LUYUN, ERICA MAE V.

BSN 1 SET 01

MUSCULOSKELETAL ASSESMENT MEDICAL

TERMINOLOGIES
Musculoskeletal Specialties
 Orthopedics - A medical specialty that treats disorders involving the musculoskeletal system.
 Orthopedist- A physician that specializes in the treatment of the musculoskeletal system.
 Orthopedic Surgery- A branch of medicine that specializes in the treatment of the
musculoskeletal system and operative procedures.
 Orthopedic Surgeon - A physician that specializes in the musculoskeletal system and performs
operative procedures

The Structure and Functions of the Skeletal System

Axial skeleton- The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum. These bones form the
axis of the skeleton.
Articular cartilage - Articular cartilages is a type of hyaline connective tissue that covers the
articulating surfaces of the bone. Articular cartilage is located within synovial joints.
Bone - Bone is a connective tissue that is dense, hard and makes up the framework of the human
skeleton.
Bursa -Bursa is a fluid-filled, fibrous sac located between some tendons and bones that act as a small
cushion which allows the tendon to move over bone.
Cancellous bone Also called spongy bone, cancellous bone is a latticework of bony plates located
at the end of long bones.
Cartilage Cartilage is nonvascular dense supportive tissue.
Cartilaginous joint The cartilaginous joint is where two bones unite to form a slightly movable joint.
Compact bone Compact bone is the outer covering of skeletal structures. Compact bone is also known
as cortical bone.
Crepitus Crepitus is a clicking sound often heard with the movement of joints.
Diaphysis The diaphysis is the straight shaft of a long bone.
Epiphyseal plate The epiphyseal plate is a thin layer of cartilage between the epiphysis, a
secondary bone-forming center, and the bone shaft. The epiphyseal plates is also called the
growth plate.
Epiphysis The epiphysis is the enlarged proximal and distal end of a long bone.
Fibrous joint Fibrous joints are slightly movable joint in which a fibrous tissue connects the bones.
Fibrous joints are found in the skull.
Haversian system The Haversian system is a circular unit of bone that contains many tiny
longitudinal canals in bone tissue.
Joint A joint is the articulation where two bones meet.
Joint capsule A joint capsule is a sac-like structure that encases the end of the bones.
Ligament A ligament is a flexible band of fibrous tissue that holds joints together and still allow for
them to be movable. Ligament connect bone to bone.
Ossification Ossification is the formation of the bone matrix in which calcium and phosphates are
bound to collagen fibers.
Osteoblast Osteoblasts are the cells that lay down and secrete new bone cells for the formation of
the bone.
Osteoclast Osteoclast are the major bone cells that dissolve, digest and reabsorb bone.
Osteocytes The osteocytes are bone cells responsible for the maintenance of the bone matrix.
Osteocytes include the osteoblast and osteoclast.

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Osteogenesis Osteogenesis is the development of bone tissue.

Periosteum The periosteum is a thick fibrous connective tissue that covers the bone.
Remodeling Remodeling is the process of regenerating and re-establishing the bone’s stability and
strength.
Synovial fluid Synovia is a fluid secreted by the synovial membrane which is clear and viscous.
This synovial fluid is a lubricating fluid which reduces the friction between the two bones where
the joint is formed.
Synovial joint Synovial joints represent the majority of the joints in the body. The joints are freely
movable and allow for ease of movement between bones.
Tendon Tendons are cord-like bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bone to muscle.
Trabecula Trabecula is a fibrous cord of connective tissue which form an irregular meshwork of
supportive fibers.
Vertebra A vertebra is one of the bones of the spinal column
The Structure and Functions of the Muscular System
Actin Actin is the thin filaments in muscle fibers that are pulled on by myosin filaments to cause a
muscle contraction. This is one of two proteins needed for muscle contraction.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine triphosphate is the energy source needed for muscle
contraction.
Cardiac muscle Cardiac muscle is muscle which is striated like the skeletal muscle and under involuntary
control like smooth muscle. This type of muscle is found in the heart only
Contractile tissue Contractile tissue is tissue that has the ability to reduce in size or length in
response to a stimulus.
Myofibrils Myofibrils are bundles of myofilaments within cardiac and skeletal muscle that give the
muscle its striated appearance.
Myofilaments Myofilaments are threadlike structures found in bundles in striated muscle. The thick
filaments are myosin and the thin filaments are actin.
Myosin Myosin is the thick filaments in muscle fibers that interacts with actin. This is one of two
proteins needed for muscle contraction.
Sarcolemma Sarcolemma is a membrane that covers smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle fibers.
Sarcomeres Sarcomeres are the smallest functioning unit of a myofibril.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules and sacs in skeletal muscle
fiber that plays an important role in muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing
calcium ions.
Skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle controls the voluntary movement of the body. Skeletal muscles is also
striated muscle.
Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is involuntary and not under conscious control. Smooth muscle is found
in the organs in the body such as the gut, the airways and also blood vessels.

Procedures of the Musculoskeletal System

Arthrocentesis An arthrocentesis uses a needle to puncture a joint to withdraw fluid.

This procedure is used to
a condition.
Arthrography
joint. Also this method uses
Arthroplasty
degenerative disease by
obtain samples of the synovial fluid to diagnose
Arthrography is a method that uses radiography to visualize inside a
radiopaque contrast medium.
The use of surgery to restore mobility to a painful joint or one with
reconstruction or replacement.

