Transformer

Investigation of transformers
ILA - Course
Investigation of transformers
EUT
SO2800-6H version 1.3.0.2
Author: Professor Dipl.-Ing. Guntram Schultz
Lucas-Nülle GmbH · Siemensstraße 2 · D-50170 Kerpen · Tel.: 49 2273 567-0

www.lucas-nuelle.com
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1/58 Investigation of transformers Wednesday, March 27, 2019
Table Of Contents
Training objectives 3
Safety instructions 4
Devices used in the experiments 5
Configuring SCADA for PowerLab 7
General notes on SCADA connection 9
Connection via CAN bus 13
Connection via Ethernet 14
Connection via RS485 21
Connection via USB 26
Theoretical foundations 27
Single-phase transformers 28
Three-phase transformers 34
Experiment procedure 36
No-load operation 37
Short circuit 40
Resistive load 42
Inductive load 45
Capacitive load 48
Asymmetric load 51
Copyright 54
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Training objectives
Welcome to the Investigation of transformers course. The LUCAS-NÜLLE team hope you enjoy
working through the course topics and performing the experiments. The following pages provide you
with an overview of the course content and required equipment.
Training content
Transformer equivalent circuit diagram
Multi-phase transformer operating with no load and with a short circuited secondary
Multi-phase transformer with resistive, inductive and capacitive loads
Parallel operation of multi-phase transformers
Current distribution for different vector groups
Determining zero impedance
Investigation of the transformation ratio
Prerequisites
Basic knowledge of electrical engineering
Advanced knowledge of AC technology
Knowledge of three-phase technology
Knowledge of how to use measuring instruments
Translator's note: the symbol upper case U and lower case u used in the diagrams and
equations refers to the symbol of voltage V
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Safety instructions
In all experiments using mains voltages high, life-threatening voltages arise. For that reason use only
safety measurement leads and make sure that there are no short-circuits.
It is imperative that all of the devices, which are provided with an earth or where earthing is possible,
must be earthed.
Always be very careful to check the wiring of the application modules and only switch on the mains
voltage after a check has been completed. Whenever possible, use a robust current monitoring
instrument in the circuit. Take special care to ensure that the transmission line model line used is only
reduced to 150 km with the template if this is explicitly stated in the instructions.
You are also advised to observe locally valid regulations and standards for handling electrical
devices.
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Devices used in the experiments
The following table lists all of the items used in these tests.
Item Name Order number
Isolating transformer, three-phase, 1 kW CO3301-3N
Resistive load CO3301-3F
Capacitive load, three-phase, 1 kW CO3301-3E
Inductive load, three-phase, 1 kW CO3301-3D
CO5127-1S
Power quality meter Sentron PAC4200
Manual
CO3301-5P
High-voltage power switch module
Manual
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CO3301-3Z
Adjustable 3-phase power supply, 0-400
ST8008-4S
V/2 A, 72PU
Manual
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Configuring SCADA for PowerLab
Figure 1: SCADA user interface for smart grid: ESG 1
Run SCADA for PowerLab by clicking the button in LabSoft:
Figure 2: Starting SCADA in Labsoft
You can find the appropriate configuration file from the start page of the SCADA Viewer for
PowerLab:
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Figure 3: Projects in SCADA Viewer
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General notes on SCADA connection
Before using the SCADA system for the first time, you need to make a one-time hardware connection
for mutual communication.
In some cases the various devices are connected via different interfaces to the PC. Refer to the
overview below to find out how individual devices should be linked to the PC. The configuration for
each type of connection is described in the corresponding chapter of this section.
Connection via CAN bus
Multi-function relay,
power controller,
CO3301-5X
cos(f)-controller,
synchronisation unit
power controller,
CO3301-5Y
cos(f)-controller,
synchronisation unit
Connection via Ethernet
Transformer/Generator differential
CO3301-4M
protection relay
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CO3301-5L Generator HMI
Pumped-storage power station

CO3301-5K
control unit
Power quality meter

CO5127-1S with graphic display and
long-term storage
Connection via RS232
power controller,
CO3301-5X
cos(f)-controller,
synchronization unit
CO3301-4L
High speed distance protection
relay
(CO3301-4C)
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Double busbar,
CO3301-3R 3-phase,
incoming/outgoing feeder
Double busbar,
CO3301-3S 3-phase,
coupler panel
Directional
CO3301-4D
time overcurrent relay
Power/directional power
CO3301-4G
relay
CO3301-4J Time overcurrent relay
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CO3301-4K Ground fault voltage relay
Time overvoltage/undervoltage
CO3301-4N
relay
Transformer/Generator differential
CO3301-4B
protection relay
Connection via USB
Analog/digital multimeter,
CO5127-1Z power/power factor meter,
software
power controller,
CO3301-5W
cos(f)-controller,
synchronization unit
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Connection via CAN bus
The following installation instructions explain how connect devices via a CAN bus to the SCADA
system.
Use adapter LM9024 and serial cable LM9040 to connect the PC to devices via a CAN bus.
LM9024 LM9040
Figure 1: CAN-Bus Adapter LM9024 and LM9040 serial cable
Insert the accompanying driver CD into the CD drive.

