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DESCRIPTION FEATURES
The MP3378 is a one-chip solution designed for WLED Controller:
monitor applications. It includes a step-up
4-String, Max 350 mA/String WLED
controller with 4 current channels for
Controller
backlighting and a high-efficiency buck
converter for internal bus voltage or standby Up to 24 V Input Voltage Range
power. 2.5% Current Matching Accuracy
Programmable Switching Frequency
The 4-string WLED controller drives an external PWM and Analog Dimming Mode
MOSFET to boost up the output voltage from Open and Short LED Protection
the input supply. It regulates the current in each Programmable Over-Voltage Protection
LED string to the programmed value set by an
Recoverable Thermal Shutdown Protection
external current-setting resistor. It supports both
Over-Current Protection
analog and PWM dimming independently to
meet the special dimming mode request. In Over-Temperature Protection
addition, rich protection modes are integrated Inductor/Diode Short Protection
including OCP, OTP, UVP, OVP, LED Buck Converter:
short/open protection, and inductor/diode short
protection. 144 mΩ/58 mΩ Low Rds(on) Internal Power
MOSFETs
The high-efficiency buck converter operates in Low Quiescent Current
current mode with a built in MOSFET and Fixed 235 kHz Switching Frequency
synchronous rectifier. It offers a very compact Frequency Sync from 250 kHz to 2 MHz
solution to achieve excellent load and line External Clock
regulation. Full protection features include OCP AAM Power-Save Mode
and thermal shutdown.
Internal Soft Start
The MP3378 is available in SOIC28 and OCP and Hiccup
TSSOP28EP package. Over-Temperature Protection
Output Adjustable from 0.8 V
APPLICATIONS
Desktop LCD Flat Panel Displays
Flat Panel Video Displays
2D/3D LCD TVs and Monitors
All MPS parts are lead-free, halogen-free, and adhere to the RoHS directive. For
MPS green status, please visit the MPS website under Quality Assurance.
“MPS” and “The Future of Analog IC Technology” are registered trademarks of
Monolithic Power Systems, Inc.
TYPICAL APPLICATION
L1 D1
VIN
C1 C2
M1 R11
24 23
VIN1 GATE
C3 22 R10
25
VCC1 ISENSE
R1
26 1
String 1
String 2
String 3
String 4
COMP GND1
R3
27 9
EN OVP
C4
R2
2 8
OSC LED1
4 7
ADIM LED2
28 6
PWM LED3
R4
MP3378
3 5
ISET LED4
15 20 R6
VIN VIN2 BST
C4 47 Ω C7
L2 10 µH
0.1µF 5V
22 µF 21 16
SYNC SW
GATE R8 C5
R7 40.2 k 66 µF
14 12
VCC2 FB
C6
0.1 µF 51 k R9
19 7.5 k
13
AAM AGND
GND2
R5
75 k 17, 18
ORDERING INFORMATION
Part Number Package Top Marking
MP3378GY SOIC-28 See Below
MP3378GF TSSOP-28 EP See Below
* For Tape & Reel, add suffix –Z (e.g. MP3378GY–Z);
* For Tape & Reel, add suffix –Z (e.g. MP3378GF–Z);
PACKAGE REFERENCE
TOP VIEW
GND1 1 28 PWM
GND1 1 28 PWM
OSC 2 27 EN
OSC 2 27 EN
ISET 3 26 COMP
ISET 3 26 COMP
ADIM 4 25 VCC1
ADIM 4 25 VCC1
LED4 5 24 VIN1
LED4 5 24 VIN1
LED3 6 23 GATE
LED3 6 23 GATE
LED2 7 22 ISENSE
LED2 7 22 ISENSE
Exposed Pad
8 21 Connect to GND
LED1 SYNC LED1 8 21 SYNC
NC 10 19 AGND NC 10 19 AGND
NC 11 18 GND2
NC 11 18 GND2
FB 12 17
FB 12 17 GND2
GND2
AAM 13 16
AAM 13 16 SW
SW
VCC2 14 15 VIN2
VCC2 14 15 VIN2
SOIC28 TSSOP28EP
PIN FUNCTIONS
Pin # Name Description
1 GND1 Ground for WLED controller.
Switching frequency set. Connect a resistor between OSC and GND to set the step-up
2 OSC converter switching frequency. The voltage at OSC is regulated to 1.23 V. The clock
frequency is proportional to the current sourced from OSC.
