heoeveecel³evleb ÒeefJeJeskeÀes ve keÀ½eve ~~ (ye´ïekeÀeC[, 73)
In Sanskrit language, a verb is formed by technical combi-
nation of a root, a suffix and a conjugational sign. Its components
do not constitute the parts of a sentence independently. It is also not
used with any helping verb. It has three voices viz. active, passive
and impersonal that facilitate the expression as significant tools.
1. Dropping of verbs :- A verb is a compulsory element in every
sentence. SkeÀefle*d JeekeÌ³eced ~ But in Sanskrit, it is sometimes possible and
appreciale to make sentence without a verb. In case of evident verbs
it is not harmful to drop the same. For example in ÒeefJeMe efHeC[erced the
verb Yeg*d#Je is dropped. The sentence Fefle Me¹jYeieJelHeeoe: is sweeter than
Fefle Me¹jYeieJelHeeoe: cev³evles . Similarly the use of Meyoes efvel³e Fefle Jew³eekeÀjCee: is
better than Meyob efvel³eb mebefiejvles Jew³eekeÀjCee:.
When the reading of a sentence is pleasant without a verb, the
present tense of √Demed is usually dropped. Examples- ceOegjceemeeb oMe&veced ~
keÀmlJeced ~ keÀesçmeew ~ keÀe ÒeJe=efÊe:~ ce³ee ieceveer³eced ~ ieleesçmleceke&&À: ~ ieleemles efoJemee: ~ It is a
common practice to spare the present tense form of √Demed after ÊeÀevle,
ÊeÀJelJevle & ke=Àl³eÒel³e³eevle in which the verbs Deefmle & meefvle are understood.
2. Use of kr.danta words : - Sanskrit students are inclined to use
kr.danta words in lieu of efle*vle ef$eÀ³ee due to the difficulty they face in
using the latter. But a kr.danta word cannot act as the substitute of
efle*vle ef$eÀ³ee. me: ûeeceb iele: is equal to me: ûeeceb ieleesçefmle which means that he
has already reached the village. It is not same as me ûeececeie®íled which
means that he has gone to the village. The area of kr.danta is differ-
ent. The sentences like - He is asleep, I am hungry and You are tired
can be translated with the help of krdanta as me megHle:, Denb #egefOele:, lJeb
Þeevle:; but the sentences like- He is sleeping, Hunger strikes me and
you are getting tired are to be translated as me mJeefHeefle, Denb #egO³eeefce and lJeb
Þeec³eefme by taking resort to efle*vle ef$eÀ³ees only.
3. √ke=À with kr.danta words :- Students also get inclined to use √ke=À
with kr.danta form of the principal root in second case. It has two
reasons. The student wants to avoid a difficult structure and he is
influenced by the conversational effect of his own mother tongue.
So we see the following uses and the like.
cenelceeveb ê#³eeefce → cenelcevees oMe&veb keÀefj<³eeefce; ueppeles → ueppeeb keÀjesefle (DeMeg×:);
mveeefle → mveeveb keÀjesefle; Yeg*dÊesÀ → Yeespeveb kegÀ©les; mesJeles → mesJeeb keÀjesefle; efJeÐeecepe&³eefle →
efJeÐeepe&veb keÀjesefle; efJeYesefle → Ye³eb keÀjesefle (DeMeg×:)
The substitutes of ueppeles and efJeYeself e supplied above are incor-
rect as they convey different unintended meanings. In that case the
solution would be DevegYeJeefle in place of keÀjeself e. This type of use of √ke=À is
rarely seen in classical Sanskrit and is therefore unwarranted.
4. Transitive / Intransitive roots :- There are some transitive
roots which are understood/used as intransitive roots and vice-versa
according to context or typical grammatical operation. The follow-
ing may carefully be noticed in the context of DeveskeÀeLee& efn OeeleJe:~
√ieced → DekeÀce&keÀ → jece: ie®íefle /mekeÀce&keÀ → jece: ûeeceb ie®íefle ~
√Heg<ed → DekeÀce&keÀ → Heg<³eefmeO³eew ve#e$es, DeäeO³ee³eer, 3.1.116 (Heg<³evl³eLee& DeeqmceefVeefle
Heg<³e:)~ /mekeÀce&keÀ → met³ee&Hee³es ve Keueg keÀceueb Heg<³eefle mJeeceefYeK³eeced (cesIeotleced, G.20)~
√Heled → DekeÀce&keÀ → DeefHe MekeÌ³ee ieefle%ee&legb Heleleeb Kes Heleef$eCeeced (DeLe&Meem$eced, 2.9.27),
#eles Òeneje efveHelevl³eYeer#Ceced /mekeÀce&keÀ → nvlegb keÀuenkeÀejesçmeew MeyokeÀej: HeHeele Keced
(YeefÆkeÀeJ³eced,5.100), efoMe: HeHeele He$esCe Jesieefve<keÀcHekesÀlegvee (jIegJebMeced, 15.54),
GlHeleeso*ddcegKe: Keced (cesIeotleced)~
√Je=<ed → DekeÀce&keÀ → osJees Je<e&efle /mekeÀce&keÀ → Depe&g&ve: Mejeved Je<e&efle ~
√Òeer*d→ DekeÀce&keÀ → le$e meewOeiele: HeM³eved ³ecegveeb ®e$eÀJeeefkeÀveerced ~ nsceYeefÊeÀceleeR Yetces: ÒeJesCeerefceJe
efHeefÒe³es (jIegJebMeced, 15.30)~~, jg®³eLee&&veeb Òeer³eceeCe:, DeäeO³ee³eer, 1.4.33~
In the sense of dazzling and likeness the root is intransitive.
