the leading electrical & electronics monthly

VOLUME 9 z ISSUE NO. 9 z MAY 2018 z PGS. 1 ! ISSN 0970-2946 z Rs. 100/-

ELECTRICAL
FIRES
Beyond Short Circuits
Cover Story
Electrical Fire Safety in Residential
Buildings
Expert Speak
Electrical Fires - Beyond Short Circuits
Special Report
Safety Audit to Identify Potential
Hazards in Industrial Operations
Solutions
Lightning Protection & Earthing System
in Commercial & Industrial Buildings
Guest Article
Short Circuit Current Enhancement
for Disconnectors
In Depth
Cause of Fire and to Prevent Fire in
Electrical Installations in Residential
Buildings and Industrial Plants
As Per BS7671:2008 and IEC Standards 60364

View Point
Electrical Fire Safety - An 0ver View
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May 2018 5
From the President’s Desk

Dear Friends,

Electricity is essential to modern life, both at home and on the job. It has become
such a familiar part of our daily life. However, we tend to overlook the hazards
electricity poses and fail to treat it with the respect it deserves. In the Indian
scenario, data shows that the majority of industrial disasters and commercial
or household fires are a result of electrical short circuits. These electrical short
circuits cause fires in the electrical appliances or electrical fittings, which rapidly
spread through flames via the connecting electrical wires to the surrounding
rooms or halls and combustible furniture, etc.
The increased standard of living of an average Indian house hold with the
economic growth has also increased our dependence on electricity in our day to
day life. This also means a typical household has more electrical appliances today
than ever before. Also, the common trend in urban India is high rise residential
construction with the increase in density of population per square foot area.
Considering these facts, it’s important for us to give the electrical wiring its due
attention and follow safe wiring practices to avoid fire accidents.
It may be observed that unsafe conditions prevails in many houses and work
places. Similarly, many of us, one way or other neglect safe practices which
could end up in many electrical accidents. Safe conditions and safe practices
are a prerequisite for reducing electrical accidents.
Section (9) of the National Electrical Code is primarily intended to cover guidelines
on essential design and constructional requirements of wiring installations which
are commonly applicable to all types of occupancies. To make people aware more
about the aspects of electrical fire safety, IEEMA is organizing a electrical Fire
Safety conclave on 29th June, 2018 at ITC Maratha Hotel in Mumbai. I request
your support to make this conclave a huge success.

Shreegopal Kabra

6 May 2018
Samvaad...

Dear Members,
The May 2018 issue of IEEMA Journal is focusing on Electrical Fire Safety where
we have experts from the industry talking about various aspects of fire safety.
The recent changes in the governing regulatory and technical standards for
insulated electrical cable and cords used in homes and offices and electrification
are meant to ensure better quality and capacity to withstand higher flames.
Despite regulatory standards being in place, it is felt that the compliance to
the standards should be tightened.
Timely safety audit of buildings and industrial premises which can help eliminate
the risk of fire to a large extent. Safety Audit is a systematic critical examination
of an industrial operation in its entirety to identify potential hazards and levels
of risk. In other words, it is a study aimed to detect any dangers which might
be present in an industrial operation.
It subjects each area of a company activity to a systematic critical examination
with the object of minimising loss. It aims to disclose the strengths and the
weaknesses, the main areas of vulnerability or risk. It is a practical procedure
whereby a workplace and the processes carried on therein, are examined
with a view to ascertain what hazard to health and safety may be in existence.
It is a useful technique to test the effectiveness of a company’s safety
programme. Hence, ‘Safety Audit’ is a form of risk analysis and evaluation in
which a systematic investigation is carried out in order to determine the extent
to which the conditions are present that provide for the development and
implementation of an effective and efficient safety policy, and adopt measures
to mitigate the risk from fire.

Sunil Misra

May 2018 7

Bureaucratic rejig at Centre
Senior bureaucrat Tripti Patra Ghosh has been
appointed the CMD of state-owned SPMCIL, which
produces banknotes and coins among others, as part of
a mid-level bureaucratic reshuffle effected by the central
government.
Ghosh, a 1994-batch officer of Indian Cost Accounts
Service (ICAS), has been appointed to the post for a
tenure of five ye ars, according to an order issued by the
Ministry of Personnel.
The Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India
Limited (SPMCIL) is under the administrative control of
the Finance Ministry.
IAS officer Arvind Shrivastava has been appointed Joint
Secretary (JS) in the Department of Economic Affairs for
five years, it said.
Shefali Juneja will be JS in the Ministry of Civil Aviation.
Juneja, an Indian Revenue Service (Income Tax cadre)
officer, is at present a Director in the same ministry.
Forest service officer Pravin Laxminarayan Agrawal
has been appointed Joint Secretary in the Department
of Heavy Industry in place of Bhaskar Jyoti Mahanta,
who has been sent back to his cadre states of
Assam-Meghalaya before completion of his tenure, the
order said.
IRS officer Nirupama Kotru has been named Joint
Secretary in the Ministry of Culture.
Prashanth Kumar Balsavar will be Managing Director
and Chief Executive Officer of India International
Convention and Exhibition Centre Limited under the
Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion. Balsavar,
a 1991-batch officer of Indian Railway Traffic Service,
has been appointed to the post for a tenure of five years,
it said.
Additional coal secretary Suresh Kumar
appointed CIL CMD
The union coal ministry has appointed additional coal
secretary Suresh Kumar chairman and managing director
of Coal India Ltd (CIL). The state-owned miner announced
in a regulatory filing. CIL has not had a full-time chairman
8 May 2018
APPOINTMENTS
and managing director for the past eight months since
Sutirtha Bhattacharya retired in August. Kumar replaces
Gopal Singh, who was brought in from Central Coalfields
Ltd, a subsidiary where he was the chairman.
Mr Pradip Kumar Mishra appointed as new
Director (Commercial) of NALCO
Search Mr Pradip Kumar Mishra appointed as new
Director (Commercial) of NALCOMr Pradip Kumar Mishra
took charge as the new Director of National Aluminium
Company Limited on 23 April. Prior to this assignment,
he was with Steel Authority of India Limited as Executive
Director. A postgraduate in English literature from Utkal
University, Mishra started his professional career as
a Management Trainee in SAIL in the year 1983. He
brings along rich and varied experiences in the field of
marketing management. During his 35-year stint in SAIL,
lg the Regional Manager in three regions of SAIL.
Tata Power appoints Praveer Sinha as CEO
Tata Power has announced the appointment of Praveer
Sinha as the new Chief Executive Officer and Managing
Director with effect from May 1. This comes after the
resignation of Anil Sardana as the chief of Tata Power
citing personal reasons.
Sinha is currently the CEO & Managing Director of
Tata Power Delhi Distribution Ltd. Sinha has over three
decades of experience in the power sector and has
been credited with transforming the power distribution
sector and development and setting up of greenfield and
brownfield power plants in India and abroad.
Vijay Goel appointed Director, THDCIL
Vijay Goel has been appointed as Personnel Director in
the THDC India Limited for a period of five years. Goel
was earlier serving as General Manager in the THDCIL.
VACANCIES
MIDHANI
Post: Director (Finance)
Applications are invited for the post of Finance Director
in the Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited. The last date for
submission of applications is January 1, 2020.
May 2018 9
Contents

the leading electrical & electronics monthly

Volume 9 Issue No. 09 May 2018 CIN U99999MH1970GAP014629

Official Organ of Indian Electrical & Electronics Manufacturers’ Association
Member: Audit Bureau of Circulation & The Indian Newspaper Society

6 14
From the President’s
Desk

7
Samvaad

8
Appointments
This new space in the IEEMA
Journal will incorporate recent
important appointments in the
power and related sectors

14
Cover Story
Electrical Fire Safety in
Residential Building
Every year fire occurs in millions
of houses causing loss of lifes and
properties. This phenomenon is not
only in India, but these are happening
across the globe. It is estimated that
50% of all the fire in houses are due to
Electricity. In India every year 25000
people die due to fire, 65% of those
due to Electrical fire. The causes of
electrical fire are many. It could be
due to ignorance and negligence
of house owner, it could be due
to improper wiring installation, or
it may be due to old wiring being
subjected to overheating by adding
increasingly electrical gadgets. It
could be due to spurious electrical
product of Commerce and Industry,
Shri Suresh Prabhu; and eminent
industry veterans who spoke pearls
of wisdom to encourage the industry
to look at renewable and smart
solutions for the electrical sector.
20
Interview
The man with a passion
for fire safety:
Mr Milindkumar V Deshmukh
24
Special Report
Safety Audit to Identify
Potential Hazards in
Industrial Operations
The audit normally refers to checking
of financial status of the company.
Though the word ‘Audit’ has
traditionally been associated with
financial accounting procedures,
since 80’s it has come into common
usage in India in the field of
industrial safety, industrial health,
and environmental health and so on.
34
In Focus
K-Class Dielectric Fluids
eliminates Fire Hazards
in Power and Distribution
Transformers
The risk of fire in substations
has been historically low, but the
possible impacts of a fire can be
catastrophic. Fires in substations
can severely impact the supply of
power to customers and the power
utility revenue and assets. These
fires can also create a fire hazard
to utility personnel, emergency
personnel, and the general public.

10 May 2018
Contents
38
In Depth
Cause of Fire and to “Prevent
Fire” in Electrical Installations
in Resident Buildings and
Industrial Plants as per
Bs7671:2008 and IEC
Standards 60364
Electric Fire at Cinevista Film Studio
was completely destroyed at Kanju
Mumbai. January 6, 2018.
Electric Fire at RK Film Studio was
completely destroyed on September
16, 2017.
57
Solutions
Lightning Protection & Earthing
System in Commercial &
Industrial Buildings
Lightning Protection of structures
are being done in 2 ways, both
confirming the Indian Standards.
The first method is isolated
protection (for convenience called
as conventional method) and the
second one is to use the naturally
available steel in buildings as parts
of LPS such as down conductor and
earthing (for convenience called as
structural earthing).
62
Guest Article
Short Circuit Current
Enhancement for
Disconnectors
Disconnector is one of the
equipments of electrical substation
which was designed in an early day
of electrical power transmission
and distribution system evoluation.
However, like any other T & D
system component, several design
of the disconnector (also known as
Isolator) was evolved as situation
demands.
May 2018
68
Expert speak
Electrical Fires – Beyond
Short Circuits
We use electricity knowing that it is
dangerous. We feel safe, because
we have installed protection devices
such as circuit breakers and fuses.
We assume that it ought to disrupt
power in case of risk to human life or
property. We trust these protection
systems with our lives.
70
Viewpoint
Electrical Fire Safety –
An Overview
In recent days there are major fires
taking place in Urban Areas and
Mega cities. Many Public programs,
Entertainment shows and High
Rise Buildings are catching fire
because of various reasons.
62
74
Opinion
Ensuring Safer Wiring for
Safer Homes
The increased standard of living
of an average Indian house hold
with the economic growth has also
increased our dependence on
electricity in our day to day life. This
also means a typical household has
more electrical appliances today
than ever before. Also, the common
trend in urban India is high rise
residential construction with the
increase in density of population per
square foot area.
80
Insight
No Cost Is Higher than Cost
of Fire
74
The increased standard of living
of an average Indian house hold
with the economic growth has also
increased our dependence on
electricity in our day to day life. This
also means a typical household has
more electrical appliances today
than ever before. Also, the common
trend in urban India is high rise
residential construction with the
increase in density of population per
square foot area.
11
Contents

Editorial Board
86 96
Advisory Committee

Thoughts Power Scenario Founder Chairman

Mr R G Keswani
Chairman
Mr Shreegopal Kabra
Measures to Prevent Global Scenario Members
Mr Sunil Misra
Electrical Fire in Home, Indian Scenario Mr Naveen Kumar
Sub Editor
Offices and Commercial Mr Mustafa Wajid
Mr Vikram Gandotra
Ms Shalini Singh
Complex 98 Mr Vijay Karia
Mr Sunil Singhvi
Electricity is essential to modern IEEMA Database Advertisements Circulation
Incharge Incharge
life, both at home and on the job. Mr Gautam Sakhalkar Ms Chitra Tamhankar
It has become such a familiar part Basic Prices & Indices
Designed by:
of our daily life. However, we tend Production Statistics Statistics & Data
Reflections
Incharge
Processed at:
Mr Ninad Ranade
to overlook the hazards electricity India Printing Works
poses and fail to treat it with the 100 Regd Office - Mumbai
respect it deserves. Electricity is 501, Kakad Chambers, 132, Dr A Besant Road,

often referred to as a “silent killer”, IEEMA Activities Worli, Mumbai 400 018.
Phones: +91(0) 22 24930532 / 6528
because it cannot be tasted, seen, Fax: +91(0) 22 2493 2705
Email: gautam.sakhalkar@ieema.org
heard, or smelled.
102 Corporate Office - New Delhi
Rishyamook Building, First floor,

90 Index to Advertisers 85 A, Panchkuian Road, New Delhi 110001.Phones:

+91 (0) 11-23363013, 14, 16
Fax: +91 (0) 11-23363015
International News 103
Email: delhi@ieema.org
Branch Office - Bengaluru
SBI to invest Rs 8,000 crore in
204, Swiss Complex, 33, Race Course Road, Benga-
900 Mw hydro power project in Product Showcase luru 560 001.
Nepal Phones: +91 (0) 80 2220 1316 / 1318
Fax: +91 (0) 80 220 1317
104 Email: bangalore@ieema.org
92 Branch Office - Kolkata
SME focus 503 A, Oswal Chambers,
National News 2, Church Lane, Kolkata 700 001.
Phones: +91 (0) 33 2213 1326
NTPC achieves 53,000 MW of Fax: +91 (0) 33 2213 1326
commissioned capacity 105 Email: kolkata@ieema.org

Website: www.ieema.in
ERDA News
94 Articles: Technical data presented and views expressed
by authors of articles are their own and IEEMA does
not assume any responsibility for the same. IEEMA
Corporate News 110 Journal owns copyright for original articles published
in IEEMA Journal.
Vedanta Chairman Commits to

Ramp up Zambia Operations Shocks & Sparks Representatives:
Guwahati (Assam) - Nilankha Chaliha
Email: nilankha.chaliha@ieema.org
Mobile: +91 9706389965
Lucknow (U.P. and Uttarakhand) -
90 Ajuj Kumar Chaturvedi
Email: anuj.chaturvedi@ieema.org
Mobile: +91 9839603195
Chandigarh (Punjab & Haryana)
Bharti Bisht
Email: bharti.bisht@ieema.org
Mobile: +91 9888208880
Jaipur (Rajasthan)
Devesh Vyas
Email: devesh.vyas@ieema.org
Mobile: +91 8955093854
Bhubaneshwar (Odisha)
Smruti Ranjan Samantaray
Email: smrutiranjan.samantaray@ieema.org
Mobile: +91 9437189920
Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh)
Jesse A Inaparthi
Email: jesse.inaparthi@ieema.org
Mobile: +91 9949235153
Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir)
Mohammad Irfan Parray
Email: irfan.parray@ieema.org
Mobile: +91 9858455509

For subscription queries write to:

chitra.tamhankar@ieema.org

Edited, Printed and published by Mr Sunil Kumar Misra on behalf of Indian Electrical and Electronics Manufacturers’ Association, and Printed at India Printing Works,
India Printing House, 42, G. D. Ambekar Road, Wadala, Mumbai 400 031 and Published at 501, Kakad Chambers,132, Dr. Annie Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai 400 018.

12 May 2018
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May 2018 13
CoverStory
very year fire occurs in millions of houses causing
E loss of lifes and properties. This phenomenon is
not only in India, but these are happening across the
globe. It is estimated that 50% of all the fire in houses
are due to Electricity.
In India every year 25000 people die due to fire, 65% of
those due to Electrical fire.
The European Fire Academy estimates that the 2,250,000
fires (total number of fires) that occur in Europe each
year represent more than 4,000 deaths and 100,000
injuries. The buildings involved are residential buildings
in more than 80 % of cases. Electricity is a very regularly
identified cause of domestic fires In modern world,
electricity has become an integral part of our life. Today
we cannot imagine life without electricity in our daily life.
Ever increasing demand of electrical power is coming
from introduction of newer and newer electrical gadgets
to make our daily life more comfortable. This demand
unfortunately is bringing danger of both electrocution
and fire in our own home.
(http://www.europeanfireacademy.com/)
Cause of electrical fire in residential building
The causes of electrical fire are many. It could be due
to ignorance and negligence of house owner, it could
be due to improper wiring installation, or it may be
due to old wiring being subjected to overheating by
adding increasingly electrical gadgets. It could be due
to spurious electrical product. Following are the causes
of fire in the house.
Common mistake by house owner
Normally most of the time electricity user are unskilled
house wife and children. Knowledge of causes of
electric fire could help prevent them.
14
Faulty socket outlets:
Faulty socket outlets cause most electrical fires.
Over loaded socket outlets:
Too many plugs connected to one socket will give rise
to situation like improper connection, loose connection,
arcing etc, for causing fire.
Old and outdated appliances
Fires are started by faults in appliance cords. Never use
an appliance with a worn or frayed cable cord.
Misuse of extension board
Misuse of extension board is another cause of Electrical
fire. Whenever there is a shortage of socket outlets at
home, someone will go down to a small electrical shop
and buy one extension board, with unknown quality
and capacity to carry current. Not only the extension
board would become a permanent feature, people add
connection from one extension board to another board
and connect to high power equipment. Extension board
should be used only for a temporary measure.
Mobile battery charger
When an original battery charger is lost, people buy a
cheap duplicate battery charger which often catches
fire. Many serious fire accidents occurred when people
keep mobile phone on charging mode on bed while
sleeping at night.
Wiring installation
The concept of proper wiring installation as per CEA
Safety regulation and NEC 2011, is not there even in
electrical contractors in big cities. Most of the small and
medium size houses including society buildings will
lack proper Earthing, MCB with inadequate capacity,
May 2018
May 2018 15
CoverStory
low quality conductor, combination all these ultimately
results into fire. Even in large society building concept
of automatic disconnection through low impedance
of earth fault loop is unknown. 30 mA RCD, though
mandatory by CEA regulation, is not provided by 95%
electrical contractors.
Outdated wiring
Outdated wiring often causes electrical fires. A house
which was built 25 years back, might not have enough
capacity to handle the increased amounts of electrical
load. People use lot of appliances like TV, Fridge, Micro
oven, even in a small house.
Fuse links in many old houses
Many old housed may still have Fuse links as over load
and short-circuit protection which are easily tampered
with higher capacity fuse. As a result, it will not provide
protection when conductors are over heated due to
excessive current and fire occurs.
Aluminium wire for household wiring
In early 2000, Electrical wiring was done in many old
houses with Aluminium.
Aluminium easily corrodes and aluminium oxide being
nonconductive leads to fire due to hotspot and arc at
the connection point.
Inadequate skill of wireman
Many small houses, electrical wirings are carried out
by electricians who are not adequately skilled to carry
out proper wiring installation to cater for modern day
demand of high power electrical gadgets for an average
household. This results in frequent fire accident.
Low quality wires and cables
Low quality insulation and inferior conductor are often
causes of electrical fire. The problem compounds when
such cables are used as concealed wiring. It becomes
a hidden danger.
Electrical fire in modern large, complex and
high-rise building
While this paper has so far discussed common cause
of electrical fire due to negligence of house owners and
inadequate skill of wiremen, yet almost every day there
are news of fire in the new and modern large buildings
in Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore.
Let’s revisit Causes of fires of electrical origin. Electrical
fires are caused not only by overloads, short circuits,
and earth leakage currents, but also by electric arcs in
cables and connections.
To prevent electrical fire, one needs to focus on
following
1) Switchboard, Bus-trunking, quality of conductor,
Neutral conductor etc
2) Provide protection against fire due Leakage
current and
16
3) Provide protection against fire due to arc fault.
4) Provide protection devices along with Surge
Protection Device as the end of life of SPD, it
creates short-circuit and if backup protection is
not provided- fire will take place.
Switchboard - So far Indian standard for Switchboard
IS 8623 was very old. Fortunately, BIS has just
published IS/IEC 61947-2. For any large, complex, and
high-rise building Switchboard must be manufactured
as per IS/IEC 61947-2. This will ensure quality, reliability
and no risk of fire and explosion in the switchboard.
Also locking of Switchboard door is important as lizard
or rodent can enter the panel leading to short-circuit
and fire.
Bus-trunking – It is imperative that any high-rise
building should use Bus trunking system. BIS is in the
process of issuing IS/IEC 61439-6 for Bus-Trunking.
Conductor quality - Both size and quality of conductor
play a very important role.
Neutral conductor – Size of Neutral conductor needs
to be ascertained because of 3rd harmonic current
due to use of LED bulb, Computer & other electronic
equipment. Loose or floating Neutral cause excessive
heating in the circuit.
Protection against fire due to Leakage
current: 300 mA RCD
Whenever there is a damage or degradation of
insulation of old cables in a distribution box, a small
leakage current flows during rainy season. The driest
part creates a spark on the surface. During summer,
leakage current stops flowing. In next wet season, the
leakage current again start flowing, on the way convert
a dart into carbon by spark. The center of the spark
is very hot, approx. 1000 Degree centigrade. With the
help of carbon, every cycle, leakage current increases,
meets more dirt on the way, more sparks occur. This
process continues till the carbon is sufficient enough to
induce a flame. A single flame in a favorable condition
can bring disastrous consequences. Laboratory
experiment shows that leakage current above 250 mA
becomes real danger for fire.
NEC 2011, NBC 2016 and IS 732 recommend use
of 300mA RCD for protection against fire in
building. All Developed countries have made 300 mA
RCD mandatory.
May 2018
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Deepak Bohara Pradeep Sippy

