UNIT – III

1. Define composite beams.

Sometimes beams are made stronger by screwing or bolting steel plates to
their Sides. Such reinforced beams are called as flitched or composite bar.

2. What is meant by pure bending?

If a length of beam is subjected to constant bending moment & no
shear force, then the stresses will be developed due to BM only and the beam
is said to be under pure Or simple bending.

3. Write the assumptions in theory of simple bending.

 The material is homogeneous & isotropic.

 The traverse sections, which were plane before bending remains plain after
Bending.
 The beam is initially straight and all longitudinal layers bent into circular arcs
with Common centre of curvature) The radius of curvature is large compared to
dimensions of cross section.
 Each layer of beam is free to expand or contract independently of layer above or
Below it.
4. What is meant by spring?
It’s a device which is used to absorb energy by taking very large change in its from
without permanent deformation and then release the same when it is required.

5. Classify the spring.

The springs are classified as

(i) torsion spring

(ii) bending spring

6. What is meant by stiffness?

The stiffness of the spring is defined as the load required to produce unit
deflection.

7. What is the formula for the stiffness of a close coiled helical spring subjected to an
axial load?

Stiffness, K= Cd4 / 64R3n N/mm

8. A helical spring is made of 4mm steel wire, wih a mean radius of 25mm and
number of turns of coil 15.what will be deflection of the spring under a load of 6N?
Given:
R = 4mm , d = 4mm , n = 15 , W = 6N

Axial deflection = 64R3n / Cd4

= ( 64 * 6*253 * 15) / (80 * 103 * 44)

= 4.39mm

9. Give shear stress and deflection relation for close – coiled helical spring.
δ = 64R3n / Cd4

τ= 16WR / πd3

δ = (4πR2n / Cd) * τ

10. Difference between close – coiled and open – coiled helical springs.
 Closed coiled helical springs open coiled helical springs

1.adjacent coils are very 1.large gap between adjacent

close to each other coils
2.only tensile load can carry 2.tensile and compressive loads
can carry.
3.helix angle is negligible
3.helix angle considerable

11. The stiffness of the spring is 10 N/mm.what is the axial deformation in the spring
when a load of 50N is acting?

Given:
K = 10 N/mm
W = 50 N

K = w /δ
δ =W/K = 50/10 = 5mm

12. An open coiled helical spring of mean radius of coil of 20 cm and helix angle of 12° is subjected to
an axil load of 10N. what is the bending moment in coil?

Given:

α = 12° ; R = 20 cm =200mm ; W = 10N

bending moment, M= WR sin α

= 10 x 200 sin 12°
= 415.82 N-mm

13. The stiffness of a spring is 10N/mm and the axial delection is 10mm.what is the
axial load on the spring?

Given:
K = 10N/mm
δ= 10mm
K =W/ δ
W = K δ = 10 x 10 =100N

14. What kind of stress introduced when an axial load acts on a close coiled spring?
Shear stress

15. What kind of stress introduced when an axial load acts on a open coiled spring?

Bending stress and shear stress

16. Write down the equation for shear strain energy of a close coiled spring

shear energy, U = τ2/ 4C X volume of the spring

17. What is the value of maximum shear stress in a close coiled helical spring
subjected to axial force W?

maximum shear stress, τ = 16WR/ πd3

18. Write the expression for vertical deflection of a close coiled helical spring due to
vertical load W.

Deflection , δ =64R3n / Cd4

19. What are the uses of close coiled helical spring?

Railway wagons, cycle seating, pistols, brakes etc.

20. What is meant by spraing constant or spring index?

Spring constant is the ratio of mean diameter of the spring to the diameter of the
wire.

21. What are the assumptions in the theory of pure torsion?

1. Twist is uniform along the length of the shaft.

2. The stress does not exceed the limit of proportionality.
3. The shaft circular in section remains circular after loading.
4. Strain and deformations are small.

22. What is the maximum torque transmitted by a hollow circular bar?

Torque T = π/16 * τ ((D4 – d4)/D)

23.Write the expression for bending stress?

The expression is

24. What is the maximum torque transmitted by a circular solid bar?

 Torque T = π/16 * τ *D3

25. State the torsional equation.

T/J = Cθ/l = τ/R

PART - B
1. Find the bending stress induced in a steel flat (150 x 12) mm if it is bent into a
circular arc of radius 12m. E = 200 GPa.

2. A beam of symmetric section is 350mm deep & has moment of inertia of

13160 x 104 mm4 about principal axis.To what radius must the beam be bent
if maximum shear stress is not to exceed 125 MPa.Find moment of resistance
offered by the beam.E = 2 x 105 MPa
.
3.A beam of symmetrical section has depth 450mm & a MI of 27536 cm4 about
the axis of bending. Find the permissible span for this beam if it is simply
supported at ends & carries a load of 25KN/m without bending stress exceeding
120 MPa.

