CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Landslide is a high-risk phenomenon that often occurs around the globe

either at small or big scale. The occurrence of this phenomenon is usually triggered

by earthquakes, heavy rain, and improper land use. This is very common in

mountainous areas like here in the Philippines. The majority of landslides that

occurred here in Philippines are triggered by heavy rainfall. Tohari (2018) stated

that these landslides are common sights in tropical countries, and in some cases,

in temperate regions where residual soil prevails. He added that in a tropical

country, most landslides occur annually between December and March, in which

period the frequency and intensity of rainfall is higher than any other months.

According to Daneshmand (2011), shrinkage or creep of soil during dry periods

after prolonged wet-and-dry cycles leads to the development of tension cracks on

the surface of a sloping land. He said that during wet seasons, rainfall is seeped

to the soil that infiltrated through tension cracks. He added that during dry periods

negative pore-water pressures develop in the soils, which have a stabilising effect.

When dry periods are followed by intense rainfall events, rainfall infiltration leads

to an increase in positive pore-water pressures and a reduction in the shear

strength on the potential failure surface.

The effects of landslide is widespread. Landslide material topples down

structures that is poorly designed which results to a loss of life. Debris block roads

and highways that delay the delivery of goods which may eventually get spoiled
along the way. Landslide causes loss of natural resources such as water. This

natural phenomena poses a high risk for water contamination which is caused by

increased turbidity that affects the water to be unsafe for drinking purposes. In

addition, power and water supply line may be interrupted for a period of time

depending on the severity of the situation at the area of occurrence. Landslide

poses a great threat to agriculture. Farmers may be prevented from accessing

their farmlands for a long time depending on the damage caused by landslide. In

addition, landslide destroy standing crops and also results to a loss of livestock.

This mean farmers cannot generate income through their usual means. This is

tragic to them because they waited for months in planting and taking care of the

crops in order to have a good harvest.

For places which is prone to landslide, it is recommended that the

community must have a risk reduction program. The program is composed of a

suitable mitigating strategies that help to lessen the hazards of landslide. The

community must have a disaster response in order to help residents that needs

help during and after the disaster. This would be attained after a thorough

geotechnical analysis and observation of the physical environment of the study

area.
Background of the Study

Tropical storms bring a lot of precipitation that causes a surface runoff

which is then mixed with mud and rocks that flows from the slope to the foothill.

According to the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services

Administration (PAG-ASA), an average of 20 typhoons per year enter the Philippine

Area of Responsibility.

Last October 21, 2011 at around 3:45 a.m. a landslide occurred in Brgy.

Bunu-anan, Catbalogan City, Samar. This was due to heavy rainfall. According to

a report by Jenette Ruedas (2011), four people were killed in a landslide. The

victims, identified as Maricel Bulan and her children Carla, Carlo and 2-year-old

Mary Carl, were buried alive inside their home in Barangay Bunuanan in

Catbalogan. Their home was one of the 8 houses that were hit by the landslide.

The village of Bunuanan has been declared a landslide-prone area by the Mines

and Geosciences Bureau.

After a month, another landslide occurred in Brgy. Bunuanan in Catbalogan

City, Samar. According to a report by Inquirer (2011), “An 8-year-old boy was

killed Tuesday after he was buried in mud and rocks in a mountain village on the

outskirts of Catbalogan City, Samar, the authorities said. Aldin Abancia was

running after his father, Eduardo, 37, and elder brother Eduardo Jr., 10, who had

gone out of their house at the foot of a hill in barangay Bunuanon around noon

when the landslide struck, according to the Office of Civil Defense in Eastern
Visayas (OCD-8). Cherlyn Lubang of the OCD-8 told Inquirer that the landslide was

caused by incessant rains in the past days, which loosened the earth”

Another landslide occurred in the area during the devastation of Typhoon

Seniang on December 30, 2014. As stated in a news report of Rommel Rutor

(2015), “Mayor Tan said there were no casualty from the reported landslide in

Brgy. Bunuanan, but damage to several houses were noted by the City Risk

Reduction and Management Council”. Based from the records of the barangay,

three families were affected with an estimated damage of P50,000.