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Arthroscopy The use of an endoscope inserted into a small incision to visualize and
examine the inside of a joint.
Bone densitometry A bone densitometry is a method of determining the mass of
the bone by measuring the absorption of radiation by the skeleton.
Bone graft A bone graft is the repair of a skeletal defect by using a piece of bone
from one part of the body and transplanting it to another part of the body.
Bone marrow Bone marrow is a sponge like material found in the inner cavity of
bones.
Bone scan A bone scan is a method that uses an image produced by the emission
of radiopaque particles to visualize the bone.
Bone x-ray Bone x-rays use radiology to find a problem in the bones or joints.
Computed tomography A computed tomography is a technique that uses radiography
to produce an image of the cross section tissue.
Dual-energy Dual-energy absorptiometry is a method used to measure bone density
that uses two low dose x- ray absorptiometry beams at different levels to
produce an image.
Electromyogram An electromyogram is a recording of the electrical activity of the
skeletal muscle.
Electromyography An electromyography is method used to measure the action
potential of muscle.
Joint x-ray A Joint x-ray is used to reveal fluid, irregularities, spur formation,
narrowing, and changes in joint structure.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging An MRI is a procedure used to produce an image by the creation of a
magnetic field to give detailed information about the bone.
Percutaneous Diskectomy A percutaneous diskectomy is an excision of the intervertebral disk
through the skin.
Prosthesis Prosthesis is the replacement of a missing body part such as a limb or
joint using an artificial part.
Diseases and Conditions of the Musculoskeletal System
Atonic Atonic refers to lacking normal tone as in a muscle that is flaccid.
Atrophy Atrophy in a muscle is a decrease in the size or activity as a result of a lack of physical
exercise or some type of neurological or musculoskeletal disease.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a painful disorder of the wrist and hand
caused by the compression of the median nerve of the hand.
Clonus Clonus is increased reflex activity such as the repetitive muscular contraction and relaxation that
are in rapid succession.
Contracture Contracture is the permanent flexion and fixation of a joint sometimes caused by
atrophy and the shortening of muscle fibers.
Dislocation Dislocation is the displacement of a part of the body from its original position.
Fascia Fascia is a fibrous connective membrane that varies in thickness and density found in the body.
Fibromyalgia Fibromyalgia is a form of rheumatism characterized by musculoskeletal pain, spasms,
stiffness, fatigue, and sleep disturbance.
Flaccid Flaccid means limp and without tone such as a muscle that is weak, flabby and lacking normal
tone.
Fracture A fracture is a traumatic injury to the bone in which the normal continuity of the bone
has been disrupted.
Kyphosis Kyphosis is an abnormal condition of the vertebral column in which there is an increase
in the convexity in the curvature of the thoracic spine.

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Lordosis Lordosis is an abnormal condition of the vertebral column in which there is an increase
inconcavity in the lumbar spine.
Muscular Dystrophy Muscular Dystrophy is a genetically transmitted disease resulting from a
mutation of the gene that makes the protein dystrophin that results in progressive atrophy of
symmetric groups of skeletal muscles.
Myalgia Myalgia is muscle pain.
Myopathy Myopathy is an abnormal condition of the skeletal muscle characterized by muscle
weakness and muscle wasting.
Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis is a form of arthritis in which one or several joints undergo degenerative
changes.

Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis is a form of arthritis that causes chronic inflammation,
destruction and deformity of the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis has been know to have an
autoimmune component.
Scoliosis Scoliosis is an abnormal condition of the vertebral column in which there is a lateral
curvature of the spine.

FEMALE/MALE GENITAL AND INGUINAL MEDICAL

TERMINOLOGIES
Common female reproductive conditions
There’s more to the female reproductive system than making babies. With all that equipment, there’s
bound to be a fair share of technical difficulties ranging from the downright annoying to the long-lasting:
 Amenorrhea: Absence of menstrual period
 Cervicitis: Inflammation of the cervix
 Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstrual periods
 Dyspareunia: Painful or difficult intercourse
 Endometritis: Inflammation of endometrium
 Gynatresia (atresia): Absence of normal body opening (an occlusion); gynatresia usually refers
to part of female genital tract, the vagina
 HRT (hormone replacement therapy): Replacement of hormones to treat menopausal
symptoms
 Hydrosalpinx: Water in fallopian tube
 Mastitis: Inflammation of the breast occurring during breastfeeding, usually bacterial in nature
 Menometrorrhagia: Excessive menstrual flow both during and between menstrual periods
 Menorrhagia: Heavy menstrual period
 Oophoritis: Inflammation of ovary
 PMD (premenstrual dysphoric syndrome): Used to describe severe premenstrual syndrome,
which results in a week or two of hormonally triggered clinical depression every month
 PMS (premenstrual syndrome): Cyclic disorder involving physical and emotional symptoms in
the premenstrual phase; symptoms include fatigue, bloating, tension, and irritability
 Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina
Some conditions of the female reproductive system are specifically related to pregnancy and childbirth:
 Abruptio placentae: Premature separation of placenta from the uterine wall causing bleeding
and a rigid, painful abdomen and requiring emergency cesarean section
 Dystocia: Difficult or abnormal labor

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 Eclampsia: Severe complication of pregnancy involving convulsions and/or coma in a pregnant

female
 Ectopic pregnancy: Pregnancy occurring outside the uterus (tubal pregnancy) requiring
emergency surgery
 Intrauterine fetal death: Fetal death occurring before expected date of birth
 Missed abortion: A fetal demise has occurred but miscarriage by expulsion has not taken place
 Placenta previa: Placenta develops in the lower uterine wall and may cover the cervix, blocking
the birth canal and requiring a C-section; can be diagnosed by ultrasound
 Preeclampsia: Condition during pregnancy or shortly after delivery with high blood
pressure, edema (swelling), and protein in the urine
 Salpingocyesis: Pregnancy occurring in fallopian tube or ectopic pregnancy
 Spontaneous abortion: A miscarriage, usually occurring before 12 weeks of gestation
 Stillbirth: Fetal death in utero, occurring before delivery
Female reproductive diseases and pathology
A woman’s mental and sexual health are intricately interwoven with physical health. For many women,
issues involving reproductive health often have long-lasting effects on feminine and sexual identity. This
is especially true if it affects a woman’s ability to conceive or involves loss of reproductive organs, so
these diseases and pathological conditions should be addressed with the utmost care and sensitivity.
 Adenomyosis refers to endometrium growth in the myometrium of the uterus.
 Breast carcinoma is a malignant tumor of the breast. Tumors may spread to skin, chest wall, and
lymph nodes located in axilla; they may metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body,
including bones, lungs, liver, brain, and even ovaries.
 Carcinoma of cervix means malignant tumor of the cervix. Papanicolaou (Pap) smeardetects
early cervical neoplasia by microscopic examination of cells scraped from cervical epithelium.
 Endometrial carcinoma refers to malignant tumor of the uterus.
 Endometriosis involves endometrial tissue in an abnormal location, such as the ovaries or
intestine, associated with dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, and infertility.
 Fibrocystic disease is a disease of the breast. It is a benign condition involving one or more
tumors of the breast.
 Fibroid (leiomyoma) is a benign tumor in the uterus composed of fibrous tissue and muscle,
may cause pelvic pain or menorrhagia.
 Ovarian carcinoma means malignant tumor of the ovary (adenocarcinom). It may be cystic or
solid.
 Ovarian cyst is collections of fluid within a sac or cyst in the ovary.
 PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) refers to inflammation of female pelvic organs.
 Prolapsed uterus involves displacement of uterus down into the vagina.
 Stein-Leventhal syndrome (polycystic ovary syndrome) refers to adrenal gland malfunction
resulting in facial hair (hirsutism), weight gain, and infrequent, abnormal, or absent menstrual
periods.
 TSS (toxic shock syndrome) is a severe illness caused by bacterial infection, most often seen in
menstruating women using tampons. Staphylococcus aureus is the bacterial culprit.
 Vesicovaginal fistula is when there is an opening between vagina and urinary bladder.
Female reproductive radiology and diagnostic tests
Thank goodness for modern medicine. It certainly helps ease the mind of many a woman by providing
answers to the most pressing female reproductive questions. Most women will be familiar with some of
these yearly (or more often for some) tests that, although causing a bit of discomfort at the time, give
great comfort in the long run by offering diagnoses for many serious conditions.

