45 Data Scientist Questions

18/07/2019 45 questions to test a Data Scientist on Regression | Skill test
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45 questions to test a Data Scientist on Regression (Skill
Your Ultimate pathtest
for – Regression
Becoming
Solution) a DATA Scientist!
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Introduction
Regression is much more than just linear and logistic regression. It includes many techniques for modeling and
analyzing several variables. This skill test was designed to test your conceptual and practical knowledge of
various regression techniques.
A total of 1845 number of people participated in the test. I am sure they all will agree it was the best skill
assessment test on regression they have come across.
If you are one of those who missed out on this skill test, then you did miss out on the real time test. But here the
questions with detailed solutions, find out how many you could have answered correctly.
(https://datahack.analyticsvidhya.com/contest/skilltest-regression/)
Overall Scores
Below are the distribution of scores, this will help you evaluate your performance: -
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science journey.
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(http://https://datahack.analyticsvidhya.com/contest/skilltest-regression/lb)
You can assess your performance here (https://datahack.analyticsvidhya.com/contest/skilltest-regression/lb).

Around 530 people participate in the skilltest and the highest score was 38. Here are a few statistics about the
distribution.
Mean Score: 23.15
Median Score: 23
Mode Score: 23
Helpful Resources for Regression -

Your Ultimate
In case you want to revise your knowledge, here are a few resources for brushingpath for
up your Becoming
knowledge on
Regression. a DATA Scientist!
Going Deeper into Regression Analysis with Assumptions, Plotsscience
& Solutions
journey.
(https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/07/deeper-regression-analysis-assumptions-plots-solutions/)
5 Questions which can teach you Multiple Regression (with R and Python)
(https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2015/10/regression-python-beginners/)
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7 Types of Regression Techniques you should know
(https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2015/08/comprehensive-guide-regression/)
Simple Guide to Logistic Regression in R (https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2015/11/beginners-guide-on-

logistic-regression-in-r/)
A Complete Tutorial on Ridge and Lasso Regression in Python

(https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/01/complete-tutorial-ridge-lasso-regression-python/)
Using Platt Scaling and Isotonic Regression to Minimize LogLoss Error in R

(https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/07/platt-scaling-isotonic-regression-minimize-logloss-error/)
Q1. Which of the following step / assumption in regression modeling impacts the trade-off between
under-fitting and over-fitting the most.
A. The polynomial degree
B. Whether we learn the weights by matrix inversion or gradient descent
C. The use of a constant-term
Solution: A
Choosing the right degree of polynomial plays a critical role in fit of regression. If we choose higher degree of
polynomial, chances of overfit increase significantly.
Q2. Suppose you have the following data with one real-value input variable & one real-value output -
variable. What is leave-one out cross validation mean square error in case of linear regression (Y =
bX+c)?
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science journey.
A. 10/27
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k
B. 20/27
C. 50/27
D. 49/27
Solution: D
We need to calculate the residuals for each cross validation point. After fitting the line with 2 points and leaving 1
point for cross validation.
Leave one out cross validation mean square error = (2^2 +(2/3)^2 +1^2) /3 = 49/27
Q3. Which of the following is/ are true about “Maximum Likelihood estimate (MLE)”?
1. MLE may not always exist

2.
3.
MLE always exists
If MLE exist, it (they) may not be unique
-
4. If MLE exist, it (they) must be unique Your Ultimate path for Becoming
a DATA Scientist!
A. 1 and 4
science journey.
B. 2 and 3
C. 1 and 3
D. 2 and 4 Email Id
Solution: C
The MLE may not be a turning point i.e. may not be a point at which the first derivative of the likelihood (and log-
likelihood) function vanishes.
* The MLE may not be unique.
-
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science journey.
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Q4. Let’s say, a “Linear regression” model perfectly fits the training data (train error is zero). Now, Which
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of the following statement is true?
A. You will always have test error zero
B. You can not have test error zero
C. None of the above
Solution: C
Test error may be zero if there no noise in test data. In other words, it will be zero, if the test data is perfect
representative of train data but not always.
Q5. In a linear regression problem, we are using “R-squared” to measure goodness-of-fit. We add a
feature in linear regression model and retrain the same model.
Which of the following option is true?
A. If R Squared increases, this variable is significant.
B. If R Squared decreases, this variable is not significant.
C. Individually R squared cannot tell about variable importance. We can’t say anything about it right now.
D. None of these.
Solution: C
“R squared” individually can’t tell whether a variable is significant or not because each time when we add a
feature, “R squared” can either increase or stay constant. But, it is not true in case of “Adjusted R squared” -
(increases when features found to be significant).
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Q6. Which one of the statement is true regarding residuals science journey. analysis?
in regression
A. Mean of residuals is always zero
B. Mean of residuals is always less than zero

