Nama : Muhammad Ihsan Ali

NIM : 1502617056
Kelas : Engineering Material, Jumat Jam Ke-1

Alloys

An alloy consist of two or more elements in which the main component is a metal. Most pure
metals are either too soft, brittle or chemically reactive for practical use. Combining different
ratios of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable
characteristics. The aim of making alloys is generally to make them less brittle, harder, resistant
to corrosion, or have a more desirable color and luster. Of all the metallic alloys in use today,
the alloys of iron (steel, stainless steel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steel) make up the largest
proportion both by quantity and commercial value. Iron alloyed with various proportions of
carbon gives low, mid and high carbon steels, with increasing carbon levels reducing ductility
and toughness. The addition of silicon will produce cast irons, while the addition of chromium,
nickel and molybdenum to carbon steels (more than 10%) results in stainless steels.
Other significant metallic alloys are those of aluminium, titanium, copper and magnesium.
Copper alloys have been known since prehistory—bronze gave the Bronze Age its name—and
have many applications today, most importantly in electrical wiring. The alloys of the other
three metals have been developed relatively recently; due to their chemical reactivity they
require electrolytic extraction processes. The alloys of aluminium, titanium and magnesium are
valued for their high strength-to-weight ratios; magnesium can also provide electromagnetic
shielding[citation needed]. These materials are ideal for situations where high strength-to-
weight ratio is more important than material cost, such as in aerospace and some automotive
applications.
Alloys specially designed for highly demanding applications, such as jet engines, may
contain more than ten elements.
Ferrous Alloys
Ferrous alloys are iron based alloys that has extensive use in wide range of industries
because of its flexibility to meet strength, toughness, and impact of diverse industrial
applications. This flexibility depends on the heat treatment procedures, which modifies the
final micro-structure. Examples of ferrous alloys include carbon steels, alloy steels, stainless
steels, tool steels, cast iron, cast steel, maraging steel, and specialty or proprietary iron-based
alloys.
Now-a-days, many alloy manufacturers are trying to meet the compositional standards of
the Unified Numbering System (UNS). Unified Numbering System (UNS), jointly developed
by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the Society of Automotive
Engineers (SAE), provides an overall designation system for thousands of metals and alloys in
commercial use.
In UNS, metals and alloys are assigned a lettered prefix followed by a five-digit number.
For instance, carbon steels and alloy steels are categorized under the UNS G category and carry
designations, such as UNS G10950.
Other Specifications for Ferrous Metals and Alloys
• AISI-SAE
• Casting grades
• European Norm (EN)
• U.S. Military specifications (MIL-SPEC)
Types of Ferrous Alloys
Various types of ferrous metals and alloys are available in the market:
• Carbon steels are ferrous alloys that contain carbon and small levels of other alloying
elements, such as manganese or aluminum.
• Alloy steels contain low to high levels of elements such as chromium, molybdenum,
vanadium and nickel.
• Stainless steels are highly corrosion resistant, ferrous alloys that contain chromium
and/or nickel additions.
• Cast iron, a ferrous alloy, contains high amounts of carbon. Ductile iron, gray iron and
white cast iron grades are types of cast iron.
• Cast steel alloy grades are made by pouring molten iron into a mold.
• Cast Iron Alloy and Iron Alloy are two major ferrous alloys used in most industrial
applications.
Nonferrous Alloys
Nonferrous AlloyNonferrous alloys are referred to those alloys, which are derived from the
non-ferrous metals. North American United Numbering system (UNS) is the accepted alloy
designation for all the non-ferrous alloys across North America. Non Ferrous alloys display a
wide variety of mechanical properties and material characteristics.

Key Features of Nonferrous Alloy

- Specified for use in electrical and electronic applications.
- Reduced weight
- Higher strength
- Nonmagnetic properties
- Higher melting points
- Resistance to chemical and atmospheric corrosion.