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Advanced Grammar
A. Definition of Gerund
Before discussing the function of Gerund, let's first define what is Gerund.
Gerund is a verb that functions as a noun so it can function as a subject, object
and complement (complement) in the sentence, also behind a preposition. So
Gerund is actually a verb, but his position in that sentence makes it as a noun. It is
therefore to distinguish from the ordinary verb, its form of verb with plus-in behind
it. In short, Gerund is a noun formed from verbs + ing. In the exam we will usually
not be asked what form of gerund in a sentence, but we will be asked to fill in the
missing word from a sentence with the right words, such as whether to use swim,
swimming, to swim, she swims or others.
For example :
• He is smoking.
Smoking in the above sentence is as a verb (not a gerund).
• Smoking is a bad habit.
'Smoking' in the sentence above serves as a noun (gerund)
B. function of Gerund
As explained above, that Gerund can function the subject, object or complement.
1. As the Subject
Example:
- Swimming is a good sport.
- Working a whole day makes me tired.
2. As Sentence Object.
Example:
- I dislike Cheating.
- I like Reading
Gerund as Object there are 2 kinds:
1. Verb object (object of verb)
gerund used after the verb.
2. Object of preposition
gerund used after the foreground.
1) Object of Verb
Not all verbs are followed by Gerund.
The specific verbs Gerund follows:
Understand = mengerti
Anticipate = merasakan
Admit = mengakui
Appreciate = menghargai
Avoid = menghindari
Consider = mempertimbangkan
Mind = keberatan
Miss = gagal
Prevent = menahan
Finish = menyelesaikan
Delay = menunda
Enjoy = menyukai
Excuse = memaafkan
Imagine = membayangkan
Anticipate = merasakan, mengetahui lebih dulu
Detest = jijik, benci
Escape = lolos
Feel like = ingin
Involve = terlibat
Mention = menyebutkan
Postpone = menunda
Save = menghemat
Suggest = menyarankan
Risk = mempertahankan
For Example :
For Example:
I like swiming.
I like to swim (as a hobby).
I like to swim this afternoon.(expressing desire at the same time).
He stops smoking.
He quit smoking (to stop smoking).
He stops to smoke, because he wants to drink. (stop because there are
other activities)
Note:
3. As Complement (Complement).
Example:
- The most activity I hate is sleeping.
- My hobby is fishing.
C. Use of Gerund.
Some words, such as adjectives, preposition and verbs must be followed by a Verb-
ing (gerund) form.
a. Use of Gerund after adjectives (with preposition)
The following adjectives + prepositions must be followed by the form -ING:
Afraid of, angry about / at, clever at, interested, proud of, crazy about,
disappointed about, excited
about, famous for, fond of, sorry about, worried about.
For example:
– He’s afraid of going by plane.
– I am interested in visiting the museum.
– The girl is crazy about playing tennis.
– I’m worried about making mistakes
b. Use of Gerund after Preposition.
The following prepositions should be followed by gerund:
About, of, from, before, apart from, before, by, in, instead of, on, without.
Example:
– Before going to bed he turned off the lights.
– She avoided him by walking on the opposite side of the road.
– We arrived in Madrid after driving all night.
– He told the joke without laughing