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C. Mean of residuals is always greater than zero
D. There is no such rule for residuals.
Solution: A
Sum of residual in regression is always zero. It the sum of residuals is zero, the ‘Mean’ will also be zero.
Q7. Which of the one is true about Heteroskedasticity?
A. Linear Regression with varying error terms
B. Linear Regression with constant error terms
C. Linear Regression with zero error terms
D. None of these
Solution: A
The presence of non-constant variance in the error terms results in heteroskedasticity. Generally, non-constant
variance arises because of presence of outliers or extreme leverage values.
You can refer this article (https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/07/deeper-regression-analysis-

assumptions-plots-solutions/) for more detail about regression analysis.
Q8. Which of the following indicates a fairly strong relationship between X and Y?
-
A. Correlation coefficient = 0.9
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B. The p-value for the null hypothesis Beta coefficient =0 is 0.0001
C. The t-statistic for the null hypothesis Beta coefficient=0 is 30science journey.
D. None of these
Solution: A
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Correlation between variables is 0.9. It signifies that the relationship between variables is fairly strong.
On the other hand, p-value and t-statistics merely measure how strong is the evidence that there is non zero
association. Even a weak effect can be extremely significant given enough data.
Q9. Which of the following assumptions do we make while deriving linear regression parameters?
1. The true relationship between dependent y and predictor x is linear

2. The model errors are statistically independent
3. The errors are normally distributed with a 0 mean and constant standard deviation
4. The predictor x is non-stochastic and is measured error-free
A. 1,2 and 3.
B. 1,3 and 4.
C. 1 and 3.
D. All of above.
Solution: D
When deriving regression parameters, we make all the four assumptions mentioned above. If any of the
assumptions is violated, the model would be misleading.
Q10. To test linear relationship of y(dependent) and x(independent) continuous variables, which of the
following plot best suited?
A. Scatter plot -
B. Barchart
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C. Histograms Download this learning path to start your data
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D. None of these
Solution: A
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To test the linear relationship between continuous variables Scatter plot is a good option. We can find out how
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one variable is changing w.r.t. another variable. A scatter plot displays the relationship between two quantitative
variables.  Download Resource
Q11. Generally, which of the following method(s) is used for predicting continuous dependent variable?
1. Linear Regression
2. Logistic Regression
A. 1 and 2
B. only 1
C. only 2
D. None of these.
Solution: B
Logistic Regression is used for classification problems. Regression term is misleading here.
Q12. A correlation between age and health of a person found to be -1.09. On the basis of this you would
tell the doctors that:
A. The age is good predictor of health
B. The age is poor predictor of health

-
C. None of these
Solution: C a DATA Scientist!
science journey.
Correlation coefficient range is between [-1 ,1]. So -1.09 is not possible.
Q13. Which of the following offsets, do we use in case of least square line fit? Suppose horizontal axis is
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independent variable and vertical axis is dependent variable.
A. Vertical offset
B. Perpendicular offset
C. Both but depend on situation
D. None of above
Solution: A
We always consider residual as vertical offsets. Perpendicular offset are useful in case of PCA.
Q14. Suppose we have generated the data with help of polynomial regression of degree 3 (degree 3 will
perfectly fit this data). Now consider below points and choose the option based on these points. -
1. Simple Linear regression will have high bias and low variance
2. Simple Linear regression will have low bias and highavariance
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3. Download this learning path to start your data
polynomial of degree 3 will have low bias and high variance
4. science journey.
Polynomial of degree 3 will have low bias and Low variance
A. Only 1
B. 1 and 3
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C. 1 and 4
D. 2 and 4
Solution: C
If we fit higher degree polynomial greater than 3, it will overfit the data because model will become more
complex. If we fit the lower degree polynomial less than 3 which means that we have less complex model so in
this case high bias and low variance. But in case of degree 3 polynomial it will have low bias and low variance.
Q15. Suppose you are training a linear regression model. Now consider these points.
1. Overfitting is more likely if we have less data

2. Overfitting is more likely when the hypothesis space is small
Which of the above statement(s) are correct?
A. Both are False
B. 1 is False and 2 is True
C. 1 is True and 2 is False
D. Both are True
Solution: C
1.With small training dataset, it’s easier to find a hypothesis to fit the training data exactly i.e. overfitting.
2. We can see this from the bias-variance trade-off. When hypothesis space is small, it has higher bias and lower -
variance. So with a small hypothesis space, it’s less likely to find a hypothesis to fit the data exactly i.e.
underfitting.
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science journey.
Q16. Suppose we fit “Lasso Regression” to a data set, which has 100 features (X1,X2…X100). Now, we
rescale one of these feature by multiplying with 10 (say that feature is X1), and then refit Lasso
regression with the same regularization parameter.
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Now, which of the following option will be correct?
A. It is more likely for X1 to be excluded from the model  Download Resource k

B. It is more likely for X1 to be included in the model
C. Can’t say
D. None of these
Solution: B
Big feature values =⇒ smaller coefficients =⇒ less lasso penalty =⇒ more likely to have be kept
Q17. Which of the following is true about “Ridge” or “Lasso” regression methods in case of feature
selection?
A. Ridge regression uses subset selection of features
B. Lasso regression uses subset selection of features
C. Both use subset selection of features
D. None of above
Solution: B
“Ridge regression” will use all predictors in final model whereas “Lasso regression” can be used for feature
selection because coefficient values can be zero. For more detail click here
(https://discuss.analyticsvidhya.com/t/difference-between-ridge-regression-and-lasso-and-its-effect/3000). -
a DATA Scientist!
Q18. Which of the following statement(s) can be true post Download
adding a this learning
variable in path to start
a linear your data model?
regression
science journey.
1. R-Squared and Adjusted R-squared both increase
2. R-Squared increases and Adjusted R-squared decreases
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3. R-Squared decreases and Adjusted R-squared decreases
4. R-Squared decreases and Adjusted R-squared increases