LED current set. Tie a current-setting resistor from ISET to ground to program the
3 ISET current in each LED string. ISET voltage is regulated to 1.225 V. The LED current is
proportional to the current through the ISET resistor.
Input for analog brightness control. The LED current amplitude is determined by
ADMIN. The input signal can be either a PWM signal or a DC voltage signal. An internal
RC filter (10 MΩ resistor and 100 pF capacitor) is integrated to ADMIN. If a PWM signal
is applied to ADMIN, a >20 kHz frequency is recommended. This obtains a better PWM
4 ADIM
signal filtering performance and ensures the amplitude voltage is higher than 1.5 V and
the low-level voltage is less than 0.4 V. For a DC signal input, please apply a DC input
signal range from 0.41 V to 1.49 V to set linearly the LED current from minimum to full
scale. If ADMIN is floated, pull internally to GND.
LED string 4 current input. LED4 is the open-drain output of an internal dimming
5 LED4
control switch. Connect the LED string 4 cathode to LED4.
LED string 3 current input. LED3 is the open-drain output of an internal dimming
6 LED3
control switch. Connect the LED string 3 cathode to LED3.
LED string 2 current input. LED2 is the open-drain output of an internal dimming
7 LED2
control switch. Connect the LED string 2 cathode to LED2.
LED string 1 current input. LED1 is the open-drain output of an internal dimming
8 LED1
control switch. Connect the LED string 1 cathode to LED1.
Over-voltage protection input. Connect a resistor divider from the output to OVP to
9 OVP
program the OVP threshold.
10,11 NC No connection.
Buck converter feedback. An external resistor divider from the output to AGND (tapped
to FB) sets the output voltage. To prevent current-limit runaway during a short-circuit
12 FB
fault condition, the frequency foldback comparator lowers the oscillator frequency when
the FB voltage is below 400 mV.
AAM mode setting for buck converter. Connect a resistor from AAM to ground to set
13 AAM the AAM voltage and force the buck converter into non-synchronous mode when the
load is small. Driving AAM high (=VCC2) forces the buck converter into CCM.
VIN1 Regulator
GND1
-
Control
Logic
GATE
+
PWM
Comparator
Current-Sense
Amplifier
200 ns
+ ISENSE
Blank Time
-
OV
Comparator
+ OVP
OSC Oscillator
- 1.23 V
100 ns +
Blanking
ILIMIT
-
PWM
+ STOP
UP_ CLAMP
-
-
6.3 V
Short-String
Protection + Max Feedback
Control
- Min
COMP EA
+
Ref
Enable
EN Control
LED1-4
1
1. 225 V +
Current Control
- ADIM
PWM
ISET
VIN2
VCC RSEN
VCC2 Regulator
LDO BST
AAM HS
Driver
SW
On-Time
1 pF VCC
Current-Limit Control Logic
50 pF 400 k Comparator
SYNC Rference
LS
Driver
FB
Error Amplifier GND2
AGND
OPERATION
The converter chooses automatically the lowest
WLED CONTROLLER SECTION: active LEDX voltage to provide a bus voltage
The WLED controller employs a programmable high enough to power all the LED arrays.
constant frequency, peak-current–mode, step- If the feedback voltage drops below the
up converter with 4 channel regulated current reference, the output of the error amplifier
sources to drive an array of up to 4 strings of increases. This results in more current flowing
white LEDs. through the MOSFET, thus increasing the
Internal 6 V Regulator power delivered to the output. This forms a
closed loop that regulates the output voltage.
When VIN1 is greater than 6.5 V, VCC1 outputs
a 6 V power supply to the external MOSFET Under light-load operation (especially in the
switch gate driver and the internal control case of VOUT1 ≈ VIN1), the converter runs in
circuitry. The VCC1 voltage drops to 0 V when pulse-skipping mode where the MOSFET turns
the WLED controller shuts down. on for a minimum on-time of approximately
200 ns, and then the converter discharges the
System Start-Up power to the output for the remaining period.