It is for this reason that the researchers conducted the study. The study

undertaken focuses on the factors contributing to the occurrence of landslide in

Brgy. Bunu-anan Catbalogan City, Samar. It is necessary to understand on how

the landslide occurred and determine what strategies shall be used in order to

lessen the landslide hazard.

Statement of the Problem

The general objective of this study is to identify what type of landslide

control strategy is needed in Brgy. Bunu-anan Catbalogan City, Samar.

Specifically, the study aimed to determine the following:

1. The profile of the landslide prone area in terms of:

1.1. Hydrology

1.1.1. Precipitation

1.1.1.1. Average rainfall per year

 1.2. Topography

1.2.1. Elevation

1.2.2. Slope

1.2.3. Vegetation cover

1.3. Geology

1.3.1. Soil type

1.3.1.1. Moisture Content Test

1.3.1.2. Sieve Analysis

1.3.1.3. Liquid Limit Test

1.3.1.4. Plastic Limit Test

1.3.1.5. Unit Weight Determination

1.3.1.6. Permeability

1.3.1.7. Specific Gravity

2. Identify the appropriate landslide control strategy in the study area

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 illustrates the framework of the study. The study was mainly

focused in Brgy. Bunuanan, Catbalogan City, Samar, its surrounding area and the

causes of the landslide. This is a step by step process in attaining a certain goal.

It starts with identifying the factors that affects the occurrence of landslide and

gathering data of its physical environment. The researchers interpreted the data

gathered and identified an appropriate solution to the problem.

 Natural Factors affecting Landslide

Hydrology Topography Geology

Elevation
Soil type
Precipitation
 Moisture Content Test
Slope
 Sieve Analysis
 Liquid Limit Test
Vegetation  Plastic Limit Test
Cover
 Unit Weight
Determination
 Permeability
 Specific Gravity

Identify the Landslide Control Strategy

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Significance of the Study

The researchers strongly believe that this study will have a huge impact to

the following recipients:

Residents of Barangay Bunuanan. This research study will help the

residents of Barangay Bunuanan to be aware and well-informed on how landslide

occurs. This study will also help the village folks in the landslide prone areas to

better understand how stable their physical environments are.

Government. This research study aims to recommend as to what type of

landslide control strategy is to be implemented in order to lessen the risk of

landslide in Barangay Bunuanan. In relation, the government will provide a budget

for the implementation of the identified strategy. Landslide damages can be costly,

thus, building a landslide control strategy can lessen the damages caused by this

phenomenon.

Commuters. The output of this study will also help motorists passing the

landslide prone area to be cautious and aware of possible accidents that may

happen during a landslide for the study area is adjacent to a road.

Researchers. This research offers new knowledge to the researchers in

the geotechnical field. As future engineers, this would enhance the researchers’ in

depth understanding on how landslides occur and its triggering mechanism.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study focuses on the geotechnical analysis of landslide occurrence in

Brgy. Bunuanan, Catbalogan City, Samar. The researchers test and analyze the

natural factors triggering rain-induced landslide.

The study aims to determine the profile of the area. A topographic map

would help in determining the slope and elevation. The precipitation count is also

determine. A geotechnical investigation was conducted in order to determine the

classification of soil in the area. The main purpose of this study is to identify what

type of landslide control strategy is applicable in the study area.

Definition of Terms

For better understanding of this paper, some terms are conceptually and

operationally defined.

Casualty. A person killed or injured in a war or accident.

Commuters. A person who travels some distance to work on a regular basis.

Contamination. The action or state of making or being made impure by polluting

or poisoning.

Effective stress. It is a force that keeps a collection of particles rigid. Usually this

applies to sand, soil, or gravel.

Elevation. Refers to the height above a given level, especially sea level.
Geotechnical analysis. To obtain information on the physical properties of soil

earthworks and foundations for proposed structures and for repair of

distress to earthworks and structures caused by subsurface conditions.

Geology. The science that deals with the earth's physical structure and substance,

its history, and the processes that act on it.

Hazard. An agent which has the potential to cause harm to a vulnerable target

Hydrology. The branch of science concerned with the properties of the earth's

water, and especially its movement in relation to land.

