ACTIVITY NO: 05

NAME/REG NO: Shafqat Raza(SU-16-01-072-059)

SECTION: B
RESULTS
(Modes of Heat Transfer through I.C Engines)

 Areas where heat transfer is important:

-Intake systems:valves,manifolds,port
-In-cylinder:cylinder head,piston,valves,liner
-Exhaust system:valves,port,manifold,exhaust pipe
-Coolent system:head,block,radiator
-Oil system:head,piston,crank,oil cooler,sump
 Conduction:
-Cylinder head and engine block
-Piston rings and cylinder
-Engine block and manifolds
 Convection:
-In-cylinder gases and cylinder head,valves,piston,cylinder
-Coolant and cylinder
-Gases and exhaust manifold
 Radiation:
-In-cylinder gases and cylinder(important in diesel engines)
-All external surfaces of engine
During combustion,peak gas temperature on the order of ~3000k occur within the cylinders,and
effective heat transfer is needed to keep the cylinder walls from overheating.Convection and
Conduction are the main heat transfer modes to remove energy from the combustion chamber and
keep the cylinder walls from melting.
The heat transfer process in the cylinder has a periodic nature due to the piston constant movement.
Nevertheless, the engine speed is often high enough to limit the temperature fluctuations
penetrating into the cylinder wall within 0.1 – 0.5 mm deep.Thus, it is assumed that the cylinder
wall has a temperature profile that does not change in time.Following factors determine a
complexity of the heat transfer in the cylinder of internal combustion engine and are main
contributors to extreme unsteadiness and local changes in the heat transfer:
 Turbulence in the cylinder is responsible for typical operating condition of internal
combustion engines, where the Reynolds number is comparably high.
 Combustion process affects the heat transfer by rapidly increasing density, pressure and
temperature in the cylinder.
  Compression and expansion of the piston has a significant impact on the engine heat
transfer. Firstly, the position of the piston inside the cylinder at the moment of ignition
influences the combustion process. Secondly, the speed of the piston affects the turbulence.
The abovementioned governing factors are to be understood for successful modeling of the engine
heat transfer. Heat transfer,as an integral part of numerical studies of internal combustion
engines,is meant to help a manufacturer to enhance the engine performance by accurate prediction
of thermal conditions, to make sure that the conditions doesn’t cause increased emissions, and to
analyze thermal stress limits of cylinder materials.

Nomenclature:
Energy Flow Distribution for SI and Diesel engines:

Updated for modern engines :Diesel ~40

:SI Engine ~30
• Gas temperature: ~300 – 3000K
• Heat flux to wall: Q/A <0 (during intake) to 10 MW/m2
• Materials limit:
– Cast iron ~ 400oC
– Aluminum ~ 300oC while aluminium alloys shows higher thermal tolerences.
– Liner (oil film) ~200oC
• Hottest components
– Spark plug,Exhaust valve,Piston crown,Head
– Liner is relatively cool because of limited exposure to burned gas
  Variables Effecting Heat Transfer:
-Engine size
-Engine speed
-Load
-Inlet Air temperature
-Swirl and Squish
Engine Size:if two geometrically similar engines of different size(displacement) are run at the
same speed keeping all other variables(temperature,AF,fuel etc) as close as possible,the larger
engines will have a greater absolute heat loss but will be more thermal efficient.
Engine speed:As engine speed is increased,gas flow velocity into and out of the Engine goes
up,with a resulting rise in turbulence and convective heat transfer coefficient.this increase heat
transfer during intake and exhaust strokes and even earlypart of the compression strokes.During
combustion and power strokes,gas velocities within the cylinder are fairly independent of engine
speed.
Load:As the load is increased on engine(going uphill,pulling a trailer etc)throttle must be further
opened to keep the engine speed constant.this causes less pressure drop across the throttle and
higher pressure and density in the intake system.mass flow rate of air and fuel ,therefore,goes up
with load at a given engine speed.The percentage of heat loss goes down slightly as engine load is
increased.while in CI engine total mass flow is almost independent of load.when speed or load is
increased and more is needed t he amount of fuel injected is increased this increases the total mass
flow in the latter part of each cycle by about 5%.thus ,convection heat transfer coefficient within
the engine is fairly independent of load.
Inlet air temperature: Increase inlet air temperature to an engine results in a temperature increase
over the entire cycle, with a resulting increase in heat loss.A 100oC increase in inlet temperature
will give 10-15% increase in heat losses.
Swirl and Squish: Higher swirl and squish velocities result in a higher convection heat transfer
coefficient within the cylinder.this results in better heat transfer to the walls.