When enabled, the WLED controller checks the The external MOSFET remains off until the
topology connection first. The WLED controller output voltage needs to be boosted again.
monitors the over-voltage protection (OVP) pin Dimming Control
to see if the Schottky diode is connected or if
the boost output is shorted to GND. An OVP The MP3378 allows two dimming methods:
voltage of less than 57 mV disables the WLED PWM and analog dimming mode.
controller . Once all the protection tests pass, For PWM dimming, apply a PWM signal to
the WLED controller starts boosting the step-up PWM. The LED current is chopped by this
converter with an internal soft-start. PWM signal, and the average LED current is
It is recommended that the enable signal occurs equal to ISET*DDIM; where DDIM is the duty cycle
after the establishment of the input voltage and of PWM dimming signal, and ISET is the LED
PWM dimming signal during the start-up current amplitude.
sequence to avoid large inrush current. For analog dimming, either a PWM signal or DC
Step-Up Converter signal can be applied to ADIM.
The converter operating frequency is When a PWM signal is applied to ADIM, the
programmable by an external resistor on OSC. signal is filtered by the internal RC filter. The
300 kHz to 500 kHz is recommended as an LED current amplitude is equal to ISET * DDIM;
operating frequency. This optimizes efficiency where DDIM is the duty cycle of the PWM
and the size of external components. dimming signal, and ISET is the LED current
amplitude. A PWM signal of 20 kHz or higher is
At the beginning of each switching cycle, the recommended to achieve better filtering
internal clock turns on the external MOSFET (In performance. When a DC signal is applied to
normal operation, the minimum turn-on time is ADIM, the voltage range (0.41 V to 1.49 V) sets
200 ns.) A stabilizing ramp added to the output directly the LED current linearly from minimum
of the current sense amplifier prevents sub- to full scale.
harmonic oscillations for duty cycles greater
than 50 percent. This result is fed into the PWM Open-String Protection
comparator. When this voltage reaches the Open-string protection is achieved through the
output voltage of the error amplifier (VCOMP) the OVP pin and LEDX pins (1 to 4). If one or more
external MOSFET turns off. strings are open, the respective LEDX pins are
The output voltage of the internal error amplifier pulled to ground, and the WLED controller
is an amplified signal of the difference between keeps charging the output voltage until it
the reference voltage and the feedback voltage. reaches the over-voltage protection
(OVP) threshold. If the OVP point has been across the sense resistor (connected
triggered for >4 µs, the WLED controller stops between MOSFET and GND) hits VLMT
switching and marks off the strings that have an limit value and lasts for 4 switching
LEDX voltage lower than 190 mV. Once cycles, the WLED controller turns off
marked off, the remaining LED strings force the and latches.
output voltage back into tight regulation. The
Thermal Shutdown Protection
string with the largest voltage drop determines
the output regulation. If all strings are open, the To prevent the WLED controller from operating
WLED controller shuts down until the WLED at exceedingly high temperatures, thermal
controller re-sets. shutdown detects the die temperature. When
the die temperature exceeds the upper
Short-String Protection
threshold (150°C), the WLED controller shuts
The WLED controller monitors the LEDX down. The controller resumes normal operation
voltages to determine if a short-string fault has when the die temperature drops below the
occurred. If one or more strings are shorted, the lower threshold. Typically, the hysteresis value
respective LEDX pins tolerate high-voltage is 25°C.
stress. If an LEDX pin voltage is higher than
6.3 V, this condition triggers the detection of a
short string. When a short-string fault (LEDX
over-voltage fault) remains for 4096 switching
clocks, the fault string is marked off and
disabled. Once a string is marked off, it
disconnects from the output voltage loop. The
marked LED strings shut off completely until the
boost part re-starts. In order to prevent
mis-triggering short LED protection when
opening an LED string or sharp ADIM, the short
LED protection function is disabled when the
Vledxs of all the used LED channels are higher
than 1.5 V.
Inductor/Diode Short Protection
To prevent damage to the WLED controller and
external MOSFET when the external
inductor/diode is shorted, the protection mode
operates in the following ways:
1. When the inductor/diode is shorted, the
output cannot maintain enough energy
to load the LED, causing the output
voltage to drop. Thus, the COMP (the
error amplifier output) voltage tends to
rise until it is clamped high. If it lasts
longer than 512 switching cycles, the
WLED controller turns off and latches.