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CoverStory
Protection against fire due to Arc: ARC Fault
Detection Device (AFDD)
When a cable is locally damaged or an electrical
connection comes loose, there are two phenomena
which can initiate a fire due to an arc:
Carbonization (see Fig. A):
Whenever a conductor is damaged or a connection
is not properly tightened, a localized hot spot occurs
which carbonizes the insulating materials in the vicinity
of that conductor. Carbon being a conductive material,
it enables flow of the current which become excessive
at various points.
Since the carbon is deposited in a non-homogeneous
manner, the currents which pass through it generate
electric arcs to facilitate their paths. Then each arc
amplifies carbonization of the insulating materials,
a reaction thus occurs which is maintained until the
quantity of carbon is high enough for an arc to inflame
it spontaneously.
Resistive Short Circuit (see Fig. B):
Whenever the insulating materials between two live
conductors are damaged, a significant current can
be established between the two conductors, but it
is too weak to be considered as a short circuit by a
circuit breaker, and is undetectable by residual current
protective devices as this current does not go to earth.
When passing through these insulating materials, these
leakage currents optimize their paths by generating
arcs which gradually transform the insulating materials
into carbon.
The insulating materials thus carbonized then amplify
the current leak between the two conductors. Thus, a
new chain reaction occurs, amplifying the quantity of
arc current and carbon until the first flame appears from
the carbon lit by one of the arcs.
The common feature of these phenomena is ignition of
the fire by arcs which inflame the carbon, that is why
detection of the presence of arcs is one way to prevent
them from turning into a disaster. Residual current
devices do not detect these dangerous electric arcs nor
the circuit breakers or fuses.
Fig. A: Carbonization Fig. B: Resistive short circuit
Arc fault detection device (AFDD)
The arc fault detector technology makes it possible to
detect dangerous arcs and thus protect installations.
Such devices have been deployed successfully in the
United States since the early 2000s, and their installation
is required by the National Electric Code (USA). Since
18
2013, the IEC 62606 international standard defines
Arc Fault Detection Devices (AFDDs) which detect the
presence of dangerous Arc.
IEC 60364-4-42 recommend use of AFDD in premises
with sleeping accommodations, in fire propagating
structures of High Rise Building, in locations with
endangering of irreplaceable goods.
BIS ET 20 committee is taking initiative to introduce
AFDD for critical areas like High-Rise building.
Conclusion
1. Fire in residential buildings in India is a very
serious issue. Not only old small houses even
new and latest large buildings are having fire
accident, causing both loss of life and property.
2. Many Electrical fires in houses, small or big, can
be avoided by awareness programme for house
owners and house wife.
3. Skill development programme for unskilled
wiremen across country necessary, particularly in
small cities.
4. Survey should be conducted for millions of old
houses in A, B and C cities across India. IEEMA
could take such survey or urge Government to do
so and prepare a white paper. Many countries are
preparing such white papers.
5. Along with verification of the new buildings, we
must inspect and reverify the old buildings. „
Amitabha Sarkar
Engineering Graduate & have more than 45 Years of
experience in Electrical field. Mr Sarkar is member of many
ET committees, namely ET 07, ET 20, and ET 50 of BIS. He
was in technical committee of NBC 2016-part 8 section
2 on Electrical and Allied installation. He was involved in
preparation of NEC 2011 and IS 732 (now under printing). At
present he is the convener of technical committee of NEC
revision work. He is past Chairman of IEEMA Switchgear
Division. Last five years he is regularly conducting seminar on
Electrical Safety across India in association with ICAI.
May 2018
May 2018 19
Interview
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n being asked about the primary reason for
O the increasing number of fire these days, Mr
Deshmukh said, “There are umpteen number of old
buildings in the country including in Maharashtra. The
electrification in these old buildings is designed for a
specific load i.e. few tubelights, fans, refrigerator and
some other small appliances, nowhere you will find a
three phase connection but these days all the buildings
20
have numerous number of air conditioners, ovens and
all modern equipments which the old electrification
systems do not support; thus cases of short circuit
occurs as the cables used in these old buildings cannot
take the load & are not fire safe.
Similarly in case of industries, the new Commercial and
industrial premises have many types of fire protection
systems and equipment. These are for the most part,
provided to meet the mandatory life safety measures
required by law.
While old industries have two problems, firstly the
entrepreneur has to suffer so many issues and secondly
the buildings are old with no proper refurbishments
and proper maintenance and it is not always electricity
which is the culprit ,there are other issues like that of
unskilled labour, as they are not fully trained to use
safety measures during work.
Talking about the new buildings there is no doubt they
are following the rules and are built keeping in mind
all safety measures, but due to our exposure with the
western culture we are building homes matching to their
culture with a lot of synthetic fibers, from the curtains to
the couch to even the coffee table which makes them
very unsafe. Glass facades abroad help in admitting
the limited sunlight in western countries . Here they put
a huge burden for air conditioning on the overloaded
electrical grids and create fire traps.
Fire Safety Risk Audit is found to be an effective tool
for assessing fire Safety standards of an organization or
an occupancy. In other words, it is aimed to assess the
building for compliance with the National Building Code
of India, relevant Indian Standards and the legislations
enacted by State Governments and Local Bodies, on
fire prevention, fire protection and life safety measures.
He opined, “There are two types of assessment one is
consolidated fire audit of the building where you check
and record the gaps in the audit. This type of fire audit
should be undertaken once in a three years and this
audit should include the life safety measures also.
The second type of audit is secondary audit where
we recommend three things which are also now
statutory requirements of the Maharashtra Government.
The fire detection system, suppression and passive
fire protection system should be checked by all the
buildings once in every six months.
The statutory authorities insist for fire safety inspections
by external agencies depending on the type of activity
and the nature of the materials handled in the building.
Maharashtra Fire Prevention and Life Safety Measures
Rules, 2009, made it mandatory for building owners
and residents to have the Licensed Agencies conduct
half-yearly fire safety inspections and submit the report
to the fire department.”
May 2018
Interview
The fire safety inspection can address the inherent fire
hazards associated with the day to day activities in an
occupancy and recommend measures to reduce the
potential fire hazards, there is no clear cut provisions
in any of the safety legislations in India regarding the
scope, objectives, methodology and periodicity of a
fire safety audit.
Asked about how buildings can be made fire resilient?
He responded, “There are three stages the first one
being the basic structure of the building and the
materials used during construction. Second, adequate
supply of water in the premises and the third is open
space and occupant load in the building. A small fire in
a residential building may spread very fast and within
a few minutes it can reach a stage beyond the control
of its occupants and ultimately need the help of fire
brigade to carry out a major firefighting operation.
During the last one decade there was a vibrant growth
in the construction activities in India, especially in
High Rise buildings. Thousands of High Rise buildings
are already constructed in metros and major cities in
Et
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22
India, and thousands are under construction. Because
of its peculiar nature, fire in residential buildings, and
particularly in high rise buildings become more complex
and the salvaging operations become more difficult and
sometimes even resulting in many fatalities and huge
property losses.”
The use of smoke detectors, fire alarms, automatic
sprinklers, water mist systems, clean agent suppression
system, should be encouraged, especially in high rise
buildings. Passive fire protection systems as they are
known play a major role in fire protection. Thus proper
attention must be paid to minimize fire loss in residential
or commercial buildings.
Most persons when buying a new home check about the
facilities like gym, club, garden and aesthetics. Few care
to check whether the building is Firesafe compliant ,has
sprinkler systems, firealarm systems. Hence , making
the common man aware of this is the first objective; as
they in turn will then ensure that builders focus on this
fire safety measures and offer them.„
- Shalini Singh
WŚĂƐĞĞƚĞĐƟŽŶ WŽǁĞƌĨƵů&ůĂƐŚůŝŐŚƚ
May 2018
SpecialReport
he audit normally refers to checking of financial
T status of the company. Though the word ‘Audit’ has
traditionally been associated with financial accounting
procedures, since 80’s it has come into common usage
in India in the field of industrial safety, industrial health,
and environmental health and so on. The term ‘Safety
Audit’ is commonly found within the safety jargon.
However, its full meaning, as well as the practical
implications, of the term are not fully appreciated.
It is now recognised that accidents arising from
unsuspected risks can result not only in injuries to
employees and damage to plant and machinery, but
also can have far reaching effects on the commercial
viability of a company. Almost always, as an aftermath
of such accidents, resources of manpower and money
are made available to determine causes and implement
remedial action to prevent a recurrence. It may be
pointed out here that if the same resources were
utilised for the purpose of identifying the potential risks
and eliminating them before incidents occur, reliability
and profitability of the company would be increased.
Everyone who is, in a way concerned with occupational
safety and health would agree that it is essential to
perform ‘Safety Audits’ of a workplace in order to detect
any dangers which might be present there.
Safety Audits can be carried out for determining the
overall status of safety, health, and environment of an
organisation. It can also be conducted for determining
the performance of a specific activity, for example:
Preventive Maintenance (engineering department),
Laboratory Inspection and Testing (product quality),
Environment Audit (gaseous, liquid, and solid), Energy
Audit (electrical, fuel), Fire Safety Audit, Building Safety
Audit, Hospital Safety Audit, etc.
24
What is Safety Audit
Safety Audit is a systematic critical examination of an
industrial operation in its entirety to identify potential
hazards and levels of risk. In other words, it is a study
aimed to detect any dangers which might be present
in an industrial operation. It subjects each area of a
company activity to a systematic critical examination
with the object of minimising loss. It aims to disclose
the strengths and the weaknesses, the main areas of
vulnerability or risk. It is a practical procedure whereby
a workplace and the processes carried on therein,
are examined with a view to ascertain what hazard to
health and safety may be in existence. It is a useful
technique to test the effectiveness of a company’s
safety programme. Hence, ‘Safety Audit’ is a form of
risk analysis and evaluation in which a systematic
investigation is carried out in order to determine the
extent to which the conditions are present that provide
for the development and implementation of an effective
and efficient safety policy.
Why Safety Audit
We must have a method, which will give a reasonable
indication of how well a company’s safety programme
is working, in all its aspects, i.e., how hazards are being
recognised and controlled, how unsafe acts are being
eliminated and how accidents are being avoided. It
may be reminded here that injury frequency, cost of
accidents, loss due to fire and explosions, number
and types of injuries, etc. are not always related to the
quality of an employer’s safety effort. What is needed,
therefore, is a method, which will give a reasonable
indication of how well a company’s safety programme
is working in all its aspects and how potential
May 2018
SpecialReport
accidents are being avoided without using only failures
as a yardstick.
Safety Audit and Inspection
It was not until 1972, with the publication of the Robens
Committee Report in U.K. that the value of the safety
audit became really apparent. In examining the role
of management, the report discussed methods for
the control of safety emphasising: “Safety audits in
which each aspect of workplace organisation and
operation is subjected to a carefully planned and
comprehensive safety examination”. The difference
between inspections and audits then began to emerge
and these techniques came to be employed more and
more by safety professionals and company managers.
When health and safety became an integral element of
the management process, audits became important
activities for management. Moreover, the use of audits
is one way of demonstrating that duties imposed by
safety legislations have been effectively discharged.
Since many of the functions of audits and inspections
are similar and indeed complementary, for these
techniques to be used effectively, it is necessary to
demonstrate their main differences. There should be
a distinction to be made between ‘Safety Audit’ and
‘Inspection’. A ‘Safety Audit’ is a practical procedure
whereby, a workplace and the process carried on therein
is examined with a view to ascertain what hazards to the
health or safety may be in existence. It is an in-depth
appraisal of the health and safety management culture.
An Inspection would appear to be the same thing but,
technically, there is an important difference between
these terms. Inspections should be looked upon as
being formal exercise, which aim at detecting the total
sum of hazards, which may arise within a workplace
or in connection with any employer’ work activities.
An ‘Inspection’, therefore, is really the first stage in
the process of managing safety. It is a technique for
the monitoring of performance, a fact-establishing
approach concerned with issues that can usually be
corrected by supervisory and middle management.
An inspection will produce an action list rather than an
assessment sheet.
It may be reminded that safety does not arise by
accident, rather it is a state, which is achieved after
much effort by all concerned. Inspection will help to set
objectives for improvement, whilst and ‘audit’ is a faster
process. Safety audit, therefore, is intended to monitor
the achievement and maintenance of those standards
of safety performance and improvements, which the
formal inspection has revealed to be necessary. In
addition to the time span differences between audits
and inspections, another difference is that audits
apply to strategic health and safety management while
inspections relate to tactical questions.
Objecives of Safety Audit
With the development of the concept ‘total loss
prevention’, which is an offshoot of a company’s
26
safety activities, the need for the systematic study
as visualised in a Safety Audit Report becomes
very vital. The major objective of a safety audit is to
determine the effectiveness of the company’s safety
and loss prevention measures. The objectives can be
stated as under:
h To carry out systematic critical appraisal of all
potential hazards involving personnel, plant,
services and operation methods.
h To ensure that occupational health and safety
standards fully satisfy the legal requirements
and those of the company’s written policies,
objectives and programmes.
In general, the objectives should cover the examination
and qualitative assessment of all facts of safety of
every activity. The activities should include research
and development, design, occupational health and
hygiene, environmental control, product and public
safety (including storage, packaging, labelling and
transportation) as well as those associated directly with
production-technical operation, maintenance, clearance
certificates, emergency procedures, job descriptions
and operating instructions, training, housekeeping and
personal attitudes.
Popular Audit Systems
A number of safety auditing systems are in existence.
Various institutions and individuals or a group of
institutions for a period of time developed all these
systems. Due to limitations of space, it may not
be possible to explain all the systems in existence.
However, some of the most popular systems are listed
below:
NOSA 5 Star System
The first safety audit system was developed by Mr.
Bunny Matheson in South Africa. He developed this
system for the National Occupational Safety Association
(NOSA) of South Africa. It is based on very simple
concepts of safety and in its application appears to be
largely concerned with housekeeping and orderliness.
NSCA 5 Star System
The NSCA 5 Star Health and Safety Management
System was developed by the National Safety Council of
Australia (NSCA). Mr.Derek Viner designed this system
in 1983 under contract to the NSCA. It is based on the
concepts of risk and energy damage. It was revised
without Derek Viner’s assistance in about 1997/1998.
BSC 5 Star System
British Safety Council (BSC) developed this 5 Star
Audit System. This system is based on the NOVA 5
Star System. It identifies 5 major elements and 73
sub elements. Recently, some amendments in the
distribution of the sub elements have taken place, but
essentially the system remains the same.
May 2018
SpecialReport
ISRS
The International Safety Rating System (ISRS) was
developed by Frank Berd and Co-Workers at the
International Loss Control Institute (ILCI) at Georgia
State University, USA, in early 60’s and was sold to
Det Norske Veritas (DNV) in 1997. It is based on the
concepts of ‘management of safety’, which reflect the
ideas of 1930’s viz., Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Conditions.
The system measures management performance in 20
elements of a loss control programme.
RCRS
The Risk Control Rating System (RCRS) has been
developed by Derek Viner Pvt Ltd, Australia and is
based on the modern management concept of risk
control i.e. safety is an acceptable level of risk.
Pellenberg Audit System
The name Pellenberg Audit System (PAS) derives from
the place where the designers gathered many times
to develop the system. Incidentally, the designers
gathered in a building of the Catholic University of
Leuven at the Maurissens Chateau in Pellenberg.
PAS encompasses an entire set of criteria that a superior
company prevention system ought to meet. The criteria
are classified in accordance with ISO Standard Systems.
OHSMS
An Occupational Health and Safety Management
System (OHSMS) is a coordinated and systematic
approach to managing health and safety risks.
OHSMSs help organisations to continually improve their
safety performance and compliance to health and
safety legislation and standards. In doing so, they
establish safer working environments that protect
people at work by eliminating, or better managing,
health and safety hazards.
The International Standards for Occupational Health and
Safety Management System (OHSMS) was developed
in early 1999 by a group of institutions using national
standards (British, Australian and South African) and
of accreditation bodies such as Lloyds Register, Det
Norske Veritas, SGS, etc. The group produced a draft
standard on OHSMS (ASA: 18010), which also follows
the familiar quality standards format of ISO 9001:2000
(Quality) and ISO 14001:2004 (Environmental).
BS ISO 45001:2018
The OHSAS Standard specifies requirements for an
OH&S management system to enable an organization
to develop and implement a policy and objectives which
take into account legal requirements and information
about OH&S risks. It is intended to apply to all types
and sizes of organizations and to accommodate diverse
geographical, cultural and social conditions.
The Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series
(OHSAS) Standard and the accompanying OHSAS
May 2018
18002, Guidelines for the implementation of OHSAS
18001, have been developed in response to customer
demand for a recognizable occupational health and
safety management system standard against which
their management systems can be assessed and
certified. OHSAS 18001 has been developed to be
compatible with the ISO 9001:2000 (Quality) and ISO
14001:2004 (Environmental) management systems
standards, in order to facilitate the integration of quality,
environmental and occupational health and safety
management systems by organizations. However, in
2018, the BS OHSAS 18001:2007 was superseded by
the British Standard ISO 45001:2018.
IS 14489:1998:
IS 14489 – Code of Practice on Occupational Safety
and Health Audit was published by Bureau of Indian
Standards in 1998. The standard is an exhaustive
one and more suited for Indian Industry. The standard
dealt with various aspects of safety audit such as
definitions, scope, goals, objectives & responsibilities,
auditing methodology, preparations of audit report
and its implementations, etc. The standard also gives
three annexures viz.: (i) elements of occupational
safety and health system, (ii) types of records to be
examined during the safety audit and (iii) safety audit
questionnaire. This standard is general in nature to
permit it to be applicable or adaptable to different kinds
of organisations. However, each organisation should
develop its own specific procedures for implementing
the standard. It may be reminded here that, the standard
does not cover audit of environmental management
system for which a separate Indian standard IS / ISO
14001 is available.
Elements of Safety Audit
For conducting an effective safety and health audit of
an organisation/occupancy, various elements are to be
considered, and some of them are listed below:
(1) Occupational safety & health policy
(2) OS & H organizational set-up
(3) Education and training
(4) Employees participation in OS & H Management
(5) Motivational and promotional measures for
OS & H
(6) Safety Manual and rules
(7) Compliance with statutory requirements
(8) New equipment review/inspection
(9) Accident reporting analysis investigation and
implementation of recommendations
(10) Risk assessment including hazard identification.
(11) Safety inspections
(12) Health and safety improvements plan/targets
(13) First aid facilities – occupational health centre
(14) Personal protective equipment
27
SpecialReport
(15) Good housekeeping
(16) Machine and general area guarding
(17) Material handling equipment
(18) Electrical and personal safeguarding
(19) Ventilation, illumination and noise
(20) Work environment monitoring system
(21) Prevention of occupational diseases including
periodic medical examination
(22) Safe operating procedures
(23) Work permit systems
(24) Fire prevention, protection and fighting systems
(25) Emergency preparedness plans (on-site/off-site)
(26) Process/plant modification procedure
(27) Transportation of hazardous substances
(28) Hazardous waste treatment and disposal
(29) Safety in storage and warehousing
(30) Contractor safety systems
(31) Safety for customers (including material safety
data sheets)
During the course of safety audit, the auditor should
verify the following documents pertaining to the
organisation:
(1) Environmental clearance for new projects or
for the expansion and modernisation of any
activity from the Central Government or the State
Government, as the case may be.
(2) Approval of the site and building plan (all
factories).
(3) Appraisal of site by State Site Appraisal
Committee (in respect of hazardous process
units).
(4) Notification of site to the Central or State
Pollution Control Board (in respect of Hazardous
Chemicals units).
(5) Certificate of stability to be submitted to the Chief
Inspector of Factories (all factories).
(6) Registration of the factory and issue of licence by
the Chief Inspector of Factories (all factories).
(7) Consent from the State Pollution Control Board
for discharge of trade effluents, and disposal of
hazardous wastes.
(8) Consent from the State Pollution Control Board
for operation of plants (in air pollution control
areas).
(9) Licence for storage and transport of petroleum
from the Chief Control of Explosives (where
applicable).
(10) Licence for installing static unfired pressure
vessels, from Chief Controller of Explosives
(where applicable).
(11) Licence for filling and possession of gas cylinders
28
with compressed gas from Chief Controller of
Explosives (where applicable).
(12) Certificate of authorisation for use of boilers/
economisers, from Chief Inspector of Boilers
(where applicable).
(13) Authorisation for handling hazardous wastes,
(units generating different categories of hazardous
wastes) listed, in quantities exceeding regulatory
values, from the State Pollution Control Board.
It is also essential that the auditing team should verify
various records, documents, etc. maintained by the
organisation and some of them are listed below:
(1) Safety Organization chart
(2) Training records on safety fire and first-aid
(3) Record of plant safety inspections
(4) Accident investigation reports
(5) Accidents and dangerous occurrences - statistics
and analysis
(6) Record of tests and examinations of equipment
and structures as per statutes
(7) Safe operating procedures for various operations
(8) Record of work permits
(9) Record of monitoring of flammable and
explosives substances at work place
(10) Maintenance and testing records of fire detecting
and firefighting equipment
(11) Medical records of employees
(12) Records of industrial hygiene surveys (noise,
ventilation and levels, illumination levels, airborne
and toxic substances, explosive gases)
(13) Material safety data sheets.
(14) On site emergency plans and record of Mock
Drills
(15) Records of waste disposal
(16) Records of effluent discharges to the environment
(17) Housekeeping inspection records
(18) Minutes of safety committee meetings
(19) Approval of layouts, and other approval from
statutory authorities
(20) Records of any modifications carried out in plant
or process
(21) Maintenance procedure records
(22) Calibration and testing records
(23) Shut down maintenance procedures
(24) In service inspection manuals, records including
that of material handling
(25) Safety budget
(26) Inspection books and other statutory records
(27) Records of previous audits
(28) Safety in transportation of hazardous substances
May 2018
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May 2018 29
SpecialReport
Questionnaire and Checklist
The conduct of a safety audit is assisted by the use of
aids such as questionnaire and checklist. A checklist is
a vital tool for successful audit. It serves as a guide to
the inspection process. It helps as a reminder of what
to look for. It also helps for on the spot recording of all
findings and comments by the auditors. If the checklist
is carefully constructed, the answers can reveal many of
the key areas needing attention.
The checklists are prepared in detail and can be further
developed depending upon the type of plant to be
audited. All the checklist may not find the same degree
of usefulness in all the industries. The usefulness may
vary from industry to industry. Utmost care should be
taken to prepare the list. First of all, it should be a
comprehensive list. It is therefore necessary to finalise
the breadth and depth of the audit before finalising a
checklist. Once this is finalised, the auditing team
should prepare a checklist containing questionnaires.
Most of the audit systems provide a checklist/
questionnaire. There is no hard and fast rule that the
safety audit system should follow a particular checklist/
questionnaire. The auditors are at liberty to use any
checklist/questionnaire or modify the same according to
their needs. Of course, in principle, the auditors should
prepare their own checklist/questionnaire based on the
activities carried out by the auditee and the scope of the
audit. If such a checklist/questionnaire is prepared, it can
serve most, than the standard checklists/questionnaires
available elsewhere. No doubt, the preparation of a
safety audit checklist/questionnaire is a time consuming
process and therefore many of the auditors prefer to
use a standard checklist/questionnaire.
Performance Activity Standards
A qualitative and quantitative assessment of health and
safety performance activity is a must, if the audit has to
be carried out with an objective of improving a safety
and health conditions in a plant. The qualitative and
quantitative evaluation of health and safety performance
activity can be assessed by various methods. The first
known document on health and safety performance
activity standard appeared in an article form entitled “A
Quantitative and Qualitative Measurements in Industrial
Safety” by Diekemper and Spartz which was published
in December 1970 issue of American Society of Safety
Engineers (ASSE) Journal. It gives a list of activities
and activity standards. The members of the working
party of the Work Safety Committee of the British
Chemical Industry Safety Council (BCISC) found
the importance of this document while preparing a
publication entitled ‘Safety Audit – A Guide to Chemical
Industry’ which was published by the Chemical
Industries Association (CIA), U.K. in 1972. Since
then this standard is popularly known as ‘BCISC/CIA
Standards’. Dow Chemicals Company Limited of
U.S.A., has further modified the list of activities and
activity standards developed by Diekemper and Spartz.
30
The adapted version of this standard is popularly known
as ‘Dow Chemical’s Standards’.
The methods recommended by BCISC / CIA Standards
and Dow Chemicals Standards provide a qualitative
assessment for safety activities of a company. It not only
sets out in detail various aspects to be checked, but also
provides a rating form by means of which standards may
be compared within an organisation. These standards
also suggest the methods for a quantitative assessment
of health and safety performance. The quantitative
assessment can be worked out by assigning numerical
values to each level of performance, for example, Score
0 for Poor Performance; Score 5 for Fair Performance;
Score 10 for Good Performance; Score 15 for Excellent
Performance. If necessary, each activity can also be
given a weightage depending on its relative merit. The
weighted ratings for all activities are added upto give
the total score. The total becomes the overall score for
the location.
The preparation of a health and safety performance
activity standard is a time consuming affair. The
performance activity standard being a part of a safety
audit report, the responsibility of preparing such a
standard lies with the auditor. It can be prepared
only when the auditor is having a good grasp of the
operations and health and safety activities carried
by the auditee. The auditor should also have a
thorough knowledge of the existing statutory
requirements applicable to the activities carried out by
the auditee. The methods suggested in the BCISC/
CIA Standards and Dow Chemicals Standards can
guide the auditor in preparing a performance activity
standard for an organisation. However, it should be
borne in mind that the auditor must be objective in his
assignment. His evaluation should be free from bias.
His objective should be to guide the management in
enhancing the performance of health and safety activity
in the organisation.
Statutory Requirements
Rule 10, Sub Rule (4) of the Manufacture, Storage
and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989
framed under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1989,
of India, insists that in case of both the new and
the existing activity, the occupier shall carry out an
independent safety audit of his activity with the help of
outside experts.
Though the Factories Rules framed under the Factories
Act, 1948, does not specify safety audit as compulsory,
safety audit is highlighted in many of the safety functions
listed in various Factories Rules brought out by various
states. For example, Rule 73-J (e) of Maharashtra
Factories Rules, 1963, does specify that functions and
duties of the Safety Committee shall deliberate on
safety audit. Also Rule 73-L, Sub Rule 5 (e) insists for
a ‘health and safety policy’, which should specify the
relevant techniques and methods such as safety audit
for periodical assessment of the status of health, safety
May 2018
SpecialReport
and environment.
Some of the Municipal Corporations in the country
also insists for safety audit report by the manufacturing
company for several issue of licence. The Industrial
Development Bank of India (IDBI) and several other
agencies also insist for a safety audit report as one of
the conditions for granting finance for expansion for
diversification.
The Annex E-7 of National Building Code of India 2016
recommends that: (1) fire and life safety audit shall be
carried out for all buildings having a height of more than
15m; (2) such audits shall preferably be conducted by
a third party auditor having requisite experience in fire
and life safety inspections; and (3) frequency of such
audits shall be once in two years. In case of industrial
buildings, the statutory authorities like State Factory
Inspectorate insist for fire safety audit by external
agencies depending on the type of activity and the
nature of the materials handled in the building. The
Maharashtra Fire Prevention and Life Safety Measures
Rules, 2009, made it mandatory for building owners
and residents to conduct half-yearly fire safety audits
and submit the report to the fire department.
Auidtor’s Role
The auditor is ultimately responsible for all the phases
of the audit; it is therefore important that he is given
authority to make final decisions regarding the conduct
of the audit, and any audit observations. It may be
reminded here, that audits should be carried out by
competent trained auditors (with some health and
safety knowledge) who may or may not be part of the
organisation. If they are part of the organisation, it is
important that they do not audit areas for which they are
directly responsible. Auditors should be free from bias
and influences, which could affect objectivity.
The major duty of an auditor is to look at his company’s
safety management systems and assess them in line
with criteria. In doing so, he can determine compliance
with (i) current legislative requirements and (ii)
good safety management practice. He can also assess
whether systems developed from previous audits
have been put into practice, and if so, determine their
effectiveness. Lastly, the auditor has a key role as a
‘systems analyst’ in identifying weak areas of safety
management systems and potential areas of lack of
management control, and recommending corrective
actions.
Audit Team
A Safety Audit can be carried out by an internal team
or external team. If it is an internal team, its members
should be chosen from senior management, middle
management, safety officers, safety committee
members, engineering and technical staff, etc. In any
case, the audit team should not be large and two or
three members will be ideal. There is need for careful
selection and training of the team. However, it may be
May 2018
remembered that a safety audit carried out by an internal
team may not always bring the factual scenario as the
team can be influenced to project a biased scenario
and therefore become a ritual. Whereas a safety audit
by an external team, who can project a more realistic
scenario as they have highly experienced experts.
Many of the legislations also insists for an external or
third party safety audit. It would be ideal that an internal
audit or inspection be carried out in every six months
and external audit every year. In any case the frequency
will depend on the nature and type of activities carried
out in the organisation.
Management’s Role
Management’s role is very important for the success
of a safety audit. An essential requirement of an
audit system is that it should originate with the policy
making executive of the organisation. The system
and its objectives shall also be meaningful to the line
management who, must not only understand and
accept it, but also be prepared to adjust their own
safety and loss preventive activities in accordance with
indications, deficiencies, and trends revealed by it. The
senior management is the authority for the audit system,
as the implementation of the recommendations of audit
may need policy decisions and capital expenditure.
Conclusion
Safety audit is increasingly being used as a general term
to describe any of a wide range of levels of surveillance.
A safety audit subjects each area of company’s
activity to a systematic critical examination with the
object of minimising loss. It aims to disclose the
strengths and weaknesses and the main area of
vulnerability or risk and a formal report and action plan
is proposed and maintained.
When health and safety became an integral element
of the management process, audits became important
activities for management. Moreover, the use of audit is
one way of demonstrating that duties imposed by safety
legislations have been effectively discharged.
Regular audits of the workplace are excellent managerial
tasks to be included in an accident prevention
policy. Audits allow a pro-active approach. It may be
remembered that organisation, which successfully
managed health and safety, display a number of
common characteristics: one of the most significant
is, the deployment of regular health and safety audit
and inspections. Thus the safety audit is more over a
statutory obligation.
REFERENCES
(1) Alcock, P.A. - Safety Audit and Inspections. Industrial
Safety Data File, United Trade Press Limited, London,
1982.
(2) Alcock, P.A. - Safety Inspections: the detection of
hazards at work. H.K. Lewis and Co., London.
(3) British Chemical Industry Safety Council of the Chemical
Industries Association - Safe and Sound. BCISC, London.
31
SpecialReport

(4) British Standard ISO 45001:2018 - Occupational Health

and Safety Management Systems.
(5) Diekemper and Spartz – A Quantitative and Qualitative
Measurement of Industrial Safety. ASSSE Journal, Dec
1970.
(6) Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th
Ed, 4 volumes. International Labour Office, Geneva,
1998.
(7) India, Maharashtra Fire Prevention and Life Safety
Measures Act, 2006.
(8) India, Maharashtra Fire Prevention and Life Safety
Measures Rules, 2009.
(9) India, The Environment (Protection) Act 1986.
(10) India, The Environment (Protection) Rules 1986 as
amended upto 2nd April 1996.
(11) India, The Factories Act 1948 as amended in 1976 and
1987.
(12) India, The Hazardous Wastes (Management and
Handling) Rules 1989.
(13) India, The Maharashtra Factories Rules 1963 as amended
upto 1989.
(14) India, The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous
Chemicals Rules 1989.
(15) International Labour Office – The Occupational Safety and
Health Convention No.155 (1981) and Recommendation
No.164, Geneva, ILO.
(16) IS 14489:1998 – Code of Practice on Occupational Safety
and Health Audit. BIS, New Delhi, 1998.
(17) Nair, R.R. – Fire Safety Audit: The need of hour, Industrial
Safety Review, July 2012.
(18) Nair, R.R. – Fire Safety in India – An overview, Industrial
Safety Review, October 2013.
(19) Nair, R.R. – Fire Safety Management, Industrial Safety
Review, January 2014.
(20) Nair, R.R. and Joshi, D. K. – Safety Audit (CEP Pub)
Bangalore, All India Council for Technical Education,
2001.
(21) National Building Code of India, 2016 - Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, 2017.
(22) National Safety Council - Fire Safety - Indian Scenario,
Industrial Safety Chronicle, January-March 2018.
(23) Ramaswamy, S.S. and Nair, R.R. – Statutory Provisions
on Occupational Health, Safety and Environmental
Safety in India (CEP Pub –957), Bangalore, All India
Council for Technical Education, 2000.
(24) Safety Audits carried out in a number of organisations by
the Authors.
(25) U.K., Chemical Industries Association – Safety Audits:
A guide for the chemical industries (reprinted in India
by the Indian Chemical Manufacturers Association,
Bombay, April 1987).
(26) U.K., Safety and Health at Work – Report of the
Committee 1970-72 (Robens Committee Report). HMSO,
London, 1972. „ Registered Office : Leebo Metals Pvt Limited
R R Nair Unit No 510, 5th floor, The Western Edge - 1 Condominium,
Director of Safety and Health Information Bureau. He has CTS No 163 A and 165, Off Western Express Highway,
more than 50 years’ experience in OHS & Fire Protection. He Above Metro Mall Village Magathane, Borivali - East Mumbai 400 066
had represented India at the 23rd meeting of ILO-CIS held Tel : +91 22 6269 4200 to 6269 4299
at Geneva. He has carried out about 85 projects in safety,
health, environment and fire protection (safety audits, accident
Email: enquiry3@leebometals.com, Web.: www.leebometals.com
investigations, environmental studies, hazard identification and
risk assessment (HIRA), hazardous zone classifications, fire WORKS: Plot No 8 & 9, Premier Industrial Area, Kachigam, Daman - 396 210.
safety audits in high rise buildings, etc.) PAN India.

32 May 2018
May 2018 33
InFocus

he risk of fire in substations has been historically

T low, but the possible impacts of a fire can be
catastrophic. Fires in substations can severely impact
6. Flammable liquid storage or handling 3.1

7. Miscellaneous fires 15.8

the supply of power to customers and the power utility
revenue and assets. These fires can also create a 8. Hot work procedures (welding, cutting, 9.3
fire hazard to utility personnel, emergency personnel, and grinding)
and the general public. The recognition of the fire 9. Smoking 6.0
hazards, the risks involved, and the appropriate fire-
protection mitigation measures are some of the key One of the key steps in the design of new substations
considerations for the design and operation of new or and the assessment of existing substations is to identify
existing substations. conditions that are fire hazards. Once the fire hazards of
a planned or existing substation are identified, then fire
This article provides an overview to help substation
protection measures can be incorporated to eliminate
designers identify fire hazards within a substation,
or lessen the fire hazard.
identify appropriate fire protection measures, and
evaluate the benefit of incorporating these measures.
It is only an overview and is not intended to be
all-inclusive or to provide all the necessary details to
carry out a project.

