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ASSIGNMENT

Module Code CSE 504


Module Name Research methodology
Programme MTech CSN
Department Computer Science and Engineering
Faculty FET

Name of the Student VISHAL HAMMAD

Reg. No 18ETCS036003

Batch Full -Time – 2018


Dr. S. Malathi, Dr. PVR Murthy, Dr. Subarna,
Module Leader Dr.Pushphavathi & Dr.Narendra babu

Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences


University House, Gnanagangothri Campus, New BEL Road, M S R Nagar,
Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA - 560 054

i
Declaration Sheet
Student Name Vishal hammad
Reg. No 18ETCS036003
Course MTech CSE Batch Full-Time / Part-Time 2018
Module Code CSE 504
Module Title Research methodology
Module Date 04/02/2019 To 10/02/2019
Module Leader Dr. S. Malathi, Dr. PVR Murthy, Dr.Subarna, Dr.Pushphavathi & Dr.Narendra babu

Declaration

The assignment submitted herewith is a result of my own investigations and that I have
conformed to the guidelines against plagiarism as laid out in the Student Handbook. All
sections of the text and results, which have been obtained from other sources, are fully
referenced. I understand that cheating and plagiarism constitute a breach of University
regulations and will be dealt with accordingly.

Signature of the
Date
student

Submission date stamp


(by Examination & Assessment
Section)

Signature of the Module Leader and date Signature of Reviewer and date

<Research methodology> 2
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Department Electronic and Communication Engineering
Programme M.Tech in BME, SPC, VSD, MLIS & AEL
Batch Full-Time Part-Time 2018 Module Start Date 04/02/2019
Module Code FET502
Module Title Research Methodology Laboratory Y N
Module Leader(s) Dr. S. Malathi, Dr. PVR Murthy, Dr.Subarna, Dr.Pushphavathi & Dr.Narendra babu

Module Assessment
Reg.No. 18ETCS036003 Name of the Student Vishal hammad
Component - 1: (Assignment, Presentation on assignment submitted and Laboratory Test) (1.A+1.B+1.C)
1.A Assignment (100 Marks)
Marks

First Examiner

Second Examiner
Max Marks
Sections

Marking Scheme

Part Total
Marks

Marks
1.1 Choice and Introduction to Field of Research 3
1.2 Assumptions and techniques 4
Part-A

1.3 Recommended Suggestion and Views on feasibility 4


1.4 Thesis appreciation 2
1.5 Proposed Title and Aim 2
Part-A Max Marks 15
2.1 Choice of Specific Topic of Research and Introduction 5
Collection of technical papers and justification of relevance of
Part-B

2.2 5
these papers
2.3 Review of Two Papers with own analysis/comments 15
Part-B Max Marks 25
3.1 Quality of Slides 3
3.2 Information Content 3
Part-C

3.3 Presentation Skill 2


3.4 Q&A 2
Part-C Max Marks 10
Total Assignment Marks 50
If the module has Laboratory element, 30% weight of Total Assignment Marks
(i.e. 1.A Marks = Total Assignment Marks X 0.3)
If the module does not have Laboratory element, 40% weight of Total Assignment Marks
(i.e. 1.A Marks = Total Assignment Marks X 0.4)

1.B Presentation on assignment submitted (20 Marks)


Attribute Max Marks First Examiner Marks Second Examiner Marks
Technical Content 05
Grasp and Explanation 05
Quality of Slides and Delivery 05

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Q&A 05
Total 20
(20 marks reduced to 10 Marks) Total 1.b Marks

1.C Laboratory Exam / Tool Test (20 Marks)


IMPORTANT: If a module does not have laboratory content, 1.c should be shown as ‘0 Marks’
Attribute Max Marks First Examiner Marks Second Examiner Marks
Laboratory Examination / Tool Test 10
Viva Voce 10
Total 20

(20 marks reduced to 10 Marks) Total 1.c Marks

Component - 2: Examination
Examination Max Marks First Examiner Marks Moderator Marks
Written examination 100

Written examination marks reduced to 50 Marks

Module Marks Tabulation


Component-1: Assignment First Examiner Second Examiner Marks
1.A
Result
1.B

1.C

Component-1 Total Pass Fail


Component-2: Examination Pass Fail
Module Marks (Max 100 ) Pass Fail
IMPORTANT: 1. Component 1 and 2 total marks have to be rounded off to the next higher integer and entered in the above fields.
2. A minimum of 40% required for a pass in both components.

