Hello!

I am Gino A. Alvarado
You can find me at galvarado@ups.edu.ec
 Academic Training
Magister in Telecommunications
University: ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITÉCNICA DEL LITORAL
Register Number Senescyt: 1021-14-86045257

Engineer in Telecommunications with Mention in Telecommunication Management.

University: UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA SANTIAGO DE GUAYAQUIL
Register Number Senescyt: 1028-10-1014444
✓ O&M Experience.
✓ Control, Design and Project Management.
✓ Equipment configuration CISCO, ALCATEL.
✓ DWDM, SDH, PDH Systems.
✓ Structured Cabling.
✓ OS Microsoft, Centos, MAC.
✓ Computers Audit.
✓ VOIP technology.
Skills
✓ IPRAN technology.
✓ Networks IP/MPLS.
✓ Audit Equipment Installations in cellular RBS.
✓ Site Surveys.
✓ knowledge of equipment installation generally standards based on ISO 11801, ANSI TIA-568C, ANSI TIA 942-A,
✓ ANSI TIA 569C, ANSI TIA 606-B, ANSI TIA 607-B
✓ Digital communications systems.
✓ LAN, WAN, WLAN, WSN.
✓ LTE technology.
✓ IPRAN technology.
✓ Propagation.
✓ DSP systems.
✓ Company Management.
 Experience
• CEO at NETWORKTEL CIA LTDA.
• PROYECT MANAGER at AKROS CIA LTDA.
• TECHNICAL MANAGER at TELPROYECT CIA LTDA.
• RF ENGINEER at ALCATEL SA.
• TELECOMMUNICATION SUPERVISOR at DATA FAST CIA LTDA.
• TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEER at EEPG SA.
 Publications
• Wireless sensor network for gas and oil industries. ESPOL.
• Study for increased efficiency in photovoltaic panels. FETIN BRASIL.
• Low-energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Protocol and Optimal Number of Cluster
Head Algorithm in a Randomized Wireless Sensor Network Deployment. 2017
International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computer and
Optimization Techniques (ICEECCOT). INDIA.
• Desing of system for electrical faults diagnostic in multibranch motorcycle,
using free hadware and Android APP. 2017 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics,
Communication, Computer and Optimization Techniques (ICEECCOT). INDIA.
• Statistical analysis of radiation levels allowed by international standards in
conglomerate wireless systems in different urban areas of the city of Guayaquil.
2018- 18th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics August 19 - 22, 2018 •
University of Waterloo • Waterloo, ON, Canada
1st partial Evaluation System
30 points divided: 20 points divided:
▪ 10 points homework and workshop ▪ 20 points Exam
□ 5 points homework
□ 5 points workshop
▪ 10 points project
▪ 10 points lesson and practice
□ 5 points lesson
□ 5 points practice
WELCOME TO
DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION
CLASS Procedures
World’s Best Teacher
MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
 Introduction

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 FUNDAMENTALS The concept of "digital
communications" usually evokes
OF the idea of voltage signals that
COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEMS. they change between two levels
that represent one and zero and
that, although distorted to the

be transmitted by the channel, can

be reconstructed in the destination
thanks to its character

discreet.
MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
 What is the
difference
The fundamental difference
between Digital between digital and analog
and Analog communications is that in the first
communications? the number of possible
transmitted waveforms is finite,
which does not occur in the second
case

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Digital Communications system

For a digital communications system, the old saying "a bit is a bit", that can be
understood as that its objective is not other than reliably communicate each bit,
regardless of what it represents1. It was Claude Shannon who was responsible
for demonstrating in the 40s that the problem of transmission of information
could be decomposed into two without theoretical loss of benefits: first, looks
for the most efficient way to represent the signal to be transmitted as a binary
sequence; then the most efficient way to transmit the binary sequence is
searched.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 D.C. System Elements

Channel
Entry Font Encoder Modulator Channel
Encoder

Channel Font
Demodulator Output
decoder Decoder

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 CHANNELS

Non-physical channels:
Physical channels:
radio channel, divided in
This channels are CU
fixed radio channel and
(copper) and FO (fiber).
mobil radio channel.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Channel Distortion

• The main distortion mechanism of the waveform is due to the multiple

reflections and refractions that electromagnetic waves can suffer in its
propagation, which is known as multipath propagation, which causes that
replicas of the original wave appear on the receiving antenna and with
different amplitudes.
• Thermal noise, The appearance of thermal noise in the radio channel shows
that rarely we will find a channel composed of a single physical medium (in
this case, propagation radioelectric and electrical or electronic circuits).