The selection menu should start automatically and you can then install the driver. You
might have to restart the PC afterwards.
Connect interface adapter LM9024 to a USB port on the PC.
Connect the interface labelled "CAN" on multi-function relay CO3301-5X via serial cable
LM9040 to adapter LM9024:
Figure 2: Multifunction relay CO3301-5X
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Connection via Ethernet
The following installation instructions explain how to connect devices to the SCADA system via
Ethernet. This is important when using a SCADA control computer with network access, the double
busbars CO3301-5R/CO3301-5S and other supported equipment such as the power quality meter
CO5127-1S or the human-machine interface (HMI) CO3301-5L.
Note: After this section you will learn how to connect all the equipment to be controlled and the
computers involved without also connecting them to an existing network. The procedure
described here for a dedicated equipment network linked by network switches is the
recommended method.
With the help of the Ethernet adapter LM9056 it is even possible to use this network of
equipment simultaneously with an existing laboratory network by keeping the computers
accessible to the building network via their existing RJ45 ports. A second RJ45 port can then
be used for setting up a parallel lab network.
It is also possible to integrate the lab equipment and computers into a local network if suitable
IT security measures are taken.
Equipment used for Ethernet communication

To connect a PC to some equipment by means of an Ethernet link, use the USB-Ethernet adapter
LM9056, the network switch LM9988 and LM9057 patch cables.
Connect the equipment to be controlled to the network switch via its Ethernet port. The switch should
also be connected to the PC. It is possible to connect multiple network switches together.
LM9056 LM9988 LM9057
Figure 1: Components for communication over Ethernet
After all the equipment has been physically connected together, you can start setting the
communication parameters. The IP address for the Ethernet port of the SCADA control
computer needs to be set with the help of Windows. Those for the various pieces of
equipment need to be set on the devices themselves and in the SCADA software.
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Allocation of IP addresses
If you have purchased multiple items with Ethernet ports from the Lucas-Nülle power distribution
range, it is recommended that you establish a structured hierarchy of IP addresses assigned to each
table or set of equipment. This makes subsequent setting up much easier:
This configuration is an example for up to 9 different equipment sets/control computers

each involving 9 pieces of equipment.
Set 1 Set 2 ... Set 8 Set 9
PC: PC: PC: PC:

192.168.168.1 ... 192.168.168.2 ... 192.168.168.8 ...
Device Device Device Device
...
1: 192.168.168.11 1: 192.168.168.21 1: 192.168.168.81 8:
Device 192.168.168.19 Device 192.168.168.29 Device 192.168.168.89 Device
9: 9: 9: 9:
Configuration of IP address for SCADA control computer
The USB-Ethernet adapter and the equipment connected need to be configured in mutually
appropriate fashion for flawless communication via the TCP/IP protocol (Ethernet).
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Assign a fixed IP address in Windows to the network adapter LM9056.
For the IP address of the PC you could use 192.168.168.1, for example, with a subnet
mask of 255.255.255.0
- in this network you would then have the addresses 192.168.168.1 to 192.168.168.254
(excluding the PC's own IP address) available for other equipment.
Use the following procedure under Windows:
Click "Network and Internet" in the control panel window.
Click "Network and sharing centre".
Click "Change adapter settings" on the left.
Alternatively you could run "ncpa.cpl" from the Run line in the Start
menu.
Right-click on the USB Ethernet adapter and then choose "Properties".
Select "TCP/IPv4" and click "Properties".
Select "Use the following IP address:", fill out the first two fields and
leave "Standard gateway" empty.
Confirm by clicking OK in the dialog box.
Figure 2: Assigning a fixed IP address
Now you have set the IP address for the PC, you should now configure the equipment to be
controlled as described on this page.
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Configuration of power quality meter/HMI (CO5127-1S/CO3301-5L)
Now follow this example to assign an address to a first power quality meter CO5127-1S. Use address
192.168.168.11 (by default CO3301-5L/CO5127-1S has the address 192.168.168.10 pre-configured)
Menu → Settings→ Communication

IP-ADDR: 192.168.168.11, SUBNET: 255.255.255.0
Confirm and restart the equipment (ESC)
This procedure also applies to other measuring instruments, such as the Siemens
Sentron PAC4200 etc.
The next device would then receive the address 192.168.168.12, etc.
Configuration of power quality meter/HMI in SCADA

Open the device manager in SCADA by means of the icon on the tool bar or from the
menu under "Diagnostics" → "Device Manager...".
Figure 3: "Device Manager" in the SCADA toolbar
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Now select the Ethernet device to be configured and click "Properties".
Either enter the IP address for the equipment being configured directly or scan the
network for the relevant device using "Find Devices" and select it from the list.
The software searches all network ports on the computers for the measuring
instruments. One of these ports must be included in the same network (subnet) as
the instruments themselves.
The port number should remain configured to "502" .
The address set in SCADA is stored after saving and the devices themselves also retain
their IP addresses even in the absence of power.
 