So it is safely expected that √Òeer should be intransitive with the same
meaning. It is also difficult to assume Meeve®ed in keÀce&. Janardan Hegde
(Dhaturupanandini by Janardan Hegde.) puts it in the following man-
ner- 'Òeerefle: legefä:~ megÒeerefle: Òeceoes n<e&: Fefle Decej:~ SJeb meefle DekeÀce&keÀ:~ ³eLee - HeÀuecetueeefovee
nefj: Òeer³eles~ Ë<³eefle Fl³eLe&:~' / Òeer_ed → mekeÀce&keÀ → '³eoe leg Òeerefle: leHe&Ceb, Òeer_ed leHe&Ces Fefle
$ewÀ³eeefokeÀeled efÊeÀefve ÒeerefleMeyoefve<HeefÊe: leoe leg mekeÀce&keÀ: ~ Òeer³eles leHe&³eefle Fefle DeLe&:~'
Òeer*d Òeerleew Òeer³elesçÒeerCeeled ÒeerCeerles leHe&Ces ef_ele: ~
DeCeew ³eew ef_elJemeeHeÀu³eeled ÒeerCe³esled Òe³eles Òe³esled ~~- Fefle osJe:~
√uegYed → DekeÀce&keÀ → uegyOe: (keÀÊe&efj ÊeÀ), leLeeefHe jecees ueguegYes ce=iee³e (efnleesHeosMe:)~
In this example, the appropriate use would have been uegueesYe and ce=ies~
√ñeg →DekeÀce&keÀ → Oeveeef× Oece&: ñeJeefle MewueeoefOeveoer ³eLee, ve efn efvecyeeled ñeJesled #eewêced ~ /
mekeÀce&keÀ → mJejsCe lem³eecece=leñeglesJe ÒepeefuHelee³eeceefYepeeleJeeef®e (kegÀceejmecYeJeced)~,
kegÀ¡ejsCe ñeJelee ceoced (keÀLeemeefjlmeeiej:)~
√#ejd→ DekeÀce&keÀ → lesveem³e #ejefle Òe%ee (cevegmce=efle:, 2.99), leHe: #ejefle efJemce³eeled (cevegmce=efle:,
4.237)~ /mekeÀce&keÀ → lem³e efvel³eb #ejl³es<e He³ees oefOe Ie=leb ceOeg (cevegmce=efle:, 2.107)~
√m³evod → DekeÀce&keÀ → celm³ee GokesÀ m³evovles, efMejecegKew: m³evole SJe jÊeÀced (veeieevevoced)~ /
mekeÀce&keÀ → mem³evos MeesefCeleb J³eesce (YeefÆkeÀeJ³eced,14.18)~
5. Tense and Mood :- (a) uees[Lex ueìd- Sometimes the present tense is
used to denote the imperative mood and vice-versa. In the sequences
that warrant ueesìd becacse of their purpose to question or prey. But
they appear in ueìd instead. For example-(i) What is your identity?-
keÀece$eYeJeleerceJeie®íeefce~ (ii) what shall I do?- efkebÀ keÀjesefce~ (iii) Where should I
go?- keÌJe ie®íeefce~ (iv) Let me do it please!- veveg keÀjesefce Yees: ~
(b) ue[Lex ueesìd- (i) leod ye´tle Jelmee: efkeÀefcele: ÒeeLe&³eOJeb meceeielee: (kegÀceej)~ (ii) De²
ketÀpe Je=<eue, FoeveeR %eem³eefme peeuce ~
(c) ue[Lex ue=ìd- lecemleHeefle Iecee¥Meew keÀLeceeefJeYe&efJe<³eefle (MeekegÀvleueced) ~ Here there
is no sense of future. The tense of the verb of the example and the
verb of the exemplified i.e. kegÀlees Oece&ef$eÀ³eeefJeIve: meleeb j#eefleefj lJeef³e should be
contemporaneous. The verb Deefmle is to be supplied here to com-
plete the sentence. According to Patanjali- Deef m leYe& J evleer H ej:
ÒeLeceHeg©<eesçÒe³egp³eceeveesçH³eefmle (ceneYee<³e on DeäeO³ee³eer, 2.3.1) ~ (ii) Òel³eskebÀ efJeefve³egÊeÀelcee
keÀLeb ve %eem³eefme ÒeYees (kegÀceejmecYeJeced,2.31)~ %eem³eefme = peeveeefme~ (iii) ³eefo efJeÒem³e Yeefieveer
J³eÊeÀcev³ee YeefJe<³eefle (mJeHveJeemeJeoÊeced,6.14)~ YeefJe<³eefle = YeJeefle~ (iv) ve YeefJe<³eefle nvle
meeOeveb efkeÀefceJeev³elÒenefj<³elees efJeOes: (jIegJebMeced,8.44)~
(d) ue[Lex efue*d-(i) kegÀ³ee¥ njm³eeefHe efHeveekeÀHeeCesOez³e&®³egefleb kesÀ cece OeeqvJeveesçv³es
(kegÀceejmecYeJeced)~ efue*d is a general term for optative affixes which includes
the potential and the conditional affixes. The rules that prescribe efue*d
are efvecev$eCeecev$eCeeOeerämebÒeMveÒeeLe&ves<eg efue*d, DeeefMeef<e efue*dueesìew ®e (DeäeO³ee³eer, 3.3.161
and 173). But in this example kegÀ³ee¥ is used to express the sense of keÀÊegb&
MekeÌveg³eeced. In other instances when the root is expressive of the wish or
hope of the agent, efue*d is used in present tense.(ii) DeeMeemes keÀeuesveevesve me ie=nb
iele: m³eeled~-I hope, he might have reached home by now.(iii) ³ees ves®ísod YeesÊegÀb ve
me yeueeod Yeespeveer³e:~- One should not be compelled if he wishes not to eat.
(e) YetleeLex efue*d-(i) DeefHe veece kegÀueHelesefj³ecemeJeCe&#es$emebYeJee m³eeled (MeekegÀvleueced)~
Here efue*d is used in the sense of possibility though the real activity
i.e. birth, pertains to past. Raghavabhatta opines in his gloss - YetleÒeeCeleeç$e
efue*d Fefle ~ efue*d therefore does not convey the meaning of any specific
tense. It abides by the eventuality of the context.
(f) ue=*dyeeOe: -ue=*d is applied to both the components of a same
sentence in which the former portion represents a condition or a cause.