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

It is defined as the ratio between the

power of the signal being transmitted
and the power of the noise that
SNR ratio. corrupts it.

The relation is Pout/Pn

The SNR is defined in DBm.

 Exercise

If the transmitted signal has a power of 400 mW, compared

to a noise of 20 mW. Evaluate how much the degradation Data:
suffered by the signal in a 6-section analogue scheme would
be, and compare it to a case of digital transmission. Draw Signal: 400mW
your own conclusions.
Noise: 20mW,

Sections: 6

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Exercise

An amplifier with a output signal power of 10W and a output

noise power of 0,01W. Determine the SNR ratio.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

AVAC Homework, Do the exercises in
the book Wayne Tomasi – Sistemas de
Comunicaciones electronicas. Pag 47 –
exercises 1.5 to 1.32

HAND MADE AND SCANNED

1 point
MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

It is called channel capacity at the

speed at which the data can be
transmitted in a data
Channel Capacity communication channel (FAX,
INTERNET etc ...) This speed is
expressed in bits per seconds (bps).
 Nyquist – Ideal Channel

In 1924, Nyquist proposed the existence of a limit in the capacity of an ideal channel (without
noise or distortions) of finite bandwidth. The nyquist theorem states that the maximum data
transmission speed in bps is limited by the following formula: C = 2w log2 n
n: the number of possible levels of the signal
w: the bandwidth expressed in hertz (Hz).
Nyquist states that increasing the differentiable voltage levels in the signal, it is possible to
increase the amount of information transmitted

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Shannon – SNR Channel

To increase the capacity of a channel, voltage levels must be increased. So the receiver must be
able to differentiate these voltage levels in the received signal, which is made difficult by noise.
Also, the higher the transmission speed, the greater the damage that noise can cause. Shannon
formula, provides the maximum capacity in bps of a channel with noise.
C = w log2 (1 + S/N)
w is the bandwidth of the channel in Hertz.
C is the channel capacity (bit rate information bit / s)
S is the power of the useful signal, which can be expressed in watts, milliwatts, etc., (W, mW, etc.)
N is the power of the noise present in the channel, (mW, W, etc.) that tries to mask the useful signal.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Exercise

DATA:
• A copper transmission medium has a bandwidth of W= 10MHz = 10^7Hz
10MHz. How many bits / s can be sent if four-level digital
signals are used? Assume that it is an ideal channel free N= 4
of noise.
DATA:
• A typical voice telephone channel has a signal-to-noise S/N = 30 dB (10 ^ (30/10) =
ratio of 30 dB and a bandwidth of 3,000 Hz. What is the 1000)
Capacity of the channel?

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Exercise

• Based on the Nyquist theorem, and knowing that the voice signal in a telephone channel
contains maximum frequencies of the order of 4 KHz (4000Hz), indicate the minimum speed to
transmit the signal through a digital voice channel (explain). In addition, if those samples are
quantified in 128 levels, what speed of data flow is required in the channel to be able to
transmit the samples.
• In digital telephony, voice signals are encoded with a PCM with a sample rate of 8000
samples/sec and 256 voltage levels. Determine the rate in bits/sec transmitted to the
telephone exchange.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Shannon

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

AVAC Abstract of Shannon
documentary film.

HAND MADE AND SCANNED

1 point
Lesson 1

1 point
 PDH Is a technology traditionally used in
Plesiochronous telecommunication for telephony that allows to
send several telephone channels on the same
digital hierarchy medium (either coaxial cable, radio or microwave)
using time division multiplexing techniques and
digital transmission equipment. It can also be sent
over optical fiber, although it is not designed for it
and sometimes it is often used in this case SDH -
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy.

The hierarchy used in Latin America is the same as

in Europe, which groups 30 + 2 channels of 64Kb /
s to obtain 2048 kbit / s (E1). Then, multiplying by 4
successively, higher level hierarchies are obtained
with the speeds of 8 Mbit / s (E2), 34 Mbit / s (E3)
and 139 Mbit / s (E4).

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 PDH
Hierarchy Velocity Channel Frame
256 bits =
E1 2048 Kbit/s 30
125 us
848 bits =
E2 8448 Kbit/s 120
100.38 us
The PDH sistem have 5 1536 bits =
E3 34368 Kbit/s 480
hierarchy as we see in the 44,7 us
next table 139264 2904 bits =
E4 1920
Kbit/s 20.85 us
564992 2688 bits =
E5 7680
Kbit/s 4.7 us

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 PDH equipment.