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 ART (Assisted reproductive techniques): Includes procedures such as IUI (intrauterine

insemination), IVF (in vitro fertilization), and ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection)
 Hysterosalpingogram: X-ray taken of the uterus and fallopian tubes after a dye is introduced in
the uterus to see if it can move freely through the fallopian tubes and out to the ovaries; used to
diagnose blockages in tubes that might lead to infertility
 Mammogram: X-ray film of the breast
 Papanicolaou (Pap) smear: Sample of cells of cervix are harvested and examined under
microscopic analysis; the presence of cervical or vaginal carcinoma can be detected.
 Pregnancy test: Detects the presence of hCG in the urine or blood to diagnose pregnancy
 Sonohysterography: Recording uterus by sound waves (ultrasound)

MALE GENITAL AND INGUINAL MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES

Pathological male reproductive conditions
Here are some of the pathological conditions associated with the male reproductive system:
 Adenocarcinoma of the prostate: Malignant tumor of the prostate; second most common cause
of cancer deaths in men over 50; radical (complete) prostatectomy along with radiation and
chemotherapy is the most common treatment
 Andropathy: Diseases of the male
 Anorchism: The state of absence of a testicle, one or both
 Aspermia: Condition of absence of sperm

 Balanocele: Protrusion of glans penis (through rupture of prepuce)
 Balanitis: Inflammation of glans penis
 Balanorrhea: Excessive discharge from the glans penis, often the first symptom of a sexually
transmitted disease
 BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia): Enlargement or excessive development of
prostate gland in males over 60 years of age, can cause a urinary obstruction with inability to
empty the bladder completely or all at once; surgical treatment is prostatectomy
 Cryptorchidism: Undescended testicle (crypt meaning “hidden”); two months before birth,
testicles should descend into scrotal sac
 Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis
 Epispadias: Congenital (present at birth) opening of the male urethra on the upper surface of
penis
 Erectile dysfunction: Inability of male to attain or maintain an erection to perform sexual
intercourse
 Hydrocele: Hernia or sac of fluid in the testis or in the tube leading from the testis, can occur in
infancy and usually resolves during the first year of life
 Hypospadias: Congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis (present
at birth)
 Impotence: Lack of power to obtain erection or to copulate
 Oligospermia: Condition of scanty sperm (in seminal fluid)
 Orchitis/orchiditis: Inflammation of testes or a testis
 Phimosis: Narrowing of the opening of the foreskin over the glans penis that does not allow the
foreskin to retract, obstructing urination and causing secretions to accumulate under the
prepuce, leading to infection
 Priapism: Prolonged abnormal erection of penis with pain and tenderness

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 Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland

 Prostatocystitis: Inflammation of prostate gland and bladder
 Prostatolith: Stone in the prostate
 Prostatorrhea: Excessive discharge from the prostate
 Testicular carcinoma: Malignant tumor of the testis, classified according to type of tissue
involved; examples: seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, and teratocarcinoma (a
malignant teratoma); commonly treated with surgery: orchidectomy, radiation, and
chemotherapy
 Testicular torsion: Twisting of spermatic cord causing decreased blood flow to testicle; occurs
most often during puberty; considered a surgical emergency
 Varicocele: Large, herniated, swollen veins near the testis, associated with oligospermia(lower
than normal amount of sperm) and infertility

Male reproductive diseases and pathology

Unfortunately, some of the most common diseases of the male reproductive system are the kind that
make headlines, and not in a good way. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are very serious, highly
contagious, and can affect everything from your ability to conceive to your relationships with future
sexual partners.
 AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a sexually transmitted disease by exchange of
body fluids during a sexual act or with use of contaminated needles and contaminated blood
transfusion, affecting the body’s immune system. It is caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency
Virus).
 Chlamydia, the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, is the causative agent; includes diseases of
the eye and genital tract. It causes discharge from the penis in males and genital itching, and
vaginal discharge in females. It can cause infertility in women if it spreads to the ovaries and
uterus and causes pelvic scarring secondary to the infection.
 Genital herpes is infection of the skin and mucous membranes of the genitals, caused by Herpes
virus hominis type 2. Symptoms include reddening of the skin with small fluid-filled blisters and
ulcers. Remission and relapse periods occur, and no drug is known to be effective as a cure.
 Gonorrhea is a contagious inflammation of the genital tract mucous membranes due to
infection with bacteria known as Gonococcus. Other areas of the body such as the eye, mouth,
rectum, and joints may be affected. Symptoms include dysuria (painful urination) and discharge
from the urethra. Many women can carry this disease without symptoms, but others have pain,
vaginal and urethral discharge. Penicillin is the method of treatment.
 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the retrovirus causing AIDS. HIV infects T-cell helpers of
the immune system, allowing for opportunistic infections like candidiasis, P. carinii, pneumonia,
tuberculosis, and Kaposi’s sarcoma.
 Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted disease causing benign or cancerous
growths in male and female genitals (venereal warts). Venereal warts are also known
as condyloma acuminatum (plural: condylomata acuminata).
 Syphilis is a chronic infectious disease affecting any organ of the body and is caused by a spiral-
shaped bacteria known as Treponema pallidum. A chancre, or hard ulcer, usually appears a few
weeks after infection, most often on external genitals but may also be on the lip, tongue, or
anus with enlargement of lymph nodes. Infection can spread to internal organs, and later stages
include damage to brain, spinal cord, and heart.
Syphilis can be congenital to a newborn if transmitted from the mother during pregnancy.
Penicillin is the method of treatment.