A. 1 and 2
B. 1 and 3
C. 2 and 4
D. None of the above
Solution: A
Each time when you add a feature, R squared always either increase or stays constant, but it is not true in case
of Adjusted R squared. If it increases, the feature would be significant.
Q19. The following visualization shows the fit of three different models (in blue line) on same training
data. What can you conclude from these visualizations?
1. The training error in first model is higher when compared to second and third model.
2. The best model for this regression problem is the last (third) model, because it has minimum
training error.
3. The second model is more robust than first and third because it will perform better on unseen data. -
4. The third model is overfitting data as compared to first
YourandUltimate
second model.
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5. All models will perform same because we have not seen the test data.
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A. 1 and 3
science journey.
B. 1 and 3
C. 1, 3 and 4
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D. Only 5
Solution: C  Download Resource k

The trend of the data looks like a quadratic trend over independent variable X. A higher degree (Right graph)
polynomial might have a very high accuracy on the train population but is expected to fail badly on test dataset.
But if you see in left graph we will have training error maximum because it under-fits the training data.
Q20. Which of the following metrics can be used for evaluating regression models?
1. R Squared
2. Adjusted R Squared
3. F Statistics
4. RMSE / MSE / MAE
A. 2 and 4.
B. 1 and 2.
C. 2, 3 and 4.
D. All of the above.
Solution: D
These (R Squared, Adjusted R Squared, F Statistics , RMSE / MSE / MAE ) are some metrics which you can use
to evaluate your regression model. -
a DATA Scientist!
Downloadwith
Q21. We can also compute the coefficient of linear regression this learning
the helppath
oftoan
start your data method
analytical
science
called “Normal Equation”. Which of the following is/are true aboutjourney.
“Normal Equation”?
1. We don’t have to choose the learning rate

2. It becomes slow when number of features is very large
3. No need to iterate
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k
A. 1 and 2
B. 1 and 3.
C. 2 and 3.
D. 1,2 and 3.
Solution: D
Instead of gradient descent, Normal Equation can also be used to find coefficients. Refer this article
(http://eli.thegreenplace.net/2014/derivation-of-the-normal-equation-for-linear-regression/) for read more about
normal equation.
Q22. The expected value of Y is a linear function of the X(X1,X2….Xn) variables and regression line is
defined as:
Y = β0 + β1 X1 + β2 X2……+ βn Xn
Which of the following statement(s) are true?
1. If Xi changes by an amount ∆Xi, holding other variables constant, then the expected value of Y
changes by a proportional amount βi ∆Xi, for some constant βi (which in general could be a
positive or negative number).
2. The value of βi is always the same, regardless of values of the other X’s.
3. The total effect of the X’s on the expected value of Y is the sum of their separate effects.
Note: Features are independent of each others(zero interaction).
A. 1 and 2 -
B. 1 and 3
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C. 2 and 3 Download this learning path to start your data
science journey.
D. 1,2 and 3
Solution: D
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1. The expected value of Y is a linear function of the X variables. This means:
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1. If X i changes by an amount ∆X i , holding other variables fixed, then the expected value of Y
changes by a proportional amount β i ∆X i , for some Download
 constant Resource
β i (which in general could be a
positive or negative number).
2. The value of β i is always the same, regardless of values of the other X’s.
3. The total effect of the X’s on the expected value of Y is the sum of their separate effects.
2. The unexplained variations of Y are independent random variables (in particular, not “auto correlated” if the
variables are time series)
3. They all have the same variance (“homoscedasticity”).
4. They are normally distributed.
Q23. How many coefficients do you need to estimate in a simple linear regression model (One
independent variable)?
A. 1
B. 2
C. Can’t Say
Solution: B
In simple linear regression, there is one independent variable so 2 coefficients (Y=a+bx).
Q24. Below graphs show two fitted regression lines (A & B) on randomly generated data. Now, I want to
find the sum of residuals in both cases A and B.
-
Note:
1. Scale is same in both graphs for both axis. a DATA Scientist!
Download
2. X axis is independent variable and Y-axis is dependent this learning path to start your data
variable.
science journey.
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Which of the following statement is true about sum of residuals of A and B?
A) A has higher than B
B) A has lower than B
C) Both have same
D) None of these
Solution: C
Sum of residuals always zero.
Q25. If two variables are correlated, is it necessary that they have a linear relationship?
A. Yes
B. No
Solution: B
It is not necessary. They could have non linear relationship
-
Q26. Correlated variables can have zero correlation coeffficient. True or False?
A. True a DATA Scientist!
B. False science journey.
Solution: A
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Q27. Suppose I applied a logistic regression model on data and got training accuracy X and testing
accuracy Y. Now I want to add few new features in data. Select option(s)
DownloadwhichResource
are correct in such case.