Figure 4: Devices in "Device Manager"
Configuration of SCADA Designer/Viewer with double busbar CO3301-

5R/CO3301-5S
Open the device manager in SCADA by means of the icon on the tool bar or from the
menu under "Diagnostics" → "Device Manager...".
Figure 5: Device Manager on the SCADA toolbar
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If the busbar to be controlled is not yet present in the device manager, click "Add..." and
select the busbar CO3301-5R (feeder) or CO3301-5S (coupler)
Figure 6: SCADA device manager with busbar feeder added

Now select the Ethernet device to be configured and click "Properties".
If the device already has a correct IP address, you can enter this directly under
"Device address (IP or name)" and confirm with OK. SCADA will then know what IP
address to use for communication with the device and the configuration of it is
complete.
Figure 7: Network configuration for a device
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If the IP address for the device being configured has not yet been set to the required
setting on the device itself, then click "Configuration".
Figure 8: In the device properties for a newly added busbar
Use "Find Devices" to scan the network for available equipment and select the
desired device from the list.
When you use "Find Devices", the Windows firewall may ask whether the Lucas-
Nülle SCADA software is to be allowed access according to the rules of the firewall.
Allow access to private and public networks for it to function correctly.
Figure 9: All SCADA Designer/Viewer access via the Windows firewall
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The reason public networks need to be included in the firewall access rules for the SCADA
Designer/Viewer is that usually the control computer and devices are connected in the lab via
network switches which are unconnected to other networks in the building. This type of
infrastructure involves no standard gateway. Windows therefore detects the lab network as a
public network because it is not otherwise known and even if the Windows firewall is
deactivated, it will block all local server ports.
SCADA Designer/Viewer needs to be able to open a port (as a server) for the following
functions:
- "Finding in the network" when seeking CO3301-5R/CO3301-5S double busbar models
- "SCADA Advanced Remote Control Server/Client" components of SCADA Designer/Viewer.
This allows variables and measurements to be shared between various SCADA instances on
one or more computers connected via Ethernet.
SCADA Viewer/Designer now carries out a search for the double busbars using all the
ports on the computer. The computer and the device to be connected do not have to be
configured for a common sub-network.
Figure 10: Display of devices detected in a LAN
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Select one of the busbars which has not yet been configured from the list. You can see
the IP address currently allocated to it in brackets next to the name of the device.
Figure 11: Devices in "Device Manager"
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Identify the busbar to be added by sight by clicking "Identify". All six of the LEDs on
the busbar will then flash simultaneously for several seconds.
The "Device address (IP)" field shows the current IP address assigned to the
busbar. You can change this address by clicking "Set Address".
Figure 12: Setting the IP address for a device

The IP address and subnet for the control computer can be seen under "Host".
Set the address of the device in accordance with your chosen schema under
"Device". Configure the subnet mask to be the same as the host.
Confirm the IP address with OK. The busbar will then re-initialise.
Use the "Friendly Name" field to give the device a more understandable name, e.g.:
"BB Field 1: Transformer Grid" - BB = Busbar
"BB Field 2: Wind power" etc.
"Set Name" writes this name to the device itself.
According to the suggested numbering scheme, the IP addresses are as follows:
PC Field 1 (left) Field 2 Field 3 Field 4
192.168.168.1 192.168.168.11 192.168.168.12 192.168.168.13 192.168.168.14
 
The control computer and each of the busbars now have unique IP addresses:
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Figure 13: All busbars configured
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The following installation instructions explain how to connect devices to the SCADA system via
RS485.
Installation of the USB driver and preparing the Profibus cable

Connect double busbar feeders and couplers
Connect protective relay with RS485 interface XRS1
Connect directional overcurrent protection relay
Check the RS485 addresses using SCADA
Driver installation and cable connection

To connect the PC with a device using the RS485 interface, use the USB adapter
LM9025.
Use the CD provided for the installation of the driver.
Connect the LM9025 to the PC
Use the cable cutting tool LM9184 to cut and strip the Profibus cable LM9181 to the right
length and then attach the Profibus connector plugs LM9182.
Set all of the Profibus plugs to "off"
Connect the LM9025 to one end of the Profibus cable and set the Profibus plug on
the opposite end to "on".
LM9025 LM9181 LM9182 LM9184
Figure 1: Components for RS485
Double busbar feeder and coupler interconnection