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 Trichomoniasis means infection of the urinary tract of either sex and is caused by the one-cell
organism Trichomonas. Males may have no symptoms or could develop urethritis(inflammation
of the urethra), or prostate enlargement. Females develop itching, dysuria, and vaginal
discharge.

REFLEX MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES

 abdominal reflexes contractions of the abdominal muscles on stimulation of the abdominal skin
.
 accommodation reflex the coordinated changes that occur when the eye adapts itself to near vi
sion; constriction of thepupil, convergence of the eyes, and increased convexity of the lens.
 Achilles tendon reflex triceps surae r.
 acoustic reflex contraction of the stapedius muscle in response to intense sound.
 anal reflex contraction of the anal sphincter on irritation of the anal skin.
 ankle reflex triceps surae r.
 auditory reflex any reflex caused by stimulation of the vestibulocochlear nerve, especially mom
entary closure of botheyes produced by a sudden sound.
 Babinski's reflex dorsiflexion of the big toe on stimulation of the sole, occurring in lesions of the
pyramidal tract,although a normal reflex in infants.
 Babkin reflex pressure by the examiner's thumbs on the palms of both hands of the infant resul
ts in opening of theinfant's mouth.
 baroreceptor reflex the reflex response to stimulation of baroreceptors of the carotid sinus and
aortic arch, regulatingblood pressure by controlling heart rate, strength of heart contractions, a
nd diameter of blood vessels.
 Bezold reflex , Bezold-
Jarisch reflex reflex bradycardia and hypotension resulting from stimulation of cardiacchemorec
eptors by antihypertensive alkaloids and similar substances.
 biceps reflex contraction of the biceps muscle when its tendon is tapped.
 Brain's reflex extension of a hemiplegic flexed arm on assumption of a quadrupedal posture.
 brain stem reflexes those regulated at the level of the brain stem, such as pupillary, pharyngeal
, and cough reflexes,and the control of respiration; their absence is one criterion of brain death.
 bulbospongiosus reflex contraction of the bulbospongiosus muscle in response to a tap on the
dorsum of the penis.
 carotid sinus reflex slowing of the heart beat on pressure on the carotid artery at the level of th
e cricoid cartilage.
 Chaddock's reflex in lesions of the pyramidal tract, stimulation below the external malleolus ca
uses extension of thegreat toe.
 chain reflex a series of reflexes, each serving as a stimulus to the next one, representing a comp
lete activity.
 ciliary reflex the movement of the pupil in accommodation.
 ciliospinal reflex dilation of the ipsilateral pupil on painful stimulation of the skin at the side of t
he neck.
 closed loop reflex a reflex, such as a stretch reflex, in which the stimulus decreases when it rece
ives feedback from theresponse mechanism.
 conditioned reflex see under response.
 conjunctival reflex closure of the eyelid when the conjunctiva is touched.

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 corneal reflex closure of the lids on irritation of the cornea.

 cough reflex the events initiated by the sensitivity of the lining of the airways and mediated by t
he medulla as aconsequence of impulses transmitted by the vagus nerve, resulting in coughing.
 cremasteric reflex stimulation of the skin on the front and inner thigh retracts the testis on the
same side.
 diving reflex a reflex involving cardiovascular and metabolic adaptations to conserve oxygen oc
curring in animals duringdiving into water; observed in reptiles, birds, and mammals, including h
umans.
 fingerthumb reflex opposition and adduction of the thumb combined with flexion at the metac
arpophalangeal joint andextension at the interphalangeal joint on downward pressure of the ind
ex finger.
 gag reflex pharyngeal r.
 gastrocolic reflex increase in intestinal peristalsis after food enters the empty stomach.
 gastroileal reflex increase in ileal motility and opening of the ileocecal valve when food enters t
he empty stomach.
 grasp reflex flexion or clenching of the fingers or toes on stimulation of the palm or sole, norma
l only in infancy.
 HeringBreuer reflex the reflex that limits excessive expansion and contraction of the chest duri
ng respiration prior tosending impulses to the brain via the vagus nerve.
 Hoffmann's reflex see under sign (2).
 hypogastric reflex contraction of the muscles of the lower abdomen on stroking the skin on the
inner surface of thethigh.
 jaw reflex , jaw jerk reflex closure of the mouth caused by a downward blow on the passively ha
nging chin; rarely seenin health but very noticeable in corticospinal tract lesions.
 knee jerk reflex patellar r.
 light reflex
o cone of light.
o contraction of the pupil when light falls on the eye.
o a spot of light seen reflected from the retina with the retinoscopic mirror.
 Magnus and de Kleijn neck reflexes extension of both ipsilateral limbs, or one, or part of a limb,
increase of tonus onthe side to which the chin is turned when the head is rotated to the side, an
d flexion with loss of tonus on the side towhich the occiput points; sign of decerebrate rigidity ex
cept in infants.
 Mayer's reflex finger-thumb r.
 MendelBekhterev reflex dorsal flexion of the second to fifth toes on percussion of the dorsum
of the foot; in certainorganic nervous disorders, plantar flexion occurs.
 micturition reflex any of the reflexes necessary for effortless urination and subconscious maint
enance of continence.
 Moro's reflex flexion of an infant's thighs and knees, fanning and then clenching of fingers, with
arms first thrownoutward and then brought together as though embracing something; produce
d by a sudden stimulus and seen normally inthe newborn.
 neck reflexes reflex adjustments in trunk posture and limb position caused by stimulation of pr
oprioceptors in the neckjoints and muscles when the head is turned, tending to maintain a const
ant orientation between the head and body.
 neck righting reflex rotation of the trunk in the direction in which the head of the supine infant
is turned; this reflex isabsent or decreased in infants with spasticity.
 nociceptive reflexes reflexes initiated by painful stimuli.