Note: Consider remaining parameters are same.
1. Training accuracy always decreases.

2. Training accuracy always increases or remain same.
3. Testing accuracy always decreases
4. Testing accuracy always increases or remain same
A. Only 2
B. Only 1
C. Only 3
D. Only 4
Solution: A
Adding more features to model will always increase the training accuracy i.e. low bias. But testing accuracy
increases if feature is found to be significant.
Q28. The graph below represents a regression line predicting Y from X. The values on the graph shows
the residuals for each predictions value. Use this information to compute the SSE.
-
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A. 3.02
B. 0.75
C. 1.01
D. None of these
Solution: A
SSE is the sum of the squared errors of prediction, so SSE = (-.2)^2 + (.4)^2 + (-.8)^2 + (1.3)^2 + (-.7)^2 = 3.02
Q29. Height and weight are well known to be positively correlated. Ignoring the plot scales (the variables
have been standardized), which of the two scatter plots (plot1, plot2) is more likely to be a plot showing
the values of height (Var1 – X axis) and weight (Var2 – Y axis).
A. Plot2
B. Plot1
-
C. Both Your Ultimate path for Becoming
a DATA Scientist!
D. Can’t say
science journey.
Solution: A
Plot 2 is definitely a better representation of the association between height and weight. As individuals get taller,
they take up more volume, which leads to an increase in height, so a positive relationship is expected. The plot
on the right has this positive relationship while the plot on the left Email
showsIda negative relationship.
Q30. Suppose the distribution of salaries in a company X has median $35,000, and 25th and 75th
percentiles are $21,000 and $53,000 respectively.
Would a person with Salary $1 be considered an Outlier?
A. Yes
B. No
C. More information is required
D. None of these.
Solution: C
Q31. Which of the following option is true regarding “Regression” and “Correlation” ?
Note: y is dependent variable and x is independent variable.
A. The relationship is symmetric between x and y in both.
B. The relationship is not symmetric between x and y in both.
C. The relationship is not symmetric between x and y in case of correlation but in case of regression it is
symmetric.
-
D. The relationship is symmetric between x and y in case of correlation but in case of regression it is not
symmetric.
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Solution: D Download this learning path to start your data
science journey.
1. Correlation is a statistic metric that measures the linear association between two variables. It treats y and x
symmetrically.
2. Regression is setup to predict y from x. The relationship is not symmetric.
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 and
Q32. Can we calculate the skewness of variables based on mean median?Resource
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A. True
B. False
Solution: B
The skewness is not directly related to the relationship between the mean and median.
Q33. Suppose you have n datasets with two continuous variables (y is dependent variable and x is
independent variable). We have calculated summary statistics on these datasets. All of them give the
following result:
Are all the given datasets same?
A. Yes
B. No
-
C. Can’t Say a DATA Scientist!
Solutiom: C
science journey.
To answer this question, you should know about Anscombe’s quartet. Refer this link
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anscombe's_quartet) to read more about this.
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Q34. How does number of observations influence overfitting? Choose the correct answer(s).
Note: Rest all parameters are same

1. In case of fewer observations, it is easy to overfit the data.

2. In case of fewer observations, it is hard to overfit the data.
3. In case of more observations, it is easy to overfit the data.
4. In case of more observations, it is hard to overfit the data.
A. 1 and 4
B. 2 and 3
C. 1 and 3
D. None of theses
Solution: A
In particular, if we have very few observations and it’s small, then our models can rapidly overfits data. Because
we have only a few points and as we’re increasing in our model complexity like the order of the polynomial, it
becomes very easy to hit all of our observations.
On the other hand, if we have lots and lots of observations, even with really, really complex models, it is difficult
to overfit because we have dense observations across our input.
Q35. Suppose you have fitted a complex regression model on a dataset. Now, you are using Ridge
regression with tuning parameter lambda to reduce its complexity. Choose the option(s) below which
describes relationship of bias and variance with lambda.
-
A. In case of very large lambda; bias is low, variance is low
B. In case of very large lambda; bias is low, variance is high a DATA Scientist!
C. In case of very large lambda; bias is high, variance is low science journey.
D. In case of very large lambda; bias is high, variance is high
Solution: C
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If lambda is very large it means model is less complex. So in this case bias is high and variance in low.
Q36. Suppose you have fitted a complex regression model on a dataset. Now, you are using Ridge
regression with tuning parameter lambda to reduce its complexity. Choose the option(s) below which
describes relationship of bias and variance with lambda.
A. In case of very small lambda; bias is low, variance is low
B. In case of very small lambda; bias is low, variance is high
C. In case of very small lambda; bias is high, variance is low
D. In case of very small lambda; bias is high, variance is high
Solution: B
If lambda is very small it means model is complex. So in this case bias is low and variance is high because
model will overfit the data.
Q37. What is/are true about ridge regression?
1. When lambda is 0, model works like linear regression model

2. When lambda is 0, model doesn’t work like linear regression model
3. When lambda goes to infinity, we get very, very small coefficients approaching 0
4. When lambda goes to infinity, we get very, very large coefficients approaching infinity
A. 1 and 3
-
B. 1 and 4
C. 2 and 3 a DATA Scientist!
D. 2 and 4 science journey.
Solution: A
Specifically, we can see that when lambda is 0, we get our least square solution. When lambda goes to infinity,
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we get very, very small coefficients approaching 0.
Q38. Out of the three residual plots given below, which of the following represent worse model(s)
compared to others?
Note:
1. All residuals are standardized.

