The

UNIVERSE
 In the Bible, there was time when
the world did not exist. Only God
existed.
He decided to create the world and
with that decision, the world began.
What composes
the Universe?
 The universe is everything that
exists. All the planets, stars, and
galaxies are part of the universe, and
so, is all of space.

The study of universe is called

Cosmology.
COMPOSITION
• The universe as we currently know it comprises all space and
time, and all matter & energy in it.
It is made of
• 4.6% baryonic matter – ordinary matter consisting of protons,
electrons, and neutrons: atoms, planets, stars, galaxies, nebulae,
and other bodies
• 24% cold dark matter - matter that has gravity but does not
emit light, and
• 71.4% dark energy - a source of antigravity
COMPOSITION
• Dark matter can explain what may be holding galaxies together
for the reason that the low total mass is insufficient for gravity
alone to do so.
• Dark energy can explain the observed accelerating expansion of
the universe.
• Hydrogen, Helium, and Lithium are the three most abundant
elements.
Organization of matter in the Universe:
STARS – building block of galaxies born out
of clouds of gas and dust
GALAXY – a cluster of billions of stars
SUPER CLUSTER – cluster of galaxies
*DIAMETER = 91 billion light years
• 1 light year = 9.46x10^12 km
*DENSITY = 4.5x10^31 g/cm3

In between the clusters is EMPTY SPACE.

THEORIES on the Formation of the Universe
• Steady State Universe Theory. New matter is quietly but
continually appearing out of nothing form the spaces in the
galaxies.
• Oscillating Universe Theory. Another big bang will occur when
the universe starts to run down.

• Nebular Hypothesis. Also known as Planetesimal Theory, as gas

swirled around, eddies of gas caused the formation of the sun
and planets.
• Fission Theory. Bursting of the sun sent out the planets and
moons.
THEORIES on the Formation of the Universe
• Capture Theory. Planets and moons were wandering around and
were captured by the sun.
• Accretion Theory. Small chunks of materials gradually combined
and formed Earth, then more chunks formed the moon.
• Planetary Collision Theory. Earth collided with a small planet,
producing the moon.
• Stellar Collision Theory. Two stars collided and formed the
planets and moons.
• Gas Cloud Theory. Gas clouds were pulled by sun’s gravity, then
formed into planets and moons.
 BIG BANG
THEORY
• First developed in 1927 by Georges Lemaitre (1884-1966)

• and coined and revised by George Gamow (1904-1968)

Georges Lemaitre George Gamow
Evolution of the Universe
TIME ZERO – 10^-43 second later
• All matter and energy in the universe existed as a HOT, DENSE, TINY state.
• It underwent extremely rapid, exponential inflation.
10 second later
• Existence of only quarks, hadrons and leptons.
• Nucleosynthesis took place and produced protons, neutrons, atomic
nuclei.
• Hydrogen, Helium and Lithium were produced.
20 minutes later
• Sufficient cooling did not allow further nucleosynthesis.
Evolution of the Universe
380,000 years later
• The cooling universe entered a matter-dominated period when photons
decoupled from matter.
• Light could travel freely as still observed today in the form of cosmic
microwave background radiation.
100 million years later
• Universe continue to cool down.
• Matter collected into clouds giving rise to stars and galaxies.
• Through nucleosynthesis in stars, Carbon and elements heavier than
Carbon were produced.
9.8 billion years - PRESENT
• Universe became dark-energy dominated and underwent accelerating expansion.
• Solar System was formed.
Expanding
Universe
 The diagram reveals changes in the rate of expansion since the universe’s birth
15 billion years ago. The more shallow the curve, the faster the rate of expansion.
Astronomers theorize that the faster expansion rate is due to a mysterious, dark
force that is pushing galaxies apart.
Evidences
RED SHIFT PHENOMENON
•In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced his significant
discovery of the “redshift” and its interpretation
that galaxies are moving away from each other.
•He observed that spectral lines of starlight made to
pass through a prism are shifted toward the red
part of the electromagnetic spectrum, thus, the
inference that the star or galaxy must be moving
away from us.
Evidences
COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
• There is a pervasive cosmic microwave background
(CMB) radiation in the universe.
• Its accidental discovery in 1964 by Arno Penzias and
Robert Woodrow Wilson earned them the physics
Nobel Prize in 1978.
• It can be observed as a strikingly uniform faint glow
in the microwave band coming from all directions-
blackbody radiation with an average temperature of
about 2.7 degrees above absolute zero

ABUNDANCE OF HYDROGEN, HELIUM and LITHIUM

What will happen to
the Universe in the
future?
 Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) discovered
that galaxies of the universe are
moving farther apart. This means that
the universe is getting continually
bigger or getting bigger forever.
 Alternatively, the galaxies may come
together, until finally they will collide and explode.
This event is called the “Big Crunch”.
If the Big Crunch occurred, the sky would grow
as hot as the sun. Finally, everything would vanish into
a blackhole.
What will be the fate of the Universe?
• There will be no longer enough
gravity, then the universe will keep
slowly expanding forever.

• The amount of gravity in the universe

will slow its expansion down, until it
collapsed in on itself.

• There is perfect amount of gravity,

universe will grow into particular size
and then stop.