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 oculocardiac reflex a slowing of the rhythm of the heart following compression of the eyes; slo
wing of from 5 to 13beats per minute is normal.
 open loop reflex a reflex in which the stimulus causes activity that it does not further control an
d from which it does notreceive feedback.
 Oppenheim reflex dorsiflexion of the big toe on stroking downward along the medial side of th
e tibia, seen in pyramidaltract disease.
 orbicularis oculi reflex normal contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle, with resultant closing
of the eye, onpercussion at the outer aspect of the supraorbital ridge, over the glabella, or arou
nd the margin of the orbit.
 orbicularis pupillary reflex unilateral contraction of the pupil followed by dilatation after closur
e or attempted closure ofeyelids that are forcibly held apart.
 palatal reflex , palatine reflex stimulation of the palate causes swallowing.
 patellar reflex contraction of the quadriceps and extension of the leg when the patellar ligamen
t is tapped.
 peristaltic reflex when a portion of the intestine is distended or irritated, the area just proximal
contracts and the areajust distal relaxes.
 pharyngeal reflex contraction of the pharyngeal constrictor muscle elicited by touching the bac
k of the pharynx.
 pilomotor reflex the production of goose flesh on stroking the skin.
 placing reflex flexion followed by extension of the leg when the infant is held erect and the dors
um of the foot is drawnalong the under edge of a table top; it is obtainable in the normal infant
up to the age of six weeks.
 plantar reflex irritation of the sole contracts the toes.
 proprioceptive reflex one initiated by a stimulus to a proprioceptor.
 pupillary reflex
1. contraction of the pupil on exposure of the retina to light.
2. any reflex involving the iris, resulting in change in the size of the pupil, occurring in response to variou
s stimuli,e.g., change in illumination or point of fixation, sudden loud noise, or emotional stimulation.
 quadriceps reflex patellar r.
 quadrupedal extensor reflex Brain's r.
 red reflex a luminous red appearance seen upon the retina in retinoscopy.
 righting reflex the ability to assume an optimal position when there has been a departure from
it.
 Rossolimo's reflex in pyramidal tract lesions, plantar flexion of the toes on tapping their plantar
surface.
 scratch reflex a spinal reflex by which an itch or other irritation of the skin causes a nearby body
part to move over andbriskly rub the affected area.
 spinal reflex any reflex action mediated through a center of the spinal cord.
 startle reflex Moro's r.
 stepping reflex movements of progression elicited when the infant is held upright and inclined f
orward with the soles ofthe feet touching a flat surface.
 stretch reflex reflex contraction of a muscle in response to passive longitudinal stretching.
 sucking reflex sucking movements of the lips of an infant elicited by touching the lips or the skin
near the mouth.
 superficial reflex any withdrawal reflex elicited by noxious or tactile stimulation of the skin, cor
nea, or mucousmembrane, including the corneal reflex, pharyngeal reflex, cremasteric reflex, et
c.

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 swallowing reflex palatal r.

 tendon reflex one elicited by a sharp tap on the appropriate tendon or muscle to induce brief st
retch of the muscle,followed by contraction.
 tonic neck reflex extensions of the arm and sometimes of the leg on the side to which the head
is forcibly turned, withflexion of the contralateral limbs; seen normally in the newborn.
 triceps reflex contraction of the belly of the triceps muscle and slight extension of the arm whe
n the tendon of themuscle is tapped directly, with the arm flexed and fully supported and relaxe
d.
 triceps surae reflex plantar flexion caused by a twitchlike contraction of the triceps surae muscl
e, elicited by a tap onthe Achilles tendon, preferably while the patient kneels on a bed or chair, t
he feet hanging free over the edge.

Triceps surae reflex.

 vestibular reflexes the reflexes for maintaining the position of the eyes and body in relation to
changes in orientation ofthe head.
 vestibuloocular reflex nystagmus or deviation of the eyes in response to stimulation of the vest
ibular system by angularacceleration or deceleration or when the caloric test is performed.
 withdrawal reflex a nociceptive reflex in which a body part is quickly moved away from a painfu
l stimulus.

RECTUM AND ANUS MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES

 Abdominoperineal resection: Surgical removal of the anus, rectum and sigmoid colon, resulting
in the need for a permanent colostomy.
 Adenoma: Glandular lesion thought to be the precursor to colorectal cancer.
 Adhesion: A band of scar tissue that connects two surfaces of the body that are normally
separate.
 Air contrast barium enema: An X-ray examination of the entire large intestine (colon) and
rectum in which barium and air are introduced gradually into the colon by a rectal tube. This test
is recommended along with flexible sigmoidoscopy every five years, starting at age 50, to screen
for colorectal cancer and polyps.
 Anal fissure: A split or crack in the lining of the anal opening, usually caused by the passage of
very hard or watery stools.
 Anastomosis: A surgical joining of two ducts, blood vessels or bowel segments to allow flow
from one to the other.
 Aneurysm: The abnormal enlargement or bulging of a blood vessel, caused by damage or
weakness in the blood vessel wall.
 Angiogram: A technique that uses dye to highlight blood vessels.
 Anus: The opening at one end of the digestive tract from which waste is expelled.
 Appendectomy: Surgical removal of the appendix to treat appendicitis.
 Appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix that requires immediate medical attention.
 Appendix: A small, finger-like tube located where the large and small intestine join. It has no
known function.
 Ascites: Fluid in the abdomen.
 Banding: A technique via endoscopy that the dilated blood vessels in the esophagus can be
removed by putting rubber bands on and eventually fall off to the disappearance of those
vessels.