 Moment of resistance and moment applied are equal within elastic limit. The
applied moment varies from zero at support to maximum at centre, so it may seem
for a moment that the theory of simple bending fails to function here but it is not
so. In calculation if we can take the maximum moment carried by the beam is
equal to the moment of resistance.
 By doing so we are designing the entire beam for the max bending moment but
the entire beam is not resisting the maximum bending moment because the
bending moment varies from zero at ends to maximum at centre. So our beam is
safe.

4. A (300 x 400) mm-wooden cantilever beam weighing 0.75 KN/m carries an

upward concentrated load of 20kN at free end. Determine the maximum bending
stress at section 2m from free end.
5. The fig. shows and I section. If the permissible stress is 100 MPa find the
moment of resistance if it is used as a beam simply supported on 10m span.
What must be the UDL?
 The beam is loaded as given below:

6. A flitched beam consists of wooden joist n10cm wide and 20cm deep
strengthened by 2 steel plates10mm thick and 20mm deep as shown. If max.
stress in wooden joist is 7 MPa find the max. Stress in steel. Find also the
moment of resistance of composite section
7. A timber beam 100 mm wide & 200 mm deep is to be reinforced by bolting 2
flitches each 150 mm deep & 12.5 mm in section. Calculate the moment of resistance
when the flitches are attached symmetrically in top & bottom. Allowable stress in
timber is 6 MPa. What is the max. Stress in steel?
The strain at the common surface is same. The strain at a common distance of
100mm from NA is steel and wood would be same as so.
8. A cast iron water pipe 450mm bore, 25mm thick is supported 10m apart. Find
maximum bending stress induced when it is running full.

Total load on beam W = Weight of water + Weight of pipe.

9. Explain shear sress distribution in a beam of rectangular

cross section
  Consider a beam of rectangular cross section of width l and depth h. let F be
The shear force at the cross section considered.

 To determine the shear stress distribution, consider an elementary strip of the

beam at a distance y and depth dy from the neutral axis.

This represents the equation of a parabola.

Hence the shear stress distribution is parabolic in nature.

10. Explain Macaulay's Method.

  The beams we analysed so for were relatively simple in the sense, the loading was
symmetrical and we obtained constants of integration very easily.

 Estimation of deflection would be more Involving and tedious if the loading is not
symmetrical, or loading is discontinuous. In such cases It becomes difficult to
predict exact locations of maximum deflection.

 The bending moment values have to be defined separately for different segments
of the beam. These difficulties are over come By using the method suggested by
Macaulay.

We will take up a specific example to understand the method proposed by Macaulay.

Consider a beam AB of length I simply supported at A and B and loaded

asymmetrically as Depicted in figure 6.13.

If we are interested in finding slope and deflection at point p distant x from A.

The bending moment at this point is = RA x- WI (x-a) - W2 (x-b) - W3 (x-c)

The differential equation of flexure is,

Equation [1] will hold well only if the section x-x lies between E and B. If point p i.e.,
Section lies between D and E, equation hold good if we omit the term W/x-c). It is to be
noticed that in this case x < c and the expression (x-c) becomes negative. That also means
that the term omitted contains negative factor (x-c).

In the same token, if the section lies in the portion CD, equation [I] will hold good if we
omit the third and fourth terms on the right. It may again be noted that, in this case both b
and c are less than x so that the terms (x-b) and (x-c) turns negative. Thus Macaulay’s
method has the following rule;

If the expression in brackets [like (x-a), (x-b) ] becomes negative when the value o fx is
Substituted, the term containing this factor is to be omitted.

When integration is done either to find slope or deflection, the expression (x-a) should be
Integrated as

Thus treating (x-a) a variable as a whole

Since the materials are rigidly connected, the strain at the common surfaces will
be same for both. Consider a layer at a distance y from NA. Since strains are
equal,

The moment of resistance of beam 1 and reinforcing plates 2

Total moment of resistance M is given by

The term I1 + mI2 can be considered as a equivalent moment of inertia of cross
section as if both the elements are made of same material that of beam1which will
give the same moment of resistance as composite beam. Equivalent cross section
can be obtained by multiplying by m, the dimensions of beam 2 that are parallel to
NA. The equivalent cross section can be used for finding the MI about NA & in
locating NA.

Since the beam 1 & 2 are rigidly connected they have common radius of curvature
R. Maximum stresses in the beam are

This represents the equation of a parabola.

Hence the shear stress distribution is parabolic in nature.