CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1BACKGROUND OF PROBLEM
Public first learned about nuclear power in the form of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima
and Nagasaki in World War II in 1945. So the enormity of the consequences caused by the bomb so that
its influence can still be felt today. Besides being a powerful ultimate weapon, a long time people have
been thinking about how to harness nuclear power for the welfare of mankind.
Until now, nuclear power, in particular radioactive substances have been widely used in various
fields such as industry, health, agriculture, animal husbandry, sterilization of pharmaceutical products and
medical devices, preservation of foodstuffs, hydrological, which is the application of nuclear techniques
for non energy. One use of nuclear techniques in the fields of energy today has developed and utilized on
a large scale in the form of a Nuclear Power Plant (NPP), where nuclear power is used to generate
electricity is relatively inexpensive, safe and do not pollute the environment. Use of nuclear energy in the
form of nuclear power plants started to be developed commercially since 1954. At that time in Russia
(USSR), built and operated a pressurized light water nuclear power plant unit high (VVER = PWR),
which a year later reached the 5 MWe power.
In 1956 in the UK developed the NPP types of Gas Cooled Reactor (GCR + gas-cooled reactor)
with a power of 100 MWe. In 1997 the worldwide both in the developed and developing countries has
operated as many as 443 units of nuclear power plants spread across 31 countries, contributing around
18% of electricity supply the world with a total generation power reached 351,000 MWe and 36 units of
nuclear power plants are under construction in 18 countries.
In our country, power plants which utilize nuclear power or general mentioned the term NPP
(Nuclear Power Plant) is still not widely used because in the eyes of the waste from the power plant is
highly threatened ecosystem around it. However, along with the energy crisis that hit Indonesia was
currently characterized by the depletion of oil reserves owned by Indonesia, the government intends to
build NPP (Nuclear Power Plant) in Indonesia. The Government felt power plants that already exist today
it is still lacking to meet the electricity consumption in Indonesia.

1.2 THE IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM

Based on the above background, it can be formulated issues to be addressed as follows:

1. How is the working principle of nuclear power plants?

2. What needs to be done in maintaining the safety of nuclear power plants?

3. Why does Indonesia need a Nuclear Power Plant (NPP)?

1.3THE LIMITATION OF PROBLEM

In this paper, the discussion is limited in terms of nuclear power plants, efforts are needed to
protect the health and safety of the public, workers and the environment reactor nuclear power plant, and
supporting reasons that the NPP is required, especially in Indonesia to replace a conventional power plant.
 CHAPTER 2
THEORITICAL OF PLTN

2.1PRINCIPLE SYSTEM OF PLTN

Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) is a thermal power station in which the heat obtained from one or
more nuclear reactors generating listrik.PLTN included in base load power plant, which can work well
when the output power is constant (although boiling water reactor can down to half power when the
night). Power generated per unit of plants ranging from 40 MWe to 1000 MWe. The new units are being
built in 2005 has MWe.Hingga 600-1200 power in 2005 there were 443 licensed nuclear power plants in
the world, with 441 of them operating in 31 countries berbeda.Keseluruhan such reactors supplying 17%
of electrical power the first nuclear dunia.Reaktor generate electricity is generating station EBR-I trial on
December 20, 1951 near Arco, Idaho, United States. On June 27, 1954, the world's first nuclear power
plant that produces electricity for the electricity grid (power grid) began operating in Obninsk, USSR].
The first commercial scale nuclear power plant is Calder Hall in Inggrisyang opened on October 17th
1956.
NPP actual working process is similar to conventional power plants work processes such as
steam power plant (power plant), which are already widely known. Which distinguishes between two
types of power plants that are the source of heat which is used. NPP get a supply of heat from the
nuclear reaction, being plant mendapatkansuplai heat from burning fossil fuels such as coal or oil power
bumi.Reaktor designed to produce electrical energy through power PLTN.Reaktor only utilize heat
energy arising from the fission reaction, being the excess neutrons in the reactor core will be discharged
or absorbed using control rods. Due to the heat utilizing fission, then the power reactor designed high
thermal power of the order of hundreds to thousands of MW. Heat recovery process fission to generate
electricity in nuclear power plants adalahsebagaberkut:

1. The nuclear fuel doing so fission energy is released in the form of enormous heat
2. Heat the result of a nuclear reaction is used to evaporate the cooling water, primary and
secondary coolant can depend on the type of nuclear reactor used.
3. The water vapor produced is used to rotate the energy generated turbinsehingga motion (kinetic).
4. The kinetic energy from the turbine is then used to turn a generator to produce electrical current.