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 Barium: A substance that, when swallowed or given rectally as an enema, makes the digestive
tract visible on X-rays (also referred to as a "contrast medium").
 Biliary system: The gall bladder and bile ducts.
 Biopsy: Removal of a sample of tissue for study, usually under a microscope.
 Cannulas: Tubes which hold the laparoscope and instruments, and allow access to the
abdominal cavity for performance of laparoscopic surgery.
 Carcinoma: Malignant (cancerous) growth that tends to invade surrounding tissue and
metastasize (travel to and grow in) to other regions of the body. The tumor is firm, irregular and
nodular with a well-defined border.
 CAT scan: Computerized axial tomography, an X-ray technique that produces a film showing a
detailed cross-section of tissue.
 Celiac disease: Digestive disease that damages the small intestine and prevents the proper
absorption of nutrients from food. Celiac disease occurs when the body reacts abnormally to
gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, barley and oats. Gluten causes an inflammatory response
in the small intestine.
 Cholecystectomy: Surgical procedure used to remove gallstones from the gallbladder.
 Cholecystitis: An inflammation of the gallbladder.
 Cirrhosis: A slowly progressing disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue,
eventually preventing the liver from functioning properly. The scar tissue blocks the flow of
blood through the liver and slows the processing of nutrients, hormones, drugs and naturally
produced toxins. It also slows the production of proteins and other substances made by the
liver.
 Clinical trial: A research program conducted with patients to evaluate a new medical treatment,
drug or device.
 Colectomy: The surgical removal of part or all of the colon, performed to treat cancer of the
colon or severe, chronic ulcerative colitis.
 Colitis: See ulcerative colitis.
 Colon: The last three or four feet of the intestine (except for the last eight inches, which is called
the rectum). Synonymous with the "large intestine" or "large bowel."
 Colon cancer: A malignant (cancerous) tumor arising from the inner wall of the large intestine.
Although the exact causes of colon cancer are not known, it appears that both hereditary and
environmental factors play a role in its development. The early stages of cancer may have no
symptoms. Therefore, regular screening is important.
 Colonoscopy: An outpatient procedure in which a physician inserts a colonoscope (a long,
flexible instrument about 1/2 inch in diameter) in the rectum and advances it to the large
intestine (colon) to view the rectum and entire colon.
 Colostomy: The surgical creation of an opening between the surface of the skin and the colon.
Also referred to as a large intestine stoma.
 Constipation: Difficult, infrequent or incomplete passage of stools. Constipation is usually
caused by inadequate fiber in the diet or a disruption of regular routine or diet. Constipation can
also be caused by overuse of laxatives. Constipation is rarely the sign of a more serious medical
condition.
 Corticosteroids: Anti-inflammatory drugs (for example, prednisone) used to treat
gastrointestinal disorders such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. These powerful drugs
often produce dramatic results but also cause severe side effects when used over a long period.
 Crohn's disease: A chronic inflammatory disease that involves all layers of the intestinal wall. It
primarily affects the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum, but it can affect any part

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 LUYUN, ERICA MAE V. BSN 1 SET 01

of the large or small intestine, stomach or esophagus. Crohn's disease can disrupt the normal
function of the bowel in a number of ways.
 Diaphragm: Thin, dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest. When the
muscle contracts, the dome flattens, increasing the volume of the chest.
 Diarrhea: A condition in which bowel movements are passed more often than usual and in a
liquid state.
 Digestive diseases: When a digestive disease occurs, it causes the malfunctioning of the
digestive system, so that it is no longer turning food into fuel for energy, maintaining the body
structure or eliminating waste products properly. Digestive diseases range from the occasional
upset stomach, to the more life-threatening colon cancer, and encompass disorders of the
gastrointestinal tract, liver, gall bladder and pancreas.
 Diverticulitis: An inflammation or infection of small sacs or outpouchings (diverticula) of the
inner lining of the intestine which protrude through the intestinal wall.
 Diverticulosis: Presence of small sacs or outpouchings (diverticula) of the inner lining of the
intestine which protrude through the intestinal wall. These sacs form in weakened areas of the
bowel.
 Edema: Fluid retention.
 Encephalopathy: Confused thinking and forgetfulness caused by poor liver function, and the
diversion of blood flow away from your liver.
 Endoscopy: A method of physical examination using a lighted, flexible instrument that allows a
physician to see the inside of the digestive tract. The endoscope can be passed through the
mouth or through the anus, depending on which part of the digestive tract is being examined.
This method is referred to by different names depending on the area of examination, such as:
esophagoscopy (esophagus), astroscopy (stomach), upper endoscopy (small intestine),
sigmoidoscopy (lower part of the large intestine), and colonoscopy (entire large intestine).
 Endosonography: Also called ultrasound, is a diagnostic tool used to visualize the
gastrointestinal organs. High-frequency sound waves are used to produce images and precisely
identify abnormalities, such as tumors of the esophagus, stomach, pancreas or rectum. In the
rectum, ultrasound can be used to locate the exact position of the tear in a muscle, even before
bowel incontinence becomes a problem.
 Enema: Injection of fluid into the rectum and colon to induce a bowel movement.
 Epidural catheter: A small tube (catheter) passed into the space between the spinal cord and
spinal column. Pain medication is then delivered through the tube, numbing the lower
abdominal area.
 Esophageal manometry: A test used to measure the strength and coordination of the
esophagus during swallowing to identify the source of problems in the upper digestive system.
 Esophagus: The "food pipe" leading from the mouth to the stomach.
 Familial polyposis: A rare condition, tending to run in families, in which the moist layer of tissue
lining the colon (mucosa) is covered with polyps.
 Fecal diversion: Surgical creation of an opening of part of the colon (colostomy) or small
intestine (ileostomy) to the surface of the skin. The opening provides a passageway for stool to
exit the body.
 Fecal incontinence: Inability to retain stool, resulting in bowel accidents.
 Fecal occult blood test (FOBT): Stool testing for blood, which is recommended every year
starting at age 50, in addition to the flexible sigmoidoscopy test every five years, to screen for
colon cancer and polyps.