Substation Hazards
The physical objects or conditions that create latent
(undeveloped) demands for fire protection are called
hazards. Every fire hazard has the following attributes:

No. Types and Origins of Fires %

1. Oil-insulated circuit breakers 14.0

2. Current transformers 14.0

3. Power transformers 9.3

The types of fires depend on the equipment and
4. Potential transformers 7.8 systems used in the stations. Fires involving dc valves,
outdoor or indoor oil-insulated equipment, oil-insulated
5. Engine-driven generators 7.0
cable, hydrogen-cooled synchronous condensers, or

34 May 2018
InFocus
PCB-insulated equipment are usually well documented,
and these types of equipment are easily recognized as
a fire hazard. There are a number of other substation-
specific types of fires that are not as well documented.
IEEE 979, “Guide for Substation Fire Protection;” Factory
Mutual ‘Data Sheets’; NFPA 851, “Recommended
Practice for Fire Protection for Electric Generating
Plants and Current Converter Stations”[2]; and CIGRE
TF 14.01.04, “Report on Fire Aspects of HVDC Valves
and Valve Halls”[3] — provide guidance on other types
of fire hazards and fire protection.
The hazard created by mineral-oil-insulated equipment
such as transformers, reactors, and circuit breakers
is that the oil is a significant fuel supply that can be
ignited by an electrical failure within the equipment.
Infiltration of water, failure of core insulation, exterior
fault currents, and tap-changer failures are some of the
causes of internal arcing within the mineral insulating oil
that can result in fire.
Depending on the type of failure and its severity, the
gases can build up sufficient pressure to cause the
external shell of the transformer tank or ceramic
bushings to fail or rupture. Once the tank or bushing
fails, there is a strong likelihood that a fire or explosion
will occur. A possible explosion could cause blast
damage.
The resulting oil-spill fire could spread to form a large
pool of fire, depending on the volume of oil, spill
containment, slope of the surrounding area, and the type
of the surrounding ground cover (i.e., gravel or soil).
Thermal radiation and convective heating from the oil
spill fire can also damage surrounding structures and
structures above the fire area.
Hence Alternative fluids are on the rise all over the world.
May 2018
Just like politics and science the energy industry is
working on trendsetting solutions that ensure the safety
and sustainability of the environment and population.
One way of doing this is by exploiting renewable energy
sources. Alternatives to mineral oil are often used in
environmentally protected areas and 1locations with a
special need for fire safety. Two type of alternatives are
available, I,e Natural ester fluid and Synthetic ester fluid
Utility’s’ main goal is to provide safe, reliable and
environmental friendly affordable energy to the
consumers and communities they serve.
Natural Ester fluids Envirotemp™ FR3™ can play
an important role in helping to achieve those goals.
Since its introduction and over a million of power and
distribution substation installations across 30 countries,
there has not been a single reported fire-related failure
with FR3 fluid-filled transformers.
FR3 fluid is a FM Approved®, UL certified K-class as per
(IEC 61039), less flammable fluid. , It’s 360°C fire point
is the highest of any dielectric fluid more than twice that
of mineral oil (160°C) and 50°C higher than synthetic
esters (310°C).
h Higher oil flash and fire points make operation
safe and protect valuable assets;
h Lower gas conversion factors reduce risk of tank
rupture.
h Elimination of fire mitigation, deluge systems and
fire walls
h Reduced clearances to buildings and other
equipment
h Potentially reduced insurance premiums due
to using a less flammable fluid in transformer
systems
h Avoid costly fire restorations (liability and property
damage, transformer replacement
These characteristics lead to a high acceptance of
transformers filled with natural esters, especially but
not only in urban areas and environmentally protected
locations.
As the ageing performance of FR3 dielectric esters
outweigh those of mineral oil, transformers may be
operated at higher temperatures than conventionally
filled units. This is also proposed by IEC 60076-14,
where over temperatures and hot spot temperatures for
35
InFocus

winding designs using thermally upgraded paper are Petrobras refinery

considered already.
chooses FR3 fluid
As validated by international standard accelerated for improved fire
testing methods, an insulating system with Natural
Ester Envirotemp™ FR3™ fluid can operate up to 20°C
safety
warmer (than mineral oil equivalent) while maintaining Petrobras Northeast
the same life or extended life expectation. Or, utilities Refinery Project “Abreu
can increase their overload capacity by up to 20%. In e Lima”.14 Transformers
many cases, utilities choose to do both – design their using Envirotemp
transformers to run at 120°C to gain overload capacity FR3 dielectric fluid.
and still extend their asset life. A.75/100MVA ,242/72.5
KV -2 transformers.
Furthermore, this capability enables the design of new
transformers to require “less cooling” – up to 20°C B.70MVA, 72.5/15/15 KV - 4 transformers
less cooling – which results in more cost effective
transformers. These smaller transformers could use Transnet BW:
less fluid and construction materials while delivering the
same or increased load capacity. The high temperature
insulation advantage works for both new and retrofilled
power and distribution transformers..

Success Stories
Tata Power: One of the green
milestone in the company’s
centenary year celebrations,
two of India’s first 25 MVA
natural ester filled transformers
were installed in Mumbai. With
this initiative, Tata Power has
A transmission network operator in the German state
once again showcased its
of Baden-Württemberg – commissioned a 420kV power
priority in driving sustainability
transformer in one of its substations in southwest
by implementing path
Germany that is cooled and insulated with Natural Ester
breaking green technology.
FR3. The substation, which has a power rating of 400
Sustainability remains a
MVA is the first in this high-voltage category has been
core business philosophy of Tata Power, and green
working satisfactory since 2013 (OEM Siemens).
transformer is one of the company’s many green
initiatives under its “Be Green” campaign. Tata Power’s
25 MVA transformer filled with Natural ester Enivrotemp Conclusion
FR3 Dielectric fluid. (OEM Schneider India). Among all the alternatives, Natural ester-filled
transformers demands are growing due to their fire
Getco (Gujrat Electric Transmission resistance feature. As natural ester has high fire points
Company) of around 360 ºC, and flash point of 320 ºC, which
is twice the fire points of mineral oil, it makes the
Installed transformers with natural ester fluid FR3 transformers fire resistant. Besides, natural ester is
& after satisfactory on site performance has decided
biodegradable in nature, which makes the transformers
to go in big way with almost 200 plus 66KV, 20MVA
environment friendly. By using Natural ester FR3 Fluid,
units (OEM T&R and Atlanta). Transformers will be
in transformers, the overloading capabilities can be
tested for its higher thermal class as per IEC 60076 part
improved.
14, Table C.2.
*See IEC/TS 60076-14 and IEEE C57.154™ Standard for
the Design, Testing and Application of Liquid-Immersed
Distribution, Power and Regulating Transformers Using
High-Temperature Insulation Systems and Operating at
Elevated Temperature. „
Rajaram Shinde
(Global Technology Advisor)

Rajib Nayan Chaudhary

(National Head-PowerGen)
Cargill India Pvt Ltd

36 May 2018
May 2018 37
InDepth
‡(OHFWULF)LUHDW&LQHYLVWD)LOP6WXGLRZDVFRPSOHWHO\GHVWUR\HGDW.DQMX0XPEDL-DQXDU\
‡(OHFWULF)LUHDW5.)LOP6WXGLRZDVFRPSOHWHO\GHVWUR\HGRQ6HSWHPEHU
ureau of Indian Standards (BIS) have following
B standards for Electrical installation for buildings.
1 Indian Standards code of practice for electrical
wiring installation IS732:1989, May 2007 and IS
3043
2 National Electrical code 2011(NEC) from Bureau
of Indian Standards (BIS).
h Indian standards are based on “International
Electrotechanical Commission (IEC)”, is located
in Switzerland. They develop all electrical
standards which are followed in Europe and most
of countries in world.
h Our standards are NOT UPDATED AT ALL and not
easy to understand and there is no clear answer
to electrical installation. This is reason MANY
FIRES HAPPENS IN BUILDINGS.
Objective and Overview
h Prevent “CAUSE OF FIRE AND PREVENT
ELECTRIC FIRE” in electrical in Low Voltage
system.
h This is not required to solve any puzzle. You
require basic Electrical Knowledge. Book
Standard, BS761:2008 cost Rs. 8,000/- and
Excellent Guides available from standards from
and excellent books are available to understand
and training from Guide.
h Now, MANY electrical equipment’s are installed
e. g. heaters, Air-conditions, Microwave
38
oven, Cooker, Kitchen Appliance and etc.
so “PROBABLITY of SHOCK and FIRE are
increased”.
h RCD (residual Current Device) or ELCB, is
MOST widely is used for protection against shock
and fire,
h Protection for shock and fire: RCD 30mA (0.03A)
in flat and outdoor circuits, cost Rs.1000/- each
h Protection against fire material, Timber, Plywood,
Agriculture, RCD 300mA (0.3A)
h New British Standard will be publishing in in 2018,
BS7671:2008,
h I have used red colour, Remember, “Electricity
kills” and destruction due to fire.
h Electrical System in India is TT system. In French
T word is “Tetra” means “Earth”. TT means
Earth at Source (Transformer neutral) and
Earth Electrodes at Main consumer intake from
Electricity board. During Fault, Current flow in
Earth is to trip Circuit breaker. Figure (1).
Data on shock and Fire in Europe in year
h 2,250,000 Electrical Fire occurs in Europe.
h Residential Building involved is more than 80%
h 4000 deaths and 100,000 injuries
h Electrical Fire is major cause of fire in domestic
buildings.
May 2018
InDepth

Authors Articles published by Author in 7 Special Location: Bathroom, outdoors of

IEEMA Journals Locations with building and swimming
increase and high pools and etc.,
h -DQXDU\´2YHUYLHZRI(OHFWULFDO,QVWDOODWLRQV increase shock risk Swimming pool
of buildings as per British Standard BS7671:2008 location
and IEC Standard 60364” Construction site, Petrol
h March 2017, “Use of RCD (ELCB) to Prevent Pumps, Temporary
Shock and Fire.” In Residents building as per Outdoor lights
BS7671:2008. 8 Protection against Use 300mA RCD
fire (ELCB)
h February 2018 issue, “Prevent electric Shock
and Fire in Electrical installation” in Residential
Buildings as per British Standards BS7671:2008 RCD and RCBO are used for Automatic
and IEC Standards. disconnection of circuit to prevent Shock:
h How to “PREVENT FIRE” in Electrical Installations RCD is called “Residual Current Devices”; India is called
in Resident Building and Industrial Plants as per “Earth Leakage circuit breaker (ELCB).”
as per British standard BS7671:2008 AND IEC RCBO is called “Residual Current Circuit
STANDARDS 60364. Step by Step Brief Guide. Breaker+ Overcurrent Protection. This is
Combines RCD 30mA+MCB = Protection against
Voltage shock+Overcurrent+short circuit+additional
protection against fire in Residential Flat.
This standard is applicable to “low Voltage (LV) less
than 1000V AC” or “Safety Extra Low Voltage (SELV) is 8, Electric Shock and Fire fundamental as per Locations:
applicable to < 50V AC.
Classification of locations as per shock risk due to
external influence
Bureau of India Standards Approval Risk Location Comment
Please, do NOT attempt to do any electrical work by Factor
yourself. Take advice from qualified professional and
Shock Dry Location, Inside the
approval from Bureau of Indian standards (BIS). risk Dry Body, Body building.
(SRL) resistance about
There are seven parts to BS 7671: 2008 1000 ohms

as follows Increase Wet locations, e.g. Construction

shock wet Body, Body sites, Agriculture
Nr. Contents Items risk resistance 500 location, Outdoor
Location ohms. and etc
1 Scope, Object, Protection and Prevent (ISRL)
and Fundamental Shock and fire, Arcing
Principles Ground fault and etc. High Wet Body, wet e.g. Outdoor,
Increase location, Body Bathroom,
2 Definitions Definition of each shock immersed in water, swimming pool
Terms risk Body resistance and etc.
3 Assessment External Influence: (HISRL) 100 ohms.
of General water, dust, high Fire Combustion Mandatory to use
Characteristics and temperature, Presence Material storage, 500mA RCD as
external influences. of Ground and etc. Plywood Main Incomer
4 Protection for safety Over Current, Shock Supply, better
and Fire and etc. 300mA
Protection against RCD (ELCB) 30mA
Shock Types of Distribution Boards for
5 Selection and Voltage drop, use protection against Shock bad Fire
Erection of of RCD, Isolation of
Equipment equipment, size of inside Flat
earth wire and cable. h If one RCD trips the you lose complete power
6 Inspection and RCD tester, Earth Loop supply
Testing impedance tester, Earth h Beside RCD is not Fail-Safe Device.
wire continuity and etc.
There are 2 methods:

May 2018 39
InDepth

h Install 3 RCD, DB-RCD

Single Line Shock, Fire Total Cost Comments Author’s
h Install RCBO (MCB+RCD 30 mA) for each circuit, Drawing protection for circuits Opinion
DB-RCBO for DB
Install DB-RCD: Install 3 RCD: Typical Distribution With 3 RCD RCD 30mA Rs, 12,000/- Cost Use in
Circuits, DB-RCD, and Affordable housing: 30mA. 3 MCB effective affordable
for each RCD, housing
DB1: Circuit devices in 3 RCD and Fire Panel from Fig. 15
Separate 30mA RCDO
Each RCBO Rs. 25,000/- Use in I prefer
DB2: Each circuit is protection by Separate Residual circuit with 30mA High in all*
current, MCB+RCD 30mA (RCBO 30mA) MCB+RCD 30 rise and Buildings.
For each circuit
mA = RCBO, Prestige Cost is not
Remembered: Fire Alarm Panel from Separate Fig, 16 building, very high
RCD30mA compare 1
DB-RCD Each RCBO+AFDD, Rs. 50,000/- Very Costly.
circuit with Prestige Approval
Protection
MCB+RCD building, from BIS.
against ARC.
30 mA +AFDD This is still
-HZHOOHU\
not come
shop and
in India
Art Gallery
and etc.

*RCD and RCBO SAVES LIFE AND FIRE” so I prefer

method 2, install RCBO for each circuit.

Main Cause of Fire: Cable Produce heat,

Figure 1 Insulation is PVC, Plastic, fault produce arc
h 100mA RCD one second time delay is preferably and smoke
to install for Fault protection and Fire, Item Solution Comment
DB-RCBO: Install RCBO for each circuit, in School, Overloads MCB MCCB
Senior Citizen flat and Prestige Buildings: or Fuse
Short circuits MCB or Fuse
Electrical shock & RCD 30mA Arcing fault
Fire
Electric Fire in RCD 300MA Timber,
Combustion Agriculture
materials storage
Loose connections Check Main Cause
produce heat. tightness of Fire
Loose at connection Check plug Main Cause
at plug and socket of Fire
Accidental damage Check before
by drill in wall. drill
Ultra Violet rays Install in Manufactuer’s
from sun, E.g.: Conduit, advice
Cable in Terrace Ducts
Figure 2 Rodents and Rat Install Metal Agriculture
Conduit. Area,
this most
Costs Ask
common
Manufacturer
h MCB: Rs. 200/-, RCD 30 mA: Rs. 1000/-, RCBO: problem
MCB+RCD 30mA = Rs. 2000
Old wiring, NO Take
h AFDD: Rs. 2500, RCB0+AFDD: Rs.5000 for each RCD for protection Advice from
circuit. Numbr of circuits 10 against shock and Engineer.
fire.
Cost and comparison of 3 different Methods:

40 May 2018
May 2018 41
InDepth

Loose Connection Main Cause of Fire and Protection Surge Protector

rat chew cable against High
Voltage
Arcing Ground New device, Arc Rs. 2500
detector Device Fault Detection
(AFDD), widely Device
use in USA and
Europe.

Cable rating, design, Installation, testing

and commissioning require
h Training and Guide from Mentor
Loose Connection: Major cause of fire, Rat eat cable,
h Attend Cable manufactures’ training program
in Agriculture area
h Hand on approach and visual observation of
construction of industrial plant
h Testing and Commissioning
h Visual inspection after one-year installation
h Cable Design require many year of experience,
on hand approach

Selection of cable rating and Installation

h Cable rating is derated for following Corrections
Figure 3
h Cable space in Conduit, duct and trunking has
Case Study: In UK, Fire due to Insulated DB lower rating since heat is not easily dissipate

in Flat h Then, cable install on cable tray exposed air to

dissipate heat.
h In BS7671:2008, they were allowed to use
insulated plastic Distribution Boards (DB) Correction
Explanation Comment
h There were many fire due to loose connection Factors for cable
h DB, insulated PVC DB were stopped then for Ambient or PVC cable e.g.: during use,
amendment was done, to use only Metal DB. surrounding temp are rated at temperature can
h In My House: I have found loose connection and temperature go up to temp.
RCD trips. 30 C 70 Cent.

Installation in cable Heat cannot Cable are

Electrical Installation protection against in Group dissipate group together
following Basic Faults: in conduit and
easily
duct
Item Method Cost, Rupee
Correction factors Cable in Insulated roof
Overcurrent, MCB, MCCB or 200 t0 5000
for thermal Thermally in house with
Fuse
insulation. insulated in mineral wool. It
Short Circuit MCB, MCCB or 200 to 5000 ceiling is use in UK
Fuse
Electric Shock RCD (ELCB) 1500
and Fire in 30mA (0.03) A
Electrical distribution in High Rise Building
Residential Types Comparison Author’s
Each circuit
building fire all Opinion
circuits Cable Most of FIRE
Earth Leakage Relay to trip 2500 to 5000 with PVC in Electrical
Arcing fault breaker. Insulation happens due
Electric Fire RCD (ELCB) 5000 cable Insulation.
500mA (0.5) to Not to ease to
300mA (0.3A) 10,000 installation

42 May 2018
InDepth

Copper Copper bar so This is

Busbar NO PVC is used Complete inside
Trunking SO NO FIRE RISK the metal. High
Better Ventilation
Rise buildings
in Duct.
go for Busbar
Trunking. Take
Manufacturers”
Figure 6
advice
ĂďůĞ/ŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶŝŶĂďůĞdƌĂLJ

.
Figure 4

Main Advantage of Busbar Trucking

h Busbar trunking systems meet all these
requirements on efficient power distribution by
being easily planned
Figure 7
h It can be quickly installed and economical
compare to cable
h providing a high degree of flexibility and safety From above mention drawing, cable on Cable
h Straightforward network configuration tray
h Low space requirements h Cable are laid in flat and not group together.
h Easy retrofitting in case of changes of locations h Cable are tight with cable tray with clip so no
and consumer loads movement during short circuit.
h High short-circuit strength and low fire load
h Space between cables, minimum diameter of
Increased planning security
cable. If space is less, current correction factor
h NO Cable PVC insulation, NO FIRE, NO SMOKE.
require
h Ask manufactures for more information
h Because of this, cables installed in groups with
Erection of cable in enclosed in a conduit or trunking carry less
Cable current correction derating Grouping factor: current than
No Air to dissipate heat h Similar cables clipped to or install on cable tray
open to air have higher rating.
The need for the grouping correction factor Cg for
cable current rating: h Thumb rule is that Cable occupy space in
a) widely spaced cables dissipate heat easily conduit, duct and trunking must be less than
b) A closely packed cable cannot easily dissipate heat 50%. Exact calculation sees standards.
and so its temperature rises
Thumb rule, Cable must occupy space in Conclusion
conduit trunking must less the 50%. So, air to h Cable in conduit or duct or trunking then heat
dissipate heat. produce. Cable current rating is reduced.
Exact calculation refers to standards. h If surface mounted cables are touching the
reduction in the current rating is, as would be
expected, greater than

Example, Cable derating factor due to cable

grouping
Question:
h if a certain cable has a basic current rating of
24 A, size 6mm2, and is installed with six other
circuits
Figure 5 What will be cable rating in enclosed conduit and on

May 2018 43
InDepth

cable tray open air: Fire barrier must install between all floors, widely
available in market, reputed 3 M Company.
Solution:
I read in Newspaper, 2 accidents happened like this in
1 Cables Install in enclosed conduit:
Mumbai. 10 people died.
h Number of circuits, Correction ground factor Cg,
Ask manufactures for instruction, how to install
Enclosed: 0.57,
h Cg has a value of 0.57 and the cable current
rating becomes 24 x 0.57 = 13.7 A

2 Cable Install on cable tray, open air:

h Derating factor, Touching Flat, Cg = 0.72,
Touching with each other: 24 x 0.72 = 17.28
h Derating factor, Open Space between cable is
equal to diameter of cable Cg = 0.90. current
rating = 24 x 0.9 = 21.6
Answer:
Cable rating in enclosed conduit is 13.7 ohms. On cable
tray, open to air, touching 17.28 and
Open Space between cable diameter of cable is : 21.6A
Numbers are rounded
Analysis:
Figure 9
Cable in conduit current rating is reduce from 24A to
14, almost half. Duct of cable heat in high rise building
&ŝŐ͘Ϯ/ŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐĨŽƌƐŝŶŐůĞͲĐŽƌĞĐĂďůĞƐ Hot air goes from ground floor to top floor. Temperature
;ĂͿ&ůĂƚͲƐƉĂĐĞĚ;ďͿ&ůĂƚΘƚŽƵĐŚŝŶŐ;ĐͿdƌĞĨŽŝů is very high at top.
ĞƌĂƟŶŐĨĂĐƚŽƌ͕ŐсϬ͘ϵ Solution: Barrier between floors

Figure 10

Fire Resistance Cable

Touching, Derating Factor Cg = 0.72
Figure 8
Fire Barrier in each floor in cable duct or
cable tray in Building:
Thus is major cause of fire accidents as smoke travel
ground floor to top floor. Very important for high rise
building. Please, DO NOT under estimate important for
this.
During Fire, Smoke flow from cable duct in ground floor
to top floor residential flats
h Mineral Insulated Copper Sheathed (MICS) cable
h Mineral insulation such as magnesium oxide is an
excellent insulator.
h The resulting cable is totally fireproof and will
operate at temperatures of up to 250°C.
h Great mechanical strength, Very durable, long
lasting, Current rating higher than similar other
cable.
h Application: Widely use in All Industrial area,
especially chemical works, boiler house, petro
filling stations, Fire Alarm System, harsh condition
such as extreme hear and corrosion.

44 May 2018
  
 


 
 




 
  




  
 



 
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"#$% &'()'%*& (+% (,-.##$
)/0#1."".0$"-02#-%3/0#1."".0$.-1%
4-0-"#5,5-#52-1$$,-.$$--
+()')'677(+)89'(:::77(+

May 2018 45
InDepth
LSF (Low smoke and fume), outer sheath is AL.
Mylar Tape.
Materials which have reduced smoke and corrosive
gas emissions in fire compared with p.v.c. have been
available for some years.
Application: Can be considerable safety advantages
in situations where numbers of people may have to be
evacuated in the event of fire. Fire Alarm and emergency
light
Figure 11
11.11, Isolating of Electrical at point of location in
emergency to prevent Shock and Fire:
Any Electrical equipment must be isolated at point of
Utilization E.g. Panel is located one place and motor
pump is located 100 meters away.
There must emergency Isolator to swath off power in
case of shock and fire.
Figure 12
Figure 13
Emergency Light and Exit Light LED lifelong
available: Please, do not lightly and overlook
Case Study:
Happen in Kamala Neural Mill fire in parel, Mumbai,
No Exit light and Emergency Light, many Accident
46
Cinema as Cinema Theatre fire in Delhi, Many people
died
Solution:
In case of fire, person has to escape immediately from
Exit door with emergency light
Design by qualified professional. I do not know we have
Indian standards.
Supply from separate MCB and separate conduit and
may be tested every six months
Important, Manufactures’’ instruction for maintenance.
These do not cost much. LED lamps are life long.
Figure 14
Outdoor neon sign board
h Many Sign boards are NOT weather proof; Fire
may be due to rain. must weatherproof to IP 44
h Fire main switch, to switch off supply in
emergency.
Figure 15
12, Fault Current path in TT system, Figure (1): Widely
use in India
Fault Current Path is RED dotted Line, -------
Figure 16
May 2018
InDepth

Falut current path is from earth h RCD must be install to Limit the Shock Fault
Voltage Uf to 50V and trip within 0.2 seconds
electrodes in groun
Answer;
Automatic disconnection by RCD in TT Systrm h Maximum value of RCD rating for main breaker to
incase of fault to prevent shock and fire, RCD prevent shock is Uf/RA =50V/RA =
currevnt rating and Shock Voltage Uf 50V h 50V/20 ohms= 2.5 Amp = 2500mA.
h RCD rating of MCCB at meter room must less the
2500mA.

Conclusion
Automatic Disconnection in TT system during fault is
achieved by RCD.
Ircd less than or equal to 50V/ RA, where RA is Earth
Electrode Résistance at consumer.

Existing Electrical Installations in meter

room in 15 story building, Fire Hazard

Figure 17

Main Breaker 100A with RCD 2.5A

Why RCD is used to prevent shock and fire in

TT system
h What is Value of Shock TOUCH Voltage Uf and
fault current flow If:
h 100A MCCB as Main Incomer at Consumer trips
during fault in 0.1 seconds at 10 times the rated
current = 1000A Existing Meter Room, Figure 18

h In Fig. 2, RA = 20 ohms, Rn = 10 0hms. Rn +RA

Item Deficiencies Hazards
= 30A. If = fault current = 240/30 = 8A
Main Fuse In case of Fire, The “UNSKILL
h Answer: MCB 100A will “NOT TRIP DURING
with fuse cannot switch PERSON”, flat
FAULT” since fault current only 8A.
holder, OFF power owners and
h Due to above reasons RCD must be used in TT Bottoms immediately. security persons,
installations, Earth Electrodes resistance Rn and circle DO NOT KNOW
RA are high and change as per climate. HOW TO SWITCH
OFF. If he
h Answer: Shock Fault Voltage, Uf =RA x If = 20 removes fuse
ohms x 10A = 160V. Dangerous then THERE WILL
BE HEAVY SPARK
h If Rn and RA are equal, e.g. 10 ohms each then
shock voltage Uf = 120V Wires, Top Many wires Loose connection
circles connection, at wires is main
h RCD MUST BE USE IN TT SYSTEM TO PREVENT cause of fire
SHOCK AND FIRE. in Electrical
Installations
What is RCD value for Main Breaker to Limit
Open busbar Elecric shock
shock voltage Uf to 50V? Fig. 2
Wooden Major fire
h Rn and RA are HIGH so fault current is less so
Cupboard hazard
Main breaker will not trip.

May 2018 47
InDepth

Existing Single Line Drawing Electrical Panel with metal enclosure to Prevent fire in
Residential buildings:
All Wires, Busbars, wire connection to busbars, Meters
and etc. in Metal Enclosure.
Right side is Main handle, Main MCCB with RCD.
In case of Fire, Complete building can be switched
OFF by “UNSKILL person, flat owners and watchmen
immediately”.
Left side compartment for each Flat with switch off
handel+meter+MCCB+RCD
Measure current for each flat and complete building
with Ammeter fix on Panel to check any overload in
Circuit. This IS VERY IMPORTANT.
NO open busbar and No loose wire.

Proposed Single Line Drawing:

h Time delay between rcds in each level to maintain
interigity of supply:

Figure 19

Conclusion
([LVWLQJ 0HWHU URRP LV 0$-25 ),5( +$=$5' DQG
SHOCK.
due to fuse with holder can not switch OFF immeditely.
Open Busbar if touch then shock hazard.
If arcing faut occurs at fault F1 and F2, fire amplify due
to Plastic PVC cable insulation and creates smoke.
Exiting meter room is not as per IEC stanfards, THIS IS
0$-25),5(+D]DUG
Many Fires happens from Meter Room. Fire creates arc
and smoke.

Proposed Electrical Panel, with metal

enclosure in Meter Room: Fig. 7

Figure 21

Analysis of Protection against Fire with 3 levels of RCD

protection:
There are three level of RCD protection, RCDm, RCDb
Figure 20 and RCDdb.

48 May 2018
May 2018 49
InDepth

Time Delay between RCD: Different Time Delay between

RCDdb, RCDb and RCDm to trip in case of fault so only Mandatory to use in following Locations
level RCD trips. Less than or equal to 300mA
In case of Fault at (1) then RCDm must trip. In case of 3 All circuits in < RCD 300 mA
Fault at (2) , RCDb trips agricultural installation
RCDm 500mA trips in 1 second, RCDb 150mA trips in (Expect Sockets
o.5s and RCDdb, 30mA each circuits trip in 0.04s. Outlet)
This is called Time selectivity or time discrimination 4 Risk of fire due to < RCD 300 mA,
between RCD between each level. storage Combustion Main Incomer at
material. E.g. Timber meter Room
due to Arcing ground fault in cables,RCDm and RCDb
is for protection against Fire, at Fault (1) and Fault (2}. 5 Circus Temporary < RCD 300 mA at
and fault in flat then RCDdb trips, supply Meter room.
As I know, they are not use in India. 6 Temporary Supply, < RCD 300 mA at
SO MANY FIRE WILL OCCURE IN BUILDINGS. Festival, Exhibition Meter room.
and etc.
THIS HAS TO APPROVE BY BUREAU OF INDIAN
STANDARDS (BIS) Discussion:
h Residential and Industrial Building, 75% fire is due
Protection against FIRE to electrical Fault.
h Many fire can be Prevented if 300mA RCD is
installed at Main Intake, at meter room.
h 300mA RCD, 3P+N, It can SAVE LIFE and
DESTRUCTION of Building due to fire.
63A RCD only cost Rs.5000/- to Rs. 10,000/-

Which are “HIGH increase shock risk

locations” in building? Question and
Answers.
h Bathrooms
Figure 22
h Outdoor
&DVH6WXG\)LUH2FFXUUHGRQ-DQXDU\3KRWR
from the Cinevista studio in Mumbai’s Kanjurmarg Bathroom
suburb, where a fire broke out and Audio assistant
suffered 100% burns and was killed. Complete Studio
Bathroom
was burned.
Case Study 2: Fault in AC Unit Caused Fire at Malabar
+LOO)ODWDW0XPEDL7LPHVRI,QGLDGDWHG-XQH
This was duplex flat occupied by Dr, Keku Kavrana. 76,
he is the MOST revered Surgeon, who was in Critical
condition. Complete 50/- crores flat was buried
There were about 10 Electric fire happens from
'HFHPEHUWR-DQXDU\LQ0XPEDL

Location Methods
1 Protection against RCD 30mA can give
Shock inside and primary protection
outdoor of Resident against shock and
building. additional protection
against Fire. Figure 23

2 Protection against Fire Less than < 500 mA 1 Location

RCD but preferably h Wet body, presence of water, bare foot, Shower
< 300mA with flexible pipe can spray water all over place.