2. The plots are between predicted values Vs. residuals
-
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A. 1  Download Resource k
B. 2
C. 3
D. 1 and 2
Solution: C
There should not be any relationship between predicted values and residuals. If there exist any relationship
between them means model has not perfectly capture the information in data.
Q39. Which of the following method(s) does not have closed form solution for its coefficients?
A. Ridge regression
B. Lasso
C. Both Ridge and Lasso
D. None of both
Solution: B
The Lasso does not admit a closed-form solution. The L1-penalty makes the solution non-linear. So we need to
approximate the solution.
-
If you want to read more about closed form solutions, refer this link
Your Ultimate
(http://statweb.stanford.edu/~tibs/sta305files/Rudyregularization.pdf).
path for Becoming
a DATA Scientist!
science journey.
Q40. Consider the following dataset
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Which bold point, if removed will have the largest effect on fitted regression line as shown in above
figure(dashed)?
A) a
B) b
C) c
-
D) d a DATA Scientist!
Solution: D science journey.
Linear regression is sensitive to outliers in the data. Although c is also an outlier in given data space but it is
closed to the regression line(residual is less) so it will not affect much.
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Q41. In a simple linear regression model (One independent variable), If we change the input variable by 1
unit. How much output variable will change?  Download Resource k
A: By 1
B. No change
C. By intercept
D. By its Slope
Solution: D
Equation for simple linear regression: Y=a+bx. Now if we increase the value of x by 1 then the value of y would
be a+b(x+1) i.e. value of y will get incremented by b.
Q42. Logistic Regression transforms the output probability to be in a range of [0, 1]. Which of the
following function is used by logistic regression to convert the probability in the range between [0,1].
A. Sigmoid
B. Mode
C. Square
D. Probit
Solution: A
-
Sigmoid function is used to convert output probability between [0,1] in logistic regression.
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Q43: Which of the following statement is true about partialscience journey.
derivative of the cost functions w.r.t weights /
coefficients in linear-regression and logistic-regression?
A. Both will be different
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B. Both will be same
C. Can’t say  Download Resource k

D. None of these
Solution: B
Refer this link (http://feature-space.com/2011/10/28/logistic-cost-function-derivative/)
Q44. Suppose, we are using Logistic regression model for n-class classification problem. In this case,
we can use One-vs-rest method. Choose which of the following option is true regarding this?
A. We need to fit n model in n-class classification problem.
B. We need to fit n-1 models to classify into n classes.
C. We need to fit only 1 model to classify into n classes.
D. None of these.
Solution: A
If there are n classes, then n separate logistic regression has to fit, where the probability of each category is
predicted over the rest of the categories combined.
Take a example of 3-class(-1,0,1) classification. Then need to train 3 logistic regression classifiers.
1. -1 vs 0 and 1
2. 0 vs -1 and 1
3. 1 vs 0 and -1
-
Q45. Below are two different logistic models with differentavalues
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β0 and β1.
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Which of the following statement(s) is true about β0 and β1 values of two logistics models (Green,
Black)?
Note: consider Y = β0 + β1*X. Here, β0 is intercept and β1 is coefficient.
A. β1 for Green is greater than Black
B. β1 for Green is lower than Black
C. β1 for both models is same
D. Can’t Say. -
Solution: B
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β0 and β1: β0 = 0, β1 = 1 is in X1 color(black) and β0 = 0, β1 =Download thiscolor
−1 is in X4 learning path to start your data
(green)
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End Notes
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RISHABH Reply
December 19, 2016 at 5:26 am (https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/12/45-questions-to-test-a-data-scientist-on-
regression-skill-test-regression-solution/#comment-119944)
Can you explain Q26 please.
ANKIT GUPTA Reply

(HTTPS://WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/APP_SCOPED_USER_ID/1107394225967405/)
Hi Rishabh,
Thank you for asking the question.
Think about Pearson correlation between two continuous variables. Pearson correlation will measure only linear
relationships between variables.
Refer this link to get more sense of it.
https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2015/06/correlation-common-questions/
(https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2015/06/correlation-common-questions/)
Hope above answer will help you to understand the concepts.
Best!
Ankit Gupta
-
KRISHNA Your Ultimate path for Becoming Reply
a DATA Scientist!
regression-skill-test-regression-solution/#comment-119947) Download this learning path to start your data
science journey.
What is difference between continuous variable and Discrete( Categorical) variable?
How Logistic Regression used for predicting continuous variable? (Que 11)
ANKIT GUPTA Email Id Reply

Hi Krishna,
If a variable can take any value between its minimum and maximum value, then it is called a continuous variable.
By nature, a lot of things we deal with fall in this category: age, weight, height being some of them.
But in case of categorical variable it can take only few values. For example, a gender can be male or female.
Coming to the point. How can you use logistic regression for continuous variable prediction? Convert the
continuous variables into bin(say 10). By creating the bin of this variable; you actually created some categories.
So now you can use logistic regression.
Hope this answer will help you to understand.