In an altogether different situation, when the accomplishment of the pur-
pose of the speaker is beyond the question of Deefmeef× or impossibility,
the use of ue=ìd is prefered. Some examples from sanskrit literature
can be cited in this regard. (i) lJeefVe³eesieeêeceoMe&veeLe¥ pevemLeeveb ÒeefmLele: keÀLecencevleje
ÒeefleefveJeefÊe&<³es~....how could have I returned !-ÒeefleceeveeìkeÀced~ (ii) Dev³eLee keÀLeb
lJeece®e&veer³eb vee®e&ef³e<³eece:~ Otherwise why should we haven’t paid you the
homage you deserve !- ceeueefJekeÀeeqiveefce$eced ~ (iii) ³eÐenb iee$emebmHeMe¥ jeJeCem³e ielee YeJesled ~
öjecee³eCeced, 6.116.8~ DeveerMee efkebÀ keÀefj<³eeefce efJeveeLee efJeJeMee meleer ~ jecee³eCeced, 6.116.9~
6) Present participles :- (a) DeÒeLeceemeceeveeefOekeÀjCelee-The affixes Mele= and
Meeve®ed are substitutes of ueìd when agreeing with what does not end
with the first case affix according to ueì: Mele=Meeve®eeJeÒeLeceemeceeveeefOekeÀjCes
(De<ìeO³ee³eer , 3.2.124). The kr.danta (prâtipadika) so formed are
used as adjective or predicate. Hence we get He®evleb ®ew$eb HeM³e, He®³eceeveceesoveb
HeM³e~ But we should not use ®ew$e: He®eved , keÀìb kegÀJee&Ceesçefmle and jeJeCees nv³eceeveesçefmle
in places of ®ew$e: He®eefle, keÀìb kegÀ©les and jeJeCees nv³eles, respectively. Modern
conversational options like me ie®íVeefmle, les Yeg¡eevee: meefvle, osJees Je<e&vveefmle and
Je³eb efJe®eej³evle: mce etc. are not recognised as standard Sanskrit. The
forms like He®eled etc. cannot fully replace efle*vle verbs. A efle*vle word, in
most sentences is the verb or the main constituent of the predicate.
An agent or an object enjoying the company of a verb can be Me$evle
or Meevepevle. Raremost is the use of present participles as predicate agree-
ing with first case affix as seen in ³ees Jew ³egJeeH³eOeer³eevemleb osJee: mLeefJejb efJeog: (cevegmce=elf e:,2.156).
When Me$evle or Meevepevle word is employed as an adjective, it,
having been declined in first case can go with the agent or object in
first case. Popular examples are : kegÀJe&VesJesn keÀcee&efCe efpepeerefJe<es®íleb mecee:~ peerJeVejes
YeêMeleeefve HeM³eefle~ Fefle ef®evle³eVesJe me ie=neefVe³e&³eew~ pee³eceevees Jew yeéïeCeefm$eefYe$eÝ&Cew$eÝ&CeJee_ed pee³eles~
(b) OeelJeLe&nslegªHelee-When a present participle is understood as
an attribute or a cause of the verbal activity, it also takes present
tense. This is substantiated by the following observations.
osJeoÊees efJeÐeecegHeeooeve: (efJeÐeesHeeoevee³e) JeejeCem³eeb Jemeefle ~ Deevevob ye´ïeCees efJeÜeved (Deevevo%eevesve
nslegvee) ve efJeYeself e kegÀle½eve~ Me³eevee (Yetc³eeÍ}s<eue#eCee) JeOe&les otJee& Me³eevees (mJeeHem³e nslees:) JeOe&les efMeMeg:~
deg
Bhayahetuh.
The Real Source of All Fears
A Fresh Insight into the Understanding of Apaadaana
Dr. Sampadananda Mishra
As we all know that Ablative in Sanskrit is a from-case. In
-
Pan.ini’s terminology it is called apaadaana. When we look at the
definition of this term then we find separation as the main sense in
apaadaana. So Pa-n.ini while defining it says, “dhruvama-
paaye’paadaanam” which means when separation takes place, the
fixed part from which something gets separated is called apaadaana.
For example vr.ks.aat patram . patati “leaf is falling from the tree”. In
this sentence the tree being the fixed part from which the leaf is
separated, is appaadaana. This is clear. But when we come across
the example baalakah. vyaaghraat bibheti, ‘the boy is afraid of
the tiger’, then we see that it is not separation but the meeting or
union that generates the fear. When either the thought of the tiger
comes to the mind of the boy or when the boy meets the tiger then
he gets fear. How do we justify this? What was the idea of our
ancient Rishis while designing the language in this manner? What
was Pa-n.ini’s intention composing the rule bhiitraarthaanaaam.
bhayahetuh. ? Where is the separation?
I made a full enquiry into these questions but never got sat-
isfactory answers from any ancient texts. But when I started con-
centrating on the word bhayahetuh. then I realised that it is not the
tiger or any thing else that causes the fear. The word bhayahetuh.
refers to the root cause of all fears. A few passages from different
Upanis.ads came instantly to my mind and helped me in understand-
ing the concept of apaadaana and its application in the rule
bhiitraarthaanaam . bhayahetuh.. A line in the Br.hadaara-
n.yakopanis.ad (1.4.2).says that fear comes from the second one,
dvitiiyaad vai bhayam bhavati. This tells us that fear comes only
from a second entity; fear comes from division. Where there is no
division there is no fear. The root cause of all fears is the separative
ego-sense which separates one from the other. As long as one feels
this separation then he falls prey of all fears. Once the oneness is
established, when one is not under the spell of the separative ego-
sense, one is free from all fears. Is'opanis.ad (verse 6) says yastu
sarvaan.i bhuutaanyaatmanyevanupas'yati, sarvabhutes.u
caatmaanam. tato na vijugupsate. “He who sees everywhere the
Self in all existences and all existences in the Self, shrinks not there-
after from aught.” Sri Aurobindo while explaining this says that the
vision of all existences in the Self and of the Self in all existences is
the foundation of perfect internal liberty and perfect joy and peace.