Incessant. To continue without pause or interruption

Infiltrate. The process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. It

is commonly used in both hydrology and soil sciences.

Landslide. The sliding down of a mass of earth or rock from a mountain or cliff

Liquid limit. The water content at which a soil changes from plastic to liquid

behavior.

Mechanism. A natural or established process by which something takes place or

is brought about.

Moisture content. The quantity of water contained in a material, such as soil,

rock, ceramics, crops, or wood. Moisture content is used in a wide

range of scientific and technical areas, and is expressed as a ratio,

 which can range from 0 (completely dry) to the value of the

materials' porosity at saturation.

Permeability. The state or quality of a material or membrane that causes it to

allow liquids or gases to pass through it.

Phenomenon. A fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially

one whose cause or explanation is in question.

Plastic limit. The plastic limit of a soil is the moisture content at which soil begins

to behave as a plastic material

Pore water. Water contained in pores in soil or rock.

Pore water pressure. Refers to the pressure of groundwater held within a soil

or rock, in gaps between particles. Pore water pressures below the

phreatic level of the groundwater are measured with piezometers.

Precipitation. The water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain,

sleet, snow, or hail. It is the primary connection in the water cycle

that provides for the delivery of atmospheric water to the Earth.

Risk. A situation involving exposure to danger.

Seepage. The slow escape of a liquid or gas through porous material or small

holes.

Shear strength. A term used in soil mechanics to describe the magnitude of the

shear stress that a soil can sustain. The shear resistance of soil is a
 result of friction and interlocking of particles, and possibly

cementation or bonding at particle contacts.

Sieve analysis. A practice or procedure used to assess the particle size

distribution of a granular material by allowing the material to pass

through a series of sieves of progressively smaller mesh size and

weighing the amount of material that is stopped by each sieve as a

fraction of the whole mass.

Slope. The particularly important in terms of its effect on erosion. Slope can be

measured in percent (Rise/run)*100, or degrees. The amount of surface

residue required to reduce erosion increases with slope and as soil texture

gets finer.

Surface runoff. The precipitation that did not get absorbed into the soil, or did

not evaporate, and therefore, made its way from the ground surface into

places that water collect. Runoff causes erosion, and also carry chemicals

and substances on the ground surface along to the rivers where the water

ends up.

Specific gravity. Is defined as the ratio of the unit weight (or density) of soil

solids only to unit weight of water.

Tension cracks. A tension crack may develop in a slope when the inclination

angle of the slip surface is steep and when the sliding mass is

sitting on a weak foundation material

Topography. The arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of

an area.

Turbidity. Muddiness created by stirring up sediment or having foreign particles

suspended

Typhoon. A tropical storm in the region of the Indian or western Pacific oceans.

Unit weight. It is the ratio of the total weight of soil to the total volume of soil.

Unit Weight, g, is usually determined in the laboratory by measuring

the weight and volume of a relatively undisturbed soil sample

obtained from a brass ring.

Vegetation cover. It refers to the ground cover provided by plants.

 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the collective ideas, insights, or facts rendered from

various literary and study sources such as books, handbooks and websites that

gave additional or supportive information to the researchers of this study. The

succeeding review contains the differences and similarities with other related

literatures and studies.

Related Literature

Ubechu and Okeke (2017) stated that landslide occurs in various forms and

vary in mode, scale and frequency. It also occurs in different environments. The

various types of landslide can be differentiated by the kinds of material involved

and the mode of movement. The primary cause of landslide is the weakening of

material that make up a sloping area of land. Some factors that causes landslide

is categorized into following areas: geological factors, morphological factors,

physical factors and factors associated with human activities. The impacts of

landslide is felt on our natural environment which includes both land and water

surfaces of the earth. The effects of landslide to humans and structures can be

controlled by restricting the landslide hazard areas or applying safety conditions

on hazard prone areas. Studying the past hazard histories and consultation of

engineering departments and government planning agencies can also help in

reducing landslide effects. Constructing various structures on slopes can also

lessen landslide effects. This structure must be designed to fit the condition of the

slope under study.

