Escuela Politécnica Nacional

Facultad de Ingenierı́a Mecánica

Turbomachinery Slides

Dr. Esteban Valencia.

Semester 2017-A

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 1 / 25

Outline of the lecture

Introduction, Definitions and types of Hidraulic turbines

Pelton Turbines
Reaction Turbines(Kaplan and Francis)
Efficiency turbomachinery size
Cavitation
Homework (Application of computational fluid design &
Tidal turbines)

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 2 / 25

INTRODUCTION

Hidraulics Turbines: Video

Hidropower is the longest source for electric generation

In 1980 generating capacity was 460 GW, but in 2007 was 700
GW with 1,6 % annual yearly growth.
Smaller growth due to high costs involved in the civil engineering
work
Cost due to massive population displacements
Biggest hydropower is Three Gorges (22,5 GW) with 32 Francis
Turbines
In 2007 hydropower constituted 21 % electric generation around
world
(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 3 / 25
INTRODUCTION

Table 1.Distribution of Harnessed Potential of Hydroelectric Power (Dixon; Six Edition)

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 4 / 25

INTRODUCTION
Proyección Energía Ecuador

Capacidad
Instalada
Agosto 2016

Figure 1.Ecuadorian Scenary (Ag. Nacional de Energı́a)

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 5 / 25

INTRODUCTION

Coca Codo Sinclar Sopladora

1500 MW 487 MW
Pelton Turbines: 8 Francis Turbines: 4

Figure 2.Emblematic projects of Ecuador (CELEC EP)

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 6 / 25

INTRODUCTION
Features of Hydroelectric Power Plants

Table 2. Features of Hydroelectric Power Plants (Dixon; Six Edition)

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 7 / 25

Flow Regimes for Maximum Efficiency
Ẇrotor
Efficiency: η = ρgQHE
1
Ω(P/ρ) 2
Specific Speed: Ωsp = 5
(gHE ) 4

1.0

Francis
Pelton
ho

multi - jet
Eficiencia,

Kaplan
0.9
Single-jet

0.8
0.04 0.1 0.2 0.4 1.0 2.0 4.0 10
Velocidad específica,
Ns(rad)

Figure 3. Efficiencies of Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan Turbines (Dixon; Six Edition)

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 8 / 25

Flow Regimes for Maximum Efficiency

Figure 4. Plot of Q versus H with Lines of Constant Power;η0 = 0,8 (Dixon; Six Edition)

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 9 / 25

PELTON TURBINE
Only hidarulic impulse Turbine
Is an efficiente Machine to ”High Head Aplications”

Figure 5. Parts of Pelton Sistem (Fuente: www.green-mechanic.com)

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 10 / 25

PELTON TURBINE

4W = U1 cθ1 − U2 cθ2 ; Pelton Trurbine : U1 = U2 = U

4W = Uw1 (1 − k cos β2 ) = U(c1 − U)(1 − k cos β2 ); where k = w2 /w 1 < 1

1
Efficiency of runner : ηR = 4W /( c12 ) = 2U(c1 − U)(1 − k cos β2 )/c12
2

Speed Ratio : ν = U/c1 ; ηR = 2ν(1 − ν)(1 − k cos β2 ) ⇒ ηRmax = (1 − k cos β2 )

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 11 / 25

PELTON TURBINE

1.0
Eficiencia del runner
k=1.0
0.9
0.8

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Velocidad de álabe
,v

Figure 6.Efficiency runner to β2 = 165o (Dixon; Sixt Edition)

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 12 / 25

PELTON TURBINE
SIMPLE HYDROELECTRIC SCHEME

HG = ZR − ZN
(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 13 / 25
PELTON TURBINE
VALVE CONTROL

Figure 7. (a) with a Spear (or Needle) Valve; (b) with a Deflector Plate (Dixon; Sixt Edition)
(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 14 / 25
REACTION TURBINES
FRANCIS TURBINES