For by this vision, in proportion as it increases in intensity and com-
pleteness, there disappears from the individual mentality all
jugupsaa, that is to say, all repulsion, shrinking, dislike, fear, hatred
and other perversions of feeling which arise from division and per-
sonal opposition to other beings or to the objectivities that surround
us. The Taittiri-ya Upanis.ad (2.7.) says that until we realise the
unity of life, we live in fear. For the one who does not have the true
Self-knowledge, who does not live in the unity, his separateness
becomes fear. The ancient Rishis of India were always conscious of
this even while fashioning their language. So while interpreting
bhitraarthaanaam. bhayahetuh. of Pa-n.ini one must keep in the
mind that the word bhyahetuh. refers not just to the tiger or any-
thing else but to the root cause of all fears. As long as we live in our
divided consciousness we carry fears within us. Fear departs only
when perfect unity in life is established.
Later I came to know that the School of Practical Philoso-
phy has interpreted “dhruvamapaaye’paadaanam” as: “The eter-
nal unmoving from which all movement comes is apaadaana”. This
shows that even the entire creation has become possible because of
apaadaana or separation. The Eternal unmoving has moved from
himself. The One has become many. The single has become mul-
tiple. So apaadaana is the first principle. This could be one reason
why Panini has placed apaadaana first in the set of rules under
ka-rake (1.4.23).
deg
Exceptional Usages in Sanskrit
Dr. Ganesh Prasad Panda
As the derivation of the word itself suggests, the word
‘Sam.skr.t’ means ‘well-accomplished’ or ‘well-refined’. The long
standing history of thousands of years, at least from the age of R.gvedic
times till the date of spoken Sanskrit findings or relocation at Mattur
in Karnatak or Jhiri in Madyapradesh has established that it is not
one of the most, but the most prominent language of survival records
of human history. Not only that the modern day research in Linguis-
tics modern science1 has proven the fact and traditional Vedic chant-
ing of Vedic scholars in utmost accuracy is one more attestation in
this regard. There is no doubt that as the most scientific & accurate
language Sanskrit has no parallel. The long standing tradition has
already established this factor. Every aspect of it is so rich in its
content that the every other owes inspiration from it. The vocabulary
& grammar are extremely interesting for scientific & linguistic study.
However, what we would like to show here is, despite all
these factors there are exceptions in it. By the word exception we
do not just differentiate the Vedic (Chhandas) or Classical
(Laukika) Sanskrit which is a recorded difference maintained in
shastras. What we mean here is in the Classical Sanskrit itself there
are such usages. In this regard we may recall Patan ~jali who while
discussing the procedures of laying down rules discusses the point
of utsarga (general) and apava-da (exceptional)2 cases where the
later case has been identified as single or isolated cases for which
special provisions have to be made. It is a general tendency that one
goes by general rule being unaware of a special usage in a particular
case where he has every chance to commit mistakes.
The paper highlights those exceptions not to emphasize the
demerit of the language but to show its lucidity of usage in the con-
text of varied aspects of a language unlike other languages, to show
its dynamics. It emphasizes the special usages at different contexts.
It is also not a fact that Pa-n.ini has regulated the language in
such a manner that it could not come out from his clutch. Pa-n.inian
grammar is basically morphological in nature which just narrates the
relationship of word & meaning. In fact the word and its meanings
are in close relationship that has been found in the usage of ‘loka’
that is society at large. Neither the grammar has created the words
nor it has decided the meaning but it analyzes the relationship these
in a scientific manner thereby creating a methodology of analysis.
Further to say, the grammar is also not the only instrument
to understand or for the understanding of word-meaning analysis
although major agent which enables us to understand it. The appre-
hension of meaning can be arrived at in a number of ways that has
been available in a nutshell from one of the very famous ka-rika--
“S'aktigraham . vyâkaran.opamânam .,
kos'âptavâkyâd vyavahârats'ca /
Vâkyasya s'es.âd vivr.tervadanti,
sânnidhyatah. siddhapadasya vr.ddhâh.”3 //
In the light of above, I have picked up a few sentences to
analyze them to see how these usages came into the domain of lan-
guage and also differ from generalization. They have been chosen to
show their various peculiarities of usages.
1. ime râjadârâh. (The revered lady is the wife of the kingly family)
2. des'e des'e kalatrân.i (Wives are found in every country)
3. lâjâh.
4. yasyâm. jâgrati bhûtâni (In which the beings are awakened)
5. pacati bhavati (Cooking is going on)
6. pas'ya mr.go dhâvati (Look at the deer running)
7. narah. gacchanti (Gents are going)
8. bhâti padmah. sarovare (Lotus is blooming in the pond)
9. gan.es'ah. vs. gan.es.ah.
10. pakvam annam (Cooked rice)
11. prabhram.sayâm. yo nahus.am. cakâra (The one who made the
lord Indra felled down)
12. pûrvâparau toyanidhî vagâhya (Entering the Eastern and
Western ocean)
13. vedâh. pramân.am (The Vedas are authentic)
14. gan.gâyâm ghos.ah. (The village is in the river (at the bank) of
Gan.gâ)
15. smarasi kr.s.n.a gokule vatsyâmah. (Do you remember, we shall
be(in the sense of ‘were’) living in Gokula !)
16. Anudarâ kanyâ (A girl of thin waist)
17. kramâdamum.nârada ityabodhi sah. (In course he came to
know that he (The descending person)is Nârada
18. vyâtene kiran âvali-m udayanah (Udayana has written the text
- . .
‘Kiranâvali’)
In case of ime râjadârâh. the problem is the word dârâh. in
Sanskrit is in masculine gender though it refers to feminine meaning thereby
‘wife of a kingly family’. Secondly, it is always in plural form. Such
usages are exceptionally rare but can be compared with usages like
‘pulis’(Police) and ‘sarkâr’(Government) in Hindi are in feminine.