50 May 2018
InDepth

h The presence of water can occur in several

ways (for example, splashing, steam/humidity,
condensation).

h There may be leakage in concrete floor, touching

earthed reinforcing steel bar. In Fla, This requires
careful planning and study. Locations are most
discussed and challenging.

Case Study:
Three children were in bath tub with hand dryer. Hand
Dryer is not water proof.
Children resistance in water is about 240 ohms. Voltage
is 240V divide by 240 Ohm, current flow in body 1A. All
three children died.
2 Fault current path in Human to ground when metal
pipe is Touch in Bathroom:
Figure 25
Locations:
h Outdoor lights and equipment are widely use.
Light can be fixed on perimeter wall, light fix on
the path, decorative lights, flexible lights within
reach of person, Fix pole light. Lawn mower, drill
h This requires careful planning and study to
prevent shock.
h Outdoor are HIGH increase shock risk location,
where many accidents are happened
h Case Study: Person was using Lawn Mover in
Garden, wire got cut and touched wire and was
injured.

Figure 24

3 What types of electrical equipment can be installed

in bathroom?
As per standards, Electrical installations shall comply
Figure 26
with following points:
Location, Fault current EASY path through human
Nr. Bathroom Items Comments body and ground:
1 Light fitting, preferably IP44 or IP54
insulated, must be
waterproof

2 Weather-proof lights to IP 30 mA RCD

44 and other circuit passing
inside the wall

3 NO Exhaust fan 230V, NO High risk

socket 230V and NO water shock
heater 230V MUST NOT be location
installed in Bathrooms.
Nr. Outdoor, Item Comment
4 My opinion Exhaust Fan Available in 1 1, All outdoor SOCKETS Buy from
waterproof 12V AC or UK Market. and MOVABLE items with Reputed
Ventilation Grill, less than 32A must be Company.
protected by 30 mA RCD.
5 NO Light switches inside the
Bathroom 2, All Lights with in Arm Philips, Bajaj
reach of person shall be and Crompton
protected by 30mA RCD Greaves
Location: Outdoor Electrical Installation:

May 2018 51
InDepth

2 RCD, Tripping time Values:

2 All electrical items water Weather proof
proof to IP54 or IP55. Check Symbol RCD 30mA, Testing trip time for shock protection
On Lights fitting. and additional Fire protection
for Buy from
Nr. Test Current Operating Tripping
Reputed Co.,
for 30mA RCD Tripping Time Time
3 Decorative movable light Available in for shock
Seconds
fittings within arm reach of Market protection
person and landscape lights 1 15mA No Trip
shall be SELV to 12V AC or
30V AC. 2 30mA Less than Less than
200ms (0.2) 0.2S
4 Now days outdoor weather Install as per seconds
proof LED lights wide range Manufacturer’s
3 5 x30mA Less than Less than
available 12 DC instruction.
40mA 0.04S

Omitting RCD protection for any socket-outlet on
the basis of a risk assessment is a serious matter
and must never be done lightly. Designer has to justify
for omission.
RCD tripping without fault
h RCD trips even there is NO fault, complete
darkness in house the person can trip and get hurt.
h Computer and electronics have switched mode
power supply, capacitors are connected to earth
so leakage current in Earth wire may trip RCD.
h Computer Leakage current is about 2 mA. 30mA
RCD trip between 15 mA and 30mA. Connect 6
computers per circuit of 30mA RCD otherwise it
may trip. This is often overlooked
h Cooker leakage current and overvoltage due to
lightning and etc.
RCD Testing and Commissioning,
Tripping Time
1 RCD must be tested with RCD meter, inject mA
current and measure Tripping current time
RCD “SAVES LIFE AND PREENT FIRE”, must be
tested during commissioning and regularly after
installation
RCD less and Equal to 300mA for Fire Protection,
Tripping time
4 Testing current Tested at Trip in less
300mA 300mA rated the 0.2
RCD current seconds
3 Maintenance:
h RCD is “NOT FAIL-SAFE” device and it is
electromechanical device with switch
h BS standard says, RCD is tested integral mounted
“push button” to PRESS to regularly, what is
period of testing, I am still trying to get answer.
h Main cause of failure is accumulation of dust in
switch so better test regularly.
h Caution: These must be tested and maintain by
skill qualified trained electricians and Engineer.
Ingress Protection for Enclosure against
Solid Particle and Liquid as per BS EN
60529
h IP is an acronym for “Ingress Protection”. Refer
to on line for more information.
h How to specify IP protection of equipment? First
letter “generally Dust and second letter Water”.
h In Bathroom and outdoor, light fitting and
equipment shall be IP44 to IP55.
h Many times, Electricians do not know, it is
OVERLOOKED. Buy from reputed company
Philips, Bajaj and etc. Check Symbol on lamp
IP44 to IP55. P

New Device
“Arc Fault Detector device (AFDD)”
h RCD will NOT trip, if wire phase to phase arcing
fault and cable is cut since there is NO Earth
Fig. 27, RCD Meter, Cost about Rupee 10,000/- current,

52 May 2018
May 2018 53
InDepth
Figure 28
h 1, Widely use in USA, Europe and New British
standard BS7671:2018 to introduce in 2018.
h 2, Available MCB+RCD 30 mA+AFDD combine
for final circuit in flat. Cost Rupee, 5,000/.
Protection against overcurrent+short
circuit+electric shock+Fire+ Arcing Fault
ARC FAULT DETECTOR DEVICE, AFDD, Fig. 1
AFDD FAULT DETECTIVE DEVICE (AFDD)
Figure 29
Summary
1 Cause of Electrical Fire:
h Electrical fire is due to Overcurrent, Loose
connection, aging cable Insulation, rat chew
insulation, etc.
h Cable fault produce ARC > ARC will cause
insulation PVC to burn > Plastic burn faster and
major fire > Smoke > Arc temperature is 25,000
Centigrade.
h Rat can chew cable insulation. This is major
problem in Agriculture. Install metal conduit, take
advice from manufacturer.
h Cable produce heat > heat has to dissipate >
Major cause of fire is cable bunch together so
inside conduit do not dissipate heat
54
h Fire Risk: Mandatory to install RCD less than
or equal to < 300mA at main breakers in
Increase fire risk locations, Agriculture, Timber
and Plywood storage, Exhibition, Temporary
Installation and etc.
2 Distribution board (DB) with RCD and RCB0 30mA
to prevent shock and fire inside the flat
h RCD and RCBO install in DB give protection
against fire and shock
h Integrity of supply: DB-RCD with 3 RCD 30 mA
and DB-RCBO with each circuit with 30mA RCBO
h Prefer to install with DB-RCBO, cost for 5 circuit is
Rs.7,000/- and 10 circuits is Rs. 15,000/-
3 Cable correction factors
h Cable current rating require correction factor due
to > Ambient Temp > Cable install in Group >
thermal insulation in roof
h Proper Planning > experience > hand on
approach.
4 Electrical distribution in high ruse building:
There are 2 options 1, Cable or 2, Busbar Trunking
h 1, Cable is main cause of fire due to fault which
cause PVC insulation burn and smoke
h 2, Busbar Truncking: Copper busbar with steel
enclosure. No cause of Fire. Economical and
easy fix
h You ask manufacturer.
5 Types of cable for fire protection: Ask for
manufacturers for more information:
h Mineral Insulated
h Low smoke
h Use: Fire panel, Emergency and Exit Light and
6 Erection of Cable;
h Fire barrier in each of cable duct in each floor
stop smoke, Many accident happens
h Cable heat goes from bottom floor to top floor,
temperature high at top. Install barrier at each
floor.
7 Isolating of Equipment at point of utilization:
h Switch off in case of Emergency prevent shock
and fire
9 Exist and Emergency light:
h 7KLVLV0$-25&$68(2)3(32/(*(7.,//
h Take professional advice.
h Example: Fire at Kamala Nehru park
10, Existing Electrical Meter room are not as
Standards, Major Deficiencies:
h These are full of Fire Hazards.
h Fuse with fuses holder: In case of Fire, cannot
switch OFF Power for complete building.
May 2018
InDepth
h Main Switch fuse with fuse holder, Unskilled
persons, Flat Owners and watch men, cannot
switch off main power in case of Fire. If fuse is
removed then there will Arc. Wooden cupboard
increases fire risk.
11 Proposed Electrical Panel in meter room with
metal enclosure in TT Installation:
h In meter room Main breaker, submain breaker,
wires and meters are enclosed in Metal
Enclosure.
h In case of FIRE, MAIN INCOMER CAN BE
SWITCHED OFF IMMEDITELY.
h In TT Earthing system, Mandatory to install Main
at Incomer and sub breaker with RCD for arcing
fault fire. As I know, RCDS are NOT USE. All
BUILDINGS are at Fire risk.
12 Rating of RCD for Main breaker in mA depends
Earth Electrode Resistance:
h During fault, Value of shock Voltage when touch
electrical metal enclosure must be less than 50V.
h RCD sensitivity rating for Main Incomer MCCB in
mA must be less than or equal to < 50V/RA. RA is
Earth Electrode Resistance at Consumer.
13 RCD Cost for Protection against Shock and Fire:
h “SHOCK” can be prevented by RCD (ELCB) 30mA
in Residential Flat in Building and give additional
protection against fire. Cost Rupee Rs. 1000/-
each,
h Install circuits INDOOR AND OUTDOO WITH
30mA RCD.
h Protection against “FIRE” by 500mA at Main
Incomer Breaker, preferably 300mA in Meter room.
h Cost Rupee. 5000 to 10.000/- each.
References
Initial reading
You can Read first 1, 2, first then 3 and 4. These are
easy to understand.
 $XWKRUSXEOLVKHG$UWLFOHLQ,((0$-RXUQDO0DUFK
2017, Special focus: “Overview of Residual
Current Device (RCD), ELCB for Protection
against shock and Fire as British Standard
BS7671:2008.
2 www.electricsafetyfirst.org.uk is part of
Electric Safety council, UK. Consumer friendly
information. very easy to follow and you can
download free.
3 Please, refer to www.theIET.org < Right side click
Other IET Web Site < click IET Electrical < Go to
down Middle page, Click Wiring Matters. You can
download free and explain very simple way.
4, Electrical Installation Guide 2016, (IEC), is
May 2018
Published by Schneider Electric, leading French
company in world. This company is actively
involved to develop IEC standards. “Quick
reference, read chapters E, F and Q,
2 Further Detail Reading:
1 Electrical Contractor Association (ECA), UK,
“Guide to the Wiring Regulations, 17th Edition,
IEE Wiring Regulations (BS 7671: 2008)”, book by
Darrell Locke, www.eca.co.uk. This book is written
by Practical people in this field. You get from
Amazon.in, Cost Rs.1600/-
3, www.theiet.org, “Requirement of Electrical
Installation as per IEE Wiring Regulations” British
Standard 7671:2008. IET (Institute of Engineering
and Technology), UK. Cost is about Rs.8000.
4 you can refer to Guidance 9 notes and other
books available to explain this standard
IET, develop and publish the guides to standards as
below. Each book cost about Rs.2500/-
‡ ,((*XLGDQFH1RWH1R6HOHFWLRQDQGHUHFWLRQ
‡ ,((*XLGDQFH1RWH1R,VRODWLRQDQGVZLWFKLQJ
‡ ,((*XLGDQFH1RWH1R,QVSHFWLRQDQGWHVWLQJ
‡ ,((*XLGDQFH1RWH1R3URWHFWLRQDJDLQVWILUH
‡ ,((*XLGDQFH1RWH1R3URWHFWLRQDJDLQVW
electric shock;
‡ ,((*XLGDQFH1RWH1R3URWHFWLRQDJDLQVW
overcurrent;
‡ ,((*XLGDQFH1RWH1R6SHFLDOORFDWLRQV
‡ ,((*XLGDQFH1RWH1R(DUWKLQJDQGERQGLQJ
‡ ,((2QVLWH*XLGH*XLGDQFHIRUWKHVPDOO
installation.
We conduct Training course for Electrical Engineers
and Electricians on Electrical Installations
We conduct short Course, 2 to 4 weeks, for “training
for Electrical Engineers and Electricians” on Electrical
Installation as per “British and IEC Standards” in Low
Voltage for Residential Buildings and Industrial Plants
to Prevent Shock and Fire
Objectives are as below:
Brief Introduction to Standards. Recommend books for
reading
Prevent “shock and Fire” in Resident building and
Industrial Plants.
“SHOCK” can be prevented by RCD (ELCB) 30mA, cost
Rs. 1000/- in Residential Flat
“FIRE” by 300mA, Cost. Rupee. 1000 to 10.000/- „
Gajaria Gokal
B.E. and M.E. (U.S.A.)
Electrical Engineer
Gajaria Electrical Training Consultant
55
56 May 2018
Solution

ightning Protection of structures are being done

L in 2 ways, both confirming the Indian Standards.
The first method is isolated protection (for convenience
Protection Measures (touch and step
potential) P
TA

called as conventional method) and the second one No Protection measures 1

is to use the naturally available steel in buildings as
Warning notices -1
parts of LPS such as down conductor and earthing (for 10

convenience called as structural earthing). Electrical insulation of exposed LPS parts 10-2
In conventional method down conductors are outside Soil equipotentialisation -2
10
the building and generally isolated from the structure.
Vertical Earth electrodes are used outside the building. Structural Earthing 0
Generally the LPS is not connected to Equipotential
P
Bonding bar, but in some cases earth electrodes are Protection Measures (Physical Damages) B

connected to other earthing system under soil. No protection measures 1

In structural earthing method, continuous conductors External LPS Class IV 0.2
super imposed inside RCC columns and foundation External LPS Class III 0.1
which runs along with construction steel will do the job
External LPS Class II 0.05
of down conductor and earthing.
External LPS Class I 0.02
Risk Analysis on injury to living being by Air termination (Class I) + structural
Earthing 0.01
electric shock due to a direct lightning
Metal roof + air termination (class 1) +
strike in the structure structural earthing 0.001
IS/IEC 62305-2 explains the risk assessment and
probability of damages in a building during a lightning. Probability of injury PA Chance of accident
Probability of injury to living being due to touch and
No protection Each strike will
step potential (PA) in a building depends on the 1
measures create damage
protection measures provided in the building against
touch and step potentials (PTA) as well as the external Class IV external One strike out of 5
LPS provided (PB). LPS and no soil 0.2 can create physical
equipotentialisation damage
PA = P TA X PB

May 2018 57
Solution
One strike out of 50
Class I with no protection
0.02 can create physical
measures PTA
damage
NO Chance of
Structural Earthing 0
accident
Electrical Safety and Power Frequency
Fault Voltage
Industrial / IT and commercial establishments need to
use TN-S network for L.V electrical distribution with in
the facility. For establishments with number of electronic
systems, TN-S is the recommended network by
every modern standards. The method is explained
and recommended in IS 3043 as PME (Protected
Multiple Earthing).
Properly implemented structural earthing ensures
easy implementation of PME and thereby reduce
the power frequency fault voltage between electricity
using equipment and extraneous conductive parts
in a building during a fault. Equipotential bonding
thus created avoids dangerous spark over and fire
during a fault
Protection of Electronics
Modern day electronic installations are highly sensitive
to Transients. Transients in a building are created due
to radiated Electro Magnetic Pulse (EMP) due to various
reasons. Future electronic installations will be smaller
& faster which means more sensitive to EMP. Electro
Magnetic Shielding plays a major role in protecting
modern day electronics.
A properly installed Structural Earthing system mean
a large volume shield created by natural components
of the structure such as the metal reinforcement in
ceilings, walls and floors, the metal framework, the
metal roofs and metal facades. These components
together create a grid-like spatial shield (faraday
cage). The current injected into the reinforcing rods
is assumed to flow through a large number of parallel
paths. The impedance of the resulting mesh is thus low
and, as a consequence, the voltage drop due to the
lightning current is less. The magnetic field generated
by the current in the reinforcing steel mesh is weak
due to the low current density and the parallel current
paths generating opposing electromagnetic fields.
Interference with neighboring electrical conductors is
correspondingly reduced.
Without any doubt, structural earthing provides
the best equipotential is at ion and protection of
electronic systems.
Corrosion and Associated problems
Steel inside concrete have the advantage that, if the
concrete is of adequate construction and covers the
steel by at least 50 mm, they are reasonably protected
against corrosion, throughout the life of the building.
58
Whereas a conventional LPS is subjected to corrosion,
theft, vandalism etc hence need periodic inspection
and maintenance
A properly installed Structural Earthing system is
permanent in the building and well shielded, provided
welded iron reinforcing bars are used for concrete outer
walls. Note that a good electrical bonding is necessary.
In several situations the steel reinforcing bars may
not represent an adequate shield. A well-designed
and implemented lightning conductor with conductive
connections to structural steel is an alternate method.
Some tips about this conductor are
Galvanized steel inside concrete may create problem to
concrete and hence avoid GI inside concrete.
All penetrations of steel in reinforcement to an outer area
need careful design and installation. Use only Copper,
Copper coated steel or SS material for this application.
Use only copper, copper coated steel or SS in soil if
connected to steel in reinforcement as recommended
in IS/IEC standard.
Cheap and Best in long run
To achieve a cost-effective and efficient protection
system, the design should be carried out during the
building concept stage and before construction. This
allows one to optimize the use of the natural components
of the structure and to choose the best compromise
for the cabling layout and equipment location. For a
retrofit of shielding measures in conventional Lightning
Protection System the cost is generally higher than the
cost for structural Earthing.
Structural earthing and Bonding system
h More safety for human beings during lightning
h More safety for electrical installations during fault
& lightning
h Protect Electronic systems against EMP
h No Corrosion and Less Maintenance
h Cheap and Best in long run
Structural Bonding is a standard construction
practice in developed countries
Abstract of the paper presented during ICES-2017 at
Trivandrum on 18 Feb 2017 by S. Gopa Kumar, CAPE
electric pvt ltd, Chennai
Comparison of Different Earthing System for Industrial /
Commercial and IT buildings
Structural earthing
Current method
with TNS-PME
(separate earth
(Different Earthing
electrodes
bonded together
Method for LPS, DG,
including extraneous
Transformer
conductive parts)
UPS, Lift etc
May 2018
May 2018 59
Solution

No confirmation Over Voltages in

IS 3043, IS 732, IS/
to IS/IEC/IEEE the installation
Confirmation to IEC 62305, IEC No Power frequency
standards. ( and
standards 60364, IEEE 142, fault voltage due to
IS3043 wrongly fire/flashover
IEEE 1100 PME
interpreted) during a fault
condition
System TN-S/TT/ not
TN-S with PME
Earthing (LV) clearly defined Slow due to
Quick operation of
short and
Separate for switchgear due to low
Interconnected
Transformer All earthing loop
PE
body & N, DG connected together Operation of Resistance offered by
conductor
body & N, through Earth Switchgear PE and PME. More
resulting in
Lightning grid formed in human
increased loop
Earth Protection, UPS, the building/floor safety and less
Electrodes Lift, Electrical satisfying the Resistance. High
chance of fire
installation etc. bonding regulations chance of fire
Sometime these for increased safety
and Protection of Need to be
electrodes are
electronics. designed based Only partial fault
interconnected Electrode on full current through Earth
under soil design
prospective short electrode
not defined circuit current
/ designed PE conductor
Line to Body through earth Each electrode
Fault current
No Supplementary PE resistance is Measured as per IS/
return path Periodic
supplementary conductor through measured. This IEC 62305-3 (less
inspection
PE conductor grid value varies than 0.2 ohms)
frequently
Faraday Cage and
Shielding No shielding
perfect shielding Measurement Requested for
Assured less than 1
for Electrode less than 1 ohm,
Referance for Well defined ohm. measured as
Not defined very difficult to
Voltage reference voltage Resistance per IS 3043
achieve
Equipotential Very Good base for
Less possibilities Short (5 to 15
Bonding equipotentialisation Until the building last
years).
Through
independent GI strip is used
earth electrodes Ring Earth / in General which Connections in soil
at Various Foundation corrodes are exothermically
places in the earthing. welded.
Lightning Due to bimetallic
building. Not Recommended Copper / Copper
current and galvanic
recommended by IS/IEC 62305 coated steel material
Discharge effects. Need
by IS/IEC for protection of is used
62305 for large electronics and replacement in
Life inside concrete /
buildings with increased safety every 5 to 15
electronic years soil and connecting
systems points to Steel in
depending upon
concrete. High
the soil condition
Number of corrosion resistance
and
earth electrodes and life similar to
around the One building / One galvanic copper
earthing satisfying influence
building requirement of
damaging every electrical and
concrete electronic system IS 3043 permits to use steel in reinforcement foundations
installation / and piles as an effective electrode system without
Roads.
necessity to provide buried electrode for application
High cost, such as power Generation and Distribution stations.
Advantages / complication Less cost. Increased
Disadvantages and failure in life of equipment TNS-PME earthing including Structural steel is for
electronics earthing for equipment, Lightning Protection, Transformer
Chance / DG Neutral & Body. Maintenance free for decades. This
of Neutral method is much more efficient and used as a standard
circulating NO failures due to
current
construction practice in developed countries „
Neutral circulating
through earth currents. S Gopakumar
and failures as a
result Managing Director of CAPE electric pvt ltd. Member of
National Building Code (NBC-2016)

60 May 2018
O

May 2018 61
GuestArticle

Disconnector is one of the equipments of electrical substation which was designed in an early day of
electrical power transmission and distribution system evoluation. However, like any other T & D system
component, several design of the disconnector (also known as Isolator) was evolved as situation demands.
Present scenario calls for enhancement of the power handling capacity of the existing substation. In other
words, newly developed substations for utilities or industries are expected to handle more power in a smallest
possible area. This imposes challenge to redesign the existing disconnector with the capability of higher
continuous and short circuit current handing capability. In this paper, a theoritical approach is presented to
estimate the design margin of short circuit current handling capability of an existing disconnector along with
the experimental validation of the design. This also presents the parameters which can be altered to enhance
the short time current rating of the disconnector.

ne of the most safety critical equipment in air
O substation is disconnector. Disconnector breaks
the electrical path between two lines, which can be
physically seen. It is essential to witness discontinuity
of electrical circuit before carrying out any installation
/ maintenance work in electrical lines. Disconnector is
classified into On load and Off load type based upon the
operating condition of it. In the present work, discussion
will be restricted on the off load type disconnector. It
has several design requirements among which dielectric
withstand voltage, current carry capacity during normal
and fault condition, seismic vibration, earthing capacity,
synchronous operation of 3 arms, mechanical strength
and lowest contact resistances are the few critical for
selecting the disconnector for a particular application.
Disconnector also needs to operate several times unlike
other fixed contacts in a sub-station. Hence, reliability
of the operation is also critical. As the electrical energy
consumption is increasing day by day, utilities are
looking for power level up gradation of existing energy
transmission and distribution corridor. As a result, the
substations are required to be designed with higher
current handling capacity with minimum power loss. This
calls for augmentation of current rating (both short term
and continuous) of all the components of the electrical
substation. Various components of disconnector need
to be evaluated for the purpose of enhancement of
current rating. Below are the typical components of
any disconnector,
h Current carrying blades- openable blade provide
the main current carry path from input side to
output side.
h Insulators- This provides the insulation between
the live parts (current carrying blades) and the
base support.
h Motor or manual operating device- For rotation
of the blades, electrical motor with coupling
device can be used. Some cases this is done
manually also.
h Structure- This provide the mechanical support
and capable to take the load of the terminals and
the input and output lines.
h Base cum rotor housing- This provides the
foundation support to the whole disconnector and
house the rotor.
h Terminal connectors- This acts as coupler for
input or output lines to the disconnector’s current

62 May 2018
GuestArticle
carrying blades.Earth switch- This provides the
ground connection to the live component of the
disconnector after blades open. This ensures live
parts are at ground potential and provide safety
during maintenance.
h Interpole cable termination- This contains the
auxiliary power line for drives.
Figure 1 shows the arrangement of some of the critical
component of any typical connector.
(a) Current carrying blade; (b)Insulators; (c) Motor or manual operating
device; (d)Structure; (e)Base cum rotor housing; (f) Terminal connector;
(g)Earth switch;
Figure 1 Different component of a disconnector
Types of disconnector
There are variuos types of disconnector to suit different
application, voltage rating and reliability of the operation.
Following are some typical design of disconnector,
Figure 2 Centre break (CB) disconnector
May 2018
Figure 3 Single break vertical opening disconnector
Single break- Here the current carrying blades will open
up from the center of the two ends. It will have single
break point of the current carry path. Figure 2 shows
the general arrangement of a center break disconnector
(CB) with horizontal open option.
This is one of the basic models of the disconnector. It
provides single point breaking of the current path. It can
have a horizontally rotating option or vertical opening
option. Opening directions to be chosen based upon
the available space. Figure 3 shows option of vertically
opennable disconnector.
Vertical opening option is useful when the space is not
sufficient. This takes advantage of height to provide
sufficient clearances in the open condition of the
disconnector. This option is viable if the voltage rating
is not very high. However, the load of the connector
terminal and the incoming / outgoing lines are rested
on the rotatable base. The alignment of the contacts
may get changed due to wear and tear of the bearing
due to high mechanical load over the bearing[1,2]. This
poses a limitation on the usage of this type in case of
higher terminal load with longer life.
Double break (DBRB) – This model will have one
rotating blade. This provide double break in the current
carry path. Figure 4 shows a typical double break
rotating blade model. Here the load of the incoming
Figure 3 Double break rotating blade (DBRB) disconnector
63
GuestArticle
/ outgoing line and terminals will not come over the
rotating insulator. The reliability of the disconnector
increases. This requires usage of additional insulator
and structure to hold this rotating blade.
Knee type - With the increase of the voltage level, the
air gap between the income and outgoing terminal
increases. This means the openenable arm length
become taller in a vertically openable single break
design. At very high voltage level, it becomes difficult
to give rotating torque to a very long arm and support
this during the open condition. To overcome these
difficulties knee type disconnector is developed, where
the openable blade will be folded (Figure 5).
Figure 5 Knee type disconnector
Pantograph type (PG) - This variety is useful if there is a
height differences between incoming and outgoing line.
This also helps to tap the power without any physical
break of the main power line (figure 6).
Figure 3 Double break rotating blade (DBRB) disconnector
Design for higher current rating
Design of certain components needs to be reviewed or
re designed in case the current rating of the disconnector
to be increased. In the subsequent paragraphs, a
design approach has been presented in relation with
enhancement of short circuit current rating from 50
kA to 63 kA and continuous current rating of 2500 A
to 3000A. Design to be revisited for both short circuit
current rating and maximum continuous current rating,
64
while increasing the current rating of the disconnector.
The electromagnetic repulsive forces increase as the
short circuit current rating increase. So it is important to
revisit the holding mechanism of the opennable contact.
The holding force in the contact region is achieved
by the spring compression in design. FE simulation
has done to calculate the Lorentz force felt outwards
or opening direction. This force will be generated due
to changes in the current direction and the generated
force is proportional to the current density[3, 4]. Figure
7 shows the current density plot in the fingers of the
moving contact of DBRB type disconnector.
Figure 7 Current density distribution in a finger of DBRD disconnector
This force needs to be countered by the spring
compression force. The spring force is calculated
based on the below formula,
F= k (L1+L2)
Where, L1= Precompression length
L2= Compression length
k= spring constant which can be calculated as below
This also needs to be noted that due to loop shape of
the contact finger, there is will be repulsion in the top
and bottom ribs in a finger. In case force is exceeding
the mechanical stiffness of the finger then it will provide
better gripping of the finger over the moving blade
(Figure 8).
This has to be noted that the other two phases will also
put repulsive force on the other phase disconnector
blade. The locking mechanism of the rotating blades
counters this huge force. If there is a shift in the center of
gravity of one phase to another, then a resultant torque
will try to rotate the blade which will be proportional to
the off centering length. Hence it is extremely important
that all the disconnector is anchored similarly.
May 2018
GuestArticle

May 2018 65
GuestArticle
Figure 8 Current flow path and repulsive force direction in a fixed
contact finger
Apart from the electromagnetic repulsive force, the
contact regions are also worst region where thermal
stress is very high during the short circuit condition.
Transient thermal analysis was done to understand
temperature shoot up during this scenario[5,6]. Figure
9 presents a typical temperature distribution during
the short circuit condition. For achieving better contact
resistance, contact zones are silver coated. It is important
that coating does not reach to melting temperature.
It is possible to achieve lower temperature by increasing
the contact surface area. It is also important to have
proper contact pressure to have lowest possible
resistance in the contact zone.
Figure 9 temperature distribution patterns in a contact zone
Experimental results
After validation of the design using FE tools, the actual
prototype of a DBRB has been made. This has subjected
to short circuit current testing as per IEC-62271-102[7].
Disconnector has also subjected to continuous 3000
A current for 2 hr. K- type thermocouple was placed
at different location of the current carry path of the
disconnector (Figure 10). The maximum temperature
is stabilized at 60o C (Figure 11) which is close to the
66
value predicted by the FE analysis.
Figure 10 Experiential setup for temperature rise test
It has also cleared all the required tests like di electric
withstand, seismic, induced voltage & current test
including the short circuit test
Figure 10 Temperature data in different location of the disconnector
current carry path
Preventive maintenance
Since disconnector consist of rotating parts and it has
opennable contacts, hence preventive maintenance
need to be carried out in a regular intervals. During
preventive maintenance as well as post installation,
alignment of the moving blades is checked critically[8].
Thermal vision cameras [9] can be used to understand
the hot spot temperature in the contact zones.
This will give indication of contact condition. Some
cases contact resistance is also measured as part of
health checking. Generally, utilities have their own
guideline and predefined intervals for this type of critical
measurement.
Conclusion
An overview of different type of disconnector based
upon the applications is presented. A design approach
for up gradation of the existing disconnector for higher
current rating has been explained. Virtual validation of
the design using FE analysis is extremely helpful for
reducing the number of actual prototype iteration. This
also helps to predict the design margin. However, the
design needs to be finally validated with the testing.
May 2018
GuestArticle

Future Trends
Some advance work is also in progress where the
spring less contact system is under development. This
required a special alloy which can provide the elastic
contact with the higher conductivity. This advancement
will radically change the concept of contact design.
With the advancement of wireless technology, R & D
work is in progress where wireless smart controller to
be implemented. This will offer a wireless operating
mechanism with wireless electrically gang of all the
phases with no cabling between switchyard and
remotely located control room as well as in-between the
different phases of disconnector.