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 LUYUN, ERICA MAE V. BSN 1 SET 01

 Fistula: An abnormal connection that forms between two internal organs or between two
different parts of the intestine. This is a common complication of Crohn's disease.
 Flexible sigmoidoscopy: A routine outpatient procedure in which a physician inserts a
sigmoidoscope (a long, flexible instrument about ½ inch in diameter) in the rectum and
advances it to the large intestine (colon) to view the lining of the rectum and the lower third of
the large intestine (sigmoid colon).
 Fluoroscopy: A continuous X-ray technique that allows the physician to observe how an organ
performs its normal function; for example, how the esophagus works during swallowing.
 Gallbladder: A small pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver on the right side of the
abdomen. The gallbladder’s primary functions are to store and concentrate bile, and secrete bile
into the small intestine to help digest food.
 Gallstone: Pieces of solid material that develop in the gall bladder when substances in the bile,
primarily cholesterol, and bile pigments form hard, crystal-like particles.
 Gas: A product of digestion that is made primarily of odorless vapors — carbon dioxide, oxygen,
nitrogen, hydrogen and sometimes methane. The unpleasant odor is due to bacteria in the large
intestine that release small amounts of gases containing sulfur. Everyone has gas and eliminates
it by burping or passing it through the rectum. In many instances people think they have too
much gas, when in reality they have normal amounts. Most people produce one to three pints
of intestinal gas in 24 hours, and pass gas an average of 14 times a day.
 Gastrectomy: Surgical procedure in which all or part of the stomach is removed.
 Gastric: Pertaining to the stomach.
 Gastric cancer: See stomach cancer.
 Gastritis: An inflammation of the lining of the stomach from any cause, including infection or
alcohol.
 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A condition in which acid-containing contents of the
stomach travel back up into the esophagus, causing a burning sensation (heartburn).
 Gastroscopy: Procedure performed along with a biopsy to examine the stomach and esophagus
using a thin, lighted tube called a gastroscope, which is passed through the mouth and into the
stomach.
 Heartburn: Heartburn has nothing to do with the heart. It is an uncomfortable feeling of burning
and warmth occurring in waves, rising up behind the breastbone (sternum) toward the neck. It is
usually due to gastroesophageal reflux, which is the backing up of stomach acid into the
esophagus.
 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori): A bacterium believed to be a major cause of peptic ulcers.
 Hemorrhoids: Swollen blood vessels which line the anal opening, caused by excess pressure
from the straining during a bowel movement, persistent diarrhea or pregnancy.
 Hepatitis: A disease in which the liver is inflamed. A viral infection is usually the cause of
hepatitis, although sometimes toxins or drugs are the cause.
 Hiatal hernia: Abnormal bulge or protrusion of a portion of the stomach through a hole in the
diaphragm where the esophagus and the stomach join.
 Ileocolectomy: Surgical removal of a section of the terminal ileum and colon lying close to the
ileum (the lowermost part of the small intestine).
 Ileostomy: The surgical creation of an opening between the surface of the skin and the ileum,
the lowermost section of the small intestine.
 Incontinence (bowel): Loss of bowel control.
 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Diseases which cause inflammation of the bowel. IBD
includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

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 Inguinal hernia: Abnormal bulge or protrusion that can be seen and felt in the groin area (area
between the abdomen and thigh). An inguinal hernia develops when a portion of an internal
organ, such as the intestine, along with fluid, bulges through a weakened area in the muscular
wall of the abdomen.
 Intravenous pyelogram (IVP): A technique to evaluate the function of the urinary tract by
injecting dye into the tract and then viewing its flow by X-ray.
 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS, also called spastic colon): A condition in which the colon muscle
contracts more readily and causes abdominal pain and cramps, excess gas, bloating and a
change in bowel habits that alternate between diarrhea and constipation.
 Jaundice: A condition in which the skin and eyes turn yellow because of increased levels of
bilirubin in the blood. This happens whenever the flow of bile from the liver to the gallbladder is
blocked, when the liver is severely diseased, or when too much bilirubin is produced by
excessive red blood cell destruction.
 Kegel exercises: Exercises performed to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles.
 Lactase: An enzyme that converts lactose into its more digestible simple sugar components:
glucose and galactose. The lactase enzyme is available in liquid form to add to milk or in tablet
form to take with solid food.
 Lactose-intolerance: The inability to digest lactose, the sugar primarily found in milk and dairy
products.
 Laparoscopy: A method of surgery that is much less invasive than traditional surgery. Tiny
incisions are made to create a passageway for a special instrument called a laparoscope. This
thin telescopelike instrument with a miniature video camera and light source is used to transmit
images to a video monitor. The surgeon watches the video screen while performing the
procedure with small instruments that pass through small tubes placed in the incisions.
 Large intestine: This digestive organ is made up of the ascending (right) colon, the transverse
(across) colon, the descending (left) colon, and the sigmoid (end) colon. The appendix is also
part of the large intestine. The large intestine receives the liquid contents from the small
intestine and absorbs the water and electrolytes from this liquid to form feces, or waste.
 Laxative: Medications that increase the action of the intestines or stimulate the addition of
water to the stool to increase its bulk and ease its passage. Laxatives are often prescribed to
treat constipation.
 Liver: One of the most complex and largest organs in the body, which performs more than 5,000
life-sustaining functions.
 Liver disease: More than 100 types of liver disease have been identified including hepatitis,
cirrhosis and liver tumors. When liver disease develops, the liver’s ability to perform its
metabolic, detoxification and storage functions is impaired.
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A test that produces images of the body without the use of
X-rays. MRI uses a large magnet, radio waves and a computer to produce these images.
 Mesentery: Membranous tissue which carries blood vessels and lymph glands, and attaches
various organs to the abdominal wall.
 Muscle transposition: A procedure in which gluteal (buttock) or gracilis (inner thigh) muscles are
used to encircle and strengthen the anal canal. When the inner thigh muscle is used,
pacemaker-like electrodes are implanted into the grafted muscle to train it to remain
contracted. When the buttock muscle is used, the lower portion of this muscle is freed from the
tailbone region and wrapped around the anus to construct a new anus. The buttock muscle
transposition does not require the use of a pacemaker.