Signature of First Examiner Signature of Second Examiner

<Research methodology> 4
Abstract

Abstract
Research methodology is a systematic approach for reducing the degree of uncertainties
encountered in research. It helps in shaping the research orientation of a researcher. In this
module, students have been introduced to various research aspects of research methodology.
The students have been exposed to effective method of problem definition, literature review,
technical communications, and effective presentation with case studies.

The current assignment is an exercise to assess student’s quick adaptation skill and ability to
review research thesis and technical papers; thus, equipping students to systematically conduct
research in their chosen area of specialization

_____________________________________________________________________________________

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index
____________________________________________________________________________

Declaration Sheet ............................................................................................................ ii


Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………….v
index............................................................................................................................. iii
List of Tables .................................................................................................................. iv
List of Figures .................................................................................................................. v
List of Symbols ............................................................................................................... vi

PART-A CHAPTER 1 .......................................................................................................... 7


Thesis Review ................................................................................................................. 7
1.1 Introduction to the Identified “Specific Field of Research”:.......................................... 7
1.2 Assumptions and techniques of the individual thesis: ................................................... 7
1.3 Recommended Suggestion and Views on feasibility: ...................................................... 13
1.4 Thesis appreciation: ...................................................................................................................... 14
1.5 Proposed Title and Aim: .............................................................................................................. 14
PART-BCHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................................... 16

Title of the Chapter ....................................................................................................... 16


2.1 Choice of Specific Topic of Research and Introduction: .................................................. 16
2.2 Collection of technical papers and justification of relevance of these papers: ............ 16
2.3 Review of two papers with own analysis/comments: ..................................................... 18
PART-C CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................ 26
Presentation on part A and B......................................................................................... 26
References .................................................................................................................... 27

_____________________________________________________________________________________

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List of Tables
______________________________________________________________________________

Table no. Title of Table Page no.

Table 2. 1 antenna characteristics ............................................................................................. 19


Table 2. 2 Bandwidth at respective resonant frequencies ........................................................ 20

_____________________________________________________________________________________

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List of Figures
____________________________________________________________________________

Figure no. Title of figure Page no.


Figure 1. 1 Design of rectangular patch antenna ......................................................................... 8
Figure 1. 2 return loss at 1.6GHz……………………………………………………………………………………………..9

PART-A CHAPTER 1

Thesis Review

1.1 Introduction to the Identified “Specific Field of Research”:


The topic chosen for the field o research is ‘design and improving the
performance of wireless local area network(WLAN)’. For the chosen field of thesis referred is ‘Advanced
WLAN site survey’.
In the today’s world of wireless communication, WLAN have a very important role. Wireless operations
enable service like long range communication. The uses of the wireless technology help to enable a backup
communication link in case of any type of normal network failure. Wireless communication includes

<Research methodology> 8
various forms of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, such as two-way radios, cellular telephones,
personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other applications of radio wireless
technology include GPS units, wireless computer mice, garage door openers, satellite television, broadcast
television, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio receivers, and cordless telephones
Wireless local area network (WLAN) is the method that connect device in such a
manner they can use a very high frequency radio wave. In this advance time every client is to be required
a good wireless network. Wireless network admires such type of medium in which every customer can
access the network at any time within the coverage area.in the wireless network we can increased access
points to expand the network. By this process we can meet any major problem. We can used of gateway
, a wider internet connection is to be achieved through WLAN.
In our topic chosen for the field of research is ‘design and improving the performance
of wireless local area network(WLAN)’ that means is that we can improving the performance of WLAN
by reducing the unnecessary active scans. The thesis is to be refereed is ‘Advanced WLAN site survey.
The wireless network consists of three main parts that is Access point, client and bridge.
there are to be two type or modes of wireless technology is to be available. One is to be provide
connectivity to the infrastructure network and the second one is to be provide connection between one
device to another.

1.2 Assumptions and techniques of the individual thesis:


In the thesis referred, there are many tools and software are to be used during the time of project and
survey.