Heat is used to generate steam produced as a result of the fission of atomic nuclei that can be
described as follows: When a neutron (produced from neutron sources) captured by the nucleus of an
atom of uranium-235, the atomic nuclei will split into 2 or 3 parts / fragments. Most of the energy that
originally binding fragments are each in the form of kinetic energy, so that they can move at high speed.
Therefore fragments was in the crystal structure of uranium, they can not move away and immediately
slowed movements. In this deceleration process kinetic energy is converted into heat (thermal energy).

As an illustration, it can be argued that the thermal energy generated from the cleavage
reaction of 1 kg of uranium-235 is pure magnitude of 17 billion kilo calories, or the equivalent of the
thermal energy generated from the combustion of 2.4 million kg (2.4 thousand tons) batubara.Selain
the fragments Similarly cleavage reaction produces 2 or 3 neutrons released at speeds greater than
10,000 km per second. These neutrons are called fast neutrons are able to move freely without being
hindered by atoms of uranium or atoms kelongsongnya. To be easily captured by atomic nuclei of
uranium in order to produce a cleavage reaction, the speed of these neutrons must be slowed.
Substances that can slow down the speed of neutrons are called moderators Throttling speed

PICTURE 2.1 PRINCYPLE SYSTEM OF PLTN

As mentioned above, the heat generated from the cleavage reaction, the water pressure of
160 atmospheres and a temperature of 300 0C is continuously pumped into the reactor through the
reactor coolant channel. The water circulates in the cooling channels are not only serves as a coolant
alone but also acts as a moderator, is a medium that can slow down the neutrons. Fast neutron will
lose some energy during the mashing hydrogen atoms. Once the speed of the neutrons down to
2000 meters per second, or equal to the speed of gas molecules at a temperature of 300 0C, then he
is capable of splitting the nuclei of uranium-235. Neutron has been slowed called thermal neutrons.
To obtain thermal output steady, need to be guaranteed so that the number
of core fission reactions that occur in the reactor core is maintained at a fixed rate, which is 2 or 3
neutrons produced in the reaction was only one who can continue the cleavage reaction. Other
neutrons can escape out of the reactor, or absorbed by other materials without causing cleavage
reaction or absorbed by the control rods. The control rods are made of materials that can absorb
neutrons, so the number of neutrons that cause cleavage reaction can be controlled by regulating
the exit or entry of the control rods into the reactor core. In connection with the above description it
should be underlined that:
a. The chain reaction is possible only if there is a moderator.
b. The content of uranium-235 in nuclear fuel is a maximum of 3.2% this .
subject small and uniformly distributed in the isotope uranium-238, so it is not possible chain
reaction therein.
Fragments produced during the reaction of nuclear division called results hemisphere, mostly
in the form of radioactive atoms like xenon 133, krypton-85 and iodium- 131. The radioactive
substance decays into other atoms to emit radiation alpha, beta, gamma or neutron. During the
decay process, the emitted radiation can be absorbed by other materials inside the reactor, so that
the released energy transformed into heat. This heat is called decay heat will continue to be
produced even though the reactor stopped operating. Therefore, the reactor is equipped with an
exhaust system decay heat. In addition to the results of cleavage, the reactor also produced other
radioactive materials as a result of neutron activity. This occurs because the radioactive materials
other materials inside the reactor (such kelongsongan or material structure) captures the neutrons
thus transformed into other elements which are radioactive. Radioactive is the main source of harm
from a nuclear power plant, and therefore all the security systems of nuclear power plants intended
to prevent or deter zatradioaktif release into the environment with activities that exceed the
threshold limit value permitted under applicable regulations.
2.2 HAZARDOUS OF PLTN
Various security measures taken to protect the health and safety of the public, workers and
the environment NPP reactor. This effort is made to ensure that the resulting radioactive nuclear
reactor is not released into the environment both during operation and in case of accident.
Protective measures taken to ensure that nuclear power plants can be stopped safely at any time if
desired and can remain dipertahanan in a safe state, ie obtain sufficient cooling. For this dihasilan
decay heat that must be removed from the reactor core, as it can menmbulkan hazard due to
overheating of the reactor.
There are 4 things efforts in maintaining safety in nuclear power plants, namely:
1.saved installed
Safety mounted designed based on the natural properties of water and uranium. When the
temperature in the reactor core to rise, the number of neutrons that are not caught or not
experiencing a slowdown process will increase, so that the cleavage reaction is reduced. As a result
of heat generated is also reduced. These properties will ensure that the terrace reactor will not be
damaged even if the control system failed to operate.
2.double barrier
NPP has a tight security system and multi-layered, so the possibility of an accident and the
impact is very small. For example, radioactive substances generated during the fission reaction of
uranium nuclei are mostly (> 99%) will remain stored in the fuel matrix, which serves as the first
barrier. During operation or in case of an accident, fuel casings, will act as a second barrier to prevent
the release of radioactive substances out cladding. If radioactive substances can still get out of the
cladding, there is still a third barrier is the cooling system. Apart from the cooling system, there is still
a fourth barrier in the form of pressure vessel made of steel with a thickness + 20 cm. The fifth
barrier is the barrier of concrete with a thickness from 1.5 to 2 m. If only the radioactive substance
was still no escape from the concrete shield, there is still a sixth barrier, namely the confinement
system consisting of a thick steel plate + 7 cm thick danbeton 1.5 to 2 m airtight.
 PICTURE 2.2 HAZARDOUS OF PLTN