In another instance, the same meaning, i.e the sense of femi-
nine is conveyed by a word that is in a neuter form. Although
‘kalatra’ refers to feminine i.e ‘wife’ but the word is in neuter.
The word lâjâh. is in plural. It is always found in plural. One
is not aware unless he is aware of the usages.
In case of jâgrati bhûtâni there is an exceptional rule that
modifies the suffix at the end of the verb and the plural form appears
to be a singular form. A person who is not very conversant with
grammatical rule has a chance of mistaking it as a singular form.
In a complicated sentence like that of pacati bhavati the
issue is how the two verbal forms together form a sentence is to be
seen. The Indian logicians interpret the word pacati not the way it
normally conveys and show a logical syntactical agreement with the
word bhavati. There - .are three different schools of Vaiyâkaran.as,
Naiyâyikas & Mimâmsakas who have their own interpretations in
this regard to justify the usage. It is interpreted as pacanânukula
kriyâ bhavati. It means all those activities of cooking are going on.
In the sentence pas'ya mr.go dhâvati, accepting it as a single
sentence has a syntactical problem. However, it has been justified
as a single sentence with supportive logic. Actually, there should
have been a split up after pas'ya, and mr.go dhâvati, would have
been a separate sentence. But, logically a close semantic relation-
ship has been established between these two to bring ekavâkyatâ.
Had it been in some other languages, there would have been a comma
after pas'ya, ‘seeing’. It shows how strong the Sanskrit language is
where all these punctuation marks have any relevance. The semantic
background of the language is so rich that it takes care of that aspect.
In case of narah. gacchanti, the sentence is absolutely
alright. However, it creates confusion. It is because at the first sight
one mistakes it as an error. The word can be derived from two
nominal roots i.e either from nara or from nr. . If it is from nara then
it is of course singular but cannot be in syntactical agreement with
gacchanti and hence will be considered as a wrong sentence. On the
other side, if the form is derived from nr. it will be a correct sentence but
such usage remains purely a grammatical one and hardly found in at-
testation. Therefore, this also does not come to cognition immediately.
The word padmah. in the sentence like bhâti padmah.
sarovare is considered as a aprasiddha word because, the word
is normally found in neuter elsewhere. Although the Indian lexicons
like Amarakos'a4 declare the option of it’s usage in masculine also,
it’s not current. The poeticians may call it an aprasiddhados'a in
case of this sentence where the word ‘padmah.’ is in masculine which
although gets a sanction in dictionary but quite rare in usage.
In dviru-pakos'a etc., the syllabic optionality allowed in case of
gan.es'ah. vs. gan.es.ah.‘sa’ is also another notable point. The letter is
found in both forms, i.e. in tâlavya and murdhanya. Similarly both
âsâd.ha & âs.âd.ha (in murdhanya & dantya) forms of usages are cor-
rect. The peculiarities in these two cases are that the talavya form in
case of former and murdhanya in case of later are quite noticed in us-
ages whereas the two other forms have gone into quite oblivion.
The usages like pakvamannam is a deviation from normal
nis..thâ (ktaktavatu nis..thâ P.1.1.26)5 suffix. Instead of kta the âdes'a
used here is va ( paco vah P. 8.2.52) and the word is derived as
pakva in the sense of accomplished or already boiled food.
The attestations like prabhram.sayâm. yo nahus.am. cakâra6
the word cakâra should have gone with prabhram.sayâm. and not with
the intervention of any other word. There is no other way than accepting
it as ârs.aprayoga, normally not allowed in case of normal writers.
In pûrvâparau toyanidhî vagâhya7 &, pihita dvâram etc.,
the word vagâhya & pihita are non-Pân.inian words. It is not ac-
cording to the established tradition of Sanskrit grammar followed
today. According to the existing tradition the words should have
been avagâhya or apihita but the words have been justified ac-
cording to the grammarian Bhâguri, who prescribes dropping of the
initial letter ‘a’ from the prefix and thus it becomes vagâhya or pihita.
In case of vedâh. pramân.am there is a syntactical agree-
ment between a word in masculine which is a ‘vis'es.yapada’ and a
‘vis'es.an.apada’in neuter which is not normal. Secondly, the ‘vis'es.ya’
is in plural whereas ‘vis'es.an.a’ is in singular. Despite this fact, the
syntactical agreement between the two have been justified which is
quite exceptional.
In case of gan.gâyâm ghos.ah. 8 the meaning of the sentence
has a difficulty in the understanding of meaning. It is because no village
is possible inside the river. Therefore, such usages being failed to con-
note their primary meaning (mukhyârtha) in proximity it suggests a sec-
ondary meaning (lâks.an.ikârtha) and thereby the meaning is arrived at
is ‘at the bank of the Gan.gâ’ by way of making the sentence sensible.
In case of smarasi kr.s.n.a gokule vatsyâmah. this is an ex-
ception to a past usage. To our surprise, the future tense is used here in
the sense of a past incidence. Such usages are found in the rare case of
‘remembrance’ (√smr.) as Pân.ini has explained under P. 3.2.112.
In case of anudarâ kanyâ the word word ‘na’ in the com-
pound word anudarâ is in the sense of ‘a little’ which is a very rare
one. Attestation for such usages are rarely found and thus there is a
chance of understanding the monosyllabic word ‘na’ may very well
be confused with the sense of negation. But, the sense of ‘a little’ is
also a primary meaning of the word ‘na’.
In the last case i.e, kramâdamum. nârada ityabodhi sah.9
is an attestation found used by the poet Mâgha. In the sentence like
sah. abodhi both the words are not in proper syntactical agreement
with each other. However, it has been justified.
In case of vyâtene kiran.âvali-m udayanah., the author
Udayanâcârya himself uses10 the verb in ‘lit.’ form which is not sup-
posed to be used in case of oneself because such usages are found
for the verbs which has not been witnessed by the user. But the
author himself has written the text. It is also quite impossible that
Udayana can write such a silly ungrammatical usage. A lot of dis-
cussion has taken place in the tradition11 to justify the case.