According to the news Inquirer.net (2012) posted on their website, the

Philippines ranks third in terms of casualties and cases among 41 countries

identified as key spots for nonearthquake-related landslides, according to a

professor of hazard and risk at Durham University in the United Kingdom. David

Petley, lead author of the recently released study, ‘Global patterns of loss of life

from landslides,’ also identified the mountain chains along the western edge of the

Philippine Sea plate as among the global hotspots for landslides. Petley noted that

the Philippines lost 4,583 lives in 226 nonseismic landslides between 2004 and

2010. In terms of casualties, the Philippines trails behind China (6,860 deaths) and

Haiti (4,475 deaths), and followed by India (2,415 deaths), Indonesia (2,078

deaths), Guatemala (2,001 deaths) and Pakistan (1,023 deaths). Published by the

Geology journal, the study tallied a total of 32,322 deaths in 2,620 landslides

around the world within a seven-year period. According to Petley, landslides are a

global hazard requiring a major change in perception and policy. There are things

that we can do to manage and mitigate landslide risks such as controlling land

use, proactive forest management and guiding development away from vulnerable

areas he added.

According to the post that Esquire (2018) has posted on their website, the

United Nations University’s Institute for Environment and Human Security has

released its 2017 World Risk Report, which indicates the risk of disaster in
consequence of extreme natural events in 171 countries around the world.

According to them this year, the Philippines ranks third on the index, behind

Vanuatu and Tonga. This is the country’s third year in third place, after moving

down from second place in 2015. The Philippines also ranks third on the WRI’s list

of countries with the greatest exposure to natural disasters, with a score of

52.46%, just ahead of Japan (45.91%).

According to Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical Astronomical Services

Administration (PAGASA) the climate of the country can be divided into two major

seasons: (1) the rainy season, from June to November; and (2) the dry season,

from December to May. The dry season may be subdivided further into (a) the

cool dry season, from December to February; and (b) the hot dry season, from

March to May. They added that rainfall is the most important climatic element in

the Philippines. Based on their data, rainfall distribution throughout the country

varies from one region to another, depending upon the direction of the moisture-

bearing winds and the location of the mountain systems. The mean annual rainfall

of the Philippines varies from 965 to 4,064 millimeters annually. Baguio City,

eastern Samar, and eastern Surigao receive the greatest amount of rainfall while

the southern portion of Cotabato receives the least amount of rain. At General

Santos City in Cotabato, the average annual rainfall is only 978 millimeters.

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology stated that the

Philippines is prone to various natural hazards, i.e. typhoon and earthquakes, thus,

occurrence of landslides is inevitable. They added that awareness and

preparedness and mitigation measures against possible threats of landslide in the

community.

According to Geertsema et al. (2009), landslide affects the following

elements of the environment: (1) the topography of the earth’s surface; (2) the

character and quality of rivers and streams and groundwater flow; (3) the forests

that cover much of the earth’s surface; and (4) the natural habitats that live in

forests, lakes, and rivers. As a result of landslide, huge amount of earth and

organic materials enters the stream as sediment which affects the potability of

water and the quality of the habitat of fish and other aquatic animals. Biotic

destruction caused by landslide is also common; widespread stripping of forest

cover by mass movements has been noted in many parts of the world. Removal

of forest cover affects wildlife habitat. However, positive things that landslide

contributes to the environment is often overlooked. Landslide do not only harm

the environment indeed landslide contributes to aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity.

Debris flows and other mass movement that was caused by landslide play an

important role in supplying sediments and coarse woody debris to maintain riffle

habitat in streams.

According to Norwich University (2017), they defined slope stability as the

process of calculating and assessing how much stress a particular slope can

manage before failing. Examples of common slopes include roads for commercial

use, dams, excavated slopes, and soft rock trails in reservoirs, forests, and parks.

Considering the importance of slope stability to their work, they stated that it is
beneficial for civil engineers to understand how to properly evaluate slope stability

and leverage various techniques to achieve slope stabilization. They added that

civil engineers evaluate slope stability on the following premise: if a slope is stable

enough to resist movement, then it is considered stable; whereas if the movement

is too strong for a slope, then it is considered unstable. There are a number of

elements that factor into determining slope stability and are analyzed through a

series of tests by civil engineers. Four of the most prominent factors include:

1.) Relief – height differences amongst the slope’s terrain.

