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can write:
dP
= 
dz
or  =  
Now to find pressure at any point a depth of  of the fluid as shown in the figure.

Pressure variation with depth

Since
 
 =
h
o
= constant for incompressible fluid
   

 
 =
 = 

o
h


P =  = pressure head
g
The pressure exerted by a fluid is dependent on the vertical head of the fluid and its specific
weight.

    

The density of incompressible fluid does not remain constant i.e.  constant. Now as per
perfect gas equation:
 = 
m m
or  =  but = density =
V V
Now as per hydrostatic law, the pressure gradient is:

Area = a Area = a Area = a Area = a


    

dP
 
dz
P P
    
RT RT
dP dz g
  
P T R
 

         


         
        
 
     

  
      
   
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 dP = g  
dz
    
      



              
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Pressure

High pressure line


High
Gauge pressure
Atm
Atmospheric pressure line
Absolute pressure Vacuum gauge pressure
Atmospheric pressure Low pressure line
Low
Absolute pressure
0
Absolute zero vacuum (zero pressure) line

Different Pressures

12. Besides manometers, what are the other types of pressure measuring instruments?



   

       
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13. What are the characteristics of mechanical gauges? Describe Bourdon tube gauge.

 

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The manometers work on the relationship between the pressure and the column of the fluid
balanced by it. The simplest form of manometers is the pressure tube or piezometer as
shown in the figure. The pressure tube consists of a single vertical tube open at the top
connected to the vessel or pipe containing the fluid under pressure. Due to pressure of the
fluid above the atmospheric pressure, the fluid rises in the tube to a height depending upon
its pressure. If fluid rises  meter, then we have gauge pressure of the fluid as:

Vessel with high


pressure fluid (Pabs)
    

  
    
  
          

              
   
   
 

     


   

        
 
  
      
             
      
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Pabs  f gh f  l ghg  Patm
Pabs  Patm  l ghg  f gh f
Pgauge  l ghg  f gh f
If l  f

Pgauge  l ghg
   

  


Pabs  h f fg  hv lg  Patm
Patm  Pabs  h f fg  hv lg

Pvacuum  h f fg  hv lg

If l  f

Pvacuum  hv lg

              

        




 

     

             
   



  
  

  

 
         
      
  
  

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dh a
 small  1  0
h alarge 100
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 g h  dh 
h
 g(h  0)
 gh
   

     


         

h1

h2

1 2
Flow Flow

Two Piezometer Tubes Method

  
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P  h  h  h or P  gh
1 2
g
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    h1 g 1  ml 
 
  ­€    

(rml, Sml)
    

       


    
     
     
    

               
 
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dP  h Hg g  h g

h g
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    

P  h g
 Hg 1  k g
 
 g hS  1  k
Hg

          




  
   

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a h 0
  
A 2
  
P1  f 
 g h1  dh   z

 g h2  h  dh 
2

 P2  1  gh  2

 g h2  h  dh   f 
 g h1  dh 
2
      
P1  P2 
  1  2

g  
   


   

        


     
    
   
       
      
   
 

      

A H2 O2 B
C

   


      
    
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        h1  Hg g

 760  13.6  10 3  9.81


1000



    


    h2  Hg g

 660  13.6  10 3  9.81


1000


     

  
1014.  88.06  10 3

12
3
 13.34  10
12
 1112 m

    ­€ ­­


       ­           ­ 

Pr = 230 kpa
Air

Water h

Hg
2 1 120 cm

P1 = 140 kpa

     



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P1  120
.  Hg  gh  g  Pair
.  13.6  10  9.81  h  103  9.81  230
400  120
3

103 103
 160  9.81  h  230
h  10  102. m
9.8
   

Let  = absolute pressure of the water in the pipeline during equilibrium –


Pressure in the left limb from datum = Pressure in the right limb from datum

P1  100  w
 
 g  100  100  Hg  g  Patm
1000 1000
3 .  103  g  9.81
01
P1  Patm  0.2  13.6  10  9.81 
1000 1000
Pgauge  26.68  0.981
Pgauge  25.7 kpa

27. The figure shows a conical vessel having a U tube manometer attached to its outlet
at . When the vessel is empty the reading of the manometer is given in the figure.
Find the reading of manometer when the vessel has been completely filled with water.