Set different addresses for each device. In the case of double busbars CO3301-3R and
CO3301-3S, the addresses can be changed directly via the front panel.
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Figure 2: Set address (protection relays)
Open the Device Manager in SCADA via the toolbar or the

drop-down menu "Diagnostics" → "Device Manager ...".
To set the RS485 address in SCADA, select the busbar to be set and click on the
properties, then set the same value there as the value given in the hardware.
Figure 3: Setting the RS485 address for a double busbar
Protective relay with interface adapter XRS1
The following protective relays use the RS485 interface adapter XRS1 for communication:
Overcurrent relay CO3301-4J, over/undervoltage time delay relay CO3301-4N, directional power relay CO3301-
4G, earth-fault voltage relay CO3301-4K. The overcurrent directional relay CO3301-4D is dealt with further below.
Protective relays, such as the time overcurrent relay CO3301-4J, are interconnected using interface
adapters XRS1 also via RS485.
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Figure 4: The eight DIP switches for configuration are to the left of the RS485 interface adapter XRS1, located on the right
of the protective relay
The address for the protective relay is set as follows:
1. Connect the supply voltage.

2. Make a note of the current positions of the DIP switches on the relay, then set DIP switches 1 - 3
on the relay to the ON setting.
3. Make a note of the protective relay's current tripping values and then turn each of the
potentiometers all the way to the right.
4. Set the required address using DIP switches 4 - 8. The address is coded in binary form, as
explained in the table below.
DIP switch 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Significance ON ON ON 20 21 22 23 24
Example for address 5: Binary formed from 4 + 1, accordingly the DIP switches 6 and 4
are set to ON.
Example for address 12: Binary formed from 8 + 4, here the DIP switches 7 and 6 are set
to ON
5. Press the test button for about 5 s.

6. Restore the DIP switches and potentiometers to their initial settings.
Directional time overcurrent relay

The directional time overcurrent relay CO3301-4D is programmed via buttons on the front. The
following flow chart provides information about the design of the menu layout:
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Figure 5: Menu structure for directional time overcurrent relay
1. Begin configuration by pressing and holding down SELECT/RESET for 3 s.

2. The address of the protective relay is set to that of the "Serial interface [RS]" (Figure 5). By
using SELECT you can navigate through the menu items one after the other.
3. You can see in Figure 6 how the individual parameters can be changed.
Figure 6: Changing parameters
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Checking RS485 addresses using SCADA
1. Select "RS485 Relay Server" in the SCADA device manager and click on "Properties".
2. Under Interface, select the RS485 adapter I-756X. Make sure that the driver for the RS485
adapter has already been installed previously.
3. Click on Scan to find out all the Profibus devices connected to this.
Here you can quickly check whether all of the devices can be accessed at the prescribed
addresses.
Figure 7: Select RS485 Relay Server and click on Properties.
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Connection via USB
Here are some instructions on how to connect equipment to the SCADA system by means of USB.
Driver installation
Some equipment may be controlled via a computer running Windows. This involves the equipment
being connected to the computer by means of a USB link. As a rule, you would install drivers or
control software before connecting the equipment to the computer via the USB port.
When using a servo-machine test bench (300 W/1 kW), install the "ActiveServo"
software from the supplied CD.
When using the multi-function relay CO3301-5W, install the "ToolKit" software supplied
with the relay.
When using multimeter CO5127-1Z, install the analog/digital multimeter software from
the supplied CD. It is also sufficient to only install our training software LabSoft, if you
wish to choose that option.
Connect the equipment via any free USB port on your computer and wait till the computer has fully
initialised the driver and the equipment itself.
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Theoretical foundations
The first supply systems designed to provide electrical energy were operated using direct current.
The voltage was based on the insulation capability of the materials used and normally amounted to
110 V. Rising transmission capacities meant that increasingly large conductor cross-sections became
necessary to keep voltage losses within acceptable limits. Only with the invention of the transformer
did it become possible to generate electrical energy economically in large power stations and
transmit this energy over large distances before reducing it to a less dangerous level for use by the
consumer. Today's high and very high voltage, medium voltage and low voltage power supply
structures would not be possible without transformers.
Transformers are used in both single-phase and three-phase systems. Because of its considerable
relevance to practice, a three-phase transformer shall be used in the experiments in this course.
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Single-phase transformers
When describing the function of a transformer, it is helpful to refer to Faraday's law of induction.
Faraday's law states that a voltage is induced in a coil which is permeated by a magnetic flux that
changes over time. A coil is also used to generate such a flux in the case of a transformer. An iron
core, to which both windings are attached, is used to control the flux more effectively. For the
purpose of the illustrating the principle, it is sufficient to examine a single-phase transformer or a
single phase of a three-phase transformer.
When the magnetic flux flows through two windings with n1 turns and n2 turns, the ratio of the
associated voltages is the same as the ratio of the numbers of turns:
The ratio of the numbers of turns (the turn ratio) also corresponds to the transformation ratio ü for the
transformer. Strictly speaking, however, this only applies when operating with no load.
For the purpose of further investigation, we shall assume that a magnetic flux is generated by an
alternating voltage on the primary side (winding 1) and a load is connected to the secondary or
winding 2 (in power engineering, it is helpful to select indices so that they correspond to the direction
of the energy flow).
If the internal losses of the transformer are disregarded, the power levels on both sides must be
equal:
P 1 = U1 * I 1 = P 2 = U2 * I 2
This means that the following applies to both currents:
The voltages on both sides of a transformer are therefore in the same ratio as the turn ratio. The
currents are in inverse ratio.
The following section moves on to deal with complex variables. Complex variables are shown
underlined. Absolute values of complex numbers are not underlined.
Following Ohm's law, an apparent power level S can be represented using a voltage and an
impedance Z (apparent impedance):
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Because the powers are equal on both sides, the following also applies:
Impedance on one side of the transformer therefore appears on the other side with a different value.
This fact is known as impedance transformation. Its effect is used in telecommunications, to adapt a
low-impedance speaker to a high-impedance amplifier output for example.
Transformers have galvanically isolated windings. Consequently, it is not possible to represent them
directly in a closed equivalent circuit diagram. Only with the aid of the variables converted using the
above rule is it possible to produce a simple equivalent diagram. The values in this equivalent circuit
diagram for an unknown transformer can be determined using no-load and short-circuit
measurements.
Response in no-load operation