The project may success depend on the proper planning and implementation of the individual steps.

in the thesis there are to five steps are too be taken that is as following:

Stage Requirement

1stphase In the 1st phase required planning and


pre-survey.
2nd phase In the 2st phase required analysis of pre-
survey.
3rd phase In the 3st phase required actual survey.

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4th phase In the 4st phase required analysis and
optimization if necessary.
5th phase In the 5st phase required summery and
conclusion.

This five-phase planning can be increased knowledge each and every part of the topics and research. There
are not required wireless access point to optimal location because of Ekahua is available. Ekahua is
showing information about signal strength, number of access point present, network performance, and
network health. It is the tool for Wi-Fi network planning. In the begging of the project handling and
knowledge are necessary. One laptop can run high level program that is channelizer and Ekahau site
survey. It is include two USB Wi-Fi adapters , USB hub, spectrum analyzer and one any smart phone. The
iperf3 server was also used to carry out the active throughput testing. Iperf3 is the basic tool which
designed by the java programmer for activity measurement of max bandwidth on ip network.

Types of survey cared out that is

1. Active survey
2. Passive survey
3. Active ping survey
4. Active throughput survey

Active survey:

Active survey carried out both hardware and software activity link with the access point and give the
information such as network performance, ping survey, packet loss etc.

Passive survey:

in the passive survey includes the information about the signal strength, interference level, signal noise
ratio and so on. This information provides radio frequency characteristics. Survey is start to click on
starting point pf the locations and after few meters it will be stops. There are two types of survey is to be
carried out first is continued walking and another is namely stop and go.

Active ping survey

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ping survey is means is end-to-end network performance testing. It is made up with the wireless network
adapter and that is associated with the network. It is check that network adapter is connected to the wi-
fi network so we can say that is can check the performance.

Activity throughput survey

it is same as the like ping survey, this type of survey is carried out with the wireless adapter which is
associated with the network.in the activity throughput survey we need to host an iperf throughput server.
But there are some necessary survey is to be taken before is carried out. Some steps are to be showing
below to carried out the activity throughput.

Step 1
Click on the adapter and cannel configure which is available from the menu bar of the
Ekahau site survey.

Throughput test parameters can be set as shown in the picture below.

Mode – iPerf v3
Host – IP address of the throughput server
Protocol – UDP or TCP
Direction – Uplink or downlink (send or receive)
Buffer length – Used as default

Cycle- Time in seconds (Used as default from the Ekahau site survey)

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Rate Limit- The bandwidth to send at

Figure 3. Active Survey Configuration

1.3 Recommended Suggestion and Views on feasibility:


Recommended suggestion which the author gives in the thesis that, all the type of the survey is to be
carried out through the walking the campus area based on map with installing the software Ekahau. It is
necessary to that Wi-Fi is to be connected to the Ekahau Software.

Using the spectrum analyzer

In software channelizer was used to record and view the data generated from the survey conducted using
the spectrum analyzer. The spectrum analyzer survey are done in the specific location.in this type we
cannot use laptop during the walking around the campus.

This is because of spectrum analyzer takes more time to generates meaning full data. the result is to be
generated for both 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz frequency ban. The spectrum analyzer and the channelizer software
are to be taken three types of the pane that are as following.

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1 navigation pane

2 detailed pane

3 overview pane

In the navigation pane using the both 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz frequency band for recorded without adding any
unnecessary files. All the types of files are to be captures at the time. It is to be necessary to connect the
wi-fi form Ekahua USB NIC 300.

Detailed pane shows the grapes and tables in the graphs includes network graph and in table included the
network tables and channelized table. Network graph can show the wi-Fi singles strength over time the
data are to be collected form laptop.

Overview allow to go back and see the detail about what was recorded during the time of survey. In the
overview the water fall view is to be potted

In the thesis, the author also recommends that all the files and figures generated from the survey can
used for the better under-standing and analysis of the network status of the campus. In future, other
different type of feed techniques can be used to calculate the overall performance of WLAN.

