2017Smart Grid Conference (SGC)
Intelligent Management of Immediate Operation of Micro Grid in Fault and
Load Change based on Adaptive Fuzzy PI Controller
Ehsan Gord1, Naghi Moaddabi Pirkolachahi2
1- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
2- Department of electrical engineering, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
E-mails: 1- gordehsan@gmail.com, 2- nimamoaddabi@aut.ac.ir
Abstract—The use of power electronic convertors for
connection to the grids is causing harmonics. In this
paper, for elimination of harmonics and increasing the
quality of the voltage and output current of inverter, a
three-level inverter is used, which connects micro-grid to
a commercial electric power distribution system (utility
one). An adaptive fuzzy PI controller was also used to
control it, which then has a high pace of reply with a
good performance in sudden changes of loads. The
performance of micro grid in case of faults from utility
grid was also analyzed. In this condition, the micro grid is
disconnected from utility grid and act islanded. The
connection and disconnection act of micro grid from the
utility grid should happen rapidly. A simple method with
a high speed is presented for this purpose. In the
presented method, voltage domain and phase angel of
both grids are compared. In case of outgoing of
synchronism mode, micro grid is disconnected from the
grid. The reconnection of micro grid happens when it is
synchronized with the utility grid. Simulation results
declare the accuracy of the proposal method.
Keywords: micro grid, fault detection, fuzzy adaptive
controller, islanding micro grid, smart grid
I. Introduction
PID controllers are being used simultaneously in
industries for many decades for their simplicity and the
ability to recover short responses and low steady state
errors of the system. For the constancy of coefficients of
such controllers in case of unpredictable accidents, the
grid suffers infirmity and lacks rapid responses [1-4]. To
solve these problems, variety of methods are being
studied and used, which one of mostly used ones is the
use of a Fuzzy controller. Fuzzy controllers hold
sufficient power and accuracy and better performance in
comparison with PID controllers, for control of systems
with various dynamics and indistinctive behavioural
modes. However, PID controller is more capable to
control and minimise steady state errors in the system. In
this paper, a PID adaptive fuzzy controller is used, which
performs as a time-varying coefficient of PID controller.
The controller has three coefficients which are adaptive
based on time variation of the system dynamics [5-8].
978-1-5386-4279-5/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
There are two modes for micro-grid operations,
including connected and disconnected modes called
islanding. Islanding is a condition where the distributed
generation (DG) supplies power and is not under the
direct control of the utility. Failure to trip islanded DG
can lead to a number of problems for these resources and
the connected loads. Many literatures can be found that
are about connecting and disconnecting the micro-grid
to/from the utility grid [9-13]. For example, in [14]
showed the implementing of a smart autonomous switch.
This system monitors the conditions of operating the
micro-grid and main network. The main network
conditions affect the triggering of the micro-grid
disconnection or reconnection procedure. In this paper,
micro-grid consists of photovoltaic, and energy storage
that are connected to the main network with three-phase
three-level inverter. The adaptive fuzzy PI controller is
performed better than conventional PID. Also, its quality
and achieved voltage and frequency of micro-grid to
utility grid are different during operation of micro-grid.