These are a few stray examples just explained here. Unlike
other languages, although a few, despite all its scientific aspects,
Sanskrit has also exceptions. These exceptions are quite interest-
ing. It is a living language through ages. It shows that although it’s
most scientific and more accurate, at the same time it is also not
mechanical. It is not a language of machine but a language (bha-s.a-)
of loka and it has reflected the psychosis of human beings which is a
flow, continuous in the tradition unlike other languages.
Foot Notes
1. Rick Briggs, Roacs, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffet

Field, California (Rick Brigg’s(NASA) discovery of Sanskrit as
most accurate language for computer & Artificial Intelligence)
2. The Maha-bha-s.ya of Patan~jali(Paspas'a
-
-hnika)
3. Nya-yasiddha-ntamukta-vali , S'aktigrahopa-yanirupan.m
4. Amarakos'a -
5. As.t.a-dhya-yi of Pa-n.ini
6. Raghuvam.sam of Ka-lida-sa
7. Kuma-rasambhavam of Ka-lida-sa
8. Sa-hityadarpan.a of Vis'wana-tha
9. S'is'upa-lavadham of -gha
Ma
-
10. Kiran.a-vali of Udayana
11. Vaiya-karan.abhu-s.an.asa-ra of Kaun.d.abhat.t.a
deg
-
A Glimpse of Magahi Dialect in Bihar
Dr. Buddhadev Bhattacharya
A language is like a flow of a stream passing through sev-
eral turns and bends through wide and narrow passages. In the case
of the Indian languages like Sanskrit a similar trend of its growth and
its development may be traced. The fountain source of the Sanskrit
language is yet to explore.
The most significant & historical
- contribution in the field of sci-
- -
ence of languages was "As.t.adhyayi" composed by the great Mahars.i
Pa-n.ini. As a matter of fact, this was the only scientific descriptive as-
well-as perfect grammar of any language of the world based on the
contemporary Sanskrit, spoken widely-all over India as "Lingua Franca".
Science- of Language As.t.a-dhya-yi : Pa-n.ini has divided his "As.t.-
a-dhya-yi" into eight chapters as it is apparent from its very name and
it incorporates about four thousand "Su-tras". Actually Pa-n.ini was a
great saint who led a much disciplined life remained engaged in con-
stant "Tapasya-". As a result he got fourteen Ma-hes'war Su-tras with
the grace of Lord S'iva. In the Fourteen "Ma-hes'war Su-tras" he
described the organs of speech and their points of articulations. He
classified all the vowels and consonants in different categories rec-
ognizing their utterance characters. It was customary for Brahmins
to get by heart the Vedic hymns and recite them on auspicious oc-
casions in a correct fashion.
Pa-n.ini also established that each and every word has its
own root, which was called "Dha-tu". Apart from that, he drew a
sharp line of division between "Chhandas", the language of Vedas
and contemporary Sanskrit, spoken widely all over-India during
that time. One of the main characteristics of "As.t.a-dhya-yi" is its brevity
as the "Su-tras" are the shortest from of expression.
From the available sources, it has been assumed that Pa-n.ini
had travelled all over India and had surveyed the spoken from of his
contemporary Sanskrit on a wide scale with minute observations. He
found vast differences of the spoken forms of Sanskrit from place to
place. He, therefore, disciplined and tightened the whole grammar of
Sanskrit with his strict rules and regulations.As a result after Pa-n.ini no
one could dare even touch it with any correction and addition. As
Latin and Greek have ceased to be living languages, Sanskrit has
met the same fate. But in spite of this fact, Sanskrit still exists as our
cultural value and inspires our literature, Philosophy, religion and
our behavior and standers of life.
From the above facts it can be seen that India had achieved
excellent success in the field of linguistics even in seventh century
B.C. various kind of Phonetic disciplines and books are found, which
were called "S'iks.a-" and "Pra-tis'a-khya". So far as the "S'iks.a-" books
are concerned, their numbers are not less than eighty. Apart from
these S'iks.a- books there were seven to eight Pra-tis'a-khya - books.
They follow as under: "R gveda Pra- -
tis'akhya", "Va-jasaneyi Pra-tis'a--
- .
khya", "Taitiriya Pra-tis'a-khya", "Sa-ma Veda Pra-tis'a
-
-khya", "Atharva
Veda Pra-tis'a-khya", "R.ktantra" and "Caturadhya-i ka-" etc.
Originally S'iks.a- books were based on the theoretical prin-
ciples of sound study, while the Pra-tis'a-khyas were the most prac-
tical methods of utterances of different Vedas and their branches. In
this respect Dr. Siddheswar Verma and W.S.Allen have provided
detailed information's in their-famous books.
Interpretation of As.t.a-dhya-yi : In the second century B.C. Mahars.i
Patan~jali, one of the prominent grammarian of Sanskrit has deeply
-
interpreted the rules of "As.t.a-dhya-yi" in his masterpiece book "Mah-
a-bhas.ya". He had strongly defended and established Pa-n.ini. Apart
from this in his "Maha-bhas.ya" Patan ~jali had broadly interpreted the
philosophy of language. It has been recognized as a great contribu-
tion of Patan~jali. Considering the historical contribution of Pa-n.ini,
Ka-tya-yana and Patan ~jali they have regarded as "Munitraya", the
three saints of grammarians.
Pa-n.ini wrote his grammar on purely descriptive methods
on the basis of the spoken forms of his contemporary Sanskrit. Vir-
tually Pa-n.ini was the basic thinker, philosopher as well as the pro-
pounded of modern descriptive linguistics which developed in Eu-
rope after a long gap in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Phonology is an integral part of linguistic without which a
complete conception and study of any language of the world can't
be possible. As a matter of fact, language is a most valuable single
possession of human being. Everyone is very walk of life is deeply
concerned with language in a practical way for we make use of it in
everything we do.
Phonology is a kind of signaling via sound. In the study of
phonology of a language the sounds and differences between then
have one and only one function in the language to keep utterance
apart. The phonemes of a language are such elements which stand
in contrast with each other in the phonological system of a language.