3. plated defence
The design of a nuclear power plant safety philosophy embraced layered defense (defense in depth).
This layered defense includes: a first layer of security, nuclear power plants are designed, constructed
and operated in accordance with very strict conditions, high quality and technology mutakhir.Lapis
second nuclear power plant safety systems are equipped with safety / security used to prevent and
overcome the consequences of the accident which may occur during the life of nuclear power plants.
The third safety, nuclear power plant is equipped with additional security systems, which can be
counted on to be able to cope with the hypothetical accidents or severe accidents that may occur at a
nuclear power plant. But the possibility of an accident will never occur during the life of nuclear power
plants.
4.radioactive wasted
During the operation of nuclear power plants, the pollution caused by radioactive substances to the
environment can be considered non-existent. Sea or river water which was used to carry heat from the
condenser does not contain any radioactive material, because it does not mix with the cooling water
circulating in the reactor. While radioactive gas that can come out of the reactor system remains
confined within the containment systems and nuclear power plants have been through a ventilation
system with a multi-layered filter. The gas is released through the chimney activity is very small (about 2
/ year) so it does not impact on the environment.

2.3 NUCLEAR AS ALTERNATIVE FOR INDONESIA

At this time Indonesia has not managed to build a plant so that there are no nuclear power
plants can be operated to reduce the burden of the electric energy needs that are currently on the rise
in Indonesia. Whereas nuclear energy in the world today are already quite developed with about 16%
share of the world's electricity. This shows that nuclear energy is a source of potential energy, high-tech,
Safety reliable, economical, and environmentally friendly, as well as a viable alternative energy source to
be considered in the Long-Term Energy Planning for Indonesia to support sustainable development.
In 1989, the Government of Indonesia through the National KoordinasiEnergi Agency
(BAKOREN) decided to conduct a comprehensive feasibility study includes in-depth investigation of the
prospective nuclear power plant site in Muria Peninsula Central Java. Implementation of the study itself
was conducted under the coordination BATAN, with the direction of the Technical Committee of Energy
(PTE), Department of Energy and Mineral Resources, and carried out jointly by several other agencies in
Indonesia
In August 1991, a cooperation agreement on studikelayakan was signed by Minister of Finance
of the Republic of Indonesia with Newjec Consulting Company Inc. Employment agreement has a term
of 4.5 years and include the execution of work on the selection and evaluation of nuclear power plant
site, as well as a comprehensive feasibility study on the possibility of the construction of various types of
nuclear power plants with a total power that can reach 7000 MWe. Most of the employment contract is
used to perform technical work on the selection and evaluation of research in the nuclear power plant
site in Muria Peninsula site locations to be planned.
In the first two phases of the work (Step 1-2) has performed well in 1992 and 1993. In this phase
3 prospective site-specific pieces has been successfully done with the comparative study and
determined the ranking. As a conclusion it was found that the best candidate is a nuclear power plant
site footprint Lemahabang tip. Then the final stage of investigation activities (Step 3) is performed by
evaluating the candidates for the best site to confirm whether the candidate is completely unacceptable
footprint and meet international standards. The NPP site study could eventually completed in 1995.
Overall, the study nuclear power plant site in Muria Peninsula can be resolved on downy mildew in May
1996. In addition to confirmation of the feasibility of prospective footprint in Muria Peninsula, another
important result is that the kind of light-water nuclear power plant with a capacity of between 600 s / d
900 MWe can be built in Muria Peninsula and then operated around 2004 as the optimal solution to
support the Java-Bali electricity system and all the problems that exist.
In the subsequent years are still performed again several additional studies support the
feasibility study that has been dlakukan, among others, the study preparation "Bid Invitation
Specification" (BIS), studies the development and evaluation of nuclear power plant site, the study of
energy planning and national electricity and study funding the construction of nuclear power plants , It
also conducted a number of activities that support the activities of the design and operation of nuclear
power plants by developing research in some BATAN research facilities, among others, research
technology and safety of nuclear power plants, radiation protection, nuclear fuel and radioactive waste
as well as organizing international cooperation in the form of participation nuclear power plant design.
Due to the multidimensional crisis that occurred in 1998, it is deemed appropriate and necessary to
perform a re-evaluation of the needs (demand) and supply (supply) of energy, especially electricity in
Indonesia. For that a study perancanaan energy and electricity long-term national "Comprehensive
Assessment of Different Energy Resources for Electricity Generation in Indonesia" (CADES) conducted
and completed in 2002 by a national team under the coordination BATAN and BPPT (Agency for the
Assessment and Application of Technology ) with the support of the IAEA.
 These studies suggest that the need for energy in Indonesia is projected to increase in the
future. The final energy requirement (end) will increase with growth of 3.4% per year and reaches a
total of about 8146 Map of Joules (PJ) in 2025. This amount is approximately 2-fold compared to the
final energy needs at the beginning of the study in 2000. Growth types The greatest energy is the growth
of electricity generating capacity of more than 3-fold from its original state, ie from 29 GWe in 2000 to
about 100 GWe in 2025. The amount of generating capacity, about 75% will be needed in the electricity
network Java -Madura-Bali (Jamali). Of the various types of energy available for the generation of
electricity and in terms of availability and economical, the gas will dominate the energy supply of energy
to electric energy generation, approximately 40% of the area Jamali. Coal energy will emerge as the
second supplier after gas, which is about 30% for the region Jamali. The remaining 30% to be supplied by
other types of energy, namely hydro, micro-hydro, geothermal and other renewable energy. Nuclear
energy is expected to contribute around 5-6% in 2025.