The process of reconnection to main grid is a hardest
transient, so that needs to be resynchronized as a slow
process. It needs that transition between two operations
be transparent and fast as much as possible.
. In this paper, a suitable solution is proposed to transient
and steady-state control of grid when connected to
islanded micro-grid when a fault occurs. Also, if the main
grid is available, the posterior reconnection will be
suggested. This paper is organized as follows. Micro-grid
configuration and operation scenarios are presented in
section2. The methods of adaptive fuzzy and primary
controllers were shown in section 3. These methods cause
a fast transient and good operation in both of grid
connected and island modes.
The effectiveness of the proposed system is validated by
SIMULINK/ MATLAB simulations results are shown in
section 4, and finally the conclusion is given in section 5.
II. MICRO-GRID CONFIGURATION
The investigated layout of micro-grid is shown in fig.
1. The micro-grid includes the PV source, Battery Energy
Storage (BESS), three-phase three-level inverter, main
2017Smart Grid Conference (SGC)
switch and the AC main grid. The Intelligent Connection
Control (ICC) plays a role in the switching of the best
mode of operation [15]. However, the network conditions
affect mainly this decision.
Main switch
PV
LOADS
AC bus
Figure 1. The Layout of the Studied Micro-Grid
III. CONTROL STRATEGY
The voltage, frequency and phase of the power line
that connect to the proposed grid inverter must match
together. Furthermore, inverter must consider the
characteristics of the renewable source of energy. This
needs to get the satisfactory voltage and frequency. In
current study, a three-phase three-level inverter is
suggested for micro-grid. A block diagram is presented
from interactive inverter of three-phase grid in fig. 2.
Given this figure, the suggested system includes the
three-level Voltage Source Inverter (VSC), the circuit of
Phase Locked Loop (PLL), the RL output filter, the
adaptive fuzzy PI controller, the DC voltage regulator and
The AC voltage generator. This Adaptive Fuzzy PI
controller (AFPIC)- based control loop with feed-forward
can be written as (1).
Figure 2. Control block diagram
V  (I  R)  ( I  L)  u V _
d d  ref q  ref Fuzzy d conv (1)
V  (I  L)  ( I  R)  u V _
q d  ref q  ref Fuzzy q conv
The reference sin wave exactly is generated by the PLL
circuit at the same time with grid. A DC voltage regulator
is used to obtain instantaneous value for the reference
current of inverter. The TDH of output voltage is reduced
using the RL filter.
A. Adaptive Fuzzy PI Control
Adaptive fuzzy controllers have three outputs, which
generate PID controlling coefficients based on time
variation and system dynamics. Fuzzy controller inputs,
E(t) error signal, and its change rate is ∆E(t). In this
paper, because of the high noise imposed by power
utilities switching, coefficient derivative is ignored. The
adaptive controller can be adapted with unpredictable
changes in the system. A system with high adaptability
can adapt itself with environmental changes with faults
and rational inaccuracies while remove the errors of
internal parts of the system. Therefore, confidence
coefficient of the grid would increase [16-17]. Fuzzy
controlling verbal variables will get divided into seven
collections of big negative (NB), middle negative (NM),
small negative (NS), zero (ZE), middle positive (PM), big
positive (PB). In the micro grid, adaptive controller is
being used for controlling the current in three-level
inverter. The Fuzzy rules are shown in tables (1) and (2).
In Figure (3), diagram block of adaptive fuzzy PI
controller of this paper is shown.
Y
PI
KP KI
E
E
Figure 3. Diagram block chart of fuzzy PI adaptive controller
2017Smart Grid Conference (SGC)