2. However, in some cases the COMP
voltage cannot be clamped high when
the inductor/diode is shorted, so the
WLED controller provides the protection
mode by detecting the current flowing
through the power MOSFET. In this
mode, when the current sense voltage
percent of one PWM period, the power Figure 2—Simplified AAM control logic
MOSFET is forced off.
SYNC Control
Internal Regulator The buck converter can be synchronized
Most of the internal circuitries are powered from through SYNC to an external clock range from
the 5 V internal regulator. This regulator takes 250 kHz to 2 MHz. The internal clock’s rising
the VIN2 input and operates in the full VIN2 edge is synchronized to the external clock’s
range. When VIN2 is greater than 5.0 V, the falling edge. The synchronized logic high
output of the regulator is in full regulation. When voltage should be higher than 1.8 V. The
VIN2 is lower than 5.0 V, the output decreases; synchronized logic low voltage should be lower
a 0.1 uF ceramic capacitor for decoupling is than 0.6 V. The frequency of the external clock
required. should be higher than the frequency of the
Error Amplifier internal clock. Otherwise the internal clock may
The error amplifier compares the FB voltage pulse high and turn on the high-side MOSFET
with the internal 0.8 V reference (REF) and again.
outputs a COMP_BUCK voltage, which is used Under-Voltage Lockout (UVLO)
to control the power MOSFET current. The Under-voltage lockout (UVLO) protects the
optimized internal compensation network buck converter from operating at an insufficient
minimizes the external component count and supply voltage by monitoring the output voltage
simplifies the control loop design. of the internal regulator (VCC2). The UVLO
AAM Operation rising threshold is about 3.9 V while its falling
threshold is a consistent 3.25 V.
MP3378 has advanced asynchronous
modulation (AAM) power-save mode for light Internal Soft Start (SS)
load. Connect a resistor from AAM to GND to Soft start is implemented to prevent the
set the AAM voltage. Under a heavy-load converter output voltage from overshooting
condition, the VCOMP_BUCK is higher than VAAM. during start up. When the chip starts up, the
When the clock goes high, the high-side power internal circuitry generates a soft-start voltage
MOSFET turns on and remains on until VILsense (SS) ramping up from 0 V. The soft-start period
reaches the value set by the COMP_BUCK lasts until the voltage on the soft-start capacitor
voltage. The internal clock re-sets every time exceeds the reference voltage of 0.8 V. At this
VCOMP_BUCK is higher than VAAM. point, the reference voltage takes over. The
soft-start time is set internally at around 1.5 ms.
APPLICATION INFORMATION
WLED CONTROLLER SECTION: Choose an inductor that does not saturate under
the worst-case load conditions. Select the
Selecting the Switching Frequency
minimum inductor value to ensure that the boost
The switching frequency of the step-up converter converter works in continuous conduction mode
is recommended from 300 kHz to 500 kHz for (CCM) with high efficiency and good EMI
most applications. An oscillator resistor on OSC performance.
sets the internal oscillator frequency for the step-
up converter according to Equation (1): Calculate the required inductance value using
67320 Equation (3):
FSW1 KHz η VOUT1 D (1 D)2
Rosc KΩ L1
(1)
2 fSW1 ILOAD1
For ROSC = 224 kΩ, the switching frequency is set
to 300 kHz. VIN1
D 1
Setting the LED Current VOUT1 (3)
Each LED string current is set through the
current-setting resistor on ISET. See Equation (2): Where VIN1 and VOUT1 are the input and output
voltages, fSW1 is the switching frequency, ILOAD1 is
795 1.23 the LED load current, and η is the efficiency.
ILED(mA)
RSET KΩ Usually the switching current is used for peak-
(2)
current-mode control. In order to avoid hitting the
For RSET = 8.06 kΩ, the LED current is set to current limit, the voltage across the sensing
120 mA. Please do NOT leave ISET open. resistor (RSENSE) must be less than 80% of the
Selecting the Input Capacitor worst-case current-limit voltage (VSENSE). See
Equation (4):
The input capacitor reduces the surge current
drawn from the input supply and the switching 0.8 VSENSE
noise from the device. The input capacitor RSENSE
IL1(PEAK)
impedance at the switching frequency should be
less than the input source impedance to prevent VOUT1 ILOAD1 VIN1 (VOUT1 VIN1 )
the high-frequency switching current from IL1(PEAK)
passing through to the input. Use ceramic ηVIN1 2 L1 FSW1 VOUT1
capacitors with X5R or X7R dielectrics for their
(4)
low ESR and small temperature coefficients. For
most applications, use a 4.7 μF ceramic Where IL1(PEAK) is the peak value of the inductor
capacitor in parallel with a 220 µF electrolytic current. VSENSE is shown in Figure 4.
capacitor.