1.4 Thesis appreciation:


The thesis clearly defines in the introduction that for designing and
enhanced the performance of WLAN. The performance can be increased based in to the relevant survey
are to be taken. The WLAN is the combination of the both computer technology and wireless
communication technology. In this thesis main purpose is to be carried out WLAN in connecting with a
site survey and improve user experience on the campus with wireless network by using the tool kit Ekahau
site survey. There are several benefits of having a smart network infrastructure experience gained from
this thesis. The thesis also explains the basic structure of the WLAN and the theoretical knowledge of the
wireless local area network. And showing the serval benefits of the WLAN.

In the thesis benefits in terms of showing the mobility, shot term usages, speed of deployment and
Scalability. And showing the some of the standers That is 802.11 and their standers.

In the suggested future work, to get and increase the overall performance of network it is necessary to
optimize the network problem sooner than later and remain up to date with the network standards in this

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competitive technological world. To increase the impedance bandwidth and efficiency, different design
methods are being focused in the researches going on presently.

1.5 Proposed Title and Aim:

From the suggested future work, the title which can be suggested is ‘design and development high
performance WLAN with Different Feeding Techniques for wireless applications’

The aim of the research will be designing of high performance wireless local area network which can
improve user experience on campus with the help of tool kit Ekahau site survey(ESS). ESS is being used by
the global leading companies for networking mapping, design and implement of wireless network. Based
on my experience in this thesis the ESS tools accelerates and significantly enhanced the design of wireless
network, implementation and troubleshooting problems. ESS is one of the best solution to make the
network infra-structure smarter and solve network related problem in this competitive world.

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PART-BCHAPTER 2
______________________________________________________________________________
Specific Topic of Research

2.1 Choice of Specific Topic of Research and Introduction:


The specific topic of research chosen is ‘design and Improving the
Performance of WLANs by Reducing Unnecessary Active Scans’. When we can design a Wi-Fi
network we can focus on the access point location that is satisfied the requirement throughput each user.
That process usage traffic patterns and reach final network design that can achieve throughput levels with
the minimum number of access points. That can be reduced the cost. As the part of 802.11 standers, in
the Wi-Fi client send broadcast probe request, across wide range of channel frequency, to discover access
point in the environment [1]. All the access point hearing these probe requests responds with a unicast
probes request that varies information about that network. This type of process commonly known as
Active scanning. We have found that there is heavily utilized networks, where channel utilized only 50%,
and the amount of traffic grows to 50% at least of the total management traffic in just second. The reason
for this drop is because probe traffic, as per Wi-Fi specification highest delivery probability is send at full
power. At the lowest bit rate and on most channel.

This type lower bit rates increased their transmission time and during that time, other client are unable
to receive and send data on there wireless spectrum. Thus, these slow frames start increasing certain
point, the overall efficiency of the network stats degrading as the client and access points are unable to
find free spectrum slots to received and send required data. The performance of 2.4Ghz network is
affected probes traffic while impact was negligible on 5Ghz network.

The number of probe request are to be find less as compare to the 2.4Ghz. the reason for this was
congestion in the 2.4 GHz network was higher as there are only 3 nonoverlapping channels available. Thus
a large number of clients were consistently sending probe request as they moved around the campus and
when they felt that the available throughput was not high enough [2]. So that the 5Ghz network
unaffected because of there are multiple non-overlapping channel in this frequency band. it is that
decide to use Wi-Fi as the wireless medium will use the 2.4 GHz band.

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2.2 Collection of technical papers and justification of relevance of these papers:
The two papers selected are ‘Improving the Performance of WLANs by
Reducing Unnecessary Active Scans’ by Dheryta Jaisinghani, Member, IEEE, Vinayak Naik, Member, IEEE,
Sanjit Kaul, Member, IEEE, Rajesh Balan, Member, IEEE, and Sumit Roy, on July 2018 in the International
Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol.3, Special Issue 6 and
other paper is ‘IEEE 802.11 WLAN Load Balancing for Network Performance Enhancement’ by Ram
Krishana, Dr. Vijay Laxmi on May 2015 in 3rd International Conference on Recent Trends in Computing an
ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization Vol.3, Special Issue 3.