TABLE 1. SEARCHING GRAPH FOR KP

E
Vabc(pu)
NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB Vq dq/abc
mean
CE Sin,cos F
NB PB PB PM ZE PS PS ZE FUZZY LOGIC
Wt 1/S W CONTROLLER
×
NM PB PB PM ZE PS ZE ZE Gain
F 1/2π Sin,cos
NS PM PM NM ZE ZE NS NM Automatic gain
control
ZE PM PS PS ZE NS NM NM
PS PS PS ZE ZE NS NM NM
Figure 4. Block diagram of PLL
PM ZE ZE NS ZE NM NM NB
PB ZE NS NS ZE NM NM NB
Reconnection
process
TABLE 2 SEARCHING GRAPH FOR KI
E Measurements of voltage and
NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB frequency of Grid and inverter
CE
Compare the voltage of Grid
NB NB NB NB NM NM ZE ZE and Inverter
NM NB NB NM NM NS ZE ZE
NS NM NM NS NS ZE PS PS Vg=Vinv
ZE NM NS NS ZE PS PS PM
YES
PS NS NS ZE PS PS PM PM
Compare the Frequency of
PM ZE ZE PS PM PM PB PB Grid and Inverter

PB ZE ZE PS PM PB PB PB

Resynchro- F_g =
nization F_inv
B. Intelligent Switching Control
YES
A passive technique using the measurements of
voltages and frequencies (in grid and micro-grid) is Grid
presented in this paper. If an out of bound situation is Connection
implemented in the values of voltage or frequency, the Figure 5. Algorithm process of ISC in the different operation
main switch will be immediately opened. The required
energy is supplied using the designing of the VSC to keep IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
the waveform of voltage when transient occurs between In this section, the simulation done in
both modes and connections or disconnections transient MATLAB/SIMULINK is being explained briefly first.
of island mode. In the mode of grid connection needs a The micro grid intelligent controlling method, in the case
fast PLL performance; however, the opposite effect is of faults form of the utility side of the grid, is being
required in island. The frequency perturbation will be studied. Regarding the importance of changes in mode of
minimized as well as slow phase modifying if a slow micro grid in the fault condition and its islanded mode, a
synchronization occurs. The adaptive fuzzy PI controller simple method for disconnection and reconnection of
carries out this change in the PLL dynamics. The PLL micro grid is presented. Also, the performance of
block diagram is shown in figure (4). Loads must be had adaptive controlling method based on fuzzy, in case of
a constant frequency plus or minus a tolerance band. loads changes, is being studied. The simulation
When the voltage error is became zero, main grid is parameters are given in table 3.
synchronized. Using the synchronizing of both voltage
TABLE 3. RATING OF THE SIMULATED SYSTEM ELEMENTS
and frequency, ICC could be closed again. In figure (5)
this case algorithm is described. Element Symbol Value and Units
Filter RF , LF 6mΩ , 800uH
Vdc , Vac , Cd , kp , kI , 500vdc , 360vac, 12mF , 7
Inverter
Rxfo(pu), Lxf(pu) , 800 , 0.002 , 0.06
Load Vload , Pload , F 360vac,140kw, 60HZ
2017Smart Grid Conference (SGC)

A. Fault Occurrence and Transient in Islanding

Mode
There is a possibility of fault occurrence in electricity
grid, due to the different reasons. In this paper, the
condition of operation of micro-grid is considered when a
three-phase short circuit to ground fault in utility grid
occurs. The occurrence of grid fault has many problems
for the micro-grid. For solving this problem, the micro-
grid must be immediately disconnected from the main
grid (island mode). In this paper, ICC is responsible for
detecting fault and quick action in order to disconnect the
micro-grid from utility grid. The DC bus voltage in the
different situation is stable. After fault occurs, when both
of voltage and frequency are synchronized with utility Figure 7. Angel difference between micro grid and utility
grid, reconnection can be done. In fig. 6, the fault occurs grid
at t=1 s to t=1.5 s. The system begins to operate in a
connected mode of grid. Then, at t=1 s, the short circuit
of three-phase to ground fault occurs in main grid, which
causes the great reduction in the voltage of the grid and
reaches to 10% of its nominal amplitude. In this case, a
high current is received from the grid which causes a lot
of damage to the elements of micro-grid and utility grid.
The voltage and current waveform of main grid are
shown in fig. 6. When a fault occurs, the voltage and
frequency of the system goes out of range and ICC opens
the main switch and micro-grid works in island mode
immediately. Fig. 7 shows the angel difference between
micro grid and utility grid in the spot of error In fig. 8,
the main grid and micro-grid frequencies before and
during the fault occurrence can be observed. In island Figure 8. Frequency of both micro-grid and grid in
mode, inverter operates on the mode of voltage control transient situation of islanding mode
and has a role in regulating the load voltage and The voltage and the current of the load during a fault and
frequency. In islanding mode, the inverter works in main switch opening have been illustrated in fig. 9. As
voltage control mode and it is responsible to regulate the seen from fig. 9, a little change is created in the
voltage and frequency of the load. waveform of voltage and current of the micro-grid and
consequently in the load which returns to the desirable
value, by quick operation of adaptive fuzzy PI controller.