REFERENCES
1 Chao Bian, Yug Zhon, Weimin Guan, Jinggang
Yang and Zhiue Xu, “Study on the closing state
of high voltage disconnector based on the modal
analysis”, 20th International conference on Electrical
machines and systems ( ICEMS), 2017, DOI 10.1109 /
ICEMS.2017.8056228.
2 Chao Yang, Gang Li, Yonghuai AN, Shenyi Bai, Shuibin
Zhou, “VLD- based position monitoring method for
intelligent disconnector”, High Voltage electrical
appliances, Vol. 50, No. 7, Pp 76-82,2014.
3 Xiangyu Guan, Naiqiu, Shu, Bing Kang and Minghan
Zou, “ Multiphysics of analysis of plug I connector under
steady and short circuit conditions”, IEEE Transaction on
components, packaging and manufacturing technology,
Vol. 5, No. 3, March 2015.
4 Gholamreza Kodhodaei, Keyhan Sheshyekani,
Mohsen Hamzeh, “ Coupled electric-magnetic-thermal
mechanical modeling of busbars under short circuit
conditions”, IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution,
Vol. 10, Issue 4, Pp 955-963, 2016
5 Yuqin Ding, Qiaogen Zhang, Xuandong Liu, Meng Gao,
Yuan Li, Yi Zhao, Hengchi Ma,Guangqi Liu, Ke Wang,
“Study on thermal circuit model of typical disconnector
and current transformer”, 2017 1st International
conference on electrical materials and power equipment
(ICEMPE), Pp 179-183.
6 David Simek, “The thermal model and temperature rise
test of disconnector”, 17th International conference on
Mechatronics-Mechatronika (ME), 2016.
7 IEC-62271-102, “High Voltage switchgear and
controlgear –Part 102: Alternating current discnnectors
and earthing switches”, 2003.
8 Jan Henning, Jurgensen Anna Brodersson, Lars
Nordstrom, Patrik Hilber, “Impact assessment of remote
control and preventive maintenance on the failure rate of
a disconnector population”, IEEE Transaction on power
delivery.
9 https://www.lumasenseinc.com/EN/home/home-
lumasense-technologies.html „

Subhankar D, Fency A, Nachiket B,

Sarvanan T, Alka S, Ravi A,
Energy product division
Rachem RPG (Pvt) Ltd

Kaladhar D
Hivelm Indusries

May 2018 67
ExpertSpeak
e use electricity knowing that it is dangerous. We
W feel safe, because we have installed protection
devices such as circuit breakers and fuses. We assume
that it ought to disrupt power in case of risk to human
life or property. We trust these protection systems with
our lives. Have we asked ourselves – are they enough?
How often do you see a nuisance tripping of your circuit
breaker? The circuit breaker trips, we turn it back on and
circuits are working just fine. We have all experienced
it. We all have. Experiencing frequent nuisance tripping
is certainly not a good sign. It is an indication that your
electrical systems need to be examined. It could also
mean that your circuit breakers are getting old and
need to be changed. But, amongst the many evils this
is by far better, in comparison to a circuit breaker not
tripping when there is actually an significant electrical
risk. How is that possible you might ask.
Let me share my experiences from a few years ago. The
date is 23rd February 2014. I had started to observe
issues with my electrical supply the night before. I
reached home and wanted to watch a football match
but the set-top box kept turning off randomly. A closer
examination revealed sparking at the spike guard and
intermittent supply from the power adapter to the set-
top box. I assumed that there was a problem with the
adapter. Everything else worked fine at the moment.
Later, close to midnight one of the lights near the same
set-top box started to flicker. Since the supply to the rest
of the house seemed fine, I thought it was too late to
bother. I switched off the lights and went to bed. While
I was sleeping, close to about 5am I heard a sound,
like somebody was knocking at the bedroom door. I
woke up, checked the bedroom door and nobody was
there, just then I heard the knocking sound again. This
68
time I realized the spark appearing at the power outlet
where my cellphone was charging. I switched off all the
devices in my room and went to the distribution board.
I was surprised to find none of the circuit breakers had
tripped. What was I supposed to do now? I started
turning some other devices in the house to see what
happened. I stood close to the distribution box and
assumed in the worse case I would trip some circuit
breakers. Cautiously, I started switching one appliance
at a time in the living room. The first switch was for a
tubelight, it worked, but output was low. The next switch
was for a fan -- that didn’t work. Next I tried one of the
halogen spotlights in the passage close to my bedroom,
and BOOM -- a small explosion!!! The bulb exploded.
No breaker tripped and luckily, no other damage. This
time the sound was enough to wake up the rest of my
family. I turned off the main circuit breaker and then
went to ask the others if they noticed anything odd.
My father complained, that the AC in his room stopped
working and the fan started operating really fast. My
brother smelt some burnt electronics in his room.
Sparking, fans operating at high speeds, bulbs bursting
all indicated overvoltage. But, nobody else in the
building seemed to be complaining. The problem was
localized to my home. How was our flat the only one
in the building receiving a higher voltage. We do have
a three phase supply at home. It was possible that we
were receiving a Phase-to-Phase voltage of 415V at the
appliances/outlets, instead of Phase-to-Neutral of 230V.
I did not have my voltage meter and could not be sure.
But, I still had some lingering thoughts. What was the
cause of the Phase-to-Phase voltage? It would have to
suggest a Phase-to-Neutral Short. Which should have
tripped the circuit breakers. And what was the reason
May 2018
ExpertSpeak

for the low light output, flickering, random switching off

the set top box – all indicated an undervoltage condition
or an intermittent power supply.
A few hours later, at a more decent time in the morning
morning I went down to the meter room with the local
electrician. He measured the incoming supply to
the meter and confirmed it was alright. However, the
antiquated meter installed in 1981 had a connection
in the neutral path that had failed, and about time.
The meter had outrun its lifetime. Certainly, it was an
oversight on our part. This poor maintenance of the
electrical system created an rather scary situation for
my family.
The fault that we had experienced is commonly known
as a “floating neutral”, “neutral open” or a “neutral
fail”. It is one of the more challenging electrical faults
to detect and protect. When you face it the effects are
catastrophic. The voltage observed at different phases
could be anywhere from 0V-415V, but most probably
somewhere in between. This rather precarious situation
arises from the fact that the neutral is floating and
would “assume” an voltage based on loads connected
amongst the respective phases.
The floating neutral condition clearly explains why
some of the devices were observing a higher voltage
and other devices connected to another phase were
observing low voltage levels. It also confirms why
none of the circuit breaker tripped. There wasn’t any
short circuit condition. The problem was related to
the voltages levels and they were enough to damage
appliances and even trigger fires.
Understanding the gravity of the situation I am happy
that with Gods grace we avoided a major calamity that
day. It makes we wonder how many of the recent fires
making daily headlines could have been averted with
better more sound protection devices. It is a fact that
the circuit protections that we use, rely on, and trust
are not designed to cover all known electrical risks.
Our application of circuit protection theory needs
to be revisited. During the course of the research
performed at Jhaveri Power Labs we have identified 20
unique electrical problems that one faces in the Indian
environment. Issues such as neutral failure, exposed
wires, loose connections, rats nibbling on insulation
amongst others are all cause of fires. There are a total of
12 fire causing events that are all misclassified as short
circuits. At Jhaveri Power Labs we have indigenously
developed the POWEReasy solution that can monitor
your electrical supply and protect against 20 unique
electrical faults including the 12 fire causing events. It is
the only solution to have complete coverage of 20 known
electrical faults and comes with additional features to
improve electrical quality, maximize equipment life and
save energy. „
Tejas Jhaveri
PhD, is Founder, Jhaveri Power Labs LLP

May 2018 69
ViewPoint
n recent days there are major fires taking place in
I Urban Areas and Mega cities. Many Public programs,
Entertainment shows and High Rise Buildings are
catching fire because of various reasons. However the
moment fire is quinced the fire Dept quickly announces
that the fire was due to short circuit. The site of fire
is Not even visited by the concern Electrical Inspector
even then fire Dept announces the reason behind fire.
The announcement of cause of fire is the responsibility
of the Electrical Inspector as per Electricity Rules.
Then the question comes that
1) who has carried out the wiring/installation,
2) whether it was inspected and approved by
Electrical Inspector,
3) Whether the Installation carried out by Licensed
Electrical Contractor,
4) In accordance with the standard norms and
practices followed for proper installation?
5) If ISI marked material was used or not?
The Electrical Short Circuit or Electrical Fire generally
takes place mainly on the following Installations.
h Events, Programs, Large Public meetings where
temporary wiring is carried out for the Tenure of
the event.
h Old buildings, where old electrical Installation
(Generally for more than 25-30 years old) exists,
which has grossly over loaded wires and cables
due to additional load put on the old installation.
h Construction sites, where the wires and cables
switchgear are laid without following the proper
Installation procedure, which results in to over
loading of wires, cables and switchgears installed
70
till the completion of the construction.
h Shipyards, R C C Casting Yards and similar sites
where wires and cables are just sprayed on
ground and subjected to all handling of trollies,
falling of material, etc.
h Typical type of Industrial Establishments like Steel
plants, Cement plant, fish processing plants.
Food processing yards, etc.
h Agricultural fields, where temporary nature of
installation is used permanently.
h In general where installation work is not done as
per standard practices and carried out carelessly.
Rules & Regulations
Central Electricity Authority have formulated Rules and
Regulations for Electrical Safety and is titled as :
“Central Electricity Authority (Measures relating to
Safety and Electric Supply) Regulation – 2015”
In our country Roti, Kapada and Makan were earmarked
as basic needs, but today Electricity is also considered
as basic need, particularly in the Urban Areas. As
such all the cities, towns and even villages do have
the Electricity Board’s/Licencee’s wire Network which
is tapped at the consumer’s premises and meters are
installed. The accidents starting point begins here.
The reasons
h Unauthorised tapping of 440 V; 3 ph. Supply from
overhead L.T. Lines.
h Improper Installation of wires, cables and other
electrical equipments as well as illiteracy about
Electricity Rules and Regulations.
May 2018
ViewPoint
h Joints, Tappings of wires and cables are generally
loosesly done and Not properly Insulated with
Tapes. These leads to small sparkings.
h Connectors are generally not used for the
purpose of continuation of wires and termination
of wires.
h Loose Termination gives sparking, joint’s heating
and charring effects.
h Not Maintaining the adequate clearances/
distances between two feeder wires which
are open wires in the overhead supply, which
generates Electrical field and offen arcing is also
seen.
h Installation Not having proper earthing and No
ELCB or MCB for tripping of supply in case of
eventuality.
h In the villages where Electricity Tripping is a
frequent phenomina, there is a tendancy of
tieing of switchgear handles with a rope, so that
the Switchgear/starters do not tripp off when
power failure and there is no need to restart the
switchgear when power is re-established.
h The life of wiring as per National Electricity Code
of 2011 is 20 to 25 years, during this period the
wires, cables, switchgears get deteriorated and
get under rated. They are also overloaded due
to additional load. Hence they need to be
replaced with new equipments and wires.
This is NOT done.
h Flamable material like paper Rags, kerosene,
chemicals, Gas Cylinder etc. are stored around
the electrical installation.
h The fire occurs due to fire triangle components
e.g. spark, flammable
Oxygen substance and oxygen
Flammable And the total Electrical
Substance
fires to the extent of 40
to 45 percent are due to
Spark
Electrical Short Circuit.
About 2500 people died
due to Electrical Fire last Spark year.
h For avoiding these short circuits we need to figure
out the reasons and try to eliminate these reasons
to avoid fire break ups.
h In order to avoid Electrical Fires we shall start
looking & avoiding reasons from beginning
In Civil Construction
a) The Architect generally looks for aesthetic show
of the building and Ambiance surrounding. He is
generally not concerned with the Electrical Safety
due to unawareness.
You will find at many places that the Electrical
Control Room and Meter Room is located below
May 2018
the Stair Case, which do not have manuvaring
space as well as there is poor ventilation.
b) To take cables on the upper floors, generally a
cut is provided on the slab of landings of the
Stair cases, hardly a separate Electrical Duct is
provided in the Buildings.
c) Due to space constrains generally safe clearance
and distances between cables coming from
Substation to Meter Room and from Meter Room
to every floor are not observed.
d) Ground Clearances in Substation is NOT
observed.
e) Less no of Earthing Stations are provided due to
the paucity of open space as well as Lightening
Arrestors are shifted at rear side of the building
instead of Highest Point.
f) Not using Standard ISI marked material and
equipments.
g) The Labours are ill qualified and not having
adequate experience and expertise.
h) Standard Procedure as required by National
Building Code/National Electricity Code is NOT
followed.
i) Workmen and Supervisors do NOT have required
Training for the proper installation and Not having
the knowledge of Rules; Regulations & Practice of
Installations.
j) For underground cable proper Cable Trenches
with covers and/or RCC Pipe Duct with chambers
are NOT provided in the campus.
k) Control Panels do NOT have a separate Panel
Room with Cable Trenches, instead they are
located below the stair case space.
l) Cable Trays are NOT provided, but cables are laid
on wall or laid loose above false ceiling.
In Industry/Factories/Workshop
The Industry has large consumption of Power as
such large power consuming machinery need bigger
Electrical Equipments like Switchgears, Transformers,
D.G. Sets, Control Panels, Cables, Trunking Bus Bars
etc. are used invariably. Hence Trained and Expert
Electrical Staff has to be appointed in the Industry.
a) While original Installation as well as subsequent
addition and alteration in the Installation all
proper procedure of laying cables on trays,
fixing them with proper sized saddles; keeping
adequate clearances between cable, giving
cable ties and numbering them. Keeping vertical
clearance/distance below control panel form the
maintenance point of view has to be done.
b) Substation and Main Control Room must display
Cable Layout Plans, Drawings of the Control
Panel, Details of DG Sets, Transformer and other
Heavy Switchgear Equipments.
71
ViewPoint
c) Fire Protection System, Co2 Gas Cylinders, First
Aid Box, Respiration Chart, Safety Equipments
like H. T. Hand Gloves, D. O. Fuse Fixing Rod,
Rubber Mat (Electrical Grade) with ISI marking,
Fire Buckets & Co2 Extinguishers etc. Will have to
be provided.
d) If Installation is Big and Factory is working in Two/
Three Shifts there should be available a team
of Electrical Engineer, Electrical Supervisor and
Licensed Electricians/Wiremen per shift as well
as Senior Electrical Engineers during day for
overseeing and future planning.
Electrical Audit
In order to avoid any Electrical Accident and Electrical
Fire due to Short Circuit, the Electrical Audit must be
carried out every three/five years.
The following procedure should be adopted for carrying
out the Electrical Audit.
History of Electrical Installation
The book should be maintained giving list of all the
equipments in the Installation, Load Sanction Papers
& list thereof. New additional load spare capacity
provided.
Sanction letters, approval letters and approved
Electrical Layout Plans by Electrical Inspector and /or
Chief Engineer of Supply Company, Building/Factory
Layout Plan for complete Electrical Installation and Fire
Protection Installation and also Control Panel Drawings.
Certification from Electrical Inspector and Chartered
Electrical Safety Engineer and / or Electrical Auditor for
Total Installation that Installation is carried out as per
prevailing Rules, Regulations and Standard Practices of
Electrical Installation.
Observations Notes
If the Installation carried out is as per National Electricity
Code as well as the other Rules, Regulations and
Practices.
Documentation
h Following Papers should be prepared for Audit
h Inspection Report
h Single Line Diagram
h Transformer Oil Breakdown Voltage Test
h Insulation Test Report
h Earth Resistance Test Report
h Capacitor Test Report
h Protection Relays Test Report
h Log Book for Transformers and Allied Equipments
Working
h Log Book for DG Set Working & its maintenance.
72
Earthing :
Testing the Earth pits for its proper functioning and
checking IR values, Earth Resistance Values.
Testing Lightning Arrester and checking its Conductive/
Resistive Values.
Flammable Area in the Factory
Checking installations and other electrical equipments
in Paint Shop, Battery Room, Gas Cylinder Storage,
Chemical Storage Area and Keeping up to date record
of all these Installations and the protection equipments
functionability.
Preventive Maintenance
Regularly checking for preventive maintenance all the
Electrical Lighting; Motive power equipments, Earthing
Systems and conforming that the results are as per
specified in IS; Register of Electrical Fire and Accidents
should be maintained.
Hot Spot
Checking the areas of overloading and taking THERMAL
IMAGING of the equipments cables, wires Distribution
Board for possible overloading and getting the images
thereof and maintaining the record.
Lift Inspection
Ensure that the Lifts are properly maintained by the
properly trained workforce, it is inspected very regularly
by the authority, the operating staff is properly trained
and update them with changes in the Lift Operations,
Maintenance and the Acts & Rules.
General Precautions
The Non Electrical Staff of Administration HR, Security,
Stores & Godowns as well as engineers of other
branches like Mechanical, Civil, Chemical, IT etc.
should be given basic training of Electrical Safety and
handling of routine equipments.
Provisions of various Electricity Act, Rules and
Regulations, Code of Practice should be made aware
to all concern.
All the Electrical Installations i.e. Residential, Commercial
& Industrial as well as H. T. Installation should be got
done from a Licensed Electrical Contractor in order
to have proper, electrically safe and as per the Rules,
Regulations & Standard Norms & Practices of carrying
out safe installation. This is mandatory as per Electricity
Act 2003.
If these practices are adopted for permanents,
Temporary or casual Installations there will be NO threat
of Short Circuit and Electrical Fire. „
Anil Gachke
Former General Secretary
Electrical Contractors’ Association of Maharashtra
May 2018
May 2018 73
Opinion
The increased standard of living of an average Indian
house hold with the economic growth has also increased
our dependence on electricity in our day to day life. This
also means a typical household has more electrical
appliances today than ever before. Also, the common
trend in urban India is high rise residential construction
with the increase in density of population per square
foot area. Considering these facts, it’s important for us
to give the electrical wiring its due attention and follow
safe wiring practices to avoid fire accidents.
At present in India home owners are not involved in
decision making of matters related to electrical wiring
both due to concealed nature of the application and
the limited knowledge and home owners tend to
focus more on paint, electrical accessories, plumbing
accessories etc. But considering the importance of the
electrical wiring for the overall safety of the household
it is important for home owners to involve and ensure
good wiring practices are followed by the developers /
contractors.
Key steps to ensure safer wiring & safer homes:
1. Use copper wires made of pure copper
(electrolytic) only for optimum current carrying
capacity. You can ensure this by buying
cables of reputed brands that are ISI marked
2. Wiring specification:
a. For light electrical loads (tube-lights, fans etc)
less than 250 Watts use 1.5 Sq. mm copper
wire
b. For medium electrical loads (TV, refrigerator,
computer, music system etc) between 250
watts to 1000 watts use 2.5 Sq. mm copper
wires
74
c. For medium heavy electrical loads (Air-
conditioners, geyser, grinder, washing
machine, oven etc) between 1000 watts to
3000 watts always use 4 Sq. mm copper wires
3. Ensure the electrical points are properly
planned in the house not only for present use
but also for future applications. When more
plugs are connected to one point, it results in
the cables drawing cumulative current of all the
appliances connected to that point resulting in the
overloading and short circuit
4. Ensure correct planning and designing of the
electrical circuit
a. Ensure independent circuits for each room
b. Keep higher load gadgets in separate circuits
like AC, Geyser, Heater, Iron etc.
c. Isolate each major circuit and connect it to a
Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
d. Circuits should be further sub distributed for
each room
5. Follow right earthing practices to avoid electric
shocks
a. Use copper wires, plates and rods for earthing
as Galvanized Iron plates and rods tend to
corrode and disintegrate
Central Electricity Authority (Measures
relating to safety and Electric Supply)
Regulations, 2010.
h The regulations specify the following key
requirements concerning home and other
installations:
May 2018
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May 2018 75
Opinion

Licensed contractors only suppliers are required to inspect and test installations
Under regulation 29(1), only an electrical contractor under the provisions of Regulation 30(3). Form I (for
licensed by the state government can undertake installations up to 250 volts) requires the report to cover
electrical works. Those executing the work under him the condition of service lines, cables, wires, apparatus
must have a certificate of competency of wireman’s and “such other fittings placed by the supplier or owner
grade issued by state government. And all workers of the premises.” The report must state whether the
must be deployed under supervisors who have have a condition of these is satisfactory or not. Form II (for
certificate of competency of supervisor’s grade issued installations above 250 volts and below 650 volts)
by the government. The regulation is applicable to all has a provision to also report whether the register
electrical installation work except 250-volt or below of designated persons is kept as required under
sundry fixtures like lamp replacement and the like. Regulation 3 and that it is duly updated and attested.
Regulation 29(2) further prohibits the powering up of Essentially, the thrust of the regulations is on following
electrical installations and wiring done by any person
and enforcing prescribed standards to enhance the
other than those certified.
safety of installations, as the very title specifies. The
provisions also seek to build an ecosystem where the
Right person, right records entire electrical system -- from supplier through the
The rules also recognize that different levels of distributor to the end user -- is built, maintained and
proficiency will be required for various installations. supervised in a manner that it is robust, safe and can be
House wiring calls for skills materially different form operated with minimal losses.
those required for high tension power lines. Regulation
3(1) calls for designation of persons to execute specified
tasks, with their names recorded in a register as National Electrical Code of
specified in Regulation 3(2) to ensure that only qualified India 2011 – Key Provisions
and certified persons are working in a given designated
h Section (9) of the National Electrical Code is
area. Regulation 3(3) specifies that no person shall be
designated unless he has a certificate of competency primarily intended to cover guidelines on essential
or electrical work permit issued by the appropriate design and constructional requirements of wiring
government and his name is entered in the said register. installations which are commonly applicable to
all types of occupancies. The NEC guides for
This helps not only keep a record of work and people selection and safe installation of equipment and
but also to fix responsibility in case of mishaps. Under
materials. However, the NEC is not intended as
Regulation 4(1), the records are liable to be produced
a design specification, but rather, is for reference
before an Electrical Inspector, who is empowered under
Regulation 4(2) to recommend removal of the names and guidance.
of those not qualified. This keeps an external check on
contractors and will help ensure that work standards are Estimation of Electrical Loads and Related
not compromised or work is not handed to ill-trained Protection
staff just to cut down on spends at the cost of safety. Different types of circuits are needed to carry the load
in each location like room. Wiring in each circuit is
Inspection forms protected by an over current device, either a fuse or
Schedule IV of the Regulations lists the forms of Circuit Breaker. If a circuit becomes overloaded, or a
Inspection Report which are required to be filled when short circuit develops, the breaker will open to stop

Statistics of Electrical Accidents State wise Electrical Accidents

Human & Animal [Fatal/Non-Fatal] (Major Contributors)
18000
14729

14513

NUMBER OF ACCIDENT CASES

14290

3500
16000 3032
3000
11444

14000 2548
2218 2450
12000 2500
8869

10000 2000
1341
8000 1500 1133
5828

5808
5517

5382

5244
5182

1080
4799

960 969 2016-17

4296
3925

6000 1000
3534

3427

3244

603 2015-16
2597
2336

2309

4000 500
2000
217

0
92
57

40
11

0
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
Year
Total Human Fatal Human Non-Fatal Animal Fatal Animal Non-Fatal

Central Electricity Central Electricity

Electrical Accident Analysis – Issues & Challenges Authority
|
Electrical Accident Analysis – Issues & Challenges Authority