Relevance of the two papers:

Technical papers Relevance

1. Dheryta Jaisinghani, Vinayak This paper deals with design Improving the
Naik, Sanjit Kaul, Rajesh Balan, Performance of WLANs by Reducing Unnecessary
and Sumit Roy, (2018). Active Scans.in this paper considers the problem
Improving the Performance of of the excessive and unnecessary active scans in
WLANs by Reducing highly utilized WLANs during which low rate
Unnecessary Active Scans. probe requests and responses are broadcast. Our
International Journal of analysis of two production WLANs reveals that
Innovative Research in lesser number of non-overlapping channels in 2.4
Computer and Communication GHz makes it more prone to the effects of
Engineering, 3(6), pp.413-416. increased probe frames than 5 GHz. find that not
only up to 85% of probe responses carry
redundant information but probe traffic can be as
high as 65% of the management traffic. active
scanning severely impacts real-time applications
at a client as it increase the latency by 90 time.
the probe traffic in production WLANs – access

<Research methodology> 16
point configurations, network planning, and client
modification. Our proposals for access point
configuration are in line with current WLAN
deployments, better network planning is device
agnostic in nature, and client modification
reduces the average number of probe requests
per client by up to 51% without hamper the
ongoing Wi-Fi connection.
2.
Ram Krishana, Dr. Vijay Laxmi This paper deals with 802.11 WLAN Load
on IEEE 802.11 WLAN Load Balancing for Network Performance
Balancing for Network Enhancement. In this paper we proposed a load
Performance Enhancement. balancing algorithm to enhance the network
performance. Our algorithm will dynamically
balance the network load by distributing the
mobile stations among access points (APs). The
proposed algorithm shows effectiveness of the
load distribution and enhances the network
performance. In real time scenario of IEEE 802.11
WLAN the mobile stations dynamically change
their locations which leads the unbalanced load
distribution on available access points (APs). This
load imbalance leads to considerable degradation
in the performance of WLAN

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2.3 Review of two papers with own analysis/comments:

2.3.1 design and Improving the Performance of WLANs by Reducing Unnecessary Active Scans

Brief introduction to the Specific topic of research and its significance to current scenario:

Introduction of this paper says that tremendous increase in the demand for wireless communication has
to be necessary to improving the performance of the wireless communication. The problem is the
unnecessary active scans, for increasing the performance of the WLAN we can reduce the unnecessary
active scans. The procedure of the Active scans is either triggered in the user space or kernel space of the
operating system. The example of the user space is to be ubuntu network management and android
supplicant. And the example of the kernel space is Wi-Fi MAC and device driver. The comparing active
scans is based on the 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz frequency band. Most of the Wi-fi device todays are supported the
dual band operations these band exhibits different channel and interference. Hence first we can
understand how and why the active scanning affects network performance in WLAN. To answer this
question in two ways first ways is client-side perspective and second one is Network-wide Perspective. It
is important things to consider these two perspectives because not only does active scanning introduces
latency to an ongoing communication at a client but when it starts, low data rate probe traffic, comprising
of Probe request s and probe requests, is injected into the network.

Assumptions:

In this paper, an evaluate the performance of the clients for the probe request transmitted, the duration
for which their connection persisted [3], and the time it takes to re-establish a broken connection. The
assumption made in this thesis are that the comparison of the active scans is to be based on the dual
frequency band that is 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz frequency band.

Methodology:

In this paper, to achieve the performance of WLAN by reducing the unnecessary active scan, for reducing
the unnecessary active scan we can introduce and evaluate the modified scanning strategy to disable
unnecessary active scans. In the modified scanning method, it is interleaves active and passive scans. In
the passive clients can passively listen beacons broadcast by Aps to discover nearby Aps. This process of
scanning is known as passive scan. In the passive scanning there is to be higher delay so in place of active
scanning we can use the active scanning.

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2.3.2 Review on Design of IEEE 802.11 WLAN Load Balancing for Network
Performance Enhancement:

Brief introduction to the Specific topic of research and its significance to current scenario:

Introduction of this paper says that, IEEE 802.11 WLAN standardization [1], for wireless connectivity is
becomes popular interesting [3]. There are many research works previously done in this fields required
more efforts to design a system for improving the performance of the networks. In the wireless local area
networks(WLAN) consists of the two basic groups that is basic service sets (BSSs) and another is the
extended service sets (ESSs). In each basic service sets consists of the on-access point but in the extended
service sets consist of the number of basics sets. The basic service sets is the area in which all the wireless
users are to be move free arounds and still connected to each other’s. in the wireless medium mobile
users are using certain areas by the access point signals. but there are chance to be multiple access point
present within the coverage area then mobile stations have to selected the strongest signals. When one
mobile user out from one BSS to anther while moving within the ESS, his or her machine's wireless network
adapter is able to switch access points depending on the quality of the Received Signal Strength Identifier
(RSSI) [4] or the Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) [4] it receives from different access points.

