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Cracking
Alloy steels are potentially susceptible to the following types of cracking:
Hydrogen cracking
Solidification cracking
Reheat cracking
Liquation cracking
Mechanical properties
In the majority of cases, elevated temperature strength and oxidation
behaviour are the key areas of concern. Joint strength can generally be
readily achieved through the use of appropriate welding consumables
although the long term creep performance can be reduced relative to base
material (by up to ~20%), particularly in higher alloy grades, by the
development of a creep-weak or 'soft' zone in the outer HAZ, known as the
Type IV zone.
These materials are generally used in the PWHT condition and the toughness
of both HAZ or weld metal is usually satisfactory. For low alloy steels, HAZ
toughness can be improved by ensuring a sufficient level of alloying to give
transformation to low carbon martensite rather than bainite, and in this respect
Ni-additions can be beneficial.
Service degradation
Welds in alloy steels may be subject to temper embrittlement (as previously
discussed), hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen attack and creep damage.