The article is an elementary account of that branch of mod-
ern linguistics, which is concerned
- with spoken sounds, the phonet-
ics and phonemics of Magahi. This is virtually the only basic work
of one of the sub-languages of Hindi speaking region of north India,
Magahi. It was ventured
- that the article will focus on phonological
study of Magahi dialect. But it is not happened for shortage of time.
The writing will give some information only.
When the whole Europe was not acquainted with the name
of science of language and grammar, India had already developed it
about 6th to 7th century B.C.
Language in Nineteenth Century : In the last of the nineteenth
century more attention had been drawn on "Phonemics". It is a sci-
ence of unwritten languages to convert into a written from. The sub-
stantial analysis of the sound of language has been dealt some sig-
nificant sounds whether in vowels or consonants have been short-
ened out as phonemes of the language. To trace out the phonemes
some sound symbols have been determined.
The founder of Prague school has established their particu-
lar approach to study of language. They have explained "Phonol-
ogy" as the study of the function of speech sounds and due to his
emphasis they
- had also been recognized
- as "functionalist".
Maghadhi Dialect : Maghadhi is one of the dialects of Bihar be-
longing to- the Indo-Aryan Group.- Grierson has named - the Western
-
-
Maghadhi- languages as Bihari which contains Magahi, Maithili and
Bhojapuri. By this term Grierson wanted to recognize the wide spoken
languages of Bihar which seems to be more convenient, nothing else.
- -
Magahi or Magadhi is essentially
- the language of Magadha. Even
now it is called Magadhi by some educated - people, but of course
more current modern - name is Magahi, phonemically that is tran-
scribed as Magahi.
The Glory of Magadha : Magadha has played in important role in
the History of India. The oldest Magadha was considered as the
District of Patna along with the Northern half of the District of Gaya.
The oldest capital of Magadha was at Ra-jgir where Jara-sandha,
Bimbisa-ra and Aja-tas'atru showed their bravery.
-
-jgir & Na-landa-
Ra
were the main places where Buddha and Ti .kara Maha-vi-ra of-
rthan
-
ten used to move. Na-landa- Maha-viha-ra was the oldest university
of the world had a glorious background, built by the mightily em-
perors & the cultural organizers of Magadha. The great As'oka,
300 B.C., ruled over a wider portion- of India and Afghanistan.
-
Dialect Boundaries of Magahi : At present Magahi is not con-
fined to the old boundary of Magadha. It is spoken not only in the
District of Gaya and Patna but also in the District of Hazaribagh, on
the west portion of the District of Palamau and on the east portions
of the Districts -of Monghyr and Bhagalpur.
Magahi is spoken over nearly the area - of fourteen thousand
square miles. On its eastern frontier Magahi meets Bengali where it
is not so pure.
- Grierson has named the dialect of this region as East-
ern Magahi. It is found in South-East Hazaribagh, in Manbhum, in
the South-East of the District of Ranchi, in Kharaswan and even so
far South as Mayu-rabhañja and Bamra which have been merged
into Bengal after states reorganization between Bihar and Bengal. It
is also spoken in the -west of the District of Malda.
Pure Magahi is spoken mostly all over its region. It is not
observed only in its western parts, i.e., Patna, Gaya, Hazaribagh,
Monghyr and Bhagalpur but even in its eastern part, i.e., in the south
of the District of Ranchi and in the north of the District of Singbhum
and in Saraikela and Kharaswan. -
On
- the north, Magahi is bounded by the various forms of
Maithili which is now called 'Bajjika -', across the Ganges. On the
-
west, it is bounded by Bhojapuri speaking areas, the Districts of
Shahabad and Palamau. On the - north-east and east it is bounded
by the Chhikachhiki Maithili , which is now called 'An.gika-', of
Monghyr, Bhagalpur and the Santha-la Pargana-s, on the south-east,
by the Bengali of Manbhum and east Singhbhum. On the other hand,
the Plateau of Ranchi is bounded on its three sides (The-North, the
East and the South) by a belt of a population of Magahi speakers.
Number of Speakers : On the basis of the - census of 1881, Grierson
mentioned the total number of Magahi speakers 6,504,817. - But
the census of 1951, shows much reduced number of Magahi speakers
that is only 3,728. On the other
- hand according to the census of
1961 the number of Magahi speakers- is 3,792,447. According to
the 2001 census report Magahi speaker were 14 million and 2011
report it number is more than 12 million people.
The contribution of India, Bihar is east frontier of Hindi-
speaking region. Owing to cultural and literary solidarity Magahi
people consider themselves as Hindi speakers and for that particu-
lar reason they report 'Hindi' as- their mother tongue in the census.
They could
- - not write 'Magahi ' as their mother tongue and 'Hindi'
(Khari boli
- ) as their second language.- It is carried-on not only by
Magahi people but also by Bhojapuri and Maithili people. In all,
therefore,- only one lakh of people have reported their mother- tongue
as 'Biha-ri'. But it does not mean that the number of Magahi speak-
ers have been -reduced to such extent. As a matter of fact, the num-
ber of Magahi speakers has been growing on day to day together
with the increasing population
- of India.
As a Dialect of Magahi : Grierson
- has divided the- language into
two parts, standard Magahi and Eastern - Magahi as mentioned
above. Though the standard Magahi does not have further sub-
dialects,- however, some variations might be observed. But Eastern
Magahi shows at least its five varieties which are - (1) Kurmali or
Kurmali of Manbhum and Mayu-rbhañja, (2) Sadrikol of Bamra,
(3) So-called 'Bengali' of Hazaribagh, (4) Panch-Pargania or Tamaria
of Ranchi and (5) Khottai of Malda. Of these Kurmali of Manbhum
varies a lot from the Kurmali- of Mayu-rbhañja. -
Origin of Dialect : Magahi is the successor of Magadhi , as it is
- - -
quite evident by the term - Magahi or Magadhi . Of course 'Magahi ' is
derived from 'Magadhi' but to reach its present name it had to through
a long process which may be mentioned as in, Ekkx/kh > ekxgh > exgh.
