Geography Of Pakistan

The Upper Indus Plain

The Northern part of Indus Plain is known as Punjab (West and East)nthe greater portion of which lies in
Pakistan . The land which lies between two rivers is known as "doab" .The Punjab plain is, therefore,
divided into several doabs e.g.The Bari doab (land between Sutlej and Ravi),the Rechna doab (land
between the Ravi and the Chenab),the Chaj doab (land between the Chenab and the Jhelum) and the
Sindh Sagar doab (land between the Kirana Bar (in the middle of the Chaj doab).

The land in the center of the doab rises to an elevated land called "bar" e.g,the Nili Bar (between the
Sutlej and the Beas),the Ganji Bar (the old course of the beas and the Ravi),the Sandal Bar (in the middle
of the Rechna Doab) and the Kirana Bar (in the middle of the Chaj Doab).

The Lower Indus Plain

Below Mithonkot in Sindh, the Indus carries not only its own water but also that of its five big
tributarfes..The river flows very slowly and the silt carried by it is largely deposil on its bed,there fore
severe floods are experienced,but the soil is very fertile. The area is marked by ox-bow lakes locally called
"Dhoros" and small salt lakes called "Dhands".

Climate of Pakistan

1.Winter season (from November to February)

2.Summer season (from March to June)

3.Monsoon or Rainy season (from July to October)

Climatic Regions Of Pakistan

1.Sub-Tropical Continental Highland Type

This region includes the mountains in the North and West of the Indus plain.In this region winters are cold
and lengthy and often the temperatures goes below the freezing point; and the higher peaks remain snow
-covered throughout the year.But here summer remains short cool and temperature .The North Western
mountain areas have less amount of rainfall as compared to North Eastern mountains,e.g.from South of
Kohat and Waziristan rainfall decreases,so Quetta division in Baluchistan has a dry climate and there the
mean annual rainfall is not more than 50 to 100 millimeters.It mostly comes during winter and spring .The
North Western mountainous areas are less fertile and have barren rocks without any natural
vegetation.Due to some rain in winter and spring,some grass and shrubs appear,which promotes the
rearing of sheep and goats.

2.Sub-Tropical Continental Plateau Type

This region includes the north western part of Baluchistan Province.Here winters are cold ,and in summer
temperature goes higher enough and often dust storms prevail .Although it has higher altitude ,but due
to poor rainfall,these have turned into arid desert.In these areas there is scarcity of rain water and it is
less than 10 inches or 25 cm.annually ,but some of the places of these areas have the lowest rainfall
e.g.Nokundi has only 1.95 inches or 5 cm.of rainfall annually,and rain often comes during the months of
January and February.
3.Sub-Tropical Continental Low Lands Type

This region includes the interior areas of Punjab and Sindh provinces.It has generally arid and extreme
climate.Here summer remains long and hot,but winters are cool and short.It has the hotest places of the
country such as Jaccobabad and Sibbi.

4.Sub-Tropical Coastal Areas Type

This region includes the coastal strip around Karachi and Makran coast in Baluchistan.Here due to the
influence of the sea,the temperature remains moderate ;the rainfall is about 7 inches or 18
cm.annually,but due to proximity of the sea ,a large amount of humidity remains in the atmosphere.The
influence of sea breeze during day time is felt throughout the summer.

Link Canals

1.The Rasul-Qadirabad :

A 30 miles long canal has been built linking Rasul with Qadirabad and 19,000 cusecs water has been
brought from Jhelum to Chenab.

2.Qadirabad-Balloki:

Qadirabad-Baloki link canal is supplying 18,600 cusec combine water of Jhelum and Chenab to Ravi at
baloki.It is about miles long.

3.The Balloki Sulemanki Link:

This link canal is providing 6,500 cusec water of Ravi to the Sutlej canals ,e.g.Pakpattan and Depalpur
canals.