Winding 1 is connected to the nominal voltage whilst winding 2 remains unconnected.
A current I10 is measured. This current is basically necessary to provide the magnetism for what is
known as the magnetising reactance Xh. The current contains a small active component arising from
losses due to the resistance R1 of winding 1 and core losses VFe (hysteresis losses in the iron core).
A notional resistance RFe is assigned to represent the core losses. This means that the response of
the transformer when operating with no load can be represented using the following equivalent
circuit:
Equivalent circuit for the transformer operating with no load
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First of all, the circuit in the experiment can be used to determine the transformation ratio of the
transformer. To do this, all you need to measure is the voltage on both sides (primary and
secondary). Measuring the power levels enables you to obtain the value of the magnetising
reactance Xh. However, only the sum of the variables R1 and RFe can be determined. If you wish to
measure the winding resistance R1 alone, you need to use a sensitive DC measuring bridge, for
example. You can determine the resistance R2 of winding 2 using a similar method. However, in the
case of large transformers, the winding resistances are much lower than the notional resistance
representing the core losses. They can therefore be disregarded, at least during operation with no
load.
The no-load current causes losses and thereby determines efficiency. The no-load losses are
described as being current-independent since they occur with every type of load. In practice, the no-
load current is often specified as a fraction of the rated current and referred to as the relative no-load
current. In the case of the large transformers used in power engineering, this value is lower than 1%.
Response in the event of a short circuit

For this purpose, winding 2 is short-circuited and a very small voltage is applied to winding 1. This
voltage is increased until the rated current begins to flow. During this process, the proportion of the
current arising from the magnetising reactance is negligible since the magnetising reactance is
effectively shorted out by the short-circuited secondary winding. The only other effects to be added to
the effect of the winding resistances are the (much larger) leakage reactances X1s and X2s, which are
caused by the magnetic leakage flux.
To obtain a closed equivalent circuit diagram, it is necessary to recalculate the secondary side
variables for the primary side, taking the transformation ratio into account. The converted variables
are the ones with primes. In the case of a short circuit, the following equivalent circuit diagram can
then be assigned to the transformer:
Equivalent circuit for the transformer in the case of a short circuit
The following new variables have been added in the illustration:
R1k = R1 + R2’ Active component of the short-circuit impedance
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X1k = X1s + X2s’ Active component of the short-circuit impedance
U1k from the primary voltage which generates the rated current I1N in the case of a short circuit
R1, R2 Winding resistances on both sides and X2s' = ü² * X2s
The windings on both sides of the transformer are designed for the same power and therefore they
take up roughly the same amount of space. The leakages are also roughly of the same magnitude
and the following relationships apply: R1 ≈ R2' and X1s ≈ X2s'.
Normally, the two variables R1k and X1k are combined to give what is known as the short-circuit
impedance Z1k, whereby the following applies:
If the corresponding measurements are taken on the secondary side of the transformer, this gives the
following by analogy:
To compare transformers of different power classes, the short-circuit voltage is usually referenced to
the rated voltage, giving the relative short-circuit voltage:
This value is an important parameter for the practical operation of a transformer. It is given as a
percentage (like many relative variables) and measures the drop in the secondary voltage as a
function of the load.
Response in the case of different types of load