Figure 9. Voltage and Current waveform of micro-grid with applied

fault and the opened main switch

B. Resynchronization Mode
In this case, the operation of the control system and
ICC described in order to synchronize the micro-grid
Voltage and current waveform of main grid with
Figure 6.
with main grid and action of reconnection. When the fault
applied fault and the opened main switch
2017Smart Grid Conference (SGC)

occurs, both of the grid and micro-grid frequencies are

out of range. A quadrature measurement will appear in
the voltage error of the PLL under any phase difference
between two phase angles. The adaptive fuzzy PI
controller moves the phase angle reference of micro-grid
inside the PLL to eliminate any quadrature component for
d-q voltages. In this situation, the micro-grid still operates
in island. At t=1.5 s, the fault disappeared, the voltage
and current of the main grid return to its normal state.
However, because of non-synchronizing micro-grid with
main grid, the reconnection does not occur. At t=1.65s,
When the quadrature voltage error tends to zero, and both
of frequencies are nearly equal will be synchronized with
the main grid. The micro-grid angel synchronization with
the utility grid can be observed in Figure (10). In this
situation, ICC orders the connection the main switch. In
the different condition, DC voltage is stable. In Figure
(11) shows the frequency waveform in this case. Figure
(12) shows the voltage and current of the load at the time
of reconnection. As illustrated in figure (12), in
synchronizing the closing of the main switch is in a way
that no any change occurs in voltage and the current of
load.
Figure 12. Voltage and current waveform of micro-grid when the
troubleshooting fault and main switch closed

C. Different Mode of Loads

In table (4), different modes of micro grid are stated. In
this paper, Sun Power SPR-305-WHT module is used for
simulation. In this module, 96 solar cells are used which
hold the output power of approximately 305 W. For
generate power of about 100kw, 66 parallel legs, that
each one includes 5 serried modules, were connected to
each other.

Figure 10. Synchronizing of micro-grid angel and utility TABLE 4. DIFFERENT MICRO GRID FUNCTIONS
grid
Performance mode Time
20% extra load insolation(1000) W
0.4  t  0.6
2
m
Nominal load and insolation decline 0.7  t  1.2
insolation (600) W and nominal load 1.2  t  1.5
m2
insolation increase (1000) W and nominal load 1.5  t  2
m2
insolation (1000) W and 20% low load 2.4  t  2.7
m2
In connected mode, the inverter is in current control
mode and voltage regulators are done by utility grid. In
figure (13), voltage of the micro grid and load are being
shown, based on per unit. In the case of loads changes
Figure 11. Both of the micro-grid and grid frequencies in and insolation, the fuzzy adaptive controller in
transient situation to connected mode comparison with PI, after sudden changes in voltage,
again takes the voltage domain to the suitable amount.
2017Smart Grid Conference (SGC)
Figure 13. Comparison of voltage in micro grid
In figures (14) and (15), the load changes of micro grid
and utility grid are shown. According to figure (14), by
using the proposed adaptive controller, in the decline of
the amount of insolation, the output power of the inverter
in comparison with PI controller is less. Therefore, it has
more efficiency in comparison with PI.
Figure 14. Changes in micro grid force
Figure 15. Changes in grid force
Figure 16. Output voltage of inverter in different modes
Figure 17. Load of PV in different conditions
In islanding mode, in figure (16), the output voltage
of inverter is shown. Micro grid inverter must be capable
of saving the voltage in load changes of about %  20 .
As shown in figure (16), by using the proposed adaptive
controlling method, inverter performance in load changes
is improved and has less under/over voltage in
comparison with PI controller method. The demanded
power of the loads is supplied by micro grid. As shown in
figure (17), the load generated by PV has direct relation
with insolation and with decrease or increase in the
amount of insolation; power generation is also increases
or decreases.
Figure (18), shows the power of the load in different
conditions. Better performance of PI adaptive controller
in comparison with PI is shown in figure (18).
2017Smart Grid Conference (SGC)

