Lesson 1: Arithmetic Sequence

A sequence is a function whose domain is the finite set {1, 2,

3,… n} or the finite set {1, 2, 3,…}.
An arithmetic sequence is a sequence where every term
after the first is obtained by adding a constant called the
common difference.
It is easy to find any term in an arithmetic sequence by
using the rule an=a1 +(n-1)d.
The terms between any two nonconsecutive terms of an
arithmetic sequence are known as arithmetic means.
In Finding the Nth term in a sequence, use the formula Sn=
a 1+¿
n
¿
n¿ or Sn= 2 [2a1+(n-1)d].
¿

Lesson 2: Geometric Sequence

A geometric sequence is a sequence where each term after
the first is obtained by multiplying the preceding term by a
nonzero constant called the common ratio.
Lesson 1: Division of Polynomials
A polynomial expression P(x) is an expression of the
formThus, there are two ways to find the remainder when P(x) is
anxn divided by
+ an-1 xn-1 (x –xr),
+a n-2
n-2 that is:
+ … + a1x + a0, an ≠ 0.
(1) Use synthetic
The Polynomial division
expression or to be in standard form.
is said
(2) Calculate P(r)
There is a shorter procedure when a polynomial is to be
Similarly, there are two ways to find the value of P(r):
divided by a binomial of the form (x – r). This method is
called(1) Substitute
synthetic r in the polynomial expression P(x), or
division.
(2) Use synthetic division.
Lesson 2: The Remainder Theorem and Factor
The Factor Theorem
Theorem
The polynomial P(x) has x-r as a factor if and only if P(r)
The Remainder Theorem
=0
If the polynomial P(x) is divided by (x – r), the remainder
Proof: There are two parts of the proof of the Factor
R is a constant and is equal to P(r).
Theorem, namely:
R=P(r)
Given a Polynomial P(x),
1. If (x-r) is a factor of P(x), then P(r) = 0.
2. If P(r) = 0, then (x – r) is a factor of P(x).
 Lesson 3: Polynomial Equations
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
A Polynomial
If P(x) is Function is a function
a polynomial of the form
of degree n and with real
P(x) = anxn + an-1 xn-1+
coefficients, then it +has
an-2xn-2 … + at
a1xmost
+ a0, nn real roots.
≠ 0, where n is a nonnegative
integer, a0, a1, …, an are real numbers a called coefficients, axxn is the leading
The
term, an Factor Theorem
is the leading coefficient, and a0 is the constant term.

The Polynomial
A polynomial P(x) degree
function shoes has x is
– r0 as a factor
is called only if P(x)
if and Function.
the Constant

= 0. of finding the value of the polynomial at a given value in its domain

A process
is called the Evaluating a Polynomial.
Proof: There are two parts of the proof of the Factor
Any polynomial whose terms are arranged in decreasing powers of x is called
Theorem, namely:
the Polynomial in Standard Form.

A Given a polynomial
factor that P(x)
can no longer be, factored using coefficients that are real
numbers is called the Irreducible Factor.
1. If (x – r) is a factor of P(x), then P(r) = 0.
A test that uses the leading tern if the polynomial function to determine the
2.
right-hand If Pthe
and (r) =left-hand
0, thenbehaviors
(x – r) isofathe
factor ofisP(x)
graph . the Leading
called
Coefficient Test.
The highest degree of a term in a polynomial is called the
A polynomial function whose degree is 1 is called the Linear Function.
Degree of a Polynomial.
A polynomial function whose degree is 2 is called the Quadratic Function.
Aorshort
Zero method
any positive of dividing
integer polynomial
is called the Nonnegativeexpressions
Integer. using
Lesson 1A: Chords, Arcs, and Central Angles
Degree measure of an Arc
Central Angle and Arcs
The degree measure of an minor arc is the measure of the
Recall that a central angle of a circle is an angle formed by
central angle which intercepts the arc.
two rays whose vertex is the center of the circle. Each ray
intersects the circle
The degree measureat a of
point, dividing
a major arc it
isinto arcs.
equal to 360 minus the
measureSum
Definition: of the minor arc
of Central with the same endpoints.
Angles
Congruent Circles
The sum of and Congruent
the measures Arcs angles of a circle with
of the central
noCongruent
common interior points
circles is 360 degrees.
are circles Note that
with congruent all measures
radii.
of angles and arcs are in degrees.
Congruent arcs are arcs of the same circle or of congruent
Arcs of a Circle
circles with equal measures.
An arc is a part of a circle. The symbol for arc is ⌒ .A
Theorems on Central Angles, Arcs, and Chords
semicircle is an arc with a measure equal to one-half the
In a circle orofinacongruent
circumference circle. It is circles,
named by two minor
using thearcs are congruent
two endpoints
and
if another
and onlypoint on the
if their arc.
corresponding central angles are congruent.
A minor
Arc arc Postulate
Addition is an arc of the circle that measures less than a
semicircle. It is named usually by using the two endpoints of the
The
arc. measure
The of an arcofformed
degree measure by twoisadjacent
a semi-circle 180°. arcs is the sum
of the measures of the two arcs.
Sector and Segment of a Circle