4.The Chashma-Jhelum Link Canal:

This link canal is 63 miles long and it is supplying 21,700 cusecs water of Indus from Chashma to Jhelum
so that the supply of water at Trimmu head works can be maintained.

5.Trmmu-Sidhnal Link Canal:

Trmmu-Sidhnal link canal is providing 11,000 cusec combined water of Indus ,Jhelum and chenab at
Sidhnal on Ravi

6.The Sidhnal-Mailsi-Bahawal Link:

It is a sixty miles long canal,which is carrying the Indus,Jhelum and Chenab waters to the Islam headwrks
canals from the Sutlej.

7.The Taunsa-Punjnad Link Canal:

This link canal is 38 miles long .It is carrying the Indus water for use at the Panjnad headworks.The link
canals have a total length of 388 miles with a total capacity of about 100,000 cusec,but the present supply
of water from the canal is insufficient for our requirements and a large amount of water is obtained from
tube wells and other means.

Minerals

1. Iron

Occurs near Kalabagh in the Surghar Range and near Sakesar in the Salt Range.They are the largest
deposits in Pakistan but the ore is of low grade (30.35 percent iron) and of irregular composition.Reseves
are estimated at about 300 million tonnes.

2. Chromite

Occurrence:

Pakistan leads the world in chromite production.Large deposits of chromite occur in the Muslimbagh area
of the Zaob valley.Those are the best known of the chromite deposits in Pakistan and have been
extensively exploited .Khanozai and Jang Torgarh are important mines .Other deposits are in Chagai and
Kharan,where the total deposits amount to 10.000 tonnes.

3. Copper

The deposits of copper have been found at Sandak and Amuri in Chaghai districts of Baluchistan.

4. Rock Salt and Brine

All the rock salt deposits in Pakistan occur in the salt range.The most important mines are:

(a) Khewra Mines:

Khewra is the most extensively worked area with seams attaining thickness of as much as 18
metres.Present production is 220,000 tonnes a year.

(b) Karcha Mines:

The mine has five seams,with a maximum thickness of 15 metres and produces 40.000-45,000 tonnes a
year.

(c) Kalabagh Mines:

The seams are irregular and contorted and production is about 12,000-16,000 tonnes a year.

(d) Jatta,Bahadurkhel and Karak Salt Deposits:

Production from this area almost equals that of the Warcha mines.The reserves,however,are thought to
be very large.

5. Gypsum

Gypsum is in our country is found in a large quantity.Mianwali,Jhelum,Dera Ghazi Khan in Punjab,Quetta

and Sibi in Baluchistan,Kohat in N.W.F.P are the main producers,but some quantity of Gypsum is also
found in Bahawalpur (punjab) ,Dadu and Sanghar districts (in Sindh) ,Dera Ismail Khan in (N.W.F.P). The
total reserves of Gypsum found in our country are estimated at about 350 million tonnes.
6. Limestone

Limestone deposits constilute a large part of the sedimentary rocks of Pakistan.Although limestone is wide
spread,some areas have more concentrated deposits.These includes:

1.In N.W.F.P: Kohat,Nowshera,Pezu and Mughal Kot.

2.In Baluchistan: Loralal and Harnal.

3.In Punjab: Salt Range,Zinda pir,Margalla Hills.

4.In Sindh: Mango Pir,Marli Hills,Cape Monze,Rani Pir.

Total annual production is about 3.5 million tonnes.

7. Marble

Pakistan exports marble manufactured items to a large number of countries around the world.In various
parts of our country good quality marble in a wide range of colours is found.

(a)Peshawar Division Deposits:

Good quality marble of white and various other colours in found at two places:

a) Shahidmena area and

b) Kumbela Knwar area.

(b) Mardan District Deposits:

Best known deposits of marble,usually white and of uniform texture is found at two places :

a) Gundari Tarko and

b) Maneri.

(c) Nowshera Area Deposits:

Pink coloured marble of low quality is found.Total reseves amount to 3.8 million cubic ft.

(d) Quetta Area deposits:

Large deposits of green,yellow and white marble are found total reserves amount to 1,80,000 tonnes.