identification approach”, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON

SMART SENSING AND INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, VOL. 2,
NO. 2, JUNE 2009.
X. Li, Y.J. Song, S.B. Han., “Frequency control in micro-grid power
system combined with electrolyzer system and fuzzy PI
controller”, Journal of Power Sources, Volume 180, Issue 1, 15
May 2008, pp: 468-475.
R. Noroozian, M. Abedi, G.B. Gharehpetian, S.H. Hosseini., “
Combined operation of DC isolated distribution and PV systems
for supplying unbalanced AC loads”, Renewable Energy, Volume
34, Issue 3, March 2009, pp: 899-908.
Z. Zeng, H. Yang, R. Zhao, C. Cheng., “Topologies and control
strategies of multi-functional grid-connected inverters for power
quality enhancement: A comprehensive review”, Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews 24(2013), pp:223–270.
A. A. Moghaddam, A. Seifi, T. Niknam, “Multi-objective operation
management of a renewable MG (micro-grid) with back-up micro-
turbine/fuel cell/battery hybrid power source”, Energy 36 (2011),
pp: 6490e6507.
H. Qin, X. Ai, J. Xu., "Control Strategy of Micro-Grid with Different
Figure 18. Power in both sides of the load Types of DG and Its Dynamical Simulation”, International
Conference on Electricity Distribution, CICED 2012.
S. Tadayon-Nia, A. Taheri., “Control Strategy for DC microgrid to
V. CONCLUSIONS supply AC loads”, 2013 Smart Grid Conference (SGC) December
17-18, 2013, Tehran, Iran, pp:7-12.
In this paper, adaptive fuzzy PI controller method is J. Rocabert, G.M.S. Azevedo, A. Luna, J.M. Guerrero, J.I. Candela, P.
Rodr guez, “Intelligent Connec-tion Agent for Three-Phase Grid-
used to have better control in load variation or accidental Connected Microgrids,” Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on
unpredictable faults. The proposed method has proper Volume: 26 , Issue: 10 ,2011 , pp. 2993 – 3005.
J.S. Chiou, S.H. Tsai, M.T. Liu, “A PSO-based adaptive fuzzy PID-
pace of responding to sudden variations. Proposed Fuzzy controllers,” Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, Volume
adaptive controller has adaptive efficient coefficient in 26, August 2012, pp. 49–59.
load variation. When faults occur in the side of grid, S. Ghosh, V. Mahendran,"Incremental Conductance MPPT Method For
Photovoltaic System", International Journal of Engineering
micro grid is disconnected from the utility grid and come Research and Applications (IJERA), Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp.2363-
to islanded mode. A simple method with a high detection 2366.
W. Xiao, W.G. Dunford, P.R. Palmer, A. Capel, "Regulation of
capability and a proper connection/disconnection method photovoltaic voltage". IEEE Trans Ind Electron, Vol.54, no.3,
are proposed. The presented method is based on variation pp.1365-74.
in phase changes and voltage domain and in case of
outgoing of both grids from synchronized mode and
disconnection command. For reconnection, if phase angle
and voltage domain are synchronized, connection
happens. Simulation results declare the accuracy and
proper performance of the proposed method.
References
G. Chen, “Conventional and fuzzy PID controllers: an overview”,
International Journal of Intelligent and Control Systems, 1, 1996,
pp.H. Poor, An Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation.
New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985, ch. 4.
Parnichkun, M., C, Ngaecharoenkul., "Hybrid of fuzzy and PID in
kinematics of a pneumatic system", Proceeding of the 26th Annual
Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Japan,
pp:1485-1490.
P. Pratumsuwan, S. Thongchai, S. Tansriwong, “A Hybrid of Fuzzy and
Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller for Electro-Hydraulic
Position Servo System”, Energy Research Journal, vol.1,issue 2,
pp. 62–67.
A. Zeyad A. Obaid, B. N. Sulaiman, “Analysis and Performa-nce
Evaluation of PD-like Fuzzy Logic Controller Design Based on
Matlab and FPGAIAENG International Journal of Computer
Science, 37:2, IJCS_37_2_04 (Advance online publication: 13
May 2010).
S. Soyguder, M. Karakose, H. Alli., “Design and simulation of self-
tuning PID-type fuzzy adaptive control for an expert HVAC
system”, Expert Systems with Applications, Volume 36, Issue 3,
Part 1, April 2009, pp: 4566-4573.
M. Güzelkaya, İ. Eksin, E. Yeşil., “Self-tuning of PID-type fuzzy logic
controller coefficients via relative rate observer”, Engineering
Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Volume 16, Issue 3, April
2003, pp: 227-236.
M. F. Rahmat, Zulfatman, “Application of self-tuning fuzzy PID
controller on industrial hydraulic actuator using system