Geography: Introduction 1.

Presented by Dr. Roman Saini

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 About me

• IAS, Doctor and trying to be a good teacher

• If you want to know more, you can read online.

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 Importance of Geography
• Geography and Environment has significant weightage in both Prelims and Mains

• Considerable overlap of Environment (wit SnT and Geography)

• It is heavily covered directly in GS Paper-1 and also indirectly in many areas of GS

Paper-3

• It helps in interview to deal with questions like Earthquakes, Hunger, Drought situation in
India, Agriculture policy

• The location of various biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, wetlands
and rivers has been asked frequently

• Current based questions related to monsoon, ocean currents, cyclones and El Nino have
been asked frequently

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praful.6991@gmail.com
 • Geography: Science of earth description. Lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of
Earth.

• Eratosthenes. Traditionally, geography dealt with:

• spatial analysis (nature, humans i.e. geography as the study of distribution),

• area studies (places and regions)

• study of the human-land relationship,

• research in the Earth sciences.

• Modern geography: Comprehensive, all-encompassing discipline (Earth, humans, nature and their
interrelationship and how it originated).

• World discipline, bridge between the human and the physical science

• 2 main branches: human geography and physical geography

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 Core areas of Geography

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 Useful resources
• Must:

• NCERT 6-12

• GC Leong (Part A is compulsory)

• Microsoft Student Encarta, Oriental Black Swan/ Oxford Atlas

• Internet: Wikipedia, Unacademy, Mrunal, Iken Edu and Exam race

• PYQs, Maps, Answer writing, focussing on maps and location.

• Optional: GS Manuals (Unique/Spectrum etc.), Majid Hussain, Vajiram Yellow

Book, Class notes, Part B of GC Leong

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 Syllabus Prelims
• Indian and World Geography

• Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World

• General issues on:

• Environmental Ecology

• Biodiversity

• Climate Change

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 MAINS EXAMINATION: Paper II of GS
• Salient features of world's physical geography

• Distribution of key natural resources across the World (including South Asia and the
Indian subcontinent)

• Factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries
in various parts of the world (including India)

• Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic

activity, cyclone etc.

• Geographical features and their location

• Changes in critical geographical features (including water bodies and ice-caps) and
in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes

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 MAINS EXAMINATION: Paper IV of GS

• Major crops, cropping patterns in various parts of the country

• Different types of irrigation and irrigation systems 

• Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation

• Environmental Impact Assessment

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 GC Leong- PART 1: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

The Earth and the Universe

The Earth’s Crust

Vulcanism and Earthquakes

Weathering, Mass movement and Groundwater

Landforms made by Running Water

Landforms of Glaciation

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 GC Leong- PART 1: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

Arid or Desert Landforms

Limestone and Chalk landforms

Lakes

Coastal landforms

Islands and Coral reefs

The Oceans

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 GC Leong- PART 2: WEATHER, CLIMATE AND
VEGETATION
• Weather

• Climate (Distribution, Climate, Natural Vegetation, Economic development)

• The Hot Wet Equatorial Climate

• The Tropical Monsoon and Tropical Marine Climates

• The Savanna or Sudan Climate

• The Hot Desert and Mid-Latitude Desert Climates

• The Warm Temperate Western Margin (Mediterranean) Climate

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 GC Leong
• The Temperate Continental (Steppe) Climate

• The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin (China Type) Climate

• The Cool Temperate Western Margin (British Type) Climate

• The Cool Temperate Continental (Siberian) Climate

• The Cool Temperate Eastern Margin (Laurentian) Climate

• The Arctic or Polar Climate

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 How to prepare Geography for Civil Services
Exam?

• Make Geography interesting!

• Subscribe to channels like Unacademy, Iken Edu and Exam race.

• Make flowcharts and maps for ready reference.

• Link Geographical concepts with latest happenings.

• Make connections

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 Broad topics to be covered
• Relief features and their formation

• Weathering, Erosion, Transportation etc

• Plate tectonic theories, plate boundary interactions

• Lithosphere, landform, endogenic, exogenic processes and movements,

epieregenetic movements

• Earth’s structure, earth shape, latitude, longitude, Parallels, great circle, time
zones, IDL, jet lag

• Forest and wild life resources and their conservation

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 • Soil types and their distributions: Profile, chemistry, texture, types

• Natural Hazards

• Weather and Climate

• Global Climate change & role and response of man in climatic changes

• Global heat imbalance- wind, convection, structure of atmosphere,

lapse rates, temperature inversion, isothermal zones

• Applied Climatology

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 • Currents, Waves and Tides

• Coral bleaching

• Soil degradation

• Wild life

• Bio-diversity and Sustainable development

• Population and related concepts

• Types and patterns of rural settlements

• Remedies of urbanization, Sustainable development of cities

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 • Cropping pattern

• Aqua-culture

• Seri, apiculture & poultry

• Agro-based industries

• Tourism including eco-tourism

• Transport, communication and trade

• Deforestation, desertification and soil erosion

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 • Environmental awareness

• Linkage of rivers

• Forces acting on moving air, planetary winds, 3 cell model, ITCZ, trade winds,
westerlies, ocean currents: Factors affecting ocean currents, gyres

• Upwelling, thermohaline circulations, Ekman spiral, ocean currents and climate- warm,
cold.

• Reasons for seasons, solstices and equinox

• Dawn, twilight, clouds & precipitation- convection, orographic, frontal

• Classification of clouds, precipitation theories, forms of precipitation, cloud burst, cloud

seeding

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