Transformers are normally loaded with currents that are higher than the no-load current and lower
than the short-circuit current. A combination of the two circuits derived earlier for no-load and short-
circuit operation can be used as the basis for an equivalent circuit diagram for these operating
conditions. For this purpose, the secondary-side variables are converted to get the values for the
primary side:
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Equivalent circuit for the transformer in normal operation
This results in the following phasor diagram, used here to represent the frequently occurring case of
a mixed resistive-inductive load:
Phasor diagram of a transformer in the case of a resistive-inductive load
When constructing the phasor diagram, we begin with the voltage U2', which is drawn in the direction
of the real axis as necessary. Current I2' lags behind the voltage in the case of a resistive-inductive
load.The auxiliary variable U10 is obtained by adding the voltage drop across R2' and X2s to the
voltage U2. If U10 is known, current I10 (consisting of Im and IFe) can be determined. Adding I10 to I2'
gives the primary current I1. The voltage drop across R1 and X1s can now be entered and we arrive at
voltage U1.
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If we opt for a representation to scale, we can see that current I10 can be disregarded in comparison
with load current I2 during operation under load. This simplifies the phasor diagram, enabling the
characteristic features of the three different types of load to be recognized more easily:
Simplified phasor diagrams for resistive (left), inductive (middle) and capacitive (right) loads on the transformer
Voltage V1 on the primary side has been recalculated for the secondary side and appears in the
diagrams as U1'.
The name for the areas formed by the phasors for variables UR and Ux and the dotted line in the
three diagrams is Kapp's triangle. The respective size of Kapp’s triangle in each case is dependent
on the load current.
The figures show that if the voltage remains constant on the primary side in the case of resistive and
inductive loads, voltage U2 decreases with increasing load current. By contrast, in the case of
capacitive loads, this voltage increases.
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Three-phase transformers
In the case of three-phase transformers, three windings are used on both the primary and the
secondary side. In principle, three separate AC transformers can be used for this purpose; however,
a single iron core is also often used to save material and weight. Since the primary and secondary
windings are galvanically isolated from each other, they can be configured in a star (Y) or delta (D)
connection as desired.
The term vector group is used as a concise designation to describe the circuit used, capital letters
being used to designate the primary winding and lower-case letters being used to designate the
secondary winding. A delta winding is indicated by D or d and a star connection is indicated by Y or y.
If different circuits are used on the primary and secondary sides, phase rotation occurs between the
primary and secondary sides. Phase rotation can only occur in multiples of 30° and is consequently
described in steps from 1 to 6.
A transformer with the designation Dy5, therefore, has a delta winding as its primary winding and a
star (Y) connection as its secondary winding, resulting in a voltage phase rotation of 5 x 30° = 150°.
The power of the transformer windings must be equal on both sides. In the case of a delta
connection, this means that the winding can be designed for smaller currents because of the higher
voltage. However, this is more demanding in terms of insulation requirements. The opposite applies
where a star connection is used. In this case, insulation requirements are not as strict, since only the
star voltage is present. Because of the higher currents, though, larger copper cross-sections have to
be selected.
The vector group is only relevant in the case of asymmetric loads. It is important that the asymmetry
is not replicated on the primary side to a disproportionately large extent. The Dy connection is quite
suitable for this purpose, for example. It should also be noted that only transformers from the same
vector group may operate in parallel. The vector group used in the experiment is represented in the
following diagram:
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Vector group Dy5 – Circuit and corresponding phasor diagram for voltages
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Experiment procedure
Initially, the transformer is operated with no load, then with a short circuit to establish its parameters.
An investigation of the different types of load (resistive, inductive, capacitive) is then conducted.
Two digital multimeters can be used to measure the relevant variables of voltage, current plus active
and reactive power on the primary and secondary sides simultaneously. An additional voltmeter is
needed to measure the voltage during the short-circuit measurement, because the multimeter is not
able to display such small voltage values.
The rated apparent power for the transformer is 1 kVA. This means that the rated current on the
primary side is as follows:
In all experiments, it must be ensured that the calculated current I1N=1.44 A is not significantly
exceeded (due to circuit faults, for example). The transformer also benefits from an automatic circuit
breaker providing protection against prolonged overload of its windings.
In order for the experiment to return reproducible results, you should work with a constant input
voltage of 400 V (except in the case of the short-circuit measurement). It is therefore advisable to use
the infinitely adjustable transformer at a constant output voltage of 400 V in all measurements.
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No-load operation
Set up the circuit as shown in the illustration below:
Set-up for no load
The variables listed in the table are to be measured (in the following, the power levels are
always three-phase values, i.e. total power levels).
Voltage L1-L2 (primary side) 399_ V
Voltage L1-L2 (secondary side) 424_ V
Current I1 (primary side) 0.12 A Correct.
Active power P0 (primary side) 14__ W
Reactive power Q0 (primary side) 84__ var
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Determine the transformation ratio of the transformer when operated with no load:
Transformation ratio ü=0.94 Correct.
Magnetising reactance Xh, iron loss resistance RFe
Use the above measurement results to calculate the values of the magnetising reactance Xh
and the iron loss resistance RFe:
Magnetising reactance Xh 1895 Ω