Types of equipment:
• Integrated equipment.
• Line terminals: optical, electrical, radio.
• Multiplexers 2/8, 8/34, 34/140.
• Access multiplexers: user channels / 2M.
• Insertion and Extraction Multiplexers.
• Cross - connect.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 PDH Table

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

•E2: 4 x E1 = 8 Mpbs
•E3: 4 x E2 = 32 Mbps
•E4: 4 x E3 = 140 Mbps

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 2
1 64 2
8
2
2 64 2

2
3 64 2
8
2
4 64 2

2
34
5 64 2
8
2
6 64 2

2
7 64 2
8
8 64 2 2

2
9 64
2 2
8
10 64 8 2

2 2
11 64 2
8
2
12 64 2 2

2
34
13 64 2
2 2
8
14 64 2

15 64 2 2

16 64 2048 8 2
8

2 2
140
2 2
17 64
Kbps 2
2

2
8
18 64

19 64 2 2
34 2

2
8

20 2 8 2
2

2
34
21 2
2 8 2

2
8

22 2 2 2

2
23 2
2
2

2 2
8

24 2 2

25 2 2 2
8
2

26 2 2
2 2

27 2 8 2

2
8

28 2
2 2

2
34
29 2 2 2
8
2

30 2 2

31 2 2
8
2

32 2 2

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
• Estandar TDM: ITU-T G.704.

• Multiplexing of 32 64 kbit/s signals on a 2.048 kbit/s (2M) signal.

125 µs.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Frame alignment word. Signaling.

• 2M frame: 32 time-slots or time slots. Each time interval: 8 bits.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
 E1

It has the following characteristics:

• Defined by ITU-T Recommendation G.732
• Defines a set of 32 slots or 8-bit time slots, each 64 kbps.
• It has two intervals (0 and 16) reserved for administration and signaling of the channel
• Each frame has a duration of 125 μs.
• The first 8 bits (TS0) of each frame form the H header, according to Recommendation G.704 of ITU-T.
• The remaining bits can be used for data transmission. (user data), have an available bit rate of 1984 kbps,
equivalent to 31 channels of 64 kbps each.
• The coding law used is Law A specified in Recommendation G.711 that provides a 64 kbps data stream.
• A variation, around the exact speed of 2.048 Mbps, of ± 50 ppm (parts per million) is allowed, which means
that two different flows of 2 Mbps can be accepted at slightly different speeds from each other.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 E2
• The E2 level is generally called G.742.
• The use of this order was originally for digital roads between countries.
• The nominal bit rate should be 8448 Kbit / s.
• The frame consists of 848 bits, 4 subframes of 212 bits. Each subframe is divided into 53 groups
of 4 bits.
• It has 206 bits for each tributary (E1).
• Interlace 4 tributaries of different speed (Plesiochronous operation) within the tolerance of 50
ppm, assigning to each tributary a capacity slightly higher than the real one and filling the excess
with justification bits (stuffing) that are eliminated in the demultiplexing process.
• Interleaving of 4 input tributaries whose speed may not be exactly the same (Plesiochronous
operation) then requires the application of the Positive Justification process. It consists of
assigning to each tributary a slightly higher capacity than the real one and filling in the excess
with bits of justification that are eliminated in the demultiplexing process.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 E3 – E4
• The third and fourth hierarchical order are an extension of the second order, due to the similarity of frames.
• Frame alignment words are available at the beginning of each organization with the same characteristics. There is an alarm
to inform the remote terminal of the lack of local alignment.

In summary:
• Plesiochronic digital multiplex equipment of 2/8 Mbit / s: Equipment that in transmission combines 4 tributary signals to
2.048 Mbit / s, so that at the output a multiplex signal of 8.448 Mbit / s is obtained. At reception, it carries out the
complementary function.
• Plesiochronic digital multiplex equipment of 8/34 Mbit / s: Equipment that in transmission combines 4 tributaries of 8.448
Mbit / s, so that at the output a multiplex signal of 34.368 Mbit / s is obtained. At reception, it carries out the
complementary function.
• Plesiócrono digital multiplex equipment of 34/140 Mbit / s: Equipment that in transmission combines 4 tributaries of
34.368 Mbit / s, so that at the output a multiplex signal of 139.264 Mbit / s is obtained. At reception, it carries out the
complementary function.
• Plesiócrono digital multiplex equipment of 140/565 Mbit / s: Equipment that in transmission combines 4 tributaries of
139.264 Mbit / s, so that at the output a multiplex signal of 564,992 Mbit / s is obtained. At reception, it carries out the
complementary function. It is not normalized by the ITU-T. It is also called a digital multiplex 4 x 140 Mbit / s.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 physical and electrical properties