76 May 2018
May 2018 77
Opinion
the current flow. By providing multiple branch circuits
within a house, one can keep costs down and ensure
safe operation. The load carrying capacity of a wire is
measured in amperes and stated as ampacity. Wire with
higher cross section has a higher ampacity. Appliances
having higher power need will require larger wire with a
higher ampacity.
Circuits
The various types of circuits include:
h General Purpose Circuit: A General-Purpose
Circuit includes all lighting outlets and most
receptacles. These circuits do supply lighting but
are rather used to connect other items such as
vacuum cleaners, radios, televisions, computing
gadgets, entertainment devices etc., to them.
h Small Appliance Circuit: Small Appliance Circuit
are often the ones used in the kitchen area to
supply power to mixers, toasters, blenders, and
other small appliances.
h Individual Branch Circuits: Individual Branch
Circuits are wired directly from the breaker
panel to only one appliance. They are used for
items that require larger loads, e.g. A/C, water
heater, etc.
Electrical Devices – Precautions
Electrical wiring, if fireproofed with thermal insulation,
must be de-rated in ampacity. Extra length of wire
should be provided so that it gives it the flexibility
and liberty as to where to attach the wire. And it also
prevents possible stress on a too tight wire. The cable
can be installed on a wall, in cable tray or embedded
in or below a concrete slab. Where cables embedded
in concrete emerge from the slab, protection against
sheer damage shall be provided by means of a short
PVC conduit stub, metal plate or angle, at that point.
Reasonable precautions should be taken against blows
with sharp instruments and pulling over sharp objects.
And extra care should be taken to avoid the ingress of
moisture due to condensation.
Electric motors generally draw a high current during
starting cycle, requiring wire and fuse sizes to be
calculated carefully. Even during the run cycle of
a motor, if the voltage is low it causes the motor to
overheat and may cause failure. If the voltage drops
considerably, the wire size is too small. Low voltage can
cause the motor to fail.
Critical equipment includes all emergency shutdown
equipment such as block valves; emergency lighting
equipment; and any other monitoring equipment. All
electrical work requires a permit, licensed electricians
to carry out all such work. In case the installation is not
proper, then the connections (where the wires join to
the outlets and switches) can present a fire hazard.
78
Residential Wiring – Key Considerations
(CLAUSE 5.1.1.2)
h Installation shall be separate for ceiling and
higher levels in walls
h Devices consuming higher power or supplied by
cord n plug separate wiring
h For plug-in equipment, provisions for ELCB at sub
distribution board
h Separate circuits for Kitchen and bathroom
h Each sub circuit shall not have more than 10
points (light, fan n 6A sockets)
h Power sub circuit designed as per load but in no
case more than two 16A socket; practice is 16A
socket for RAC, cooking range, storage water
heater etc.
h Common area lighting separate
h Large halls 3 wire control with individual and
master control for effective conservation
h Any fire alarm / emergency lighting circuits shall
be segregated from all other cables and from
each other, Extra low voltage circuit like ICE must
be having separate system
Large Buildings – Key Recommendations
(CLAUSE 5.1.1.5)
h Deploy sub distribution board (final circuit
distribution board) to avoid cable length or
prevent voltage drop at more distant points
(lamps n fans etc)
h Number of sub main circuits (distribution Ckt),
sub distribution boards (branch distribution
boards), final circuits to load are decided as per
number of points to be wired and load to be
connected per circuit.
h Distribution board with plenty of wiring space
between terminals and adequate size
h Branch distribution board with surge protective
device and earth leakage protection on live
conductor of each sub circuit and the earthed
neutral conductor connected to common link but
capable of being disconnected for
testing purpose
h Power socket outlet circuit not to exceed 3000 W.
In case of fault only particular circuit should get
disconnected
h Essential loads fed by standby source through
separate wiring; wiring for safety services
separate and distinct
h Unless otherwise specified wiring shall be done
only by ‘looping system’. Phase conductors
looped at switch boxes and neutral at point
outlets. „
Amol C Kalsekar
Chief Manager – Building Wire
International Copper Association India
May 2018
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May 2018 79
Insight
se of fire survival cables in buildings and
U establishments are a key to minimize loss during
fire breakouts.
While electricity is a wonderful aspect of modern life,
it can be dangerous if we aren’t careful. Electrical fires
are a frequent occurrence in India. We read and hear of
instances in the news regularly describing ghastly fire
accidents causing massive damage to property and
claiming innocent lives. Majority of electrical fires are
a result of short circuit due to old wiring, damaged or
poor quality of equipment and faulty outlets.
Warning signs of electrical dangers
include
h Reoccurring or frequent issues associated with
blowing fuses in machinery, appliances or tripping
circuit breakers.
h Tingling sensation as you touch an electrical
appliance at home.
h Sparks coming from an outlet or discolored or
warm wall outlets.
h A continuous burning smell from a room or
appliance.
h Lights that frequently flicker or dim.
Cables are like ‘Arteries & Veins’ of any construction
reaching each & every corner of the building, hence
selection of right cable, its sizing, testing and installation
all put together plays a vital role for in-service
performance of the cable. And with the rapid growth in
infrastructure and urbanization there is a growing need
for specialty cables. Fire survival cables, especially,
have seen a steady demand in places inhabited by
people with limited mobility like hospitals, clinics
80
or with unfamiliar layout of buildings like malls
and cinema halls and crowded places like offices,
schools, etc where the need to evacuate people during
fire breakouts is of primary concern.
Cables play a key role in safety of an establishment
with respect to fires, as they are a vital link between
emergency equipment and their power or control
source and hence it is crucial that they must remain
functional even during a fire. In case of a large fire;
Elevators, escalators, extraction fans, emergency
lighting, warning sirens, etc; need to keep running as
long as possible so people can get out.
Electrical cables and wires - the
significant fire safety issue in today’s
establishments and installations:
h If the insulating or jacketing materials in cables
catch fire, they can represent a significant quantity
of fuel for fire, because of the sheer volume of
cables in modern buildings (electrical, telephone,
computer connections …etc.).
h If cables are not fire safe, then they are highly
susceptible to be the cause of fire, making
overheating of wires, arcing, short circuits or
electrical faults develop into flames of burning
insulating material.
h Furthermore, cables are often the carriers of fire
through a building, as they cross fireproof walls,
linking occupied spaces to service areas, ceiling
voids and other parts of the building. In case of
fire, they can also result in:
h Increased smoke emission (sufficient to limit
visibility and inhibit escape).
May 2018
Insight
h Increased carbon monoxide production (the most
lethal gas in fires).
h Release of irritant gases (depending on the
materials used, hydrochloric acid HCl, hydro
fluoric acid HF, carbonyl fluoride COF2, and
acrolein).
Types of Fire Safety Cables: LSZH Cables
Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH) cables are the safe
choice for locations where in which there is fire potential
and the potential for people to be near that fire.
Why LSZH Cables?
h Eliminates the hazard of suffocation by inhalation
of highly irritant Hydrochloric acid that is formed
FWTKPIſTG
Prevents release of dense smoke that impairs visibility
of the fire exit routes and hampers rescues operations.
h Reduces confusion, panic and suffocation ratio,
which allows people to reach safety
h Slow to burn, therefore increases the time to carry
out rescue operations and reduces the immediate
damage.
h More environmentally-friendly than other materials
h Flame retardant property prevents the fire from
spreading throughout the premises.
h Cables allow smooth functioning of Fire safety
equipments.
Jackets have a lower coefficient of friction than some
May 2018
non-LSZH jackets, which facilitate easier cable
installation.
LSZH cables are perfect for applications that require high
performance and reliability while offering outstanding
safety, typically used for Hospitals & Clinics, Shopping
Malls, Public Buildings, Airport Terminals, Cinemas
& Theaters, Hotels, Commercial Offices, Schools &
Colleges, Residential Compounds, etc.
Flame Retardant Cables
Flame retardant cables are designed for use in fire
situations where the spread of flames along a cable
route needs to be retarded. This is achieved through
the use of sheathing materials that do not readily burn
and will tend to self-extinguish. Normally, for this type
of cables, flame retardant Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
sheathing is used.
The typical application for flame retardant cables is in
places where fire needs to be curbed, but smoke and
acid gas emission does not pose a serious threat to life
or property. Due to relative low cost, flame retardant
cables are also widely used as fire survival cables.
Fire Resistant Cables
The Resistance-to-fire (of a cable) is the term used to
describe how long a cable continues to operate during
a fire. This is of primary importance in the running of fire
fighting installations.
Fire resistant cables are designed to maintain circuit
integrity of the vital safety and rescue equipment during
the fire. In addition to maintaining circuit integrity under
fire conditions, Fire resistant cables have limited smoke
emission and corrosive gases when assessed under
the fire conditions, thus safeguarding human life and
protecting equipment.
Performance of Cables in the Event of
Fire
Many tests have been developed over the years in
an attempt to evaluate the potential performance of
both individual materials and complete cables. Fire
test methods relating to cables can be split into two
categories, those which test the whole cable and those
which evaluate individual component materials. The
tests on materials are not specific to cable standards
but are often specified therein.
h For standard installation conditions – cables with
standard flame retardancy are used.
h For installations in non-hazardous industries and
open conditions–Cables with improved oxygen
index are used, popularly known as ‘FR’ cables.
h For installations with human surroundings and
chemical or refineries, or hazardous plants etc
– Cables with improved oxygen index and low
smoke properties are used, popularly known as
81
Insight

‘FRLS’ cables. Flame Propagation Test: (IEC 60332-1,

Further cables with ‘Low smoke & Zero halogen
h
(LSZH)’ are used in Hospitals, Railways and
BS EN 60332-1)
metros, high rise buildings, shopping malls,
theaters, airports, i.e. basically areas of high
population in closed circumstances.
h - Fire survival cables are mandatory to use where
circuit integrity is of prime importance in case of
fire. Those are used mainly along with fire alarm
systems, elevators, lighting systems at Metro
railways, airports, high rises, mines, etc.

Fire Testing Standards and Methods:

Fire testing methods and building safety standards
define specific fire safety requirements applicable to
cables. Fire safety of cables can be achieved by different
methods, depending on the degree of fire resistance
required for the given application.
Indian standards for cables e.g. IS 1554 (for PVC
insulated Cables), IS 7098 (for XLPE insulated cables, or
IS- 694 for wires and flexibles) covers the requirements
for cables for safety against fire. On the cable or wire
outer jacket additional properties against fire are
mentioned by marking word ‘FR’ or ‘FRLS’. By this user
understands the cable type.
Internationally also, similar practices are followed
&there are tests to monitor the performance of the cable
under fire condition.
a) Smoke emission from cable during fire is monitored
as under:
- For ‘FRLS’ cables during fire, visibility maintained
is at least 40% or smoke density of 60%
maximum. It is measured as per IS 10810 Part 63
or ASTM D 2843.
- For ‘LSZH’ cables during fire, visibility maintained
is at least 80% or smoke density of 20%. It is
measured as per IS 10810 Part 63 or ASTM D
2843.
b) Halogen Acid gas emission from cable during fire
is monitored.
- For ‘FRLS’ cables during fire, maximum halogen
gas emitted should be 20% by weight. It is
measured as per IS 10810 Part 59 or IEC 60754
Part 1.
- For ‘LSZH’ cables during fire, maximum halogen
gas emitted should be 0.5% by weight. It is
measured as per IS 10810 Part 59 or IEC 60754
Part 1.
c) Flame retardant tests for cables installed in group
- Condition of fire for group of cable is simulated
& extend of fire propagation is measured. It is
measured as per IS 10810 part 62 or IEC 60332-3.
The performance of cables under fire conditions is
defined in a number of international standards –
British Standards (BS) also, the outline of which is as
follows:-
This test is used to measure the resistance to vertical
flame propagation for a single vertical electrical
insulated conductor or cable under fire conditions. The
single insulated conductor or cable shall pass the test if
the distance between the lower edge of the top support
and the onset of charring is greater than 50 mm. In
addition, a failure shall be recorded if charring extends
downwards to a point greater than 540 mm from the
lower edge of the top support.
Flame Spread Test: (IEC 60332-3, BS EN
60332-3)
This test attempts to simulate a real installation
environment and uses bunched cables, 3.5m long,
fixed in a vertical arrangement. The ignition source is a
ribbon type propane/air burner with a fuel input of 73.7
MJ/hour. The burner is arranged horizontally at the foot
of the ladder to which the cables are fastened and is
applied for 20 or 40 minutes, depending on the category.
The bunched wires or cables shall pass the test if the
maximum extent of the charred portion measured on
the samples shall not have reached a height exceeding
2.5 m above the bottom edge of the burner.
Fire Resistance Test: (IEC 60331, BS 6387)
This test is intended to evaluate cables which are
designed as fire survival cables to be used for fire
alarm circuits, emergency lighting, and cables for other
emergency services. The test establishes whether a
cable can maintain electrical circuit integrity for a time
up to 3 hours at temperatures ranging from 650 °C up
to in excess of 950 °C.

82 May 2018
May 2018 83
Insight
Resistance to Fire with Water
BS 6387 (Category W): Cables are subjected to fire at
650 °C for 15 minutes, then at 650°C with water spray
for further 15 minutes.
Resistance to Fire with Mechanical
Shock
IEC 60331-31: Cables are subjected to fire at 830 °C
with mechanical shock for 120 minutes.
BS 6387 (Category X): Cables are subjected to fire at
650 °C with mechanical shock for 15 minutes.
BS 6387 (Category Y): Cables are subjected to fire at
750 °C with mechanical shock for 15 minutes.
BS 6387 (Category Z): Cables are subjected to fire at
84
950 °C with mechanical shock for 15 minutes.
BS 7846 (Category F30): Resistance to fire with direct
mechanical impact & water jet assessed in combination,
when tested in accordance with BS 8491 for 30 Min.
BS 7846 (Category F60): Resistance to fire with direct
mechanical impact & water jet assessed in combination,
when tested in accordance with BS 8491 for 60 Min.
BS 7846 (Category F120): Resistance to fire with direct
mechanical impact & water jet assessed in combination,
when tested in accordance with BS 8491 for 120 Min.
(All cables manufactured as per BS 7846 are supposed
to pass all the tests as per BS 6387)
The cable will possess the characteristics for providing
circuit integrity so long as during the course of the test;
the voltage is maintained i.e. no fuse fails or circuit-
breaker is interrupted and a conductor does not rupture,
i.e. the lamp is not extinguished.
Determination of the Halogen Acid Gas
Content
IEC 60754-1 and BS EN 50267-2-1 Standards specify
a test for determination of the halogen acid gas other
than the hydrofluoric acid evolved during combustion
of compound based on halogenated polymers and
May 2018
Insight
compounds containing halogenated additives taken
from cable constructions. In this test, when the burner
is heated to 800 °C, 1g sample is placed inside and the
HCL is absorbed into water inside the chamber fed with
air flow. The water is then tested with its acidity. If the
hydrochloric acid yield is less than 5 mg/g, the cable
specimen is categorized as LSHF.
Determination of Acidity
IEC 60754-2 and BS EN 50267-2-2 Standards specify a
test for the determination of degree of acidity of gases
evolved during combustion of the cable specimen by
measuring its pH and ionic conductivity. The specimen
is deemed to pass this test if the pH value is not less
than 4.3 when related to 1 litre of water and the weighted
value of conductivity is less than10 μS/mm.
Smoke Emission Test: (IEC 61034, BS EN
61034)
IEC 61034 and BS EN 61034 Standards specify a test
for determination of smoke density.
A one-meter length of cable is placed in the 3 m3
enclosure, and a fire is then generated within the
container and the minimum light transmission is
recorded. The result is expressed as percentage of light
transmitted. The specimen is deemed to pass this test
if the value is greater than 60%. The higher the light
transmittance, the less smoke emitted during a fire.
Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI): (BS EN ISO
4589, ASTM D 2863)
BS EN ISO 4589 and ASTM D 2863 Standards
Specify methods for the determination the minimum
concentration of oxygen, in a mixture with nitrogen,
which will support combustion of small vertical test
specimens under specified test conditions over a
range of temperatures between 25 °C and 150 °C. The
May 2018
results are defined as oxygen index values at the test
temperature.
To conclude, it is important to look beyond the bliners
of price and rather put more emphasis on upgrading
technology and incorporating means of mitigating risks
that arise from fires. Unfortunately, we are still not very
serious about safety standards in our country. The first
concern being that Costs still have precedence over
Safety and the second are the outdated standards of
quality checks and testing that we still follow, while the
world has moved to more upgraded standards for safety
and protection of their consumers. The question to ask
is, while we are updated in terms of providing global
technology, why are we lagging behind in adhering to
global standards of safety and quality?
Generally public sector undertakings follow the ‘L1’
approach, where the lowest quotation is approved. This
forced economy reduces profitability and the initiative
to invest in R&D. Unlike here in India, in European or
American economies innovations and R&D is welcomed
by the governments which aid safety of the population
at large.
There are an increasing number of cases of fire due to
short circuit, and especially in crowded cities, and high
rises where countless lives have been lost. It is high
time that even the establishment owners take onus of
the high degree of risk that comes with the use of poor
quality cables and should conduct proper research
before making the final selection. The quality of cables
should not be compromised for the sake of price.
Moreover, people should be made aware that a
standardized and a well-engineered product will give
higher returns on investment as compared to a non-
standardized one. Selecting quality cables is important
not only as property and life-saver, but also because it
reduces electricity consumption.
Also there have to be stringent quality checks of cables,
both at manufacturers’ end as well as at users end.
Getting the installations checked regularly through
specialized agencies for homes as well as other
establishments will also help lower the risk of fires, as
installation can also play a big role in avoiding mishaps.
Although we do see an increasing trend in industry,
especially the large ones who buy cables directly, to
focus on flame retardant cables, the other segments
need to bring in the focus on this aspect, especially
builders and utilities. Some high rises are now asking
for FR/FRLS as well as Fire Survival cables and this
trend is slowly increasing, which we need to speed up
so that customers demand cables with additional fire
safety features. „
Piyush Karia
Director, Ravin Cables Ltd.
85
Thoughts
lectricity is essential to modern life, both at home
E and on the job. It has become such a familiar part
of our daily life. However, we tend to overlook the
hazards electricity poses and fail to treat it with the
respect it deserves. Electricity is often referred to as a
“silent killer”, because it cannot be tasted, seen, heard,
or smelled. It is essentially invisible. One of the most
important responsibilities of any facility’s management
is to keep employees safe. Each facility will have
a different list of potential hazards to address, and
properly addressing them will protect employees and
contribute to the facility’s future success. Electricity has
also introduced a wide range of potential dangers that
really didn’t exist before its widespread use. Taking
electrical safety seriously in the homes and facility will
help to get all the benefits, while minimizing any risks.
In the Indian scenario, data shows that the majority of
industrial disasters and commercial or household fires
are a result of electrical short circuits. These electrical
short circuits cause fires in the electrical appliances or
electrical fittings, which rapidly spread through flames
via the connecting electrical wires to the surrounding
rooms or halls and combustible furniture, etc. Apart
from igniting the combustible furniture, other connected
electrical equipment, these ‘under fire’ cables emit thick
smoke from the burning insulating compounds in the
wires, which cause asphyxia in humans, if exposed to
such hazardous environments for prolonged periods
lead to their falling into coma or their death if unattended
or untreated.
Recent changes in the governing regulatory and
technical standards for insulated electrical cable and
cords used in homes and offices and electrification
are meant to ensure better quality and higher flame
withstand parameters of these wires and cables.
Despite the fact that regulatory standards are in place,
86
it is felt that the compliance to the standards should
be tightened. Unfair trade practices and lower quality
manufacturing of wires by the unorganised cable
manufacturers makes the competition unhealthy and
the consumers unsafe.
Statutory provisions
As per Section 29 of the Indian Electricity Rules 1956, all
electric supply lines and apparatus shall be of sufficient
ratings for powers, insulation and estimated fault current
and of sufficient mechanical strength, for the work
they may be required to do and shall be constructed,
installed, protected, worked, and maintained in such a
manner as to ensure safety of personnel and property.
This provision covers all the aspects for ensuring
safety right from choosing of materials for electrical
installation, actual installation, protective devices to be
provided, tests to be taken, periodical maintenance and
upkeep, etc. In fact there are specific rules elsewhere
in the Electricity Rules, specifying requirements in
connection with the various aspects mentioned above.
But where no such specific rules exit this provision can
be made applicable to ensure general safety. While
choosing materials for the electrical installation it is
always desirable to go in for materials manufactured to
the specifications of Bureau of Indian Standards.
Causes of Electrical fire
When a wire or cable is punctured, but not completely
severed, the electric current can move away from its path
and result in an incredible amount of heat. This leaking
of the current is called an arc fault. The heat from an
arc fault can eventually cause a fire, which may quickly
spread to surrounding wood and other combustibles,
as well as other wiring. Take extra care when doing
May 2018
Thoughts
home renovations to ensure that do not damage any
wires when hammering or drilling into walls.
The arc fault causing an arc fire can prevent with the
help of by installing an arc-fault circuit interrupter to
the circuit breakers. When arc fault circuit interrupters
detect irregular current flow, they shut down the circuit
to prevent overheating and combustion. Using a stud
finder to locate framing studs behind drywall can also
prevent arc faults from occurring.
In India, the harsh environmental conditions of ambient
temperatures (up to 55° C) and high humidity which
are common in summers and monsoons, mandate
unambiguous and strict standards for the conductors
and insulation. The months with the most electrical
fires are December and January due to increased use
of heating appliances and lights. Most electrical fires
start in the bedroom, but the highest number of fatalities
occur with fires located in the living room, family room
and den. Some electrical fires happen because of
problems in house wiring or appliance failure, but many
occur due to mistakes that homeowners make like
overloading electrical outlets or extension cords.
Common causes of electrical fires.
Some of the common causes of electrical fires in homes
and work places are as follows:
Faulty outlets, appliances
Most electrical fires are caused by faulty electrical
outlets and old, outdated appliances. Other fires
are started by faults in appliance cords, receptacles
and switches. Never use an appliance with a worn or
frayed cord which can send heat onto combustible
surfaces like floors, curtains, and rugs that can start a
fire. Removing the grounding plug from a cord so it can
be used in a two-prong electrical outlet can also cause
a fire.
Light fixtures
Light fixtures, lamps and light bulbs are another common
reason for electrical fires. Installing a bulb with a wattage
that is too high for the lamps and light fixtures is a leading
cause of electrical fires. Always check the maximum
recommended bulb wattage on any lighting fixture or
lamp and never go over the recommended amount.
Another cause of fire is placing materials like cloth or
paper over a lamp shade. The material heats up and
ignites, causing a fire.
Extension cords
Misuse of extension cords is another electrical fire
cause. Appliances should be plugged directly into
outlet and not plugged into an extension cord for any
length of time. Only use extension cords as a temporary
measure.
Space heaters
Because these types of heaters are portable, many
times people put them too close to combustible
May 2018
surfaces such as curtains, beds, clothing, chairs,
couches and rugs. Coil space heaters are especially
dangerous in this regard because the coils become so
hot they will almost instantaneously ignite any nearby
flammable surface. If we do use space heaters, use the
radiator-type that diffuse heat over the entire surface of
the appliance.
Wiring
Outdated wiring often causes electrical fires. If a home is
over 20 years old, it may not have the wiring capacity to
handle the increased amounts of electrical appliances
in today’s average home, such as computers, wide-
screen televisions, video and gaming players,
microwaves and air conditioners. Breakers should be
triggered when circuits get overloaded by too much
electricity, but outdated breaker boxes often have worn
connectors that do not work, causing the system to
overload and start an electrical fire.
Water or moisture
It’s one of the cardinal rules of electrical safety: don’t mix
electricity and water. Always keep electrical appliances
away from water and moisture. Whether it’s on or off, if
a plugged-in appliance falls – or is accidentally dropped
– into water, do not attempt to retrieve or unplug it. Go
immediately to the home’s panel board and shut off
power to the corresponding circuit. Once that’s done,
the appliance can be safely unplugged and removed
from the water.
It may be observed that unsafe conditions were
prevailed in many houses and work places. Similarly,
many of us, one way or other neglect safe practices
which could end up in many electrical accidents. Safe
conditions and safe practices are a prerequisite for
reducing electrical accidents. With this in view some of
the Do’s and Don’ts for working with electricity are given
below:
Do’s for working with electricity:
h Always wear rubber soled shoes and safety
gloves when working with electricity
h Use double insulated tools.
h Use rubber floor mating if possible
h Utilize nonconductive tools and ladders
h Use only three pin plugs, which provide a path to
ground that helps prevent the built up or voltages
that may result in an electrical shock or spark.
h Use shut off switches and / or circuit breakers
to shut off equipment in the event of fire or
electrocution
Always use ground fault circuit interrupters around
areas where there is water
h Keep combustible materials away from lamps or
heating devices.
87
Thoughts
h Live parts of electrical equipments must be
guarded against accidental contact
h Limit the use of extension cords or multiple
adapters
h Inspect the wiring of equipment before each use
h Switch off lamps when changing light bulbs.
h Disconnect appliances before cleaning.
h Call the fire station in case of an electrical fire.
h Before work on a rooftop television antenna,
make sure the area is clear of power lines.Install
antennas where they won’t touch or fall on electric
lines.
h If a cord or plug is warm or hot to touch, unplug
it immediately, check wires, extension cords and
appliances for signs of wearing.
h In case of an electrical fire, unplug the appliance
and use DCP type fire extinguisher to douse the
flames.
h Stay in the car during a storm because the rubber
tires stop electricity from passing through it, if the
car is struck by lightning or fallen cable.
Don’ts for working with electricity
h Do not plug electrical appliances in bathroom
unless specific safety devices have been installed.
h If person is in contact with water never touch
electrical light switch.
h Do not put your fingers in a light bulb holder.
h Do not put any into an outlet except a plug.’
h Do not leave electric devices where small children
may have access.
h Do not use a lamp in a metal holder fixed to the end
of a loose flexible wire as a portable hand lamp.
h Don’t attempt to fix cord that have been cut or
damaged.
h Never use damaged cords.
h Never pull out a plug by the cord.
h Never place electrical cords under carpets which
can result in wearing of the cord.
h Never bend or remove the ground on a three pin
plug, which is designed to help prevent shock and
may save life.
h Do not use extension cords as permanent wiring
as they are not designed for it.
h Never use cords or plugs that show wear or
damage, they can cause shock or fires.
h Do not overload an extension cord.
h Never puncture insulation of electrical cords by
nailing them to any substances.
h While climbing trees stay away from those near
power lines.
88
Recommendations
Following are the recommendations to prevent electrical
fire in homes, offices and commercial complex:
1 Have only licensed electricians install, repair
and dismantle jobsite wiring. That way, everything
will be completed according to electrical safety
codes, ensuring greater protection for the workers
who will be using the wiring to power tools and
equipment. Bringing in a professional electrician
also prevents the injuries that result when less-
qualified individuals attempt electrical jobs that
they aren’t properly trained to do.
2 Always plug into a GFCI. Ground Fault Circuit
Interrupter protection is required at every plug-
in point associated with the jobsite’s temporary
electrical supply – right down to extension cords.
Make sure that only GFCI receptacles are installed,
and that portable GFCIs are kept on hand in case
additional grounding needs arise.
3 Check each extension cord before use. Ensure
that insulation is completely intact (free from
cracks, tears, or abrasion) and that power
extension cables haven’t been knotted, which can
cause conductor damage and increase the risk of
fire.
4 Do a thorough check for electrical wiring before
cutting through any wall or floor. Any time that a
tool inadvertently makes contact with an unseen
electrical line, the person holding that tool is likely
to be shocked or electrocuted. Always size up the
situation before you get started to reduce your risk
of injury.
5 Inspect power tools on a regular basis. Look
over the tools’ power cords and plugs for any sign
of damage to the insulation, blades, or grounding
pin. If the signs of excessive wear and tear find, take
tools out of commission until they’ve been properly
repaired. Maintain awareness during electrical tool
use as well; if a tool starts to overheat, smoke, give
off a burning smell, or shock person on contact,
discontinue use immediately.
6 Check insulated tools for damage before each
use. Once the insulation layer of an insulated hand
tool becomes nicked, cracked or cut, the tool is no
longer effectively insulated – it actually becomes
more of an electrical conductor, and can increase
risk of injury. If a tool has damaged insulation, it is
no longer safe to use – destroy and replace it right
away.
7 Keep extension cords in a safe place. The
force of a vehicle – or even repeated treading
by pedestrians – can cause an extension cord’s
conductor to become misshapen or break, a
problems that can lead to electrical fires. Because
it occurs in the core of the cable, conductor
damage isn’t always obvious to the eye, so play
it safe from the start by guarding jobsite extension
cords with heavy-duty cord covers.
May 2018
Thoughts

Use the right extension cord for the job. Before plug in,
make sure that the wattage rating of the extension cord
using is greater than the pull (or power requirement) of
the equipment it’s powering. Using an extension cord
to supply more wattage than it’s rated for can cause
conductor strain, overheating, and possibly even fire.
Pay attention to what appliances are telling. When
an appliance repeatedly trips a circuit breaker, blows a
fuse, or gives shocks, it’s not just a coincidence, these
are signs that something is wrong. Prevent further –
and possibly more dangerous – malfunctions from
occurring by immediately unplugging the appliance
and discontinuing use until a professional electrician
can inspect it, make repairs, and ultimately declare safe.
Make sure using the right size circuit breakers and
fuses. If fuses and circuit breakers aren’t the right
size and wattage rating to match the specifications of
their circuits, they’re going to fail right when you most
need them to perform. Read packages carefully when
shopping for replacements.
Replace missing or broken wall plates. They’re not
just there for the looks – wall plates also protect your
fingers from making contact with the electrical wiring
behind them. Broken wall plates, or the absence of
them altogether, can be especially dangerous in the
dark – when trying to locate a switch by touch, you may
end up being shocked or electrocuted if you miss the
mark and end up hitting live wires instead.
Keep electrically powered yard-care tools
dry. Whether it’s raining, just finished raining, or person
recently run the sprinklers, never attempt yard work with
electrically powered tools in wet conditions. Protect
TDK Technology
himself from shock and electrocution by keeping
electric hedge trimmer, weed whacker, and lawnmower
Advancing power
safely unplugged and stowed away until precipitation
has stopped, grass and foliage is dry, and puddles can solutions.
be easily avoided.
Rare-earth magnets Varistors and
with high magnetic surge arresters
Conclusion field strength for wind with high surge
power generators capability
Shockingly, almost 90 percent of all fire accidents
originate from “electrical” causes, and behind a vast
majority of these fires are low-quality wires and cables,
that is, either low-quality insulation or inferior conductor
or both. The past several decades have been a grim
reminder of countless human lives lost in fire accidents
resulting from electrical fires. The fatal fire of Delhi’s
Uphaar Cinema is just one of endless examples of
electrical fire accidents that occur routinely year after
year, taking toll of precious human life, property and
EMC filters and Aluminum electrolytic
data. The basic problem of such irrational buying sine-wave filters for and film capacitors
decisions is a general lack of awareness or insensitivity currents up to 8 kA for high ripple currents
to safety issues until such a calamity strikes. „
Ashok Upadhyay
BE (Electrical), M Tech. Hon. (Ind. Engg.)
M. Phil (Renewable Energy), PHD Scholar
Dy. Director (Generation) product.tdk.com/en/industrial
M.P. Electricity Regulatory Commission Bhopal (M.P.)