The WLAN the station can select the access point with the higher signal strength form among access
point(Aps). In WLAN a station is enabled to take the services of internet only after its association with an
access point (AP). For the communication with different access point should have overlapped coverage
area such that communication interruption can be avoided when a mobile station moves from one basic
service sets to another basic service sets.

Assumptions:

In this paper, the goal of the applied approach it to provide enhanced networks performance in the
wireless local area network with the number of accepted applications. The assumption is the in this paper

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is to proposed a load balancing algorithm between the wireless access points. These algorithms take
dynamically balancing of the mobile stations in order to enhanced the performance of the networks.

Methodology and results obtained:

In this paper, an load balancing algorithm is to be calculate the load on each of the access point (AP) and
associated or re-associated takes place in the wireless local area network (WLAN). There are to be
following cases that is to performed.

Case 1 the new network is to be enter into the network and associated with the access point.

Case 2 the associated station is moving out form the rages of the one access point to anther access point
Case 3 and at last the station leave the network.

Fig. 2. Different execution states of load balancing algorithm

The load balancing server access the parameter of each access point and execute the algorithm to anther
mobile stations between available access point. Whenever a station enters, moves and leaves from
network the load balancing server executes this algorithm. After the execution results provide the
information about the number of associated station with each AP and total load coursed by access points.
This information is to be stored and updated in to the server database.

Results:

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in the load balancing algorithms, the network performance of the WLAN are measure in the form of
throughput. The performance can be measured in the form of unbalancing and the balancing scenario
based. The throughput is the bit per seconds transmitted.

Figure. Load on AP1 to AP6 in unbalanced WLAN

Figure Load on AP1 to AP6 in balanced WLAN

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On the basis of the above figure we can conclude that our proposed load balancing algorithms provides
better global performance in terms of data dropped and network throughputs in wireless local area
networks (WLAN).

Conclusion

This paper presents the new load balancing algorithm for wireless station to enhance network
performance. We used the Riverbed Modeler simulator to show the result of proposed algorithm for
WLAN performances. With fair load distribution of stations between different access points the WLAN
shows performance parameters are also enhanced for wireless stations. Results show that when WLAN is
balanced the data dropped rate is reduced to 600 (bits/sec) and amount of throughput is 1.5 times higher
than the unbalanced WLAN. In future the work can be extended with considering different performance
parameters and more complex scenarios in hotspot environment.

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PART-C CHAPTER 3

______________________________________________________________________________
Presentation on part A and B

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References
______________________________________________________________________________

[2] R. Raghavendra, E. Belding, K. Papagiannaki, and K. Almeroth, “Unwanted link layer traffic in large
ieee 802.11 wireless networks,” IEEE TMC, 2010.
[1] “Ieee standard,” IEEE Std 802.11-2012 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.112007), pp. 1–2793, March 2012.

8 References
[1] “Ieee standard,” IEEE Std 802.11-2012 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.112007), pp.
1–2793, March 2012.
[2] R. Raghavendra, E. Belding, K. Papagiannaki, and K. Almeroth, “Unwanted link
layer traffic in large ieee 802.11 wireless networks,” IEEE TMC, 2010.
[3] D. Jaisinghani, V. Naik, S. K. Kaul, and S. Roy, “Realtime detection
of degradation in wifi network’s goodput due to probe traffic,” in 

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Benefits you have derived by solving this assignment:

1. Understood the Significant role of literature review in research cycle and the expectations from
good literature review as well as procedure for systematic literature review.

2. Understood that the essential aspects of technical communication is to develop desirable


writing skills for an effective presentation

3. Analyzed and prepared well-structured research proposal and research paper invoking clearly
outlined principles

Whether assignment was able to assess module learning outcomes or not?


Yes, assignment was able to assess module learning outcomes.

<Research methodology> 25

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