Correct.
Iron loss resistance RFe 12246 Ω
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Short circuit
Set up the circuit as shown in the illustration below:
Set-up for short circuit
On the secondary side, the three phases are short-circuited and connected to the neutral conductor.
The three-phase voltage is carefully increased starting from a value of zero until the rated current
flows on the primary side of the transformer.
The following variables are to be measured:
The following variables are to be measured (the power levels measured as total power
level):
Voltage L1-L2 (primary side) U1k 24__ V
Short-circuit current (primary side) I1k=I1N 1.44 A ***Field 4 is

wrong
Active power P (primary side) 55__ W (reihenweise
zählen).
Reactive power Qk (primary side) 6___ var
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Short-circuit resistance R1k, short-circuit reactance X1k
Short-circuit impedance Z1k, relative short-circuit voltage uk
Use these measurement results to determine the values of the short-circuit resistance R1k,
the short-circuit reactance X1k, the short-circuit impedance Z1k and the relative short-circuit
voltage uk:
R1k 8.84 Ω
X1k 1.77 Ω
Correct.
Z1k 9___ Ω
uk 5.5_ %
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Resistive load
We are now going to look at how the transformer behaves when a resistive load is connected.
Add to the circuit as shown in the illustration below:
Experiment circuit for a resistive load
Starting from the highest value, vary the load resistance such that the currents indicated in the
table flow on the primary side.
Measure/calculate the following variables:
U1 = 400 V = constant
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Measure/calculate the following variables:
U2 P1 P2 h = P2 /
I1 [A] I2 [A]
[V] [W] [W] P1
0.4 423_ 0.35269_ 255_ 0.94
0.6 420_ 0.52396_ 377_ 0.95
0.8 416_ 0.72542_ 516_ 0.95

Correct.
1.0 412_ 0.93670_ 709_ 0.99
1.2 404_ 1.11827_ 779_ 0.94
1.4 402_ 1.30962_ 897_ 0.93
1.6 397_ 1.501109 1029 0.93
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Interpret the results of your measurement from the table.
As the load current increases, the output voltage rises

 As the load current increases, the output voltage falls

Currents I1 and I2 respond in proportion to the previously
determined transformation ratio
Currents I1 and I2 respond in inverse proportion to the Correct.
previously determined transformation ratio
The power on the secondary side corresponds to the power
on the primary side.

The power on the secondary side corresponds to the power
on the primary side minus the transformer losses.
How high are the transformer losses during operation?
The transformer losses are negligible at 50 Hz. Due to the

inductance of the transformer windings, they only make
themselves felt at and above about 1 kHz.
The transformer losses consist of the load-independent
component (attributable to the notional iron resistance RFe)

and the load-dependent component (attributable to the short-
circuit resistance R1k). Correct.
The transformer losses consist of the load-independent

component (attributable to the notional iron resistance RFe)
and the load-depende00nt component (attributable to the
short-circuit resistance R1k and the short-circuit capacitance
C1k).
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Inductive load
Repeat the same measurements with an inductive load.
Set-up for inductive load (for 3.2 H)
Select the values specified for the inductance in sequence and measure the following variables:
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Measure the following variables:
L [H] I1 [A] U2 [V] I2 [A]
3.2 0.42 426 0.25
2.8 0.45 426 0.28
2.4 0.51 429 0.33 Correct.
2.0 0.57 430 0.40
1.6 0.68 430 0.49
1.2 0.86 426 0.66
Interpret the measurement results.
As the load current increases in this case, the voltage rises

due to the inductance.
As the load current increases, the secondary voltage does Correct.
not change.
 As the load current increases, the secondary voltage falls.
The following diagram explains this:
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Capacitive load
Repeat the same measurements with a capacitive load.
Set-up for capacitive load (2 µF)
Select the values specified for the capacitance in sequence and measure the following
variables:
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Measure the following variables:
C [µF] I1 [A] U2 [V] I2 [A]
2 0.08 427 0.16
4 0.24 427 0.33
8 0.56 428 0.65 Correct.
12 0.89 428 0.96
14 1.06 428 1.12
30 2.42 429 2.39
Interpret the measurement results.

As the load current increases in this case, the voltage rises
due to the capacitance.
As the load current increases, the secondary voltage does Correct.
not change.
As the load current increases, the secondary voltage falls.
The following diagram explains this:
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Asymmetric load
The Dy circuit is suitable for asymmetric loads. There are many and varied possible scenarios.
We are only going to consider a single-phase load with a resistive consumer. Modify the circuit
as shown in the illustration below:
Experiment circuit for single-phase resistive load
Once again, set the input voltage U1 to 400 V.