2.) Material Strength – the strength of the material used in creating

the slope.

3.) Soil Water Content – relative amount of water in the soil

surrounding the slope.

4.) Vegetation – plants and vegetation covering and/or surrounding

the slope area.

Another factor that they stated in which civil engineers must keep in mind

is whether they are interested in determining short-term stability, long-term

stability, or both. They that in either of these cases, civil engineers will need to

evaluate the soil and determine if there is potential for slippage or sliding. In

analyzing for long-term stability, engineers will also need to consider a number of

factors, such as evaluating the potential quality of the soil in five or ten years or

potential environmental events that could rupture or alter the soil. They gave a
number of techniques that civil engineers can leverage in achieving stabilization,

some of which include:

1.) Anchor blocking – where blocks are strategically placed across

the slope to resist the movement of sliding soil.

2.) Soil nailing – stabilization is achieved through the use of steel

nails, which help provide support to the slope and/or

infrastructure.

3.) Gabions – attempt to provide stability through the use of walls

(similar to blocks) formed with the soil. These walls are capable

of being temporary for stability rehabilitation or permanent.

4.) Micropile slide stabilization system – uses micropiles, concrete

beams, and at times anchors to achieve stabilization. With this

system, civil engineers insert a concrete beam into the ground

then drill micropiles into the beam at various angles. Once

complete, the connected micropiles will provide enough stability

to protect an infrastructure from any sliding forces it may

encounter.
Related Studies

In the study conducted by Wang et al. (2013), stated that landslide is one

of China's major geological disasters, of which the landslides induced by rainfall

are most widely distributed with the highest frequency and the most harm. The

occurrence of landslide either depends on the geological and geomorphological

conditions of slope, or it is closely related to the internal and external agents that

are imposed on slope and human activities. According to the data, 70% of

landslides are caused by rainfall, meanwhile, 95% of the landslides occurred in the

rainy season; therefore, it is necessary to study the relationship between landslides

and rainfall. Among the domestic and foreign research findings, the exact time for

the occurrence of landslide and the precise rainfall in location where landslide

occurred are essential data. If the geological and geomorphological conditions of

slope are ripe, then among a number of factors inducing the occurrence of

landslides, rainfall is the most important and the most common induction factor.

Rainfall-induced landslide is only an intuitive argument, in fact, landslides are

induced by the groundwater which is converted by rainfall and the complex

interaction among rock masses of slope. Rainfall can induce the occurrence of

landslides mainly through the following mechanisms in the four aspects: (1) a

great deal of surface water is cemented into rock and earth mass to increase its

weight, and the sliding power of slip mass is increased, and the water cemented

into it makes the rock and earth mass be softened and undergo potential erosion,

resulting in reduced shear strength, (2) during rainfall or after rainfall, the rise of
pressure of water in the gap of rock and earth mass of the slope makes the

effective stress and shear strength of the potential sliding surface decrease, (3)

alternation of wetting and drying leads to the cracking of rock and earth mass,

and generates a lot of cracks, so that more water enters into the rock and earth

mass which accelerates the occurrence of landslides, (4) rainfall makes the water

level rise, and the rising groundwater level produces uplifting pressure on the rock

and earth mass.

Another study conducted by Hu et al. (2011), with their longtime

observation and testing in Jiangjia Ravine they had found out one kind of special

landslide which had the characteristics of landslide and collapse. Landslide and

collapse supplied sufficient materials for debris flow. When a debris flow broke out,

some kind of inter growth existed among rainfall, landslide and debris flow. In

order to study the inter growth and some key parameters, they carried out artificial

rainfall landslide tests and model experiments to observe the phenomena such as

collapse, surface slide and surface flow. They found out that this kind of inter

growth relationship existed only when the moisture content was in a certain range.

Therefore, the critical state seemed to be existed in the transformation process.

