FORMULA BY

STEEL DESIGN ENGR. MARK CHRISTAIN ESGUERRA

STEEL DESIGN

Consider a member subjected to Load P

Stress and Strain can be computed

∆
𝑓= Є=

where: f = axial/tensile stress, MPA (N/mm2)

P = axial load, N
A = cross-sectional area, mm2
Є= axial strain mm/mm
L = original length, mm
∆L = change in length, mm

Young Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity

𝐸= Є
, E= 200 GPa

STRESS IN AN AXIALLY LOADED TENSION MEMBER

𝐹=

where: P = magnitude of load

A = cross sectional area normal to load

ALLOWABLE STRESS

𝐹 = 0.6 𝐹 (Gross Area)

𝐹 = 0.5 𝐹 (Effective Net Area)

(if pin-connected members use 𝐹 = 0.45 𝐹 on the net area of pin hole)
where: 𝐹 = Minimum yield stress of the steel
𝐹 = Specified Minimum tensile strength
 FORMULA BY
STEEL DESIGN ENGR. MARK CHRISTAIN ESGUERRA

DESIGN OF TENSION (use smaller value)

a. Gross Area.
T = 0.6 Fy Ag.
T = (Ft)(Ag)

b. Effective Net Area.

T = 0.5 Fu Ae.
T = (Ft)(Ae)

where:
Ae = uAn.
An = Wn (t)

where:

T = tension
Ag = gross area
Wn = net width
U = reduction factor
Fy = yield stress
Ft = allowable tensile stress
Fu = minimum specified tensile stress
Ae = effective net area
t = thickness of member
An = net of area

VALUE OF REDUCTION COEFFICIENT FOR BOLTED OR RIVETED CONNECTIONS

1. When tensile load is transmitted by bolts through all the cross section elements
of a member ....... u = 1.0

2. W.M or S-Shapes with flange widths not less than 2/3 the depth and structural
tees cut from these shapes provided the connection is to the flanged. Bolted or
riveted connections shall have no fewer than 3 per line in the direction of the
stress ... u = 0.90

3. W.M or S-Shapes not meeting the condition of paragraph (2) structural tees cut
from these shapes and all other shapes including built up sections. Bolted or
riveted connections shall have no fewer than 3 fasteners per line in the direction
of the stress ..... u = 0.85

4. All members with bolted or riveted connections having only 2 fasteners per line
in the direction of stress .... u = 0.75
 FORMULA BY
STEEL DESIGN ENGR. MARK CHRISTAIN ESGUERRA

EFFECTS OF STAGGERED HOLES IN COMPUTATION OF NET AREAS

Wn = Wg - nd

BOLTS (diameter) STANDARD (diameter)

12 14
16 17
20 21
22 24
25 27
≥28 (θ + 1.6)

DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBER FOR STAGGERED CONNECTION

Wg g

t s

Ʃ
Wn = Wg - nd + where: Wn = net width
Wg = gross width
n = no. of hole
d = θ of hole
t = thickness
s = pitch
g = gage
 FORMULA BY
STEEL DESIGN ENGR. MARK CHRISTAIN ESGUERRA

DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBER

1. Determine the gross area required (use larger value)

a) Ag = T/0.6 Fy
b) Ae = T/0.5 Fu where: n = no. of rivet
An = Ae/u t = assumed thickness
Ag = An + ndt

2. Try section from table

3. Determine radius of gyration

4. Check slenderness ratio

𝐾𝐿
≤ 300
𝑟

5. Compute its actual effective net area

Ae ≥ T/0.5 Fu

6. Determine its tensile capacity (use smaller value)

a) Gross Area
T = 0.6 Fy Ag

b) Effective Net Area.

T = 0.5 Fu Ae

NOTE:
Computed T > T given

BLOCK SHEAR IN TENSION MEMBER

SHEAR RUPTURE (Block Shear)

T = (Fv)(Av) + (Ft)(At)

where:
Fv= 0.3 Fu
Ft = 0.5 Fu
Av = Affected area with respect to pitch (parallel to tension load)
At = Affected area with respect to gage (perpendicular to tension load)
 FORMULA BY
STEEL DESIGN ENGR. MARK CHRISTAIN ESGUERRA

SHEAR ON RIVETS:
T = (Fv)(Av)

where:
Fv = Allowable Shearstress
Av = Total Sheared Area = (n)(Arivet)

STEINSMAN'S FORMULA

Net area:
An = Wn(t)

Net width:
Wn = Wg - nd
n = 1 + xa + xb + ... xn

Effective Area:
Ae = u (An)

NOTE:
Condition must satisfy (NSCP and AISC)

1. Net Width.
Wn ≤ Wg.

2. Effective Net Area

Ae = (u)(An) ≤ 0.85 Ag
 FORMULA BY
STEEL DESIGN ENGR. MARK CHRISTAIN ESGUERRA

AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS

-Columns, Top Chord of Truss, Bracing Members, Compression Flange of rolled beam &
built up section, struts

EULER'S FORMULA
1. If P/A exceeds the proportional limit (fs) the Euler's formula is not applicable
2. If L/r <100 Euler's For

mula is not valid and the proportion limit is the critical stress. Therefore P/A =
Proportional Limit

EULER'S CRITICAL LOAD

𝜋 𝐸𝐼
𝑃 =
𝐿

EULER'S CRITICAL STRESS

𝜋 𝐸𝐼
𝐹 =
𝐾𝐿
𝑟

 if Fa > fs (Fe is not applicable)

use Fa

 if Fe < fs
use Fe

 if L/r <100
use Fa or Fs (proportional limit)
 FORMULA BY
STEEL DESIGN ENGR. MARK CHRISTAIN ESGUERRA

DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBER

𝐴 =

where:
Ag = gross area
C = compression
Fa = allowable compression

SLENDERNESS RATIO

: ≤ 200

where :
K = effective length factor
L = unsupported length

RADIUS OF GYRATION

𝑟= NOTE : use smallest radius of gyration

On gross section of axially loaded compression members when KL/r the largest effective
slenderness ratio at any unbraced segment is less than Cc

𝐹 =

𝐶 = where : Cc =column slenderness ratio

Gross Section Of Axially Loaded Compression Members When KL/R > Cc

𝐹 = Long column, KL/r >Cc

 FORMULA BY
STEEL DESIGN ENGR. MARK CHRISTAIN ESGUERRA

DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR COMPRESSION MEMBERS

1. Assume Fa

2. Determine gross area and minimum radius of gyration

𝐴 = 𝑟 =

3. Try section from table

4. Check slenderness ratio, KL/r

(KL/r <200)

5. Determine allowable axial stress Fa

6. C = AgFa > designing C

BUILT-UP MEMBER
To increase capacity of column is to increase its moment of inertia

BASE PLATE FOR AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

a. If the entire concrete Area A2 is COVERED by the plate whose area is A1

(A2 = A1)