A sector of a circle is the region bounded by an arc of the circle and

Theorems on Inscribed Angles
the two radii to the endpoints of the arc. To find the area of a sector of
measureof the arc
If an
a circle, angle
get is inscribed
the product in ratio
of the a circle, then
360
the measure of the
and the area of angle
the
equals one-half the measure of its intercepted arc (or the measure of
circle.
the intercepted arc is twice the measure of the inscribed angle).
A Segment of a circle is the region bounded by an arc and the segment
Lesson
joining its 2A: Tangents and Secants of a Circle
endpoints.

Tangent
Arc LengthLine

A tangent
The to an
Length of a circle is a
arc can beline coplanar by
determined with the circle
using and intersects
the proportion
A
360
it in
l one and only one point. The point of intersection of the line and
= 2 πr , where A is the degree measure of the arc, r is the radius of the
the circle is called the point of tangency.
circle, and l is the arc length. In the given proportion, 360 is the
Theorems
degree on Tangent
measure Line circle, while 2 πr is the circumference.
of the whole

1. If a1B:
Lesson lineArcs
is tangent to a circle,Angles
and Inscribed then it is perpendicular to the
radius drawn to the point of tangency.
Inscribed Angles and Intercepted Arcs
2. If a line is perpendicular to a radius of a circle at its endpoint
An Inscribed angle
that is on the is an angle
circle, thenwhose vertex
the line is on to
is tangent a circle and whose
the circle.
sides contain chords of the circle. The arc that lies in the interior of an
3. If two
inscribed segments
angle from
and has the same
endpoints on exterior
the anglepoint are tangent
is called the to a
circle, arc
intercepted thenofthe
thetwo segments are congruent.
angle.
Common Tangent

A common tangent is a line that is tangent to two circles in the same plane.

