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can write:
dP
=
dz
or =
Now to find pressure at any point a depth of of the fluid as shown in the figure.
Since
=
h
o
= constant for incompressible fluid
=
=
o
h
P = = pressure head
g
The pressure exerted by a fluid is dependent on the vertical head of the fluid and its specific
weight.
The density of incompressible fluid does not remain constant i.e. constant. Now as per
perfect gas equation:
=
m m
or = but = density =
V V
Now as per hydrostatic law, the pressure gradient is:
dP
dz
P P
RT RT
dP dz g
P T R
dP = g
dz
Mercury
Different Pressures
12. Besides manometers, what are the other types of pressure measuring instruments?
13. What are the characteristics of mechanical gauges? Describe Bourdon tube gauge.
The manometers work on the relationship between the pressure and the column of the fluid
balanced by it. The simplest form of manometers is the pressure tube or piezometer as
shown in the figure. The pressure tube consists of a single vertical tube open at the top
connected to the vessel or pipe containing the fluid under pressure. Due to pressure of the
fluid above the atmospheric pressure, the fluid rises in the tube to a height depending upon
its pressure. If fluid rises meter, then we have gauge pressure of the fluid as:
Pgauge l ghg
Pvacuum h f fg hv lg
If l f
Pvacuum hv lg
dh a
small 1 0
h alarge 100
g h dh
h
g(h 0)
gh
h1
h2
1 2
Flow Flow
P h h h or P gh
1 2
g
h1 g 1 ml
(rml, Sml)
dP h Hg g h g
h g
Hg
1 h g SHg 1
P h g
Hg 1 k g
g hS 1 k
Hg
a h 0
A 2
P1 f
g h1 dh z
g h2 h dh
2
P2 1 gh 2
g h2 h dh f
g h1 dh
2
P1 P2
1 2
g
A H2 O2 B
C
1014. 88.06 10 3
12
3
13.34 10
12
1112 m
Pr = 230 kpa
Air
Water h
Hg
2 1 120 cm
P1 = 140 kpa
103 103
160 9.81 h 230
h 10 102. m
9.8
P1 100 w
g 100 100 Hg g Patm
1000 1000
3 . 103 g 9.81
01
P1 Patm 0.2 13.6 10 9.81
1000 1000
Pgauge 26.68 0.981
Pgauge 25.7 kpa
27. The figure shows a conical vessel having a U tube manometer attached to its outlet
at . When the vessel is empty the reading of the manometer is given in the figure.
Find the reading of manometer when the vessel has been completely filled with water.
When the vessel is empty, the pressure in both limbs is same from datum line
Pressure left limb = Pressure in right limb
h1
PA 1 10 3 9.81 sin 30 h1 h 13.6 10 3 h 9.81 1 10 3 h1 h 9.81 PB
2 2
3
PA PB 10 9.81(13.6 .14 1 0.14)
9.83 10 3 (0.764)
32. A multi tube manometer is employed to determine the pressure in a pipeline. The
levels inside the tubes are as shown in the figure. What would be the length of single
mercury U-tube to record this pressure?
P1 .5 1 10 3 g P2 0.5 1 10 3 g
3
PA 0.5 13.6 10 g P1
.5 13.6 10 3 g P2 Patm .5 13.6 10 3 g
3
PA 66.7 10 P1
P1 61.8 10 3 P2 P2 Patm 61.8 10 3
66.7 10 3 Patm 61.8 10 3 Patm
123.6 10 3 61.8 10 3
200.3 10 3 Patm P1 Patm 123.6 10 3
=
200.3 10 = 13.6 10 9.81
=
200.3 = 1.5 m
13.6 9.81
PA h1 2 g P1 PB 2 hg 1hg P1
from eqn (1) P1 PB hg ( 2 1 ) eqn (1)
PA h1 2 g PB hg( 2 1 )
PA PB ( 2 1 )gh 2 h1 g
PA h1 2 g h2 1 g PC
PA PC (h1 2g h2 1g)
. 10 3 g
PA h 115
. 10 3 g PB
P1 (.50 h) 115
P1 .20 0.92 10 3 g
. 10 3 g 0.2 0.92 10 3 g
PA h 115
. 10 3 g
PB (.5 h) 115
. 103 kPa
384
3
3.843 10
1 10 9.81
391 mm of water
(33.35 6.25) 10 3
39.6 10 3 Pa
PA PB 1 a r2 r1 gh
A
70 cm
7.85 kN2
m
3
0.9 10 39.81 2.0 6.867
10
17.658 6.87
24.528 kN2
m
l1 l2
Patm 120.07
h a l 1 0.8 0.04 m
A 20
h l sin 0.8 1
2
y dy dA g
y 2
1
500
1000
2
y y dy
dp 1000 g 1
2
100 1000
1
y y
y
2 3 80
200 3 10 6
0
9810 80 6400 512 10
3
200 3 10 6
ρ s = 1030
1500 mm
ρ =?
dP
d
d
dP d dP
K K
(1030) 9.81 1500
2.4 109
. 106 9.81 15
106 . 103
2.4 109
6.5 kg/m3
Oil Water
Horizontal
plane
Pipes
Horizontal
plane
Mercury
H
h
S+
h1
h
Dh