• V.35 interface: It is a combination of the V.35

standard and the EIA 232. All the data and timing pins Protocol Capacity Interfaz
are added to the V.35 specification which are E1 2 Mbit/s V.35, DB15
balanced and low voltage circuits. Used for E1 trunk
links between switching equipment. No se
comercializan(se
• DB15 to BNC interface: Designed to work with Cisco E2 8 Mbit/s
utilizan enlaces E1
equipment, it provides an E1 connection interface.
en paralelo)
• HSSI interface: The high-speed serial interface (HSSI)
supports transmission speeds of up to 52 Mbps. The
HSSI(High Speed
E3 34 Mbit/s
HSSI interface is used to connect routers in the LAN Serial Interfaz)
with the WAN through high-speed lines such as the T3
lines or E3

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

Interface E1 At 2048 Kbps:

At the input ports, it has an impedance of 75 Ohms for coaxial

connections and 120 Ohms for connections of symmetric pairs.
A margin of 12-18 dB in losses for return to 3KHz.
The external conductor to the coaxial pair must be connected to the earth
network.

Interfaces E2, E3, E4:

Input impedance of 75 Ohms.

Range of 6 to 8 dB in losses for return to 12Khz (E2 interface) and 51KHz
(E3 interface).

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Multi Frame E1

TS0 Management Channel It has these

characteristics:
• Contains the bits in the header of
Recommendation G.704.
• It is used to send:
– Synchronization Frame alignment (FAS)
– Link monitoring information
– Remote alarm indicator
– Cyclic Redundancy Verification (CRC)

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Multiframe 2 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Trama 0 Trama 8 Trama 15

0 1 16 31 0 1 16 31 0 1 16 31

0 0 0 0 X A X X a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d
Multi-frame Multi-frame Signaling of Signage of Signaling of Signaling of
alignment non-alignment TS 8 the TS 24 TS 15 the TS 31
signal signal

Each signaling bit is a 500 bit / s channel: 64k / 16 = 4k. 4k / 8 = 500 bit / s.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

TS16 Signaling Channel

There are two generic ways to send the signaling of the telephony channels in the E1 multiplexer:

• Signaling by Associated Channel (CAS): process that requires the availability of an exclusive
channel for signaling tasks. Defines the protocols that must be established between users in
the following cases:
• When the user picks up the phone.
• When one of the users starts dialing the number.
• When the user calls, etc.

• Signaling by Common Channel CCS or SS7: It is a set of telephone signaling protocols used in
most of the world's telephone networks, whose main purpose is the establishment and
termination of calls, without requiring the provision of an exclusive channel, freeing the TS16
in the case of E1.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Frame Structure

8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits

Channel 00 1
1 -- 15
15 16
16 17
17 --- 30
30 31
31
-- -

Synchrony Information Signaling Information

And control

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 PDH Alarms
• 1 No signal
This event occurs when there is a total absence of signal or when there is an attenuation so
great that the voltage that nominally must be + 2.37v is below the allowed. Sometimes this is
due to bad contacts, poor connectors, damaged cables, etc.
• 2 AIS
Alarm indication signal (Alarm Indication Signal), Consists of generating a signal composed of
cigars "1" s. That is, it has no frame structure and this usually happens when there is a problem
with the transmission equipment.
• 3 Slip (SLIP)
It occurs when there are synchrony problems. This means that the computers that are
interconnecting handle different synchronization.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

• 4 Loss of frame synchrony

This is presented when, although there is a signal presence, the FAS can not be identified.

• 5 Loss of multiframe synchrony

Same as the previous one but for the MFAS

• 6 Remote frame alarm

When bit A of the NFAS is in high state (A = 1).

• 7 Remote multiframe alarm

This is indicated in bit 6 of time slot 16 of frame 0, or bit 2 of NMFAS with high status indication.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

AVAC Homework, PDH Plesiochronous digital hierarchy

1. How many voice channels group PCM frames European Justify the
speed needed for the retransmission of said frames.
2. What are the standardized flows of the European PDH hierarchy?
3. What are the standardized flows of the PDH American hierarchy?
4. How many voice channels can be accommodated in a E4 flow?
5. How many voice channels can be accommodated in a T3 flow?