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 Nausea: A queasy feeling which leads to stomach distress, a distaste for food and an urge to
vomit. Nausea is not a disease, but a symptom of many disorders. It can be brought on by
systemic illnesses such as influenza, medications, pain and inner ear disease.
 Nitrates: Substances found in some foods, especially meats, prepared by drying, smoking,
salting or pickling. Nitrates are thought to be cancer-causing substances that contribute to the
development of stomach cancer.
 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): A class of drugs that are effective in reducing
inflammation and pain without steroids. Examples of these drugs include aspirin, naproxen and
ibuprofen.
 Occult blood: Blood in the stool that is not always visible to the naked eye. This type of bleeding
is detected by performing a laboratory test on a stool sample.
 Pancreas: An organ behind the stomach next to the duodenum, the first part of the small
intestine. The pancreas has two basic functions in the body. It produces enzymes that help break
down (digest) food, and hormones (such as insulin) that regulate how the body stores and uses
food.
 Pancreatic cancer: Growth of abnormal cells in the pancreas.
 Pancreatitis: A rare disease in which the pancreas becomes inflamed. The pancreas, a gland
which produces enzymes to digest food, is located next to the duodenum and behind the
stomach. The most common causes for pancreatitis are alcohol and gallstones. There are two
forms of pancreatitis, acute and chronic. The acute form occurs suddenly and may be a severe,
life-threatening illness with many complications. Usually, the patient recovers completely. A
chronic form of the disease may develop if injury to the pancreas continues, such as when a
patient persists in drinking alcohol, bringing severe pain and reduced functioning of the
pancreas that affects digestion and causes weight loss.
 Paracentesis: The removal of the accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.
 Pathology: The study of the characteristics, causes and effects of a disease.
 PCA: Abbreviation for Patient Controlled Analgesia. A method of administering pain medication
directly into a patient's circulatory system through a vein (usually in the arm or hand) or directly
to the nerves that perceive lower abdominal pain (epidural area). Delivery of pain medicine is
activated by the patient pushing a request button.
 Peptic ulcer disease: A disorder in which sores or ulcers form on the tissue lining the stomach or
the first part of the small intestine (duodenum).
 Peristalsis: The means by which food is propelled through the esophagus in a series of muscular
contractions. This same process is used by the intestines to propel digested food and waste.
 Polyps (colon): Small, non-cancerous growths on the inner colon lining that may develop into
cancer. Colon polyps and the early stages of cancer can have no symptoms. Therefore, regular
screening is important.
 Portal hypertension (colon): An increase in the pressure within the portal vein (the vein that
carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver.) This increase in pressure is caused by a
blockage of blood flow through the liver. Increased pressure in the portal vein causes large veins
to develop across the esophagus and stomach to bypass the blockage. These varices are fragile
and bleed easily, causing internal bleeding.
 Proctosigmoidectomy: An operation that removes a diseased section of the rectum and sigmoid
colon.
 Pulse oximetry: Photoelectric device which measures the percent of oxygenation in the blood
using a clip on the finger. Also measures the heart rate.

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 LUYUN, ERICA MAE V. BSN 1 SET 01

 Radiology: A branch of medicine that uses radioactive substances and visual devices to diagnose
and treat a wide variety of diseases.
 Rectal bleeding: A symptom of digestive problems rather than a disease. Bleeding can occur as a
result of a number of different conditions, many of which are not life-threatening. Most causes
of bleeding are related to conditions that can be cured or controlled, such as hemorrhoids.
However, rectal bleeding may be an early sign of rectal cancer so it is important to locate the
source of the bleeding.
 Rectal prolapse: Dropping down of the rectum outside the anus.
 Rectopexy: Surgical placement of internal sutures (stitches) to secure the rectum in its proper
position.
 Rectum: The chamber connected to the large intestine which receives solid waste (feces) from
the descending colon to be expelled from the body.
 Risk factor: A characteristic or event that predisposes a person to a certain condition.
 Sclerotherapy: The use of sclerosing chemicals to treat varicosities such as hemorrhoids or
esophageal varices.
 Shunt: The joining between two veins to reduce pressure and stop bleeding varices.
 Small intestine: The portion of the digestive tract that first receives food from the stomach. It is
divided into three sections: the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. As food travels through
the small intestine it is further broken down by enzymes, and nutrients from the food are
absorbed into the bloodstream.
 Sphincteroplasty: Or rectal sphincter repair, is the most common procedure used to correct a
defect in the anal sphincter muscles. There are two anal muscles that control bowel movements,
similar to two round doughnuts, one inside of the other. If a defect exists in the complete circle
of muscle, the problem can be corrected with this surgery. During the sphincteroplasty, the two
ends of the muscle are cut and overlapped onto one another, then sewn in place. This
procedure then restores the complete circle of muscle.
 Stoma: An artificial opening of the intestine to outside the abdominal wall.
 Stomach (gastric) cancer: Disease in which cancer cells are found in the lining of the stomach.
Stomach cancer can develop in any part of the stomach and may spread throughout the
stomach to other organs.
 Swallowing problems: Swallowing and esophageal disorders may be temporary, or they may be
an indication of a serious medical problem. Swallowing disorders have many causes, including
nerve and muscle problems, head and neck injuries and cancer, or they may occur as the result
of a stroke. Certain medications — such as antidepressants, antibiotics, heart medications and
some drugs used in chemotherapy for cancer — can contribute to a swallowing problem.
 Thrombosis: A blood clot.
 Total abdominal colectomy: Surgical removal of the entire colon.
 Trocar: Sharp, pointed instrument used to make a puncture incision in the abdominal wall. Used
for placement of cannulas.
 Ulcerative colitis: A disease that causes inflammation and sores, called ulcers, in the top layers
of the lining of the large intestine. The inflammation usually occurs in the rectum and lower part
of the colon, but it may affect the entire colon. Ulcerative colitis rarely affects the small intestine
except for the lower section, called the ileum.
 Ulcers: A break in the lining of the stomach or in the first part of the small intestine (the
duodenum), a result of an imbalance between digestive fluids (hydrochloric acid and pepsin) in
the stomach and the duodenum. Much of that imbalance is related to infection with the
bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This disease is now curable with antibiotics.

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 Ultrasound: A test used to diagnose a wide range of diseases and conditions in which high-
frequency sound waves, inaudible to the human ear, are transmitted through body tissues. The
echoes vary according to the tissue density. The echoes are recorded and translated into video
or photographic images that are displayed on a monitor.
 Urea breath test: A test used to detect urease, an enzyme produced by Helicobacter pylori (H.
pylori), a type of bacteria that usually infects the stomach or duodenum (first part of the small
intestine).
 Variceal bleeding: A complication of cirrhosis caused by portal hypertension. Increased pressure
in the portal vein causes large veins to develop across the esophagus and stomach to bypass the
blockage. These varices are fragile and bleed easily, causing internal bleeding.
 Varices: Large, swollen veins that develop across the stomach and esophagus that cause internal
bleeding.
 Vomiting: The forcible expulsion of the contents of the stomach through the mouth which
occurs with symptoms of nausea. Vomiting is not a disease but a symptom of many disorders.

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES Page 18