Selecting the Inductor and Current-Sensing
Resistor
A larger value inductor results in less ripple
current and lower peak inductor current, reducing
stress on the N-channel MOSFET. However, the
larger value inductor has a larger physical size, a
higher series resistance, and a lower saturation
current.
Selecting the Power MOSFET Where VTH is the threshold voltage, VPLT is the
plateau voltage, RG is the gate resistance, and
The critical parameters for the selection of a
VDS is the drain-source voltage. Please note that
MOSFET are as follows:
calculating the switching loss is the most difficult
1. Maximum drain-to-source voltage, VDS(MAX) part in the loss estimation. Equation (7) provides
2. Maximum current, ID(MAX) a simplified equation. For more accurate
3. On-resistance, RDS(ON) estimates, the equation becomes much more
4. Gate-source charge (QGS) and gate-drain complex.The total gate charge (QG) is used to
charge (QGD) calculate the gate drive loss. See Equation (8)
5. Total gate charge, QG PDR QG VDR fSW1 (8)
Ideally, the off-state voltage across the MOSFET
is equal to the output voltage. Considering the Where VDR is the drive voltage.
voltage spike when it turns off, VDS(MAX) should be Selecting the Output Capacitor
greater than 1.5 times the output voltage.
The output capacitor keeps the output voltage
The maximum current through the power ripple small and ensures feedback loop stability.
MOSFET occurs at the minimum input voltage The output capacitor impedance must be low at
and the maximum output power. The maximum the switching frequency. Ceramic capacitors with
RMS current through the MOSFET is given by X7R dielectrics are recommended for their low
Equation (5): ESR characteristics. For most applications, a
4.7 μF ceramic capacitor in parallel with a 22 μF
IRMS(MAX) IIN1(MAX) DMAX , where: electrolytic capacitor will suffice.
VOUT1 VIN1(MIN) Setting the Over-Voltage Protection
DMAX Open-string protection detects the voltage on
VOUT1 (5) OVP. In some cases, an LED string failure
The current rating of the MOSFET should be results in the feedback voltage equaling zero.
greater than 1.5 x IRMS. The part then keeps boosting the output voltage
higher and higher. If the output voltage reaches
The on resistance of the MOSFET determines the programmed OVP threshold, the protection is
the conduction loss, which is given by Equation triggered.
(6): To ensure the chip functions properly, select
2
resistor values for the OVP resistor divider to
Pcond IRMS R DS (on) k provide an appropriate set voltage. The
(6) recommended OVP point is about 1.1 to 1.2
Where k is the temperature coefficient of the times higher than the output voltage for normal
MOSFET. operation. See Equation (9):
RHIGH
The switching loss is related to QGD and QGS1, VOVP 1.23 (1 )
which determine the commutation time. QGS1 is RLOW
(9)
the charge between the threshold voltage and
the plateau voltage when a driver charges the Selecting Dimming Control Mode
gate (see the chart of VGS vs. QG of the MOSFET Two different dimming methods are provided:
datasheet). QGD is the charge during the plateau
1. Direct PWM Dimming
voltage. These two parameters are needed to
estimate turn-on and turn-off losses. See An external PWM dimming signal is employed to
Equation (7): achieve PWM dimming control. Apply a PWM
Q GS1 R G
dimming signal (in the range of 100 Hz to 20 kHz)
PSW VDS I IN1 f SW1 to PWM. The minimum recommended amplitude
VDR VTH
of the PWM signal is 1.5 V, and the low-level
Q GD R G amplitude should be less than 0.4 V (see Table
VDS I IN1 f SW1
VDR VPLT (7) 1).