May 2018 89
InternationalNews
SBI to invest Rs 8,000 crore in 900 Mw
hydro power project in Nepal
The State Bank of India (SBI) will be investing a total of
Rs 80 billion in the Arun III hydropower project of Nepal,
which has 900 (MW) electricity production capacities.
The SJVN, which has been awarded with the
construction of the mega power project of Nepal, has
made an informal agreement with the SBI to acquire
the investment as a loan and soon will make the formal
agreement, sources informed ANI.
“The Director Committee Meeting of the bank is due to
make the recommendation. They soon will decide over.
As of now they have decided over the loan extend and
the interest rate over it has been finalized,” the source
informed with anonymity.
“The 1.4 trillion rupees over the project will be
expended for the construction of the structures and
additional 11 billion rupees for the transmission lines,”
the source briefed.
With the completion of the project, Nepal will get 21.9
percent of the total electricity produced in a year i.e.,
197 MW electricity with 86 crore unit for free in a year.
Origami Energy raises £18.6m series ‘B’
funding
Origami Energy, technology platform provider to the
energy market, today announces that its latest funding
round, completed in March, has raised a total of £18.6m.
This takes the total funds raised by the company to
£36m since 2014 and includes the major investment
from FTSE-listed Aggreko plc, the global leader in
on-site power generation with a presence in over 100
countries. Current investors who participated in this
funding round include Octopus Ventures, Cambridge
Innovation Capital, and Fred. Olsen related companies.
Over the last 12 months Origami Energy has progressed
from deploying commercial projects with industrial
and commercial customers to signing multi-year
partnership agreements with leading energy suppliers
including SmartestEnergy (owned by Marubeni, the
Japanese-headquartered global trading company) and
the renewables specialist Good Energy plc.
90
INTERNATIONALNEWS
Nick Emery of Fred. Olsen group of companies, said:
“Origami Energy has made great progress in the two
years since our original investment and we are pleased
to continue to support the company. The energy world
is changing rapidly; we see Origami Energy at the
forefront of developing technology to capitalise on the
opportunities presented to energy market participants.”
This funding round provides the company with additional
capital to continue the delivery of its growth plans and
become a strategic technology partner for some of the
world’s largest energy companies. The funds will be
used to help accelerate the growth of Origami Energy
in the UK and to prepare for international deployment.
Andrew Williamson of Cambridge Innovation Capital
added: “We are pleased to see that Origami Energy
continues to meet key targets in commercialising
its technology to provide value to energy market
participants. We look forward to working with the
company during the next phase of its expansion.”
Simon King of Octopus Ventures commented: “Origami
Energy has a compelling proposition for the rapidly-
evolving distributed energy market. It is making excellent
progress in commercialising its technology platform to
meet the challenges and opportunities presented by a
changing energy landscape.”
Peter Bance, chief executive of Origami Energy
commented: “The continued support of our existing
shareholders and Aggreko’s major investment in
our company demonstrates their confidence in our
business growth. Furthermore, our recent partnership
announcements with SmartestEnergy and Good Energy
demonstrate that innovative energy market players
realise the value in using our intelligent technology
platform to improve their profitability by enabling new
services.”
Energy flexibility (the ability for generation, storage and
demand assets to turn up/down or on/off) is growing
in importance globally as the industry embraces the
structural changes resulting from decentralisation,
decarbonisation and digitalisation. By harnessing
energy flexibility, Origami Energy’s technology enables
greater use of renewables and increases profitability for
energy market participants including energy suppliers,
traders and distributed energy asset owners.
May 2018
InternationalNews
FirstEnergy Solutions begins bankruptcy
Attorneys for FirstEnergy Solutions and six affiliated
debtors are to appear in U.S. Bankruptcy Court Tuesday
to begin Chapter 11 proceedings before Judge Alan
M. Koschik, a move that parent company FirstEnergy
Corp. sees as a necessary step for it to remain viable
and start anew.
FirstEnergy is one of America’s largest utilities. It for
years had owned the Davis-Besse nuclear plant east
of Toledo, the Perry nuclear plant east of Cleveland,
the twin-reactor Beaver Valley nuclear complex west
of Pittsburgh, and one of the nation’s largest coal-fired
power plants, the Sammis plant in eastern Ohio, as well
as the much smaller Bay Shore power plant in Oregon,
which in 2012 shut down its last three coal-fired units
but has continued producing electricity from one unit
that has operated on petroleum coke from the nearby
BP-Husky refinery since 2000.
SoftBank, China’s GCL team up for $930
million Indian solar venture
Japan’s SoftBank Group Corp has agreed to launch
a $930 million Indian joint solar energy venture with
Chinese firm GCL System Integration Technology Co
as part of its India solar investment roadmap.
The venture will work on photovoltaic technology, which
is used in solar panels. GCL will provide technology and
SoftBank will assist in obtaining land and regulatory
approvals, GCL said in a filing to the Shenzhen stock
exchange dated Friday.
SoftBank said in 2015 that it would invest up to $20
billion along with Foxconn Technology and Bharti
Enterprises in solar projects in India and aimed to have
a capacity of up to 20 gigawatts (GW).
India has set a target to achieve an operational solar
power capacity of 100 GW by 2022, five times current
levels, under Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s renewable
energy strategy.
Softbank Vision Fund to seed investment in
200GW of Saudi Arabian solar
The Softbank Vision Fund will begin a major investment
partnership with Saudi Arabia that could see 200GW of
solar generation capacity installed.
In comments to reporters in New York that have been
reported widely, Softbank chief Masayoshi Son said the
first phase would involve the development of 7.2GW of
solar. Softbank’s Vision Fund will provide US$1 billion
of the total US$5 billion required. Project finance will be
sought for the remainder.
By 2030 the collaboration could yield 200GW of
generation capacity including energy storage and
Saudi-based manufacturing for PV modules.
Saudi Arabia has a young, growing population, soaring
electricity demand and a desire under the country’s
new leadership to aggressively diversify its economy.
The package of reforms are collectively referred to as
Vision 2030.
May 2018
Son told reporters the “two visions have come together
to create clean, sustainable, low-cost and productive
renewable energy”.
A government-backed plan to develop more than
100GW of solar in the Kingdom stuttered and stalled
despite great fanfare. A more conservative tender
programme open to private investors has been more
successful with 300MW of solar already awarded. It is
targeting more than 9GW of renewable deployment by
2023 and 3.3GW of solar tenders in 2018 alone.
Suzlon installs and commissions S128;
India’s largest wind turbine generator
Suzlon Group, India’s largest renewable energy
solutions provider, has announced the installation
and commissioning of its new product, S128; the
largest wind turbine generator (WTG) in India. The
first prototype of S128 has been commissioned at the
Sanganeri, site in Tamil Nadu. Testing is underway with
certification expected in Q3 of Calendar Year 2018
(CY2018). The S128 WTG is available in 2.6 MW to 2.8
MW variants and offers hub heights up to 140 meters.
The S128 wind turbine generator is the latest addition to
Suzlon’s product portfolio and features the time tested
Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) technology.
It also consists of the country’s largest rotor blade
measuring 63 meters and has a rotor diameter of
128 meters. The SB 63 blade has been engineered
and developed by Suzlon utilizing carbon fiber which
provides the capability to utilize thinner aerodynamic
profiles. This technology provides excellent performance
in low wind sites. The S128 series offers ~33% more
swept area (12,860 m2) and is expected to deliver
~32% more energy generation compared to the S111.
It is designed to optimally harness wind resources at
higher altitudes making low wind sites viable. This next
generation turbine is well equipped to improve energy
yield and support competitive tariff environment in India
while protecting customers return on investment (ROI).
J.P. Chalasani, Group CEO, Suzlon Group said “The
S128 wind turbine is going to be a revolutionary product
in India. It has been our continuous effort to reduce the
levelised cost of energy (LCoE) and we continue to
invest in R&D with an aim to develop technologically
advanced and innovative products. It is a proud
moment for us to manufacture, install and commission
the largest wind turbine generator in the country. With
its reduced levelised cost of energy (LCoE), cost
effective design and superior performance S128 will
unlock unviable sites and set new benchmarks in the
Indian wind industry”
Duncan Koerbel, Chief Technology Officer (CTO),
Suzlon Energy, said “Our focus is on developing efficient
turbines that ensure higher ROI to our customers. The
prototype of the S128 is delivering close to conventional
fuel competitive Plant Load Factor (PLF). We are
leveraging the S128 technology to further grow our
portfolio to bring offshore size technology onshore to
India and other developing markets.” „
91
NationalNews

NATIONALNEWS

NTPC achieves 53,000 MW of

commissioned capacity
With an unswerving commitment to meet India’s rising
power demands, NTPC Limited today announced
commissioning of the first unit of 2x660 MW super-
critical Meja Thermal Power Project.
A joint venture between NTPC Limited and the
Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited
(UPRVUN), the Meja Urja Nigam Private Limited
(MUNPL) successfully achieved its full load of 660 MW
from its first unit on March 31.
Located in the trans-Yamuna region of Meja in Allahabad,
the two 660 MW thermal power plants boast of
super-critical technology that enables higher
temperature and pressure resulting in higher efficiency, Saptarshi Roy and other Directors of NTPC Limited on
reduced fuel consumption and minimal emission of March 28, 2018.
greenhouse gases.
With this announcement, NTPC’s total power generation Skill India joins hands with Ministry of
stands at a record of 53,651 MW. Last month, NTPC
announced the commissioning of 800 MW Kudgi Super
Power to support household electrification
Thermal Power Station in Karnataka and the first unit scheme ‘Saubhagya’
of 2x800 MW Lara Super Thermal Power Station in Aiming to empower and uplift the rural youth and
Chhattisgarh. development, Ministry of Skill Development &
Entrepreneurship partnered today with the Ministry
NTPC Group has 21 coal based, 7 gas based, 11 solar
of Power to ensure access to electricity for every
PV, 1 hydro, 1 small hydro, 1 wind and 9 subsidiaries
household in the country through an ambitious
/ joint venture power stations. The state-owned power
scheme, Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojna
generator is currently building an additional capacity of
(SAUBHAGYA). The scheme aims to achieve universal
over 19,000 MW at multiple locations across the country.
household electrification in all parts of the country at
a cost of Rs 16,320 crore, including Gross Budgetary
NSPCL pays interim dividend for the Support of Rs 12,320 crore from the government.

Financial Year 2017-18 In order to successfully deliver a project of this

NTPC-SAIL Power Company Limited (NSPCL), a joint
venture of two Maharatna companies, NTPC Limited
and Steel Authority of India Limited, paid an interim
dividend amounting to Rs.100 crore for financial year
2017-18. Ever since its inception in March 2001, NSPCL
has been a continuous dividend paying company.
Shri Praveen Kumar Bondriya, CEO, NSPCL along with
Shri Niranjan Ghosh, CFO, NSPCL presented a dividend
cheque of Rs. 50.00 crore to Shri Gurdeep Singh, CMD
NTPC Limited in the presence of Chairman NSPCL Shri
magnitude, huge volume of skilled workforce would be
required across different job roles to enable completion
of various components of the work. To support the
successful execution of the scheme, the vocational
training program has been launched in Six States today
namely Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand,
Odisha and Uttar Pradesh. A total estimated number of
participants to be trained between the two job roles of
Lineman Distribution (Multiskilled) and Techical Helper
is 47000 in these six focus states and more than 55000
across the country.

92 May 2018
NationalNews
The launch was done through a video conferencing
with States where eminent dignitaries including State
Ministers like Dr. Neera Yadav, Hon’ble Minister for
Labour and Skill Development, Uttar Pradesh and
Shri Deepak Joshi, Hon’ble Minister of Skills, Madhya
Pradesh, were present. The Ministers engaged to
discuss local challenges and targets to support the
project have the best output.
As the scheme is to be implemented across the
country with 200 districts as major focus area, the
skilling initiatives are proposed to be delivered in
a decentralized mode at district level. The training
infrastructures available with ITI’s at district level as
well as the infrastructures available with the State
Power Distribution Utilities will be utilized for skill training
of the candidates ensuring successful implementation
of the scheme.
Highlighting the role of electricity in boosting socio-
economic development of a nation and congratulating
all partners contributing to the success of the projects,
Hon’ble Minister for Petroleum & Natural Gas and
Minister for Skill Development & Entrepreneurship Shri
Dharmendra Pradhan said, “Today’s announcement
is a new chapter in the development of our nation. Is
it in line with the structured approach of our Hon’ble
Prime Minister and his vision of One Team India. With
our Skill India program supporting Ministry of Power
and the contribution being made from REC, NSDC and
the respective State Governments, this is yet another
milestone reflecting how a joint organized mechanism
is institutionalized to ensure efficient delivery of projects
and schemes.”
“Saubhagya is a scheme with estimated expenditure of
16000 crore our of which 25% is estimated cost against
wages and margin for human resource being deployed
for the project. This is a big employment opportunity for
skilled workforce and we will work jointly with Ministry
of Power across the nation to ensure that we avail this
opportunity for our youth and help them better their
livelihood,” he further added.
Commenting on the partnership Shri Raj Kumar
Singh, Hon’ble Minister of State (I/C) for Ministry of
Power (MoP) said, “Under the able leadership of the
Honourable Prime Minister, all our efforts are underway
in ensuring electricity connections reach all homes
and that even people living in remote villages have
access to it. Our Government’s aggressive village
electrification programme like Deen Dayal Upadhyay
Gram Jyoti Yojana, launched in July 2015 and
Saubhagya are assisting in electrification. In delivering
our varied projects, our biggest challenge has been
skilled manpower. This initiative will help us in meeting
our daily targets for electrification. We are certain
that with this partnership we will get huge support in
meeting this mammoth task of rural electrification that
we have ahead.”
May 2018
India probes dumping of EVA sheets for
solar modules by 5 nations
India has initiated a probe into the alleged dumping
of EVA sheets used in solar cell industry, imported
from China, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, South Korea and
Thailand.
The investigation on imports of ‘Ethylene Vinyl Acetate
(EVA) sheets for solar modules’ is carried out by the
Directorate General of Antidumping and Allied Duties
(DGAD), which is an arm of the commerce ministry.
In the probe, the directorate would determine the
existence, degree and effect of the dumped products
on the domestic industry.
If established that dumping had caused material injury
to domestic players, the DGAD would recommend
imposition of anti-dumping duty on the imports of the
sheet from these nations.
NIWE invites EOI for development of 100W
MW Offshore Wind in India, off the coast
of Gujarat
NIWE invites EOI for 1st time in India for development
of 100W MW Commercial Offshore Wind of the coast
off Gujarat.
Global Bidder required to have a global experience
of installing more than 500MW of offshore wind
projects, while Indian manufacturers/developers having
developed 500 MW of onshore wind with tie up of
experienced global entity can apply.
Last date of submission is 25-05-2018.
Manipur sees 640 kW of completed solar
rooftop systems
Hyderabad-based Freyr Energy, a solar solutions
provider in India and Ghana, has announced the
completion of over 600 kW of solar PV rooftop plants
across Manipur, thus bringing the company’s portfolio
in North East India to more than 1 MW.
Around INR 50 million was invested in the 640 kW, which
included a 100 kW off-grid battery powered system at
Manipur’s Central Agricultural University.
Of the system, Freyr writes, “The inverter maximizes
solar power generation and helps stabilize power from
the grid. It also has the functionality to smartly optimize
and export solar power when the cost of grid power is at
its highest, and draws power when it is low. The system
helps withstand power fluctuations and guarantees
power round the clock, and can also be monitored
remotely.”
Other rooftop systems were installed at: the city
convention center (100 kW); DM College (50 kW);
Inner State bus terminal (100 kW); the National Sports
Academy Hostel (100 kW); Khwairamband Bazaar (50
kW); Manipur State Film Development Society (50 kW);
State Kala Academy (50 kW); and a Secured Office
Complex (25 kW). „
93
CorporateNews
Vedanta Chairman Commits to Ramp up
Zambia Operations
Anil Agarwal, the Chairman of Vedanta Resources Plc,
outlined a Path to Growth for the Konkola Copper Mines
(KCM), a Zambian subsidiary of the diversified global
mining and resources company. The Chairman also
expressed confidence in what he sees as the start of an
African economic resurgence driven by various metals.
Mr. Agarwal, who is on a two-day visit to Zambia, where
he has attended the India-Zambia Business forum, said
Vedanta was fully committed to supporting KCM’s plans
to increase production to 400,000 metric tonnes per
annum in the next few years. The growth will be driven by
an injection of $700 million, following Vedanta’s previous
injection of $3 billion (comprising the $1 billion pledge of
fresh investments made by Mr Agarwal in 2017)
Speaking on the sidelines of the Zambia-India Business
forum, the Chairman said that KCM will construct a new
cobalt refinery, a coal-fired power plant, a training school
for upskilling local talent and continue to invest in local
communities in the areas of education, health, sport
and poverty eradication and sustainable livelihoods.
Mr Agarwal commented: “I was eager to come to
Zambia almost 15 years ago at a time when KCM was
facing a lot of challenges. We have now created a strong
position for KCM after investing over $3 billion. Last year
I pledged to invest an extra $1 billion. We are targeting
strong growth for KCM in the years ahead.
Mr Agarwal said Zambia remains one of Africa’s
preferred investment destinations and that further
improvements to investment climate, stability in the tax
regime and affordable power would attract still more
foreign direct investment to the country. Zambia has
an excellent pool of talent, which Vedanta and KCM will
continue to nurture.
L&T and BEL sign MoU for Defence
Products and Systems
In line with the efforts to indigenise the defence sector
under ‘Make in India’ initiative, Larsen & Toubro (L&T),
India’s multinational engineering conglomerate, and
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), a leading public sector
94
CORPORATENEWS
enterprise in defence electronics and tactical systems,
have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
to cater to the needs of evolving domestic and export
markets for defence products and systems.
The MoU seeks to leverage the capabilities of both
the firms for meeting the growing requirements of the
Indian Armed Forces. The MoU also intends to leverage
the well-developed supply chain, vast experience and
expertise of BEL and L&T to synergise and enhance
exports in the defence sector.
Mr. Jayant Patil, Whole-time Director (Defence) and
Member of L&T Board, said: “This MoU offers an
opportunity for public-private sector partnership
between two industry leaders in Defence Equipment
& Systems to synergise their strengths to deliver to
the Indian Armed Forces and to the export market
contemporary products with high indigenous content.”
The decision to formalise the partnership through this
MoU, a key milestone for both L&T and for BEL in
their long-term relationship, was made after extensive
evaluation and identifying the core competencies and
strong synergies between the two of them. L&T and BEL
have collaborated and partnered on co-development
and production of major subsystems involving complex
technologies and sophisticated weapon systems such
as Akash Missile launchers and other radar platforms
for Indian MoD orders.
L&T has been delivering a range of launcher systems, fire
control systems and airframes / sub-systems for various
indigenous weapon programmes as development
partners and production agency to DRDO and DPSUs.
By synergising L&T’s manufacturing, system design &
integration capabilities and extensive global footprint
with BEL’s core competencies in electronic equipment
& systems, the companies look forward to enhancing
their product range, jointly evolve new products and
enhance business prospects.
NPCIL joins hands with NSDC to support
Skill India Mission
Aiming to contribute towards economic and sustainable
development of the communities, National Skill
Development Corporation (NSDC) has signed a
memorandum of understanding with Nuclear Power
May 2018
CorporateNews
Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) to provide skill
training to 500 youth and women at Kudankulam in
Tamil Nadu.
The skill development project will be executed by
NSDC through its approved training partners near
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project (KKNPP), the single
largest nuclear power station in India, situated in the
Tirunelveli district of the southern Indian state of Tamil
Nadu. Under this tripartite agreement between NSDC,
NSDF and NPCIL; NSDC will conduct a baseline survey
in 19 villages in Tirunelveli district to examine nature
and extent of talent gap and will accordingly identify
job roles for the training. The skill development project
aims to provide gainful employment (wage and self-
employment) to nearly 70% of the trained candidates
post-training. NPCIL has committed INR 1.74 crore
under its CSR contributions towards this project, which
is estimated to be complete in 15 months.
Speaking about the project, Jayant Krishna, ED &
COO, NSDC said, “NSDC’s Industry Partnerships
and CSR Wing has been working collaboratively with
various public-sector undertakings and private sector
corporates to leverage their CSR funds towards the Skill
India which is a nation-building mission. Initiatives such
as these, not only bring positive changes in the lives of
underserved, but also help in capacity building of the
local communities and improve economic performance
of the regions, thereby reducing the rural-to-urban
migration.”
Commenting on the initiative, Site Director of KKNPP,
Mr. D.S. Choudhary, shared “This initiative by NPCIL
is a part of our commitment towards the welfare of the
people around us. This skill development programme,
I hope, will pave a path to social and economic
growth, especially for the underprivileged sections in
the nearest society.”Upon successful completion of
the training, the trainee will receive a certificate which
conforms to National Skills Qualification Framework
(NSQF), a competency-based framework for skills. The
program will also embed soft skills and digital modules.
NSDC will ensure quality training and management of
the structured skill development program, while NPCIL
will monitor the progress of the implementation of the
project to ensure that the objective of the project is met
effectively.
HPL Electric ties-up with RCB for T20
Season- 2018
HPL Electric & Power Ltd, established electric
equipment manufacturing company in India, has tied-
up with RCB (Royal Challengers Bangalore) in T20
this season as the official partner in LED Lighting &
Switchgears category. As a part of the association,
Royal Challengers Bangalore will sport the company’s
branding on its uniform.
The company will further leverage the association
by using RCB & its associated players in all
communications related to LED & Switchgears for the
agreement duration. The company also plans to come
May 2018
out with various engagement plans and marketing
initiatives around the tie-up.
Speaking on the company’s association with RCB in T20
this season, Mr.Gautam Seth, Joint Managing Director,
HPL Electric & Power Ltd said, “It is a matter of great
pride for us to be a part of T20 season and teaming
up with the dynamic Royal Challengers Bangalore. As
HPL Electric is growing and strengthening its presence
in the market, we intend to take the brand to individual
consumers by making it a household name and to build
an instant connect with the wider audience through the
T20 platform. We are positive that the association will
help us in strengthening our brand image amongst the
youth.”
The company is on a growth trajectory and is looking to
substantially increase the annual budget on marketing
this year.
Royal Challengers Bangalore Chairman, Amrit Thomas
said, “We are extremely delighted to have HPL Electric
as the official team partner in LED & Switchgears
category. Team RCB is synonymous with performance
and delivery and having a brand like HPL with us which
rings in the same values is a great opportunity. We
look forward to delivering great values to the company
through this association.”
Sterlite Power’s OPGW facility receives
17025:2005 accreditation by NABL
Sterlite Power’s Optical Ground Wire (OPGW) facility in
Silvassa has been granted a prestigious accreditation
by National Accreditation Board for Testing and
Calibration Laboratories (NABL). This is for the first
time that an OPGW laboratory in India has received
this rating for testing OPGW cables, ACS Wires, Alloy
Wires and Optical Fibres. With this rating, products
manufactured by Sterlite Power in this facility can be
used in user countries without the need for additional
re-testing, resulting in cost savings.
Talking about the development, Pratik Agarwal, Group
CEO Sterlite Power said, “For India to achieve its “Make
in India” vision and supply products of the highest
standards globally, the country needs ‘state of the art’
testing facilities. This accreditation is a step forward in
that direction and towards playing a greater role in the
global markets.”
Manish Agarwal, CEO, Solutions Business, Sterlite
Power said: “The accreditation by NABL gives our
customers the assurance that the equipment used and
product provided has passed the highest standards.
This certification demonstrates our commitment to
deliver reliable products and to constantly improve the
development processes.”
Valid for two year, till March 2020, the certificate
establishes that the lab infrastructure operates at the
highest standards for all tests conducted at the facility,
including manpower, documentation, calibration and
the Inter Lab Comparison (ILC) test. „
95
PowerStatistics

Key Energy Statistics 2017

Coal Production
Producers MT Net Exporters MT Net Importers MT
People Rep of China 3242 Australia 389 People Rep of China 247
India 708 Indonesia 367 India 199
United States 672 Russian Federation 147 Japan 189
Australia 503 Colombia 83 Korea 134
Indonesia 460 South Africa 76 Chinse Taipei 66
Russian Federation 365 United States 46 Germany 53
South Africa 257 Mongolia 26 Turkey 36
Germany 176 Kazakhstan 26 Malaysia 29
Poland 131 Canada 24 Thailand 23
Kazakhstan 98 DPR Of Korea 21 Brazil 20
Rest of The World 657 Others 8 Others 215
World 7269 Total 1213 Total 1211

Natural Gas Production

% of
Producers Bcm World Net Exporters Bcm Net Exporters Bcm
Total
United States 749 20.7 Russain Federation 205 Russain Federation 205
Russian Federation 644 17.8 Qatar 117 Qatar 117
Islamic Rep of Iran 190 5.3 Norway 115 Norway 115
Canada 174 4.8 Canada 61 Canada 61
Qatar 165 4.6 Algeria 54 Algeria 54
People Rep of China 137 3.8 Turkmenistan 53 Turkmenistan 53
Norway 121 3.3 Australia 41 Australia 41
Algeria 92 2.5 Indonesia 34 Indonesia 34
Saudi Arabia 90 2.5 Malaysia 24 Malaysia 24
Australia 88 2.4 Nigeria 23 Nigeria 23
Rest Of The World 1163 32.3 Others 142 Others 142
World 3613 100 Total 869 Total 869

Crude Oil Production

% of Net Net
Producers MT World MT MT
Total Exporters Importers
Saudi Arabia 583 13.5 Saudi Arabia 369 United States 348
Russian Federation 546 12.6 Russian Federation 243 People Rep of China 333
United States 537 12.4 Iraq 148 India 203
Canada 220 5.1 United Arab Emirates 125 Japan 165
Islamic Rep of Iran 200 4.6 Canada 116 Korea 139
People Rep of China 200 4.6 Nigeria 104 Germany 91
Iran 191 4.4 Kuwait 100 Italy 67
United Arab Emirates 182 4.2 Venezuela 98 Spain 65
Kuwait 159 3.7 Angola 86 Netherlands 59
Brazil 135 3.1 Islamic Rep Of Iran 64 France 57
Rest Of The World 1368 31.8 Others 539 Others 514
World 4321 100 Total 1992 Total 2041

Source: World Key Energy Statistics 2017

96 May 2018
PowerStatistics

All India Installed Capacity (in MW) of Power Stations

(As on 31.03.2018)

(UTILITIES)
Modewise Breakup Grand
Thermal Total
Ownership/ RES*
Region Nuclear Hydro
Sector Coal Gas Diesel Total (MNRE)

State 16888.00 2879.20 0.00 19767.20 0.00 8643.55 689.56 29100.31

Northern Private 22760.83 558.00 0.00 23318.83 0.00 2514.00 11854.66 37687.49

Region Central 13290.37 2344.06 0.00 15634.43 1620.00 8596.22 329.00 26179.65

Sub Total 52939.20 5781.26 0.00 58720.46 1620.00 19753.77 12873.22 92967.45

State 21280.00 2849.82 0.00 24129.82 0.00 5446.50 311.19 29887.51

Western Private 34285.67 4676.00 0.00 38961.67 0.00 481.00 19473.89 58916.56

Region Central 15042.95 3280.67 0.00 18323.62 1840.00 1520.00 661.30 22344.92

Sub Total 70608.62 10806.49 0.00 81415.11 1840.00 7447.50 20446.38 111148.99

State 19432.50 791.98 287.88 20512.36 0.00 11808.30 518.02 32838.41

Southern Private 12124.50 5322.10 473.70 17920.30 0.00 0.00 33359.36 51279.66

Region Central 14225.02 359.58 0.00 14584.60 3320.00 0.00 491.90 18396.50

Sub Total 45782.02 6473.66 761.58 53017.26 3320.00 11808.30 34369.28 102514.57

State 7070.00 100.00 0.00 7170.00 0.00 3537.92 225.11 10933.03

Eastern Private 6375.00 0.00 0.00 6375.00 0.00 399.00 803.29 7577.29

Region Central 13876.64 0.00 0.00 13876.64 0.00 1005.20 10.00 14891.84

Sub Total 27321.64 100.00 0.00 27421.64 0.00 4942.12 1038.40 33402.16

State 0.00 457.95 36.00 493.95 0.00 422.00 254.25 1170.20

North Private 0.00 24.50 0.00 24.50 0.00 0.00 23.31 47.81
Eastem
Region Central 520.02 1253.60 0.00 1773.62 0.00 920.00 5.00 2698.62

Sub Total 520.02 1736.05 36.00 2292.07 0.00 1342.00 282.56 3916.63

State 0.00 0.00 40.05 40.05 0.00 0.00 5.25 45.30

Private 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.21 2.21

Islands
Central 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.10 5.10

Sub Total 0.00 0.00 40.05 40.05 0.00 0.00 12.56 52.61

State 64670.50 7078.95 363.93 72113.38 0.00 29858.00 2003.37 103974.75

Private 75546.00 10580.60 473.70 86600.30 0.00 3394.00 65516.72 155511.02

All India
Central 56955.00 7237.91 0.00 64192.91 6780.00 12041.42 1502.30 84516.63

Sub Total 197171.50 24897.46 837.63 222906.59 6780.00 45293.42 69022.39 344002.39

* Break up of RES all India as on 31.03.2018 as below(in MW)

Bio-Power
Small Hydro Wind Solar Total
Power Power BM Power/ Waste To Power Capacity
Cogen Energy
4485.81 34046 8700.8 138.3 21651.48 69022.39

Source: CEA

May 2018 97
IEEMADatabase

Basic Prices and Index Numbers

Unit as on Unit as on
01.2.18 01.2.18
IRON, STEEL & STEEL PRODUCTS OTHER RAW MATERIALS
BLOOMS(SBLR) Epoxy Resin CT - 5900 `/Kg 462.00
`/MT 39956.00
150mmX150mm
Phenolic Moulding Powder `/Kg 105.00
BILLETS(SBIR) 100MM `/MT 39944.00
PVC Compound - Grade `/MT
CW - 22
133000.00
CRNGO Electrical Steel
Sheets M-45, C-6 (Ex-Rsp)
`/MT 57500.00 PVC Compound Grade `/MT 134000.00
HR - 11
CRGO ELECTRICAL STEEL Transformer Oil Base Stock `/
SHEETS 65008.00
(TOBS) KLitre
a) For Transformers of rating OTHER IEEMA INDEX NUMBERS
up to 10MVA and voltage up `/MT 227130.00
to 33 KV IN-BUSDUCTS (Base June
2000=100) For The Month 243.93
b) For Transformers of rating December 2017
above 10MVA or voltage `/MT 288500.00 IN - BTR - CHRG (Base June
above 33 KV
2000=100)
335.67
NON-FERROUS METALS IN - WT (Base June
2000=100
249.71
Electrolytic High Grade Zinc - `/MT 258500.00 Wholesale price index number
for ‘Insulators’ (Base 2011-12 = 114.60
Lead (99.97%) - `/MT 194300.00 100) for the month Dec. 2017
Wholesale price index number
Copper Wire Bars `/MT 466653.00 for ‘Manufacture of Basic
102.90
Metals (Base 2011-12 = 100)
Copper Wire Rods `/MT 481473.00 for the month December 2017
Wholesale price index number
Aluminium Ingots - EC Grade for’ Fuel & Power (Base 2011-
(IS 4026-1987)
`/MT 159804.00 95.50
12 = 100) for the month
Aluminuium Properzi Rods - December 2017
EC Grade (IS5484 1978)
`/MT 166343.00 All India Average Consumer
Price Index Number For
Aluminium Busbar Industrial Workers (Base
286.00
(IS 5082 1998)
`/MT 225300.00
2001=100) December 2017

# Estimated, NA: Not available

170000
Aluminium Ingots - EC Grade (IS 4026-1987) Rs./MT
160000

150000
(Rs./MT)

140000

130000

120000

March 2016 - February 2018

110000
03-16
04-16
05-16
06-16
07-16
08-16
09-16
10-16
11-16
12-16
01-17
02-17
03-17
04-17
05-17
06-17
07-17
08-17
09-17
10-17
11-17
12-17
1-18
2-18

The basic prices and indices are calculated on the basis of raw material prices, exclusive of excise/C.V.
duty wherever manufactures are eligible to obtain MODVAT benefit.
These basic prices and indices are for operation of IEEMA’s Price Variation Clauses for various products.
Basic Price Variation Clauses, explanation of nomenclature can be obtained from IEEMA office.
Every care has been taken to ensure correctness of reported prices and indices. However, no
responsibility is assured for correctness. Authenticated prices and indices are separately circulated
by IEEMA every month. We recommend using authenticated prices and indices only for claiming
price variation.