The load resistance is varied starting from its highest value until exactly 1.5 A is flowing on the
secondary side in phase conductor L1. Measure the following variables:
On the primary side:
Current I1 ___ A
Current I2 ___ A
Current I3 ___ A
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On the secondary side:
Voltage L1-L2 ___ V
Voltage L2-L3 ___ V
Voltage L3-L1 ___ V
Current I1 ___ A
Current I2 ___ A
Current I3 ___ A
Interpret the measurement results:
When a current is flowing in L1 on the secondary side: where does current flow on the
primary side?
In L1
In L2
In L3
Correct.
In conductors L1 and L2
The current in L2...
... corresponds to the operating current

... is displayed due to inaccuracies in the measuring
instrument Correct.
 ... corresponds to the no-load current
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What can be observed with regard to the secondary voltage?
The asymmetric load causes the secondary-side voltage to

dip to impermissible levels.
Correct.
Despite the asymmetric load, the secondary-side voltage
remains within tolerance limits.
As shown in the diagram, a secondary-side voltage in conductor L2 induces currents in

conductors L2 and L3 on the primary side.
If you select a different phase for the asymmetric load on the secondary side, the measurement
results will be similar. This can also be seen from the diagram:
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Copyright
Congratulations!
This is the last page of this course. You have completed the course "EUT – Investigation of
transformers".
Copyright © 2017 LUCAS-NÜLLE GmbH.
This course "EUT – Investigation of transformers" is protected by copyright. All rights

pertaining thereto are reserved. Any reproduction of the document as a file or in written form be it
photocopy, microfilm or any other method or conversion into a machine-compatible language, in
particular for data processing systems, without the expressed written approval of the LUCAS-NÜLLE
GmbH is strictly forbidden.
The software as described above is made available on the basis of a general licensing agreement or
in the form of a single license. The use or reproduction of the software is only permitted in strict
compliance with the contractual terms stated therein.
If changes have been performed in a manner which was not strictly authorised by the LUCAS-NÜLLE
GmbH, any product liability or warranty claims pertaining thereto are null and void.
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Investigation of transformers

SO2800-6H version 1.3.0.2

Author: Professor Dipl.-Ing. Guntram Schultz

Lucas-Nülle GmbH · Siemensstraße 2 · D-50170 Kerpen · Tel.: 49 2273 567-0

Devices used in the experiments 5

Configuring SCADA for PowerLab 7

General notes on SCADA connection 9

Connection via CAN bus 13

Connection via Ethernet 14

Connection via RS485 21

Connection via USB 26

Item Name Order number

Isolating transformer, three-phase, 1 kW CO3301-3N

Resistive load CO3301-3F

Capacitive load, three-phase, 1 kW CO3301-3E

Inductive load, three-phase, 1 kW CO3301-3D

Figure 1: SCADA user interface for smart grid: ESG 1

Run SCADA for PowerLab by clicking the button in LabSoft:

Figure 2: Starting SCADA in Labsoft

Connection via CAN bus

Connection via Ethernet

Pumped-storage power station

Power quality meter

Connection via RS232

CO3301-4J Time overcurrent relay

Connection via USB

Figure 1: CAN-Bus Adapter LM9024 and LM9040 serial cable

Insert the accompanying driver CD into the CD drive.

Figure 2: Multifunction relay CO3301-5X

Equipment used for Ethernet communication

LM9056 LM9988 LM9057

Figure 1: Components for communication over Ethernet

This configuration is an example for up to 9 different equipment sets/control computers

Set 1 Set 2 ... Set 8 Set 9

PC: PC: PC: PC:

Configuration of IP address for SCADA control computer

Figure 2: Assigning a fixed IP address

Menu → Settings→ Communication

Configuration of power quality meter/HMI in SCADA

Figure 3: "Device Manager" in the SCADA toolbar

Configuration of SCADA Designer/Viewer with double busbar CO3301-

Figure 5: Device Manager on the SCADA toolbar

Figure 6: SCADA device manager with busbar feeder added

Figure 7: Network configuration for a device

Figure 8: In the device properties for a newly added busbar

Figure 9: All SCADA Designer/Viewer access via the Windows firewall

Figure 10: Display of devices detected in a LAN

Figure 11: Devices in "Device Manager"

Figure 12: Setting the IP address for a device

PC Field 1 (left) Field 2 Field 3 Field 4

192.168.168.1 192.168.168.11 192.168.168.12 192.168.168.13 192.168.168.14

Installation of the USB driver and preparing the Profibus cable

Driver installation and cable connection

LM9025 LM9181 LM9182 LM9184

Figure 1: Components for RS485

Double busbar feeder and coupler interconnection

Open the Device Manager in SCADA via the toolbar or the

Figure 3: Setting the RS485 address for a double busbar

Protective relay with interface adapter XRS1

The address for the protective relay is set as follows:

1. Connect the supply voltage.

5. Press the test button for about 5 s.

Directional time overcurrent relay

1. Begin configuration by pressing and holding down SELECT/RESET for 3 s.