Surface ditches densely spread, landslides and collapse thickly grow and large

scale debris flows intensively distribute in this area. However, according to their

research results, the small scale of landslides with the characters of low position,

less scale, relatively steep and ambiguous sliding surface on both sides of the

ditches were more likely to occur and transform into debris flows than those large
or middle scale of landslides with characters of high position, enormous scale,

distinctively sliding courses and sliding surfaces. Because of the characteristics of

both collapse and landslide, the small scale landslide was easy to slide under the

conditions of torrential rain eroding and surface runoff cutting. In the process of

landslide, there existed gravitational corrosion, collapse and landslide. Additionally,

the deposits of this kind of landslide can easily be turned into debris flows. Based

on the research results, we found that there existed a kind of inter-growth among

rainfall, landslide and debris flow. That is, under the condition of rainfall the

deposits would be easily turned into landslide in Jiangjia Ravine.

Another study conducted by Zhang et al. (2019), they investigated the

spatiotemporal characteristics of the two hazards and quantified the relationships

between the occurrence rates of the two hazards and their influencing factors,

including antecedent rainfall amount, rainfall duration, rainfall intensity, terrain

slope, land cover type and soil type. The results show that landslide has a higher

occurrence rate and more extensive distribution than debris flow in this region,

while the two hazards are both concentrated in the south with ample rainfall and

steep terrains. Both of the hazards show clear seasonality: July–September for

landslide and July for debris flow. Rainfall characteristics (amount, duration and

intensity) and slope are the dominant factors controlling slope stability across this

region. Debris flow is more sensitive to these rainfall metrics on the high-value

ranges than landslide in this region. Land cover is another influencing factor but

soil type does not appear to impose consistent impacts on the occurrence of the
two hazards. The study not only provides important inventory data for studying

the landslide and debris flow hazards but also adds valuable information for

modeling and predicting the two hazards to enhance resilience to these hazards in

this region.

According to Anh et al. (2016), Vietnam is a country heavily influenced by

climate change. According to them, the effect of climate change leads to a series

of dangerous phenomena, such as landslides. Landslides occur not only in the

mountainous province, but also in Delta provinces, where hundreds of landslides

are reported annually in the North Western provinces of Vietnam. These events

have catastrophic impact to the community as well as the economy. In

mountainous areas, the conditions for landslides to occur are met frequently,

especially after heavy rains or geological activity, causing harm to the community

as well as damaging or destroying much needed infrastructure and key transport

routes. They said that the meteorology monitoring and forecasting systems are ill

equipped and overloaded, so the system cannot deliver earlier and more accurate

forecasts for complex weather events, unable to provide timely warnings. It can

be seen that in countries that landslide often occur, researchers have been trying

to develop low cost and efficient landslide detection system. Their paper is

precisely addressed the problems mentioned, by designing and implementing an

efficient and reliable Landslide Monitoring and Early Warning (LMnE) system based

on the 3G/2G mobile communication system, and a rain gauge at the field site

along with a carefully FEM (finite element method) simulation using the rain
density information on the server. The system uses advanced processing

algorithms combining obtained data at the central station.

A study conducted by Gao et al. (2018), in this study, the magnitudes and

triggering rainfall thresholds of the open hillslope landslides and channelized debris

flows in Hong Kong during the period of 1984–2013 are assessed based on the

Enhanced Natural Terrain Landslide Inventory (ENTLI) with 19,763 records. These

empirical correlations and triggering rainfall thresholds are essential to landslide

risk management.

A study by Mudiyanselage and Dahigamuwa (2018) presents two novel

methodologies for assessment of rainfall-triggered shallow landslide hazard. The

first method focuses on using remotely sensed soil moisture and soil surface

properties in developing a framework for real-time regional scale landslide hazard

assessment and the second method is a deterministic approach to landslide hazard

assessment of the specific sites identified during first assessment. In another

approach, landslide inducing transient seepage in soil during rainfall and its effect

on slope stability are modeled using numerical analysis. Downscaled soil moisture,

the relevant geotechnical properties of saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil

type, and the conditioning factors of elevation, slope, and distance to roads are

used to develop an improved logistic regression model to predict the soil slide

hazard of soil slopes using data from two geographically different regions.