98 May 2018
IEEMADatabase

Production
Accounting For the From Feb. 17
Name of Product Highest Annual
Unit Month to
Feb 2018 Jan. 18 Production
Electric Motors*
AC Motors - LT 000' KW 1043 11395 11580
AC Motors - HT 000' KW 353 3721 5091
DC Motors 000' KW 40 370 618
AC Generators 000' KVA 1085 12586 11544
Switchgears*
Contactors 000' Nos. 607 9974 9743
Motor Starters 000' Nos. 168 1934 1986
Switch Fuse & Fuse Switch Units Nos. 70637 763995 947878
Miniature Circuit Breakers 000' Poles 10625 156935 159917
Circuit Breakers - LT Nos. 134906 2542653 2736967
Circuit Breakers - HT Nos. 6093 75048 72492
Custom Built Product Rs. Lakhs 78570 266911 265267
HRC Fuses & Overload Relays 000' Nos. 1285 14456 16875
Power Cables* KM 71112 648163 565332
Power Capacitors - LT & HT* 000' KVAR 5203 50539 53417
Transformers
Distribution Transformers 000' KVA 4704 48047 46761
Power Transformers 000' KVA 28559 244443 202036
Instrument Transformers
Current Transformers 000' Nos. 55 601 705
Voltage Transformers Nos. 11574 107968 114488
Energy Meters* 000' Nos. 3665 30123 29317
Transmission Line Towers* 000' MT 112 1159 1250
* Weighted Production
IEEMA Database

May 2018 99
IEEMAActivities
Meeting regarding Development Council for
Heavy Electrical and Allied Industries
On 20th April 2018, IEEMA attended
a preparatory meeting to finalize the
agenda point for the 1st meeting of the
Development Council for Heavy Electrical
and Allied Industries of Department of
Heavy Industry Government of India.
The meeting was chaired by Shri
Bhaskar Jyoti Mahanta, Joint Secretary,
the Department of Heavy Industry. Shri
R K Chugh, Vice President, Shri K B
Sreekumar, Member, and Shri Manoj
Belgaonkar, Member, attend the meeting,
along with Shri J Pande, Sr. Director
IEEMA Activities
and Shri Sudeep Sarkar, Director, from
IEEMA Secretariat. The meeting was
called to arrive at a common agenda
points of various stakeholders of the
Development Council.
Policy Advocacy
IEEMA submitted a representation
to the Department of Commerce,
Ministry of Finance and Directorate
General of Foreign Trade, on 4th April
2018, regarding the issue on Advance
Authorization Schemes and IGST Refund
on Exports.
A new Para No. 4.14 is added in the
Foreign Trade Policy, which entitles the
importers to import the inputs without
payment of IGST (under Advance
Authorization) subject to pre-import
condition only for physical exports and
such exemption from IGST is available
up to the 01.10.2018. By Notification
No. 79/2017-CT dated 13.10.2017, MoF
/ CBEC has also amended the original
Customs Notification No.18 / 2015-Cus.,
dated 01.04.2015, in the similar line to
FTP, making the imports IGST free subject
to pre-import conditions. Similarly, Rule
96 of the CGST Rules, 2017, relates to
“refund of IGST paid on exports”, got
amended retrospectively from 23.10.2017
by Notification No. 3/2018-CT dated
23.01.2018, disallowing refund of IGST
exports when such exports is made out of
IGST free inputs imported under Advance
Authorization.
Readers are requested to send their feedback about content of the Journal at
editor@ieema.org
100
In view of these changes /amendments the procedures
have become complex & tedious, on the following
grounds –
(i) Pre-import condition for physical exports only,
makes the importer to segregate / separate the
stocks (inputs and output) and also manufacture
separately, thereby storage & production capacity
cannot be optimum.
(ii) Blockage of Inventory and Fund.
(iii) In a Large Scale Industries, the process of
manufacturing being bulky and continuous,
separate manufacturing from IGST free and IGST
paid inputs is not feasible and hence one to one
co-relation of inputs and resultant finished goods
is impossible.
(iv) If the Advance Authorization is issued for bigger
quantity where imports & exports are made in
piece meal during longer period, how to determine
which portion of import is under pre-import and
post-import basis.
(v) If import (whether pre-import or post-import) is
made on payment of IGST (without claiming IGST
exemption), then Input Tax Credit on such imports
cannot be disallowed and restricted, but Para 4.10
of HBP, disallows the Input Tax Credit, and hence
needs amendment in Para 4.10.
IEEMA requested that once an Advance Authorization
is issued based on SION Norms, then the Government
should ideally examine only the following limited and
relevant parameters to ensure its compliance : –
(a) The quantity and value of Duty Free Inputs
imported in the Advance Authorization.
(b) Whether export obligation is fulfilled under Advance
Authorization in proportion to the duty free inputs
imported. If not, whether duty with Interest thereon
is paid.
(c) Whether imports and export obligation is fulfilled
within the prescribed time limit.
(d) Whether actual user condition of the Advance
Authorization is met, or the duty free inputs
imported thereunder are used within the premises
of the license holder.
On 16th April 2018, IEEMA submitted a representation
to the Ministry of Commerce & Industry and Ministry of
Finance, Government of India regarding Anti-Dumping
Duty on Cold-Rolled Flat Products of Stainless Steel.
May 2018
IEEMAActivities
Vide Notification no. 52/2017-Cus, dated 24.10.2017,
the Government of India had imposed Anti-Dumping
Duty on cold-rolled flat products of stainless steel of
width greater than 1250 mm of all series not further
worked than Cold rolled (cold reduced) with a thickness
of up to 4 mm (width tolerance of +30mm for Mill Edged
and + 4 mm for Trimmed Edged).
Indian Elevator Industry uses certain products such
as 5 WL, Linen, Check, Canvas, 2K coated with PE,
Leather grains etc. Cold rolled polished “2K” is further
worked upon and is therefore not included under the
Anti-Dumping Notification. Similarly, there should not be
any levy of Anti-Dumping Duty on Cold Rolled Special
Finish Stainless Steel.
IEEMA requested the Government to remove Cold
Rolled Flat Products of Stainless Steel, from the purview
of Anti-Dumping Duty Notification no. 52/2017-Cus,
dated 24.10.2017.
IEEMA Workshop on
Power Transformer Tank Fabrication
ower Transformer division of IEEMA organized
P a one day workshop at Vadodara exclusively
for transformer tank fabricators and transformer
manufacturers with the dedicated theme of improving
the quality, surface finish and aesthetics of tanks to
global standards. This workshop, first of its kind from
IEEMA to support sub –vendors to achieve excellence
was held on March 23, 2018 at Hotel Mercure,
Vadodara. Approximately 170 participants, with nearly
equal participation from transformer manufacturers and
tank fabricators, attended the workshop. Tank designers,
quality inspectors, fabrication engineers, welding and
painting experts from industry actively participated in
the workshop.
Workshop was opened for deliberations by Power
Transformer Division Chairman, Mr. Manjit S Sethi
who emphasized the need for super quality tanks
with excellent surface treatment and painting to meet
the challenges in the transformer export markets.
There were four sessions covering topics viz (a)
tank specifications and aesthetic requirements, (b)
materials, fabrications and fitting (c) welding and testing
(d) surface treatment and painting. Each session had
an expert key note speech covering current and latest
trends on the topic, followed by summary reports
from rapporteurs, covering the supplementary papers
and case histories (a total of 32 papers and problem
histories from industry members) and bringing out the
cardinal learnings from them. Key note speakers were
May 2018
IEEMA 5th Executive
council meeting
The fifth Executive council meeting of IEEMA
was held on 14th March 2018 at IEML Greater
Noida. Mr Shreegopal Kabra, President, IEEMA
congratulated all the EC and OC members for
the successful completion of ELECRAMA. The
President informed that external branding of
IEEMA/ELECRAMA has gone up. It is time to
create our internal branding of ELECRAMA/
IEEMA in a different way so that next ELECRAMA
/IEEMA will become very strong. Mr Kabra
also announced the appointment of Mr. Vikalp
Mundra as Chairman ELECRAMA 2020 and Mr.
Anil Saboo as Vice Chairman. The date for next
ELECRAMA will be announced within next three
months. „
Mr. P Ramachandran (ABB), Mr. Rajan Choran (TELK),
Mr. Satish P Sawant (Institute Of Welding and Testing
Technology, Thane, Mumbai www.weldingtesting.org)
and Meghan M Manjarekar (National Institute of Coating
Technology, Pune). There were lively discussions and
experience sharing during each session.
In the concluding session chaired by Mr.Manjit S Sethi
the following way forward actions were agreed upon:
(a) Formulate a common industry specification for
Tank covering fabrication, welding, surface treatment,
painting and testing requirements
(b) Guide lines for fabrication friendly designs meeting
aesthetic requirements
(c) A standardization and variety reduction Guide –
fixing sizes and grades of materials for transformer
industry, standard flanges, man holes and hand holes.
All these will be compiled in to an IEEMA standard
that will be adopted, in due course, by utilities in their
specifications as happened in case of IEEMA Standard
for Transformer Radiators. Committees are being
formed from industry experts to draft the above guides.
It was also suggested to plan for annual mutual visits
by designers and fabricators for close interactions for
quality improvement. Fabricators should arrange annual
audit by welding and painting experts to improve their
quality and productivity to global levels.
101
 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
APAR 33 HPL 3
C&S 9 INPHASE 83
CABLE & WIRE 18 COVER IV KYORITSU 22
CARGILL 61 L&T COVER II
CG-PPI 45
LEEBO METALS 32
CHINT ELECTRIC 73
MENNEKES 69
CONTROL ENGINEERING 37
MFI - LED EXPO 17
DECCAN 13
MITSUBISHI 15
DUCAB 77
OBO 109
DYNAMIC 53
PV CALCULATOR 75
ELECTRICAL FIRE SAFETY CONCLAVE 56
EMPIRE CABLE 65 RAVIN CABLES 29

EPCOS AG 89 RE 79

ERDA 41 SCOPE 19

FLIR 4 SHIVALIC POWER 5

HAMMOND 49 SUPER ENGINEERING 102
HARTING 59 TDT 67
HAVELLS 21, 23 & 25 UJAS (SHOKS & SPARKS) 110

102 May 2018

 ProductShowcase
Kyoritsu, Japan. A frontline global
presence in Electrical Test &
Measurement Equipment since 1940,
with specialized expertise in Low
Voltage Test & Measurement.
In India, the company has been present for many
decades already, offering world class products optimized
for Indian needs at 'just right prices'. Many of these
products have for long been the choice equipment of
every Indian electrical installation professional.
Kyoritsu’s Voltage detector is handheld probe for non
contact voltage detection. Voltage detectors or test pens
rely on capacitive current only and essentially detect the
changing electric field around AC energized objects.
Kyoritsu’s 5711 Voltage detector Senses non contact
voltage through Insulation in cable, cord , circuit
breakers and switches. Buzzer sounds and tip glows
on upon AC voltage detection.
Kyoritsu’s 5711 key features are:
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versions with two straight cable entries.
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is necessary to place the housings next to each other
at a certain distance to enable locking and unlocking.
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three straight cable entries, the locking screws are more
easily accessible and the housings can thus be
sited much more densely next to one another,
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now offer two straight cable entries in combination with
easy accessibility to the locking screws, thus permitting
the housings to be placed in very close proximity to
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miniaturisation and offers the customer valuable space
savings in its application.
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Measures MODEL - KM - CAL-700
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#4, S P Nagar, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380006.



PP 7KH $FFHVVRULHV LQFOXGH '& 9
T : 91 79-2640 9686 | M 0 98246 80404
E : info.ei@kew-india.co.in, W: http://www.kew-ltd.co.in
D3URWHFWLYH%DJ+LJK4XDOLW\'RXEOH
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For More Details Contact :
Kusam Electrical Industries Ltd.
G-17, Bharat Industrial Estate, T. J. Road, Sewree (W),
Mumbai - 400015. INDIA.
Email : kusam_meco@vsnl.net, sales@kusam-meco.co.in
Website : www.kusamelectrical.com, www.kusa m-meco.co.in

May 2018 103

SMEFocus

Relief for MSME Borrowers registered under Goods and

Services Tax (GST)
resently, banks and NBFCs in India generally
P classify a loan account as Non-Performing Asset
(NPA) based on 90 day and 120 day delinquency
norms, respectively. It has been represented to us that
formalisation of business through registration under GST
had adversely impacted the cash flows of the smaller
entities during the transition phase with consequent
difficulties in meeting their repayment obligations to
banks and NBFCs. As a measure of support to these
entities in their transition to a formalised business
environment, it has been decided that the exposure of
banks and NBFCs to a borrower classified as micro,
small and medium enterprise under the Micro, Small
and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act,
2006, shall continue to be classified as a standard
asset in the books of banks and NBFCs subject to the
following conditions:
(i) The borrower is registered under the GST regime
as on January 31, 2018.
(ii) The aggregate exposure, including non-fund
based facilities, of banks and NBFCs, to the
borrower does not exceed ` 250 million as on
January 31, 2018.
(iii) The borrower’s account was standard as on
August 31, 2017.
(iv) The amount from the borrower overdue as on
September 1, 2017 and payments from the
borrower due between September 1, 2017 and
January 31, 2018 are paid not later than 180 days
from their respective original due dates.
(v) A provision of 5% shall be made by the banks/
NBFCs against the exposures not classified as
NPA in terms of this circular. The provision in
respect of the account may be reversed as and
when no amount is overdue beyond the 90/1201
day norm, as the case may be.
(vi) The additional time is being provided for the
purpose of asset classification only and not for
income recognition, i.e., if the interest from the
borrower is overdue for more than 90/1202 days,
the same shall not be recognised on accrual basis.

GST4MSME: A SIDBI-FISME initiative to assist GST adoption

by MSMEs
IDBI– India’s premier development finance institutions
S dedicated to MSMEs, and the FISME– the largest
network of MSME associations, joined hands to organize
awareness campaign, establish MSME Forum on GST
to keep track of developments and develop a support
system. Such a system may consist of a practical
guide for MSMEs on GST, a helpline where MSMEs
can ask questions and support portal to interact and
also disseminate knowledge. For more information, you
may visit http://gst4msme.com/about-initiative/

IEEMA SME Division meeting

EEMA SME Division meeting
I was held on 12 April 2018
at IEEMA, Mumbai. Chairman
reviewed the performance of
the division. Visions for the
SME Division and Action Plan
for year 2018-19 were finalised.
Chairman informed members
about the need of fixing KPI for
SME Division for measuring its
performance. Also discussed
on how to work closely with the
MSME supporting organization
like SIDBI, NSIC, FISME, EEPC,
etc. for the benefit of SME
'LYLVLRQPHPEHUV

104 May 2018

ERDANews

Test Laboratory (Accredited by NABL)

h DC power, AC power and efficiency measurement
as per IEC 61683
h Environmental tests as per IEC 60068-1, IEC
60068-2, IEC 60068-14 and IEC 60068-30

Solar Cables Test Laboratory

(Accredited by NABL)
h Complete type testing of solar cables as per
international standards BSEN 50618 and TUV
2Pfg 1169
h Equipped with advanced programmable test and
weathering chambers

PV and Solar Luminaries Test Laboratory

Future Ready: ERDA’s Services for
Renewable Energy and Emerging Smart
Grid Technologies
To ensure the reliability and operational efficiency of
the key enabler technologies critical to growth of the
emerging renewable energy and smart grid infrastructure
in the country, ERDA offers comprehensive range of
technical services, under its three business verticals of
“Testing and Evaluation”, “Field Services” & “R&D and
Expert Services”. Summary of the capability profile is
presented below:
Testing and Evaluation
Solar Pumping Systems Test Laboratory,
upto 10 HP Rating (NABL Accredited and
approved by MNRE and BIS)
h Set up as per guidelines specified by MNRE.
Equipped with advanced PV array simulator and
PV panel mounting structure with auto tracking
system
h Equipped with high precision digital pyranometer
(for sun irradiance measurement), power analyzer,
magnetic flow meter and pressure transducers
with data logging facility
h Using this system, it becomes possible to test
solar pumps at any time (day or night)
Solar Inverter and Solar Charge Controller
Outdoor Setup with
Pyranometer (upto 10 HP) Solar Sun Simulator
(NABL Accredited & MNRE Approved)
h Evaluation of solar photovoltaic modules as per
IS & IEC standards and related products like
solar home lighting systems, solar street lighting
systems and solar lanterns
h Automated computerized solar sun simulator
class A conforming to IEC 60904-9 with PV
reference module conforming to IEC 60904-2
h PV Module I-V characteristic measurement system
with software conforming to IEC 60904-1
h Capable to test solar panels (PV module) of size
2m x 1m
h Automated computerized spectral flux
measurement system with 76 inch (2m)
integrating sphere and reference lamp traceable
to NIST (National Institute of Standards and
Technology)
h Mirror type “C” Goniophotometer for LED
Luminaries
h Lumbase software for computer controlled
Goniophotometric measurements
h Controlled environment conditioning chambers
Life Cycle Evaluation for Solar Batteries
h Capability for evaluation of batteries from 1A to
2000A & IV to 72V DC
h Facility for capacity evaluation between fully
charged & load cut off conditions
h Batteries evaluated include stationery lead acid
batteries in mass block containers and stationery
VRLA GEL type solar batteries
Complete facility for battery testing as per IS 1652,
h
IS 15549, & IS 13369
Evaluation of Smart Meters
(Recognized by BIS)
h Evaluation of smart energy meters as per IS:
16444
h Communication protocol verification of smart
meters as per DLMS/COSEM as well as
IS: 16444 & IS: 15959

May 2018 105

ERDANews

Communication Protocol Verification Power Quality Assessment and Mitigation

Laboratory for Smart Grid Devices h Voltage and current harmonics measurement as
per IEEE 519
h Communication protocol verification for smart grid
related devices such as smart meters, relays and h Flicker measurement as per IEC 61000-4-15
IEDs h DC current injection into grid as per CEA
guidelines
h Equipped with DNV-GL developed test tools for
verification of communication protocol based on h Sag and swell measurements
IEC 61850 h Current and voltage unbalance
h Phase shifting and reactive power
Field Services h Voltage dips and short term overvoltage
h Switching surge measurements
Services provided include
h Technical audit of wind energy systems Forthcoming Training Programs
h Third party inspection of PV modules / PV plant Workshop Calendar - 2017
equipment
Programme Title Date

R&D and Expert Services Safety & Performance Evaluation of 07-08

Cables & Accessories June
R&D Services Performance Evaluation of Solid 21-22
Design of micro-grids Insulation Materials June
h Integration of micro-grid with various renewable Design Aspects and Performance 04-05
sources (wind, solar, biogas etc.) Evaluation of Motors & Pumps July
h Design & development of grid tied power Performance Evaluation of Low 19-20
electronics including inverters and converters Voltage Switchgears July
h Design of solar enabled vehicles & pumping
systems Energy Audits of Industries & Power 09-10
Plants August
h Development of anti-dust coatings for solar panels
and other nano-enabled material technologies for RLA & NDT of Power Plants and 30-31
the smart grid Failure Analysis of Components August

Expert Services Quality Assurance of Wiring

10-11
Accessories - Switches, Plugs &
Power System Studies September
Sockets
h Equipped with various power system analysis
software such as Mi-Power, ETAP, EMTP-RV, 24-25
Transformer Testing Techniques
September
MATLAB
h Power system studies provided include load flow, Evaluation of Solar Lighting and
03-04
short circuit / fault level studies, transient stability Pumping System as per MNRE
October
/ dynamic stability, relay co-ordination, protection Specification
audit, insulation co-ordination, transmission 25-26
High Voltage Evaluation Techniques
planning and power evacuation, power quality, October
sub-synchronous resonance, reactive power
resonance, reactive power compensation, Condition Monitoring & Health 15-16
Assessment of Power Transformers November
performance analysis of FACTs devices, etc.
Condition Monitoring of Motors, 29-30
Generators, Pumps & Turbines November

Uncertainty Measurement in Electrical 06-07

Discipline December

EMI/ EMC Evaluation Techniques for

27-28
Electrical and Electronic Equipment &
December
Machinery

Power Quality Measurement
Rajib Chattopadhyay
Head BD & CRM
Phone (D): 0265-3021505, Mobile: 9978940954
E-mail: rajib.chattopadhyay@erda.org
Type-C Goniophotometer

106 May 2018

the leading electrical & electronics monthly the leading electrical & electronics monthly the leading electrical & electronics monthly

VOLUME 9 z ISSUE NO. 5 z JANUARY 2018 z PGS. 10 ISSN 0970-2946 z Rs. 100/- VOLUME 9 z ISSUE NO. % z JANUARY 2018 z PGS. 124 ISSN 0970-2946 z Rs. 100/- VOLUME 9 z ISSUE NO. 8 z APRIL 2018 z PGS. 100 ISSN 0970-2946 z Rs. 100/-

ELECRAMA 2018 ELECRAMA Inaugurated!

METERING INDUSTRY The Biggest Edition of ELECRAMA Hon’ble Vice President of India, M Venkaiah Naidu inaugurated
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Whatever be the application area, if it is about electricity, then it is

on display and discussion in ELECRAMA-2018.
Presenting you a wide gamut of industries and application areas
that are strategic to the electrical business of the future.
IEEMA Event
11th T&D Conclave
Country Profile
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Investing in South Africa Electronics Sector Generation Transmission Distribution Power Renewables Electromobility Automation Energy
Electronics Storage

1000/-
1800/-
2400/-

The price of per copy of IEEMA JOURNAL has been revised from Rs 50 to Rs 100 effective from January 1, 2016

1000/- 1800/- 2400/-

For advertise queries contact to:

Gautam Sakhalkar, Cell: 9820482231
chitra.tamhankar@ieema.org

4
 the leading electrical & electronics monthly
the leading electrical & electronics monthly the leading
the leadingelectrical
electrical&&electronics
electronics monthly
monthly the leading electrical & electronics monthly

VOLUME 7 O ISSUE NO. 7 O MARCH 2016 O PGS. 96 ISSN 0970-2946 O Rs. 100/-
VOLUME 8 O ISSUE NO. 5 O JANUARY 2017 O PGS. 116 ISSN 0970-2946 O Rs. 100/- VOLUME87GzISSUE
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0970-2946 GzRs. 50/- VOLUME 8 O ISSUE NO.3 O NOVEMBER 2016 O PGS. 116 ISSN 0970-2946 O Rs. 100/-

Energy Efficiency Measures for

Thermal Power Stations A Power-Packed Event !

INTELECT 2017
Redefining Electricity for Smarter Living

DistribuELEC
Be ready for Powerplay upto 33kV Power Quality for Smart Grid Special Report
Financial performance of Indian Cover Story
Face 2 Face Electrical Equipment Industry ELECRAMA-2016
Strong political will needed to execute for FY 2015-16
In Depth
proper planning in the power sector : Decline in imports have created an
Mr Pawan Kumar Jain Special Feature optimistic scenario in the Indian EE industry New Tariff Policy
IEEMA Events
2nd TRAFOTECH workshop 2016 Special Report Expert Speak Guest Articles
10th T&D Conclave “E3 - Energize, Empower East” Promoting ELECRAMA Globally Development of nuclear power projects Standardization of PV Wires

15
Energy Convention in India and its challenges Energy Efficiency Measures
Face 2 Face Cover Story
“No Coal based capacity addition is IEEMA Events
IEEMA Annual Convention &
AGM Interactive Session
68th Grid
20nce orn Insight Tech Space
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International Anil Swarupon In Focus
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1000/-
1800/-
2400/-

The price of per copy of IEEMA JOURNAL has been revised from Rs 50 to Rs 100 effective from January 1, 2016

1000/- 1800/- 2400/-

For advertise queries contact to:

Vidya Chikhale, Cell: 9833479435

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May 2018 109

Shocks&Sparks

„ Santa & Banta got tired of mobile & decide

to use pigeons. 1day a pigeon reaches Banta
without message. Angry Banta calls Santa!
Santa: Oye, this was a missed call

„ Boy: Wow so big a house???

Girl: Yes, we have money!!
Boy: Wow such a big car??
Girl: Yes, we are money!
Boy: Oh my God so much gold???
Girl: Yes, we are money.
Boy: Take this Letter!
„ English Teacher: - ok children ..somebody have to Girl: What is this???
ask something? Boy: We are INCOME TAX
Pintu: - Sir ...
Teacher : - Ask ... „ Diet Tip
Pintu: - Sir, How to call Hindi in English ? !!! Stay away from things that make you fat.
Such as weight weighing machines, glasses
„ Q: Why dogs don’t marry? and photos. And thin friend!
A: Because they are already leading a dog’s life!
„ I’ve been arrested for being the ugliest person
„ Santa falls in luv with a nurse... After much thinking, in India. Can you come down the police
he finally writes a love letter to her: “I luv u sister.” station and show them that it’s all a mistake

„ A lady went out to buy an Indian flag. The shop „ What do you call a woman in heaven?
owner gave her the flag. John: An angel!
She asked ... Can you show few more colors A crowd of women in heaven?
John: A host of angels!
„ What’s Ford?
All the women in heaven?
Santa: Gaadi.
John: PEACE ON EARTH
What’s Oxford?
Santa: So simple, Bail Gaadi

„ Banta: Name the 3 fastest means of communication. Vikalp Mundra

Santa: Telephone, Television, Tell-a-woman Jt. MD
Ujaas Energy Ltd.

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