ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to avail this opportunity to thank all of the people who have stood
by me in, encouraged me, inspired me and have contributed greatly in providing me in
with the joy of achievement and thrill of creative effort experienced by me all the way
through the accomplishment of the seminar.

It’s my greatest privilege to express gratitude to my seminar Guide

Prof. Madhu jalaki , Asst. Prof Civil Engineering Department for her excellent
guidance, constant encouragement and help throughout the seminar under her constant
presence and valuable advice has led to the completion of this project work.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to Mr. B.B Biradar , Professor and HOD,
Civil Engineering Department for his valuable suggestions, help and support.

I sincerely thank Dr. Sunil Kumar D, Principal of AGMRCET, Varur for the
support he had provided in permitting me to undertake this seminar.

I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude for the support and
guidance of all teaching staff of Civil Engineering Department.

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 ABSTRACT

Air pollution is responsible for many health problems in the urban areas. This
paper consist of about smog, types of smog, smog formation by particulate matter, ozone,
gases and industries, sources of smog and effects of smog on environment, buildings and
human health etc. The increased occurrence of smoggy days in major Chinese cities is of
major concern to the general public. This paper explores the major sources of PM2.5
pollutants, a key contributor to the smog in Beijing, one of China’s largest cities.
Evidence indicates that the secondary PM2.5 particles formed through NOx, SOx, NH3,
VOCs, etc. have a strong impact on human health. As a result, PM2.5 pollution control
should not simply focus on controlling particulate emission, but should involve adopting
an integrated multi-pollutant control strategy. In addition to identifying the major sources
of PM2.5, this paper explores its impact on environmental and human health. At present,
air pollution has become the main problem in many developed and developing countries. .
Especially, in Ulaanbaatar city of Mongolia, it has become one of the most tackled issues
of every citizen living in the capital city. The aim of this study is to highlight the trend of
air pollution and pollution sources in the Mongolian capital and conduct some air
pollution analyses. Vehicular emissions and industrial activities were found to be
associated with indoor as well as outdoor air pollution in Delhi. This paper provides an
evidence-based insight into the status of air pollution in Delhi and its effects on health
and control measures instituted. Particulate materials are considered the most threatening
component in the city polluted air, as they represent 96 percent of the total economic cost
of air pollution. In addition to their contribution in spreading diseases leading to
thousands of premature deaths, impaired child development, and lost worker productivity.
Controlling the air pollution by using latest technology and replacing the old vehicles by
new technology vehicles like CNG.

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 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
NO. FIGURE NAME. NO.
1.1 Smog formation in London. 1
1.2 Formation of photochemical smog. 4
1.3 Formation of photochemical smog. 5
2.1 Photochemical smog. 6
2.2 Source of smog formation. 7
3.1 Effect on human health. 9
4.1 Satellite image of Ulaanbator city. 13
4.2 Main sources of air pollution (a) ger area, 13
(b) motor vehicles, (c) power plants.
4.3 Landset image of Ulaanbator city. 14
4.4 Location of Beijing station and U S Embassy. 17
4.5 Delhi smog. 21
4.6 Sources of Delhi smog. 23
4.7 Trafic cognition in Cairo. 26

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 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TABLE NAME. PAGE
NO. NO.
Emission sources and major effects of different
4.1 criteria 23

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 CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I

ABSTRACT II

CONTENTS III

LIST OF FIGURES IV

LIST OF TABLES V

1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Formation of smog 3
1.2.1 How it works 3
2. SOURCES 6
2.1 Sources 6
2.1.1 Source of Smog Pollutants 6
2.1.2 Source of primary pollutants 6
3. EFFECTS AND CONTROL 8
3.1 EFFECT OF SMOG 8
3.2 CONTROLE OF SMOG 9
4. CASE STUDIES 11
4.1 Ulan Bator, Mongolia 11
4.1.1 General 11
4.1.2 Pollutant Sources 12
4.1.3 Main causes of the air pollution 14
4.1.4 Measures to Reduce Air Pollution 14
4.2 Beijing, China 15
4.2.1 General 15
4.2.2 Materials and Methods 16

4.2.3 Smog and Major Sources of PM2.5 Pollution 17

4.2.3.1 Automobile Industry 18

4.2.3.2 Coal and Industrial Processes 18
4.2.3.3 Construction and Cement Manufacturing Industry 18
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 4.2.4 Impact of PM2.5 Pollution on Human Health 19
4.3 New Delhi, India 20
4.3.1 General 20
4.3.2 Sources of air pollution 21
4.3.3 Criteria pollutants 22
4.3.4 Sources and Effects 23
4.4 Cairo, Egypt 25
4.4.1 General 25
4.4.2 Traffic emissions in Cairo 25
4.4.3 Controlling of air pollution 26
5. CONCUSION 28

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