Best!
Ankit Gupta
KRISHNA Reply
Thanks Ankit for such nice explanation.
SUBBIAH Reply
What you mean by “minimum and maximum value, then it is called a continuous variable.”? Usually a metric
quantity (such as in your example, that too measurement scale is essential) is continuous variable (Precisely
-
assuming on a uncountable set) Say age measured in years isYour
a continuous
Ultimate variable.
path When
for “maximum”
Becoming is not
known we say age lies in an infinite interval.
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science journey.
ANKIT GUPTA Reply
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Hi Subbiah,
Thanks for asking this question. It is really a good question.  Download Resource k
Here is the explanation:
A continuous variable can take infinite number of values between any defined interval. It doesn’t have to have
every possible numbers, for example, infinite. Infinite itself is not a real number.
Best!
Ankit Gupta
SUBBIAH Reply
Plz explain “”can take infinite number of values between any defined interval” What do you mean by defined
interval? I do not understand the terms you are using to define a variable (or range of a variable)
I do not mean infinite as a number. There is a difference in saying finite / infinite interval in real line. For example
[0, 1] (for proportion say) is a finite interval whereas lifetime (usual example for exponential distribution) in years
has a range (0, Inf) which is an infinite interval. But both intervals are uncountable.
Precisely a reader should be able to distinguish between, finite, countable, and uncountable sets to understand a
discrete / continuous variable
ANKIT GUPTA Reply

-
You can think a defined interval as a close interval of values, for example values between, [7,15] where 7 and 15
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is defined values. Now I can choose any number of values between [7,15] like, 7.1, 7.001, ….. n values where n
can be any thing. It can be 1 lac, 10 lac values that is why I am saying infinite values.
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If n is 1 lac means it is countable set. If n is infinite means it is uncountable set.

Hope this helps!
Regards,
Ankit Gupta Email Id
SUBBIAH  Download Resource k

Reply

“If n is 1 lac means it is countable set. If n is infinite means it is uncountable set.” – Do you mean that with a finite
n (say 1 lac or 10 lac) the closed (or defined) interval [7,15] becomes countable?
KENNETH SINGH Reply

For Q18, Isn’t Adjusted R Square also supposed to increase or remain constant (though fairly more robust than
R Square)? Haven’t come across Adjusted R Square decrease on adding a new variable. Please explain the
theory behind it.
ANKIT GUPTA Reply

Hi Kenneth,
Thank you for reaching out. Please read this discussion which will give answer to your question.
Link = https://discuss.analyticsvidhya.com/t/difference-between-r-square-and-adjusted-r-square/264/2
(https://discuss.analyticsvidhya.com/t/difference-between-r-square-and-adjusted-r-square/264/2)
-
Best!
Ankit Gupta
a DATA Scientist!
science journey.
KENNETH SINGH Reply
Please explain Q22: The Beta for a particular variable is supposed to change
Email Id on adding or deleting other
variables right? I always see them change.
ANKIT GUPTA Reply

Number of features is not changing. Only consider the changing in the values of other x’s variables.
KENNETH SINGH Reply

But this would still lead to change in the Beta under consideration right?
ANKIT GUPTA Reply

Lets take the example. Suppose you have equation:

y = b0 + b1*x1 + b2*x2.
Now you want to change the x2 to x2/10. So after doing this the coefficient of x2(b2) will change by b2*10.
Note:
1. b1 will not be affected
2. b2*x2 is remain same as before
-
KENNETH SINGH a DATA Scientist! Reply
regression-skill-test-regression-solution/#comment-119981) science journey.
Please correct me if I am not understanding this correctly:

The change in Beta that I am referring to is the Beta that we get while determining this Beta.
Let’s say we have this dataset:
X 1 X2 Y Email Id
127
348
569
This would give one Beta value for X.
Now, if we change the value of X1, with X2 remaining the same, say:
X 1 X2 Y
10 2 7
11 4 8
569
This would change the Beta for X2, when we model Y = f(X1,X2), right?
KARIM LULU Reply

I think that you’re right. In that particular case coefficients changed from [0.25; 0.25] to [7.3e-17; 0.5]
KENNETH SINGH Reply

December 19, 2016 at 12:05 pm (https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/12/45-questions-to-test-a-data-scientist-on-
Yes, that’s what my understanding was in answering this question. But let Ankit give his thoughts, we could be
wrong.
KARIM LULU
-
Reply
regression-skill-test-regression-solution/#comment-119992) Your Ultimate path for Becoming

a DATA Scientist!
It seems that option B is correct one for Q22. Since it allows any transformation of X’s, not only
multiplication/division.
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ANKIT GUPTA Reply

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k
Hi Karim,
It is due to interaction present between x1 and x2. In this question we wanted to check the linear regression
assumptions.
Best!
Ankit Gupta
ANKIT GUPTA Reply

