| CHAPTER 5 | | POPULATION GENETICS | POPULATION GENE Goiataait | 8.1Gene pool concept. - | 5.2 Hardy-Weinberg Law CHAPTER POPULATION GENETICS | Learning outcomes: Explain population genetics, gene poo, allele frequencies and genetic. ot pteeed + A group of individuals of the same species that live in + Consist of all alleles at all gene loci in all, the same area and able to interbreed (sexually), individuals of the population producing fertile offspring. | 4 + For diploid species, there are 2 alleles for every gene sacar+ For these homologous loci, an individual can be + Homozygous > Have two identical alleles for a given character | | | | j | | > Have two different alleles for the character 1. IMPORTANCE OF POPULATION GENETICS gaek gene pool + Agene pool with a constant gene composition => vatition inthe population oes not causeny -svolutionary change, ae [Bynamic gene poo! noe *+ Gene poo! that shows consistent change from generation to generation i undergoing, Evolutionary change. | | thus changes 60 consequence ot avurng one phenotype ove |” anata byte suneunang enroment binge abet change nt | popaon, | ‘Te pattern of adaptive evolutionary diversification among the ‘Galapagos finches. ae Fi, 2 wee a | | | | + Suppose there are 320 plants with red flowers, 160 plants. | ith pink flowers and 20 with white flowers. | + Total = 500 plants | + Because these are diploid organisms, so each plant carries 2 | alleles. (1 gene =2 alleles) | Gene pool of allaies in ail | ‘ “indiiguals the Population | | =2allelesx500 plants = 1000 alleles. | ‘Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution. first proposed by Charles Darwin in which members of a population that are more ‘successfully adapted to the environment have greater fitness, — Natural selection enables populations to change, ‘adapt to diferent environments and ways of ie. + Phenotype of organism are determined by genes and environmental factors, r | | | + Frequency of dominant alee, | Teal no, of dominant allel in Gore pool | Total no. of ail alleles in gene pool | * Frequency of recessive allele, | = Total no. of racessive alleles in gene pool Total no. of all alleles in gene pool |a) Calculate the individuals. The table below shows the genotypes in reer | | Appopulaton ofipfold organism consists of 2000 | the population. oe 980 Rr 1960" ta ‘Total R alleles in Rr individuals = 840 X 1 =: 22800 ajiColculstatie frequency for atelo R. ‘otal alleles = 2000 X 2 alleles = 4000 alleles (gene poo!) b) Calculate the frequency for allele r. Frequency of dominant allele, 2800/4000 = 0.7 b) Calculate the ‘Genotype No.of organi frequency forallele r. i Re Total alleles in rr Individuals = 180 X 2= 360 ‘Total alleles in Rr individuals = 840 X 1 = 840 ‘otal alleles = 2000 X 2 alleles = 4000 alleles (gene poo!) Frequency of recessive allele, ¢ = 1200/4000 = 0.3. 2000 individuals. The table below shows the genotypes in the population. calculate the frequency for the RR, Rr and rr a) If sexual reproduction occur at random, genotype in the next generation. A population of diploid organism consists of Frequency of homozygous dominant genotype = Total no. of homozygous dominant individuals ‘Total no. of all individuals in a population Frequency of homazygous recessive genotype otal no. of homozygous recessive individuals ‘Total no. of al individuals in a population Frequency of hi = _Total a) Calculate the frequency for the RR, — Rr and rr genotype. ‘Total no. of homozygous dominant individuals, RR= 980 Total no, of homazygous recessive Individuals, r= 160 Total no, of heterozygous Individuals, Rr= 840 Total no, of all individuals = 2000 Frequency of homozygous dominant, RR= 980/2000 = 0.49 Frequency of homozygous recessive, rr= 180/2000 = 0.09 Frequency of heterozygous, Rr= 840/2000 = 0.42