PICTURE 2.3EXAMPLE PLTN IN FUKUSHIMA JAPAN

Given the situation of the supply of conventional energy including national power in the
future increasingly out of balance with their needs, hence the nuclear option in the planning of
long-term national energy system is a solution that is expected to reduce the pressure in matters
of energy supply, particularly electricity in Indonesia. Based on studies that have been done of
the above it is expected that a statement of all parties concerned with the development of national
energy that the use of nuclear energy in Indonesia is required, and it is necessary to begin the
construction of a nuclear power plant (NPP) around the year 2010, so it can be operated
commercially in about 2018.
 CHAPTER 3
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

3.1 CONCLUSION
From the discussion about Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) can be concluded that:

1. The working principle is almost the same as the actual nuclear power plant work processes
conventional power plants as steam power plant (power plant), which is generally known secaraluas.

2. The difference between the two types of power plants that are the source of heat which is used. NPP
get a supply of heat from the nuclear reaction, was to get the power plant supplies heat from the
burning of fossil fuels such as coal or petroleum. Various attempts have been made in maintaining the
safety of nuclear power plants, namely the double barrier and also the Defence in Depth in the plant.

3. Given the situation of conventional energy including electricity supply nationwide in the future
increasingly out of balance with their needs, hence the nuclear option in the planning of long-term
national energy system is a solution that is expected to reduce the pressure in matters of energy supply,
particularly electricity in Indonesia. Based on studies that have been done of the above it is expected
that a statement of all parties concerned with the development of national energy that the use of
nuclear energy in Indonesia is required, and it is necessary to begin the construction of a nuclear power
plant (NPP) around the year 2010, so it can be operated commercially in about 2020.

3.2 RECOMMENDATION
Given the situation of the supply of conventional energy including national power in the future
increasingly out of balance with their needs, then the option of nuclear power plants is needed in
Indonesia.
 REFERENCES

Hardianto, Toto. KuliahPembangkitan:OpsiNuklirDalamKebijakanEnergiNasional.ITB :

2009.

Hardianto, Toto. KuliahPembangkitan :PembangkitListrikTenagaNuklir.

KelompokKeahlianKonversiEnergi, ITB : 2009

NN. Pemanfaatan PLTN sebagaiPembangkitListrik Indonesia.

(Sumber: AndangNugrohodanHindroMujianto - Permias)

Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopediabebas

http://www.detikfinance.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2007/bulan/08/tgl/07/time/104539/idne
ws/814179/idkanal/4