Common internal tangents intersect the segment joining the centers of the
4. If two secants intersect in the interior of a circle, then the
two circles. Common external tangents do not intersect the segment joining
measure of an angle formed is one-half the sum of the
the center of the two circles.
measures of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its
Tangent and Secant
vertical angle.
Segments and rays that are contained in the tangent or intersect the circle in
5. Ifonly
one and a secant and
one point areaalso
tangent
said tointersect
be tangentat
to the point A
the circle. ofSecant is a
tangency,
line that then
intersects the measure
a circle of each
at exactly two angle
points. formed
A Secant is one-half
contains a chord
of a the measure
circle. of its intercepted arc.
Theorems on Angles Formed by Tangents and Secants
Lesson 2B: Tangent and Secant Segments
1. If two secants intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the measure of
Theorem of Two Intersecting Chords
the angle formed is one-half the positive difference of the measures of
the intercepted arcs.
If two chords of a circle intersect, then the product of the
measures
2. If a secantof the
and segments
a tangent of one
intersect chord
in the is equal
exterior to the
of a circle, then the
measure
product ofofthe
the measures
angle formed
ofisthe
one-half the positive
segments of thedifference of the
other chord.
measures of the intercepted arcs.
External Secant Segment
3. If two tangents in the exterior of a circle, then the measure of the angle
formed is one-half
An external the positive
secant difference
segment of part
is the the measures of the
of a secant
intercepted arcs.
Permutations – refers to the different possible arrangements of a
Union
set ofand Intersection
object. of Events
The number of permutations of n objects taken r at
n!
a time which
Events is: P(n, r) = ( n−r
consists , n ≥than
of) ! more r. one outcome and compound events.
A compound Event consists of two or more simple events.
Distinguishable Permutations – refer to the permutations of a set
Independent and Dependent Events
of objects where some of them are alike. The number of
distinguishable permutations
Two events are independent if theofoccurrence
n objectsof
when p are
one of alike, gives
the events r are
us no information
alike, and son, isabout
givenwhether
by P = or not the other event will occur; that is,
n!
( n−r ) ! …
the events have no influence on each other.
Circular Permutation – is the different possible arrangements of
If two events, A and B, are independent, then the probability of both
objects in a circle. The number of permutations P, of n objects
events occurring is the product of the probability of A and the probability
around a circle is given by P = (n – 1)!
of B. In symbols,
Combinations – Combinations
P(A and B) = P(A) • P(B) When theare the number
outcome of ways
of one event of the
affects
selecting
outcome offrom a set
another when
event, the
they order
are is notevents.
dependent important. The
number of combinations of n objects taken r at a time is given by
Conditional nProbability
!
C(n,r) = ( n−r ) ! r ! , n ≥ r.
The conditional probability of an event B given A is the probability that
the event will occur that an event A has already occurred. This
probability that the event B will occur given that an event A has already
occurred.
Lesson 1: Measures of Position for Ungrouped Data
The Deciles for Ungrouped Data
The Quartile for Ungrouped Data
The Deciles are the nine score points which divide a distribution
Lesson
The
into 1: The
quartiles
ten equal are Distance
the
parts. scoreare
They Formula,
points the
which
deciles and Midpoint
divide
are Formula,
a distribution
denoted as D 1, D2,
into
D3, …, four equal
D9 . They parts.
are andQ1the
computedis called
thethe
Coordinate
in lower
same quartile,
that theQquartiles
Proof
way 2 is the

upper
are quartile and Q3 is nothing but the median.
calculated.
Distance between Two Points
Percentile
The steps in forsolving
Ungrouped Dataare the following:
quartiles
The distance between two points is always nonnegative. It is
positive
The whenarrange
a. percentiles
First, the two
are the points
the arein
different,
ninety-nine
scores andorder
score points
ascending zero if the
which points
divide a
distribution
are the same. into one
If P andhundred equal
Q are two parts,
points; so that
then each partfrom P
the distance
b.
represent Second,
the locate
data set. the
To position
find the of the scorethe
percentiles, in the
formula used
to Q is the same as the distance from Q to P. That is, PQ = stQP .
is distribution,
k (n−1) Third Interpolate the value to obtain the 1
Thequartile.
Distance
100
Formula
Measures of Position
The distance of Grouped
between Data whether or not they are
two points,
Steps of Interpolation:
aligned horizontally
The Formula or vertically,
for solving can Decile
the Quartile, be determined using the
and Percentile
nd rd
a.
distanceSubtract
formulathe 2 data from the 3 data.
b. √ ( x 2−x
d= Multiply
1 ) 2+ ( y 2− y 1 )the
2 orresult
PQ= by the
√ ( x 2−x 1 ) 2+decimal
( y 2− y 1 ) 2 part obtained in the
second
Many geometric step (Position
propertiesofcan Q1) be proven by using a coordinate

plane. A proof that uses figures on a coordinate plane to prove

geometric properties is called a coordinate proof.
Module 1: Sequences

Module 2: Polynomials and Polynomial Equations

Module 3: Polynomial
Functions

Module 4: Circles

Module 5: Plane Coordinate Geometry

Module 6: Permutations and Combinations

Module7: Probability of Compound Events

Module 8: Measures of
Position

Module 6: Permutations and Combinations

Table of Contents
Module 1: Sequences
Module 2: Polynomials and Polynomial Equations
Module 3: Polynomial Functions
Module 4: Circles
Module 5: Plane Coordinate Geometry
Module 6: Permutations and Combinations
Module 7: Probability of Compound Events
Module 8: Measures of Position