Power Resources

Coal

Coal Mines of the Punjab:

1.Salt Range Mines:

2.Makarwal Coal Mines:

3.Degari Coal Mines:

Coal Mines Of Sindh:

1.Lakhara Coal Mines:

2.Meting Jhimpir Coal Mines:

MINERAL OIL OR PETROLEUM

Punjab

1.Dhurnal oil Field (Dist.Chakwal,Punjab)

2.Meyal Oil Field (Dist.Attock,Punjab)

3.Toot Oil Field(Dist.Attock ,Punjab)

4.Chak Naurange Oil Field (Dist.Chakwal,Punjab)

5.Joya Mir Oil Field(Dist.Attock,Punjab)

6.Dhulian Oil Field(Dist.Attock,Punjab)

7.Khur Oil Field(Dist.Attock,Punjab)

8.Balkasar Oil Field (Dist.Chacwal,Punjab)

9.Karsal Oil Field(Dist.Chakwal,Punjab)

10.Adhi Oil Field(Dist.Rawalpindi,Punjab)

11.Bhangli Oil Field(Dist.Rawalpindi,Punjab)

Sindh

1.Laghari Oil Field(Dist.Badin,Sindh)

2.Tando Alam (Dist.Hyderabad,Sindh)

3.Thora Oil Field(Dist.Badin,Sindh)

4.Dhsbi Oil Field(Dist.Badin,Sindh)

5.Khashkheli Oil Field(Dist.Badin,Sindh)

6.Mazari Oil Field(Dist.Badin,Punjab)

7.South MAzari (DIst.Badin,Sindh)

8.Sono Ghotana Central Lashari

NATURAL GAS

(a) Natural Gas Deposits At Sui:

It is the biggest deposit of natural gas in our country.It is situated in Sibbi district of Baluchistan.This gas
field is considered as one of the biggest gas fields of the world and gas is being supplied to different parts
of our country from this field through pipe lines.

(b) Dhullian Gas Field:

Mineral oil has been discovered at this place in 1937,so Attock Oil Company ,while searching for more
oil,found natural gas at this field in 1994.

(c) Meyal Gas Field(Dist.Attock ,Punjab):

Pakistan Oil Field Ltd.Company discovered both oil and gas at this place in 1968.Gas is being supplied
through a pipe line for the industrial areas around Rawalpindi.

(d) Mari-Sari -Hundi:

Mari-Sari-Hundi are also the gas fields from which gas is being supplied for various other purposes and
also to three fertilizer factories.

(e) Toot Gas Field (Dist.Attock,Punjab):

HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER

1.The Tarbela Power Station:

When it comes into full operation it will have the largest capacity and generation.The installed capacity of
our units presently in operation 700 MW,and generation 4,129 MKWHS.

2.The Mangla Power Station:

This power station will ultimetly have an installed capacity of 1,000 million watts in ten sets of 100,000
KW each.The first three generating sets,each of 100,000 KW,were installed as part of the Indus Basin Plan
and the other four have been added later by WAPDA.

3.The Warsak Power Station:

It has six units with a total capacity of 240 MW.The turbines are fed by a concrete lined tunnel from the
46 metre high dam.This station was one of the major sources of hydro-electric power before the
completion of Mangla and Tarbela.

4.The Malakand And Dargai Power Stations:

They produced electricity from falls in the upper Swat Canal.Water is taken back into the canal from the
Malakand station to feed the power house at Dargai.Malakand station was completed in 1938 ,with an
installed capacity of 16,700 KW, and this was to 80,000 KW in 1952.Dargai also has an installed capacity
of 80,000 KW.

5.The Rasul Project:

This project was started in 1946,with the limited purpose of feeding 1860 tube -wells in Gujrat and
Sargodha.The scheme was later modified to meet the requirements of the Punjab,before the completion
of Warsak power station.The water in the 3-km power channel is taken from the Upper Jhelum Canal,and
after passing through the turbine,joines the Lower Jhelum Canal.