Hi Karim & kenneth,
Thanks for noticing it. It was assumed that features are independent of each other.
Best!
Ankit Gupta
KENNETH SINGH Reply

Satisfying the no Multicollinearity condition (by having very low correlation among the Independent Variables)
would still have effect the Beta coefficient in the way discussed above right?
-
KARIM LULU Your Ultimate path for Becoming Reply
a DATA Scientist!
science journey.
That’s clear now.
Thank you a lot!
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KENNETH SINGH Reply
Please explain Q26. Are we talking about Spearman Correlation here?
ANKIT GUPTA Reply

No, It was not specifically asked from Spearman Correlation.
Refer this link: https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2015/06/correlation-common-questions/

(https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2015/06/correlation-common-questions/)
Best!
Ankit Gupta
KENNETH SINGH Reply

I couldn’t find an answer to how correlated variables can have a zero correlation coefficient. Could you explain a
bit on this?
ANKIT GUPTA Reply

-
regression-skill-test-regression-solution/#comment-119968) Your Ultimate path for Becoming
a DATA Scientist!
Please read the point “Answer – 1: Correlation vs. Dependency” from the link which I wrote in previous comment.
In this point Tavish has clearly written that:
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A non-dependency between two variable means a zero correlation. However the inverse is not true. A zero
correlation can even have a perfect dependency.
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KENNETH SINGH
k
Reply
Ok. Thank you.
SANDEEP Reply
Hi Ankit,
Can you please elaborate this point Correlation coefficient is between [-1 ,1]. So -1.09 is not possible. Is it fair to
say in a Medical or a Finical data that if there is a -ve co relation then it means something. For example in a
Clinical research if there is some Diet followed and we a -ve correlation on the Diet and Health then we can say
that as the Protein Diet Decreases Increases risk in health issues and. In Financial Data if we happen to do a
Sales Prediction and we see a -ve co relation between DV and IDV then we can Fairly says that decrease in IDV
and increase a DV
* IDV: Independent Variable

*DV: Dependent Variable
Regards
Sandeep R Diddi
ANKIT GUPTA Reply

-
correlation coefficient can not be below -1 and greater than 1. So if correlation
Your Ultimate coefficient
path for is -1Becoming
means variables
have perfect negative correlation. if correlation coefficient is 1 means variables have perfect positive correlation.
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POUSHALI GOSWAMI Reply
in question 23, we can have a model as y=ax, without consideringEmail

the intercept
Id ..
ANKIT GUPTA
Reply

Hi Poushali,
You can think simple linear equation as y = ax +c where c = 0.
Hope this will clear your doubts.
Best!
Ankit Gupta
MUKUL Reply
Hi
Can you please explain Q 30. What all information is required to definitely call an observation as an outlier.
ANKIT GUPTA Reply

Hi Mukul,
-
Thanks for reaching out!
a DATA Scientist!
Please refer this article: https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/01/guide-data-exploration/
(https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/01/guide-data-exploration/)
science journey.
Best!
Ankit Gupta
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KOMAL Reply
skill-test-regression-solution/#comment-120770)  Download Resource k

January 9, 2017 at 8:52 am (https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/12/45-questions-to-test-a-data-scientist-on-regression-
hi
i want to study regression model in details. can you please suggest any book??
also book regarding analysis in predictive modeling.
thanks and regards,

komal.
ANKIT GUPTA Reply

January 9, 2017 at 9:13 am (https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/12/45-questions-to-test-a-data-scientist-on-regression-
skill-test-regression-solution/#comment-120773)
Hi Komal,
Thanks for reaching out.
You can refer this book “The Elements of Statistical Learning”.
Best!
Ankit Gupta
KOMAL Reply
January 14, 2017 at 5:42 am (https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/12/45-questions-to-test-a-data-scientist-on-
-
Thank you.. Your Ultimate path for Becoming
a DATA Scientist!
SOWMYA science journey.
Reply
Hi,
Email Id
In Q40, amongst data points ‘C’ and “D’ the regression line would vary upon removing point ‘C’ I believe since
right now it looks like outliers “A”, “B” and “C” play some role in directing the regression line in the direction given
in the figure.  Download Resource k
So if one of these key points, specifically “C” , since removing it can direct the regression line towards the outlier
“D” would change the direction of the line.
Your thoughts?
ANKIT GUPTA Reply

HI Sowmya,
Thanks for reaching out. Since, the residuals of A, B, C are very less as compare to D. So if you remove the
outlier D; It will give you maximum change in direction of regression line.
Regards,
Ankit Gupta
SOWMYA Reply
Hi Ankit,
The link for Q43 seems broken. Can you provide another link where the answer for the question would be
explained better.
-
Thanks.
a DATA Scientist!
science journey.
KARTHIK Reply
February 1, 2017 at 4:19 am (https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/12/45-questions-to-test-a-data-scientist-on-
Shouldn’t the solution for Q14 be B – 1&3. Email Id