Selecting the Input Capacitor Where L2 is the inductor value and RESR is the
The input current to the step-down converter is equivalent series resistance (ESR) value of the
discontinuous, therefore a capacitor is required to output capacitor.
supply the AC current to the step-down converter When using ceramic capacitors, the impedance
while maintaining the DC input voltage. Use low at the switching frequency is dominated by the
ESR capacitors for the best performance. capacitance. The output voltage ripple is caused
Ceramic capacitors with X5R or X7R dielectrics mainly by the capacitance. For simplification, the
are highly recommended because of their low output voltage ripple can be estimated with
ESR and small temperature coefficients. For Equation (18):
most applications, a 22 µF capacitor is sufficient.
VOUT2 V
Since the input capacitor (C4) absorbs the input ΔVOUT2 (1 OUT2 )
switching current, it requires an adequate ripple- 8 FSW2 L2 C5
2
VIN2 (18)
current rating. The RMS current in the input
When using tantalum or electrolytic capacitors,
capacitor can be estimated with Equation (14):
the ESR dominates the impedance at the
VOUT2 VOUT2 switching frequency. For simplification, the output
IC4 ILOAD2 1
ripple can be approximated with Equation (19):
VIN2 VIN2
(14)
VOUT2 V
The worse-case condition occurs at VIN2 = 2VOUT2. ΔVOUT2 (1 OUT2 ) RESR
See Equation (15):
FSW2 L2 VIN2 (19)
ILOAD2 The characteristics of the output capacitor affect
IC4 the stability of the regulation system.
2 (15)
External Bootstrap Diode (BST)
For simplification, choose an input capacitor with
An external bootstrap diode may enhance the
a RMS current rating greater than half of the
efficiency of the regulator, the applicable
maximum load current.
conditions for an external BST diode are:
The input capacitor can be electrolytic, tantalum, VOUT2 is 5 V or 3.3 V, and
or ceramic. When electrolytic or tantalum VOUT2
capacitors are used, a small high-quality ceramic the duty cycle is high: D= >65%
capacitor (i.e. 0.1 μF) should be placed as close VIN2
to the IC as possible. When using ceramic In these cases, an external BST diode is
capacitors, make sure that they have enough recommended from VCC2 to BST (see Figure 8).
capacitance to provide sufficient charge in order The recommended external BST diode is IN4148,
to prevent excessive voltage ripple at the input. and the BST capacitor is 0.1 μF ─1μF.
The input voltage ripple caused by capacitance External BST Diode
can be estimated with Equation (16): RBST 1N4148
ILOAD2 V V BST VCC2
ΔVIN2 OUT2 (1 OUT2 ) CBST
FSW2 C4 VIN2 VIN2 (16) MP3378
0.1µF-1μF
SW
Selecting the Output Capacitor L2 +
COUT
The output capacitor (C5) is required to maintain
the DC output voltage. Ceramic, tantalum, or low
ESR electrolytic capacitors are recommended. Figure 8—Add optional external bootstrap diode
Low ESR capacitors are preferred to keep the to enhance efficiency
output voltage ripple low. The output voltage
ripple can be estimated with Equation (17):
VOUT2 V 1
ΔVOUT2 (1 OUT2 ) (R ESR )
FSW2 L2 VIN2 8 FSW2 C 5 (17)
Figure 11—4 string, 10 LED in series, 120 mA/string plus 5 V output application
PACKAGE INFORMATION
TSSOP-28 EP
5.90
TYP
9.60 0.40 0.65
9.80 TYP BSC
28 15
1.60
TYP
1 14
0.80
1.20 MAX
1.05 0.09
SEATING PLANE
0.20
0.19 0.00
0.65 BSC
0.30 0.15 SEE DETAIL "A"
GAUGE PLANE
0.25 BSC
5.70
6.10
0.45
0o-8o
0.75
DETAIL “A”
2.60
3.10
NOTE:
1) ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS.
2) PACKAGE LENGTH DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH,
PROTRUSION OR GATE BURR.
3) PACKAGE WIDTH DOES NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH
OR PROTRUSION.
4) LEAD COPLANARITY (BOTTOM OF LEADS AFTER FORMING)
SHALL BE 0.10 MILLIMETERS MAX.
BOTTOM VIEW 5) DRAWING CONFORMS TO JEDEC MO-153, VARIATION AET.
6) DRAWING IS NOT TO SCALE.
SOIC-28
NOTICE: The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Users should warrant and guarantee that third
party Intellectual Property rights are not infringed upon when integrating MPS products into any application. MPS will not
assume any legal responsibility for any said applications.