In the study conducted by Heleno et al. (2016) they used a method for

semi-automated landslide detection and mapping, with the ability to separate

source and run-out areas, is presented in this paper. It combines object-based

image analysis and a support vector machine classifier and is tested using a

GeoEye-1 multispectral image, sensed 3 days after a major damaging landslide

event that occurred on Madeira Island (20 February 2010), and a pre-event LIDAR

digital terrain model. The testing is developed in a 15 km2 wide study area, where

95 % of the number of landslides scars are detected by this supervised approach.

The classifier presents a good performance in the delineation of the overall

landslide area, with commission errors below 26 % and omission errors below 24

%. In addition, fair results are achieved in the separation of the source from the

run-out landslide areas, although in less illuminated slopes this discrimination is

less effective than in sunnier, east-facing slopes.

According the paper of Boštjan et al. (2014), their presents the field

conditions and a brief history of the two landslides with emphasis on the design

approach and method used for the stability analysis and the design of deep RC

shafts/wells. In addition, their paper gives an insight into the problems associated

with the execution of works and provides data about the behavior of the two

landslides after drainage and retaining works were completed. The monitoring data

show that the undertaken mitigation measures were efficient to improve the

stability of both landslides and significantly reduce the risk.

The aforementioned studies have similarities regarding rain-landslide. The

studies also supports the idea of the researchers on the process of determining an

appropriate landslide control strategy.

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter shows the forms and procedures that will be applied in the

study. This chapter is composed of Research Locale, Research Design, Research

Environment, Research Instrument, and Research Procedures.

Research Locale

The study area the researchers have chosen is Brgy. Bunu-anan

Catbalaogan City, Samar. Brgy. Bunu-anan has been identified by the Mines and

Geosciences Bureau (MGB) as an area that has a high to very high susceptibility

to landslide. It’s population as determined by the 2015 Census was 4,358. This

represented 4.20% of the total population of Catbalogan City.

Research Design

The study will use a descriptive research where the topography of the

area will be determined using the topographic map of the research site, the

average rainfall per year of the area will be determined through data gathering,

and the researchers will conduct an experiment in order to determine the soil

classification through a 2meter test pit.

Research Environment

The researchers will conduct an experiment in the Material Testing

Laboratory, Eastern Visayas State University (EVSU), Tacloban City. The

researcher’s goal is to determine the soil classification which involves soil

analysis.

Research Instruments

Instruments that will be needed in determining the topography of the area

and testing the gathered soil samples from the research site will be borrowed

from Eastern Visayas State University (EVSU), Tacloban City and other agencies.

Materials and Equipments:

 Topographic Map

 Cassagrande Apparatus
  Digging Tools

 Shovel

 Oven

 Sieve

 Balance

 Containers

 Thermometer

 Pycnometer

 Density Apparatus

Research Procedures:

Phase I. Site Survey

This involved the analyzing of the slope and its general topography using

the topographic map of the area.

a) Contour Lines

 Elevations

 Steepness

 Slope

Phase II. Hydrology

The average rainfall per year in the research site will be determined through the

data gathered by the researchers.

Phase III. Surface Investigation

The researches will investigate the vegetation cover of the slope in order to

determine the appropriate non-structural landslide mitigating strategy in the study

area.

a) Planting

b) Coir Netting

c) Removal of Unstable Materials

d) Flattening of Slopes

e) Grouting

f) Chemical Stabilization

Phase IV. Subsurface Investigation

This involved the digging of the test pits for the soil samples that will be

used for gathering data. The soil samples are needed in order to determine the

following:

1. Classification of Soil

a. Moisture Content of the Soil

 b. Sieve Analysis

c. Liquid Limit

d. Plastic Limit

e. Plasticity Index

f. Sieve Analysis

g. Unit Weight Determination

h. Permeability

i. Specific Gravity

Phase V. Determination of the Appropriate Slope Protection

The appropriate slope protection in the research site will be determined by

soil classification which was obtained through experimentation.

1. Earth-retaining structures for Slope Protection:

a. L-shaped Wall

b. T-shaped Wall

c. Bridge Abutment

d. Buttressed Wall

e. Gravity Retaining Wall

f. Counterfort Retaining Wall