Part of pressure drop at entry, remaining drop in the turbine

itself.
Flow fills all passages in the runner to diferent of pelton turbine
Pivotable guide vanes are used to control an direct the flow
A draft tube is normaly added at exit turbine, which is part of
turbine
Pressure of the water decreases through the runner
Majority of Francis Turbines have vertical axis
Aplications for middle head and High flow rates

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 15 / 25

FRANCIS TURBINES

Figure 8. Parts of Francis Turbines (Fuente: allabouthydropowerplants.blogspot.com)

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 16 / 25

FRANCIS TURBINES

U2

C2 W2
b2
β3 = arctan[(cθ3 + U3 )/cr3 ]

r2

r1
b3
C3
W3
r3

U3

α1 = arctan(cθ1 /cr1 )

β2 = arctan[(cθ2 − U2 )/cr1 ]

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 17 / 25

FRANCIS TURBINES
Energy equation between the exit runner and
trailrace:

1 2 1
p3 /ρ + c + gz3 − g 4HDT = c42 + pa /ρ
2 3 2
4HDT : loss in draft Tube
c4 : Flow exit velocity

Hidraulic Efficiency:

4W = U2 cθ2 − U3 cθ3 U2 cθ2 − U3 cθ3

ηh =
gHE
β2 = arctan[(cθ2 − U2 )/cr1 ]
Overal Efficiency:
4W = (p02 − p03 )/ρ − g 4HR + g (z2 − z3 );
4HR : friction Loss in Runner ηo = ηm ∗ ηh ; ηm −→ 100 %

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 18 / 25

FRANCIS TURBINES

Figure 9. Guide Vanes Control (Fuente: http://files.pfernandezdiez.es/)

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 19 / 25

KAPLAN TURBINES

Need to generate power from lower pressure heads

Product QHE is large
Overal Configuration is radial to axial
Passage into an axial direction swirl becomes a free vortex
Pitch chord ratios of 1.0 to 1.5 are commonly used
Product rcθ is a constant
Only in Kaplan the setting of the stagger angle can be controled.

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 20 / 25

KAPLAN TURBINES

Figure 10. Parts of Kaplan Turbines (Fuente:www.green-mechanic.com)

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 21 / 25

KAPLAN TURBINES

cθ3 = 0; cθ2 = K /r ; K : Circulation Function

tan β2 = U/cx − tan α2 = Ωr /cx − K /(rcx )

tan β3 = U/cx = Ωr /cx

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 22 / 25

EFFECT OF SIZE ON EFFICIENCY
Small turbo-machines always have lower efficiency than larger geometrically
turbomachinary
Geometrical similary is not achieved exactly
blades in the model will probably be thicker than in the prototype
relative surface roughness for the model blades will be greater
losses around the blade of the model will be relatively greater.
Loading Term:

ψ = gH/N 2 D 2

Reynolds Number:

Re = ND 2 /ν

ψRe 2 = (gH/N 2 D 2 ) ∗ (N 4 D 2 /ν 2 ) = (gHD 2 /ν 2 )

Addison (1964) and Massey (1979);

1 − ηp Dm n
=( ) ; 0,2 < n < 0,25
1 − ηm Dp

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 23 / 25

CAVITATION

Figure 11. (Fuente:www.star-global-conference.com)

Two Types of cavitation:

On the suction surfaces of the runner blades cause utlet blade erosion
In draft tube at off-design operating conditions
Thoma Coefficient:
Hs (pa − pv )/(ρg ) − z
σ= = ; Hs : NPSH
HE HE

(pa − p3 ) 1
− z = + (c32 − c42 ) − 4HDT
ρg 2g

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 24 / 25

CAVITATION
Connection Between Thoma’s coefficient, Suction specific speed and specific speed:

Figure 12. (Fuente:Dixon, Six Edition)

ΩQ ( 1/2) ΩQ ( 1/2)
Ωss = ; Ωs =
(gHs )( 3/4) (gHE )( 3/4)

Ωs (gHs )( 3/4)
= = σ ( 3/4)
Ωss (gHE )( 3/4)

Ωs 4
σ=( )3
Ωss
(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) HIDRAULICS TURBINES 24 de julio de 2017 25 / 25