When the vessel is empty, the pressure in both limbs is same from datum line  – 
Pressure left limb = Pressure in right limb
   

.  103  g  h  0.8  103  g


0.24  12 = (0.24  h)1  103
0.288 + 0.8 = 0.24 + 
0.2 = 0.078
 = 0.39 m
= 390 mm

    
   

         
    

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h1

Equating pressure on left and right limb from datum line  – 


Pa  (2  h  h1 ) 1  g = Pb  h 2g  h1 1g

0.5  105  (2  h)  103  9.8 = 0.2  105  h  13.6  103  9.8


0.3  102  (2  h )9.81 = 13.6  9.81  h
    

      


  
49.62  0.401 m
 
126.6

      


   
                     
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PA  1  10 3  9.81  sin 30  h1  h  13.6  10 3  h  9.81  1  10 3  h1  h  9.81  PB
2 2
3
PA  PB  10  9.81(13.6 .14  1  0.14)
 9.83  10 3 (0.764)
  

                      
     
   

    


         



    



 
 
 

 

PA  0.24  0.8  10 3  g P1  0.10 .8  10 3  g


 0.12  13.6  10 3  g  P1  0.15  13.6  10 3  g
or P1  PA  1.88  10 3  16  10 3 0.10  0.8  10 3  g  PB
 PA  14.12  10 3 or P1  PB  20.01  10 3
    
       
      

32. A multi tube manometer is employed to determine the pressure in a pipeline. The
levels inside the tubes are as shown in the figure. What would be the length of single
mercury U-tube to record this pressure?

­   

  
   
    

P1 .5  1  10 3  g P2  0.5  1  10 3  g
3
PA  0.5  13.6  10  g  P1
.5  13.6  10 3  g  P2  Patm .5  13.6  10 3  g
3
PA  66.7  10  P1
P1  61.8  10 3  P2 P2  Patm  61.8  10 3
 66.7  10 3  Patm   61.8  10 3  Patm 
123.6  10 3 61.8  10 3
 200.3  10 3  Patm P1  Patm  123.6  10 3

PA  Patm  Pgauge  200.3 kPa


In case we have ample U tube manometer, then,

 –  =   
200.3  10 =   13.6  10  9.81


=
200.3 = 1.5 m
13.6  9.81

                 

     

    

PA  h1 2  g  P1 PB  2 hg  1hg  P1
from eqn (1) P1  PB  hg ( 2  1 )  eqn (1)
PA  h1 2  g  PB  hg( 2  1 )
PA  PB  ( 2  1 )gh  2 h1 g
                

PA  h1 2 g  h2 1  g  PC
PA  PC  (h1 2g  h2 1g)

        


 
  
      
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PA  (h1  h)  1  10 3  g  P1 PB  h1  1  10 3  g  h .875  10 3  g  P1
   
PA  (h1  h)  1  103  g  PB  h .875  103  g  h1  1  103  g
          
 0.12  10 3  9.81  0.125
   
   

        


     

          


     

.  10 3  g
PA  h  115
.  10 3  g  PB
P1  (.50  h)  115
 P1 .20  0.92  10 3  g
    
.  10 3  g  0.2  0.92  10 3  g
PA  h  115
.  10 3  g
 PB  (.5  h)  115

PA  PB  0.2  0.92  10 3  g  0.5  115


.  10 3  g
 1.8  10 3  5.64  10 3

.  103 kPa
 384
3
  3.843 10
1  10  9.81
 391 mm of water
    

    


   
   
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           ­ 

    

PM  P1  Y  0.8  10 3  g P1  Patm  Z  13.6  10 3  g



 P1  0.75  0.8  10 3  9.81 P1  Patm  0.25  13.6  10 3  9.81

    

PM  0.75  0.8  103  9.81  Patm  0.25  13.6  103  9.81

    

  0.25  13.6  103  9.81  0.75  0.85  103  9.81

 (33.35  6.25)  10 3
 39.6  10 3 Pa

   


    
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  PA  PB  1  a r2  r1 gh       
  

A
   

    


 

   
 
  
     
 
  

       
   

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 (0.06) 2
  0.0028
4
     
 
15  1000  5.36  106 N/m2
 
0.0028
       (0.02) 2
4
 
        
.000314  5.36  10 6
  1684 N
    

    


    
F  30  1684  30
  
400 400

 

                  


    
     
    

70 cm

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l1 l2

         


      

Pair  1   g  P1
Patm   3 Hg g  P1
0.4  0.8  103  9.81  P1
 3
103 P1  Patm  0.9  13.6  310  9.81
 314
.  P1 10

 Patm  120.07

       
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h  a l  1  0.8  0.04 m
A 20

h  l sin  0.8  1
2
ƒ    
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 y  dy  dA  g

y  2
    1 
 500



1000 
2
 y   y   dy
  dp  1000 g  1 
2

 100  1000  

1

 y  y 
         y 
2 3 80

 
 200 3  10  6
0


 9810  80  6400  512  10 
 3

 200 3  10  6

     




   



   
 
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ρ s = 1030

1500 mm

ρ =?




 dP
d

d
  dP  d  dP
K K
    
   
(1030)  9.81  1500

2.4  109
.  106  9.81  15
 106 .  103
2.4  109
 6.5 kg/m3
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Oil Water

Horizontal
plane
Pipes
Horizontal
plane

Mercury

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