Simple Linear regression will have high bias and low variance
polynomial of degree 3 will have low bias and high variance (instead of low variance)
ANKIT Reply
February 1, 2017 at 5:05 am (https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/12/45-questions-to-test-a-data-scientist-on-
Hi Karthik,
Thanks for asking. 3rd option is incorrect because data is itself generated using 3rd-degree polynomial. It means
that if you fit 3rd-degree polynomial it will perfectly fit the data(Not only train but test also). which means it
satisfies the condition of low bias and low variance.
For more information just read from this link:

https://discuss.analyticsvidhya.com/t/how-does-the-variance-bias-tradeoff-in-ensembles-work/6065/2
(https://discuss.analyticsvidhya.com/t/how-does-the-variance-bias-tradeoff-in-ensembles-work/6065/2)
Regards,
Ankit Gupta
MARAKHI DER Reply

May 28, 2017 at 9:19 pm (https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/12/45-questions-to-test-a-data-scientist-on-regression-
Regarding Q34.
With Fewer observation we can have bias issue. How can we have overfitting issue?
I am not getting the point. Can you please explain it?
-
MARAKHI DER Your Ultimate path for Becoming Reply
a DATA Scientist!
May 28, 2017 at 9:59 pm (https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/12/45-questions-to-test-a-data-scientist-on-regression-
skill-test-regression-solution/#comment-129370) Download this learning path to start your data
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I got the explanation thank you.
BHAGYASHSREE (HTTP://ANALYTICS%20VIDYA) Reply

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August 23, 2017 at 9:29 pm (https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/12/45-questions-to-test-a-data-scientist-on-regression-
k
Download Resource
which includes mathematical stuffs too.
ankit can i get questions related to all regression and ML techniques
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August 24, 2017 at 1:51 pm (https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/12/45-questions-to-test-a-data-scientist-on-regression-
[…] https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/12/45-questions-to-test-a-data-scientist-on-regression-ski&#8230
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September 15, 2017 at 7:37 am (https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/12/45-questions-to-test-a-data-scientist-on-
I’m very pleased to find this site. I need to to thawnk

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[…] 文章原标题《45 questions to test a Data Scientist on Regression (Skill test – Regression Solution)》，作
者： ANKIT GUPTA文章为简译，更为详细的内容，请查看原文 […]
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PRIYANKA SINGH Reply
February 20, 2018 at 11:16 pm (https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/12/45-questions-to-test-a-data-scientist-on-
regression-skill-test-regression-solution/#comment-151505) a DATA Scientist!
Should we really use R^2 for evaluating regression models? Q-20
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REDDI Reply
April 6, 2018 at 12:49 am (https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/12/45-questions-to-test-a-data-scientist-on-regression-
Email Id
can you please explain Q2 please

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45 Data Scientist Questions

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45 Data Scientist Questions

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18/07/2019 45 questions to test a Data Scientist on Regression | Skill test

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You can assess your performance here (https://datahack.analyticsvidhya.com/contest/skilltest-regression/lb).

Mean Score: 23.15

Helpful Resources for Regression -

Simple Guide to Logistic Regression in R (https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2015/11/beginners-guide-on-

A Complete Tutorial on Ridge and Lasso Regression in Python

Using Platt Scaling and Isotonic Regression to Minimize LogLoss Error in R

A. The polynomial degree

B. Whether we learn the weights by matrix inversion or gradient descent

C. The use of a constant-term

1. MLE may not always exist

* The MLE may not be unique.

B. You can not have test error zero

C. None of the above

Which of the following option is true?

A. If R Squared increases, this variable is significant.

B. If R Squared decreases, this variable is not significant.

A. Mean of residuals is always zero

B. Mean of residuals is always less than zero

Q7. Which of the one is true about Heteroskedasticity?

A. Linear Regression with varying error terms

B. Linear Regression with constant error terms

C. Linear Regression with zero error terms

You can refer this article (https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2016/07/deeper-regression-analysis-

1. The true relationship between dependent y and predictor x is linear

A. The age is good predictor of health

B. The age is poor predictor of health

C. Both but depend on situation

1. Overfitting is more likely if we have less data

Which of the above statement(s) are correct?

A. Both are False

B. 1 is False and 2 is True

C. 1 is True and 2 is False

D. Both are True

A. It is more likely for X1 to be excluded from the model  Download Resource k

B. It is more likely for X1 to be included in the model

A. Ridge regression uses subset selection of features

B. Lasso regression uses subset selection of features

C. Both use subset selection of features

2. R-Squared increases and Adjusted R-squared decreases

4. R-Squared decreases and Adjusted R-squared increases

D. None of the above

Solution: C  Download Resource k

4. RMSE / MSE / MAE

D. All of the above.

1. We don’t have to choose the learning rate

Which of the following statement(s) are true?

Note: Features are independent of each others(zero interaction).

In simple linear regression, there is one independent variable so 2 coefficients (Y=a+bx).

Which of the following statement is true about sum of residuals of A and B?

A) A has higher than B

B) A has lower than B

C) Both have same

Sum of residuals always zero.

It is not necessary. They could have non linear relationship

1. Training accuracy always decreases.

Would a person with Salary $1 be considered an Outlier?

C. More information is required

Note: y is dependent variable and x is independent variable.

A. The relationship is symmetric between x and y in both.

B. The relationship is not symmetric between x and y in both.

Are all the given datasets same?