HAND MADE AND SCANNED

0,5 point
Lesson 2

1 point
 Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering

One of the most important aspects in the practice

of telecommunications engineering is the
determination of the number of trunks that are
required in the route or connection between two
exchanges, which is known as the sizing of the
route. To be able to correctly dimension a route,
you should have the idea of its possible use; that
is, the number of calls that attempt to establish
themselves on the same route at the same time.
This use can be defined by 2 parameters, number
of calls and retention time.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Intensity of traffic
120

110

100
A=CxT
90

80
Intensidad de Tráfico

70

60
A: Traffic intensity
50
C: Number of calls in the peak hour
40

30 T: Average retention time of each call

20

10

0
Traffic intensity is measured in erlangs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hora del día

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 ¿How many trunks?
• GOS (Grade of service)
– Percentage of calls that will receive busy tone. A typical value is 2%

• With the Traffic Intensity and the GOS, the Erlang tables are used
and the trunk number is found
• There are many practical values for calculating traffic; for example,
it is said that a cellular user generates 20 millierlangs of traffic, so
in order to know the total traffic a central office would receive,
simply multiply the number of users by this value.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Digital Links Testing

• BER
– Bit Error Rate
• Typical values for microwave links are 1x10-6

Tx
TX RX Loopback
Rx Transmission medium

Test equipment

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Exercise

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
 Exercise

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

Erlang B
Table

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Exercise

There is a telephone switch with a traffic of 21.90 Erg and you want to obtain a GoS service grade
of P15. Determine the number of circuits that the final Truncal System must have.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Real Exercise

You have just been designated responsible for the construction of a portion of a telephone network. With an
allocated budget of 4000 monetary units (UM), you must provide telephone service to six distant communities,
for which a growth of 10% is expected in the traffic to attend the next five years. Design the network so that
local calls have a probability of 1% blocking and the degree of service is the best possible for the external
connection to the rest of the net. All the necessary cable will be provided free of charge by the manufacturer
and each client will pay the price of your terminal. You can use as additional information the fact that in a
measurement campaign, recently completed, it was found that a group of subscribers similar to that of
Community 2 performs about 200 calls in the active hour, with an average of duration of 138.5 sec. Assume
that the rest of the communities generate a quantity of traffic proportional, taking into account that it is
expected twice as much traffic from a Business Zone as from a Residential. Interpret each station as a large
space switch without internal blocking, and place the less a transit center.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

a-) Once the network was functioning, on Mother's Day, Community 3 offered 7E traffic at the
active hour. Calculate the lost traffic in the connection of the local exchange with the transit
one. Do you think that this loss is comparable to that which occurred in the connection between
the transit exchange and the external portion of the network? Justify

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

Workshop
We consider a finite branch exchange that collects phone calls generated in a firm where
there are 1000 phone users, each contributing Poisson traffic of 30 mErlangs. We have to
design the number of the public lines from the private branch exchange to the central office
of the public phone network in order to guarantee a blocking probability for new calls lower
than or equal 3%. What is the increase in the number of output lines if the number of users
changes to 1300, still requiring a blocking probability of 3% or lower? Also compare the
percentage traffic Δ ρ% increase to the percentage increase in output lines ΔS%. Assume that
the duration of each is exponentially distributed with mean 20 seconds.

2,5 point
 Linear pulse-encoded modulation
PCM (MLIC or LPCM by Linear Pulse Code
Modulation Modulation) is a specific type of PCM
in which digital quantization levels
are linearly uniform. This contrasts
with the MIC encodings in the which
quantification levels vary as a
function of the amplitude of the
signal sampled as in the algorithms
of Law A and Law Mu. Although MIC
is a general term, it is often used to
describe signals encoded in a linear
manner as in MLIC.
MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
 Sampling and quantification of a sine wave (red) in 4-bit
PCM code

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.
 Examples of Add / Drop in PDH

140Mb/s 140Mb/s
34Mb/s 34Mb/s
8Mb/s 8Mb/s
de-multiplexer multipilexer
de-multiplexer multiplexer

de-multiplexer multiplexer

2Mb/s

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Binary line codes

0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

Señal
NRZ

Señal RZ

Reloj

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Exercise

Draw a graph with the signal transmitted for the sequence 10010011 following the modulation
schemes: NRZ, RZ, Use 1ms as bit time.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Exercise

We have an E-1 line to share for 20 digital sources. Of those, 7 sources transmit at 100Kbps and
13 sources transmit at 50 Kbps. Design how many slots should be assigned to each source and
determine if it would be necessary with a single E-1 line or more lines would be needed.

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

 Exercise

Diagram a MUX that contains the following

MET. Adrián Alvarado. Ing.

Lesson 3

1 point