It is assumed that at first Magadha and - changed as Magaha
and then the language of it came as Magahi.
In the old- Buddhist literature Pa-li was referred again and
again as Magadhi, the language of Buddha. The historical and cul-
tural evidence also reveals that Magadha contributed a lot in the
formation of Pa -li. Kaccayana, the earliest grammarian of Pa-li called
-
it as Magadhi. -
The present from the Magahi shows much more similarity
to Pa-li rather than other middle Indo-Aryan languages. Not only on
the basis of vocabulary - and Phonetics, but even on the basis of
grammar Magahi shows its deep relation with Pa--li. On the other
hand it seems very far from the so-called Magadhi -Pra -krit which
-
was, as a matter of fact, an artificial language. - Magahi is, in
- respect
to similarity, much nearer to Ardha Magadhi than-Magadhi-Prakrit.
Literature : Generally, it is believed that Magahi has no literature.
But now it is mentioned such evidence which brings many literary
works, still, unpublished,
- to light.
Magahi literature starts from Siddha saints, those belong to
-
Vrajayana School that is a corrupt from of Buddhism. It cannot be
ignored that Na-landa-, Udautapuri and Vikramas'ila- were the main
centers of Siddhas and their entire literature - was written in the lan-
guage of those places, i.e., oldest Magahi . From the point of pho-
netics, grammar and vocabulary, - the language of Siddha literature is
quite similar to present Magahi.
During 1200 A.D to 1400 A.D there are many Sent poets
who have written a vast religious literature. Some names may be
cited here: Dharma Das, Badri Das, Chandan Das and Amrit Das,
Baba Kadam Das, Sohang Das and Hemnath Das etc.
Apart from the religious literature, mentioned above, a num-
ber of folk tales, ballads and popular songs have been handed down
for centuries from mouth to mouth. Strolling bards recite the ballads
and songs in this dialects.
At present,
- also there are some renowned poets and writ-
ers of Magahi who have been contributing nice literary pieces. A
few periodicals are also published - in the language.
Thus, the whole Magahi literature can be divided into three
heads: Siddha Period (from 800AD. to 1200 AD.), Sent Period
later Siddha period (from 1200 AD. to 1400 AD.) and Modern
Period (from 1400 AD. to present days).
There are mostly 'tadbhav' words, however, in the speech
-
of Brahman.s and educated people, some Sanskrit words may be
found frequently. Owing to the influence of Mohammedans many
words have been derived from Persian and Arabic which are widely
used. In the speech of educated class, some
- English words are be-
ing used with-greater frequency. Magahi is very much influenced by
the Khariboli , as a result of its close contact
- with standard Hindi.
Inspire of the various influences Magahi has not accepted many
changes on its phonological and grammatical structure.
deg
Our Valued Contributors
1. Prof. Kishore Chandra Padhy. 9. Dr. Shovon Kumar Bhattacharyya
Professor, P.G.Teaching 72/4/A, Baruipara Lane
Department of Vyakaran, Kolkata-700035
Shri Jgannath Sanskrit 10. Mr. Pradeep Kumar Swain
Vishvavidyalaya, Shri Vihar, Puri. S.C.S.V.M.V. University, Enathur,
2. Professor Banamali Biswal Tamilnadu, Kanchipuram, 631561
Department of Grammar 11. Dr. Somarani Nandi
Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan Assistant Teacher in Sanskrit
(Deemed University) Bhakuri High School, Berhampur
Ganganath Jha Campus Murshidabad, West Bengal
Chandrasekhar Ajad Park 12. Mr. Chandan Mandal
Allahabad (U.P), 211001 Govt. Approved Part Time Teacher
3. Professor Bodh Kumar Jha Garhbeta College (W.B) 721127, &
Department of Grammar Ph.D. Scholar, Ranchi University
Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan 13. Professor Aruna Ranjan Mishra
(Deemed University) Professor & Head, Department of
K.J. S. Campus Sanskrit, Pali & Prakrit, Visva-bharati,
Santiniketan, 731235
Mumbai (Maharashtra), 400077
14. Prof. Satyajit Layek
4. Dr. Manidipa Das
Department of Sanskrit, Culcutta
Assistant Professor
University, West Bengal
Department of Sanskrit
15. Prof. Parboty Chakraborty
Rabindrabharati University H.O.D., Department of Sanskrit
Kolkata, 700050 Rabindrabharati University
5. Dr. Sashibhusan Mishra Kolkata, 700050
Sri Sitaram vaidic Adarsha 16. Dr. Narayan Prasad Dash
Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya Reader in Sanskrit,
7/2A, P.W.D. Road, Kolkata-35 S.V. M. Autonomous College,
6. Dr. Sudhakar Mishra Jagatsinghpur, Odisha, 754103
Department of Grammar 17. Dr. Sampadananda Mishra
Sri Sitaram Vaidic Adarsha Director, Sri Aurobindo Foundation
Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya for Indian Culture, Puducherry
7/2A, P.W.D. Road, Kolkata-35 Sri Aurobindo Society, Puducherry,
7. Dr. Jayashree Das 605002
Asst. Professor (Cont.) 18. Dr. Ganesh Prasad Panda
Dept. of Vyakrana Assistant Director
Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, National Mission for Manuscripts
Shri Ranvir Campus, New Delhi, 110001
Jammu , 181122 19. Dr. Buddhadev Bhattacharya
8. Dr. Bighneswar Mishra Head, Dept. of Philosophy, Nava Nal-
Directorate of Education anda Mahavihara, Deemed University,
Government of Delhi, Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India,
New Delhi- 54. Nalanda, Bihar.
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© Smt. Laxmipriya Mishra

First Print - 2014

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Professor Kishore Chandra Padhy (Gurudev)

Professor Sitanath Acharya

Professor Aruna Ranjan Mishra

DeäeO³ee³³eeb mJeefJejef®eleeveeb met$eeCeeb efve³ecevee³e met$es<eg meefvoiOee³e&lJeJeejCee³e kesÀ®eve efve³eceeë

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