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ATOMIC MODELS
In order to study the physical structure of an atom, several theories has been
proposed by scientists and are popularly known as atomic models.
1) Rutherford’s atomic model 1911
2) J.J Thompsons atomic model 1899
3) Bohr’s atomic model 1913
DEFICIENCIES
1) They could not explain the distribution of electrons in the orbit
2) The theory did not explain the stability of the atom as a whole
3) They could not explain cornelation of emission of frequencies of electrons
IONIC BONDS-CHARACTERISTICS
1) Ionic bonds are unidirectional
2) Generally crystalline in nature
3) They are rigid
4) Bad conductors of electricity in their solid state
5) Highly soluble in water and other polar solvents
COVALENT BOND-CHARACTERISTICS
1) They can be solid, liquid, or gases
2) Soft and have low boiling and melting point
3) Generally insulators, electrically
4) Poor ductility
METALLIC BONDS
It exists due to electrostatic force of attraction b/w electron cloud and positive ions of the
same or different metals. This type of bond is a characteristics of the electrons having
small No. of valence electrons which are loosely held so that they can be easily released to
the common pool
CHARACTERISTICS
1) Crystalline in nature
2) Good conductors of electricity
3) Opaque to light
4) High thermal conductivity
SECONDARY BONDS
Types: Dispersion bonds
Dipole bonds
hydogen bonds
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