6.The Chichoki Mallian Power Station:

This station is located on the upper Chenab Canal about 48 km from Lahore,and in the event of a power
failure on the main grid,can be isolated to supply the city.

7.The Shadiwal Power Station

is located on the upper Jhelum Canal near Gujrat.

8.The Nandipur Power Station:

It is located on the upper chenab canal,about 7 miles north-west of Gujrat.

9.The Kurram and Garhi Station:

These stations are on the irrigation canal taken out from the kurram River .About 40,000 KW of electricity
is being produced from this project which is providing the needs of Kohat and Dera Ismail Khan divisions.

Industries

COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Karachi,The Biggest Textile Centre:

After the establishment of Pakistan,the first mill named as Valika Cotton Textile Mill was established at
Karachi in 1948.Although ,Karachi is not located in cotton growing area.Yet it soon became and is
still,the biggest centre of cotton textile industry in Pakistan.

1.Sindh:

Karachi,Hyderabad,Tando Adam,Tando Jam,Khairpur,Larkana,Tando Mohammed Khan,Kotri etc.

2.Punjab:

Faisalabad,Lahore,Multan,Rawalpindi,Sheikhupura,Jh elum,D.G.K,Sargodha,Okara,Rahimyar
Khan,Harappa.

3.Baluchistan:

Quetta,Lasbela,Anthar.
4.N.W.F.P:

Peshawar,Nowshehra,D.I.K,Kohat,Bannu,Haripur,Hazar a,Charsadda.

IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY

1.Heavy Mechanical Complex-Taxila:

2.heavy Foundry and Forge Project-Taxila:

3.Pakistan Machine tool Factory-Landhi:

4.Pakistan Steel Mill (Karachi):

CEMENT INDUSTRY

1.Dalmian Cement Factory-Karachi. 160,000 tonnes

2.Dalmian Cement Factory-Dandot. 500,000 tonnes

3.Associated Ltd.Cement Factory-Wah. 90,000 tonnes

4.Associated Ltd. Cement Factory-Rohri. 180,000 tonnes

Total production capacity of all the 4 factories = 4,80,000 tonnes.

PAPER INDUSTRY

1.Adamjee Paper Mills (Nowshera)N.W.F.P:

There is a hard board industry at Nowshera (N.W.F.P).Its producing capacity is 5000 tonnes of hardboard
which is mostly needed for packing purposes.The waste of sugarcane (bagasse) is used as raw material
which comes from sugar industry ,Mardan.

2.Charsada Paper Mills (Charsada,Mardan)N.W.F.P:

Wood pulp is used as raw material.

3.Gharoo Paper Mills (Gharoo)Sindh:

It uses waste of rice as raw material.

4.Packages Industry (Lahore)Punjab:

Uses wood pulp as raw material.

5.Rahwali Paper Mills(Gujranwala)Punjab:

It produces hardboard and brown paper.

6.Hyderabad Plant Paper(Sindh):

A plant of paper has been recently completed at Hyderabad to meet the newspaper requirements which
uses the waste of rice as raw material.
 DIRECTION OF TRADE

1.West European Countries:

In this group U.K.,France,W.Germany,Belgium,Nether lands and other Scandinavian countries can be

included:These countries are the main buyers of our export goods e.g.Cotton cloth , ,carpets,rugs,sports
goods and many other items and we import machines,electric goods,chemicals and various other items
from these countries.

2.Middle East Countries:

Saudi Arabia,Iraq,U.A.E. and other Arab countries can be included in this group.These countries are the
top buyers of our export goods,such as rice,cotton cloth and various other items,but due to oil crises and
Iran-Iraq war,our export to these countries has declined to some extent, but our imports from these
countries have increased enough.

3.Asian Countries:

Japan,Hong Kong,China,Singapore,Malaysia,Indonesia and various other countries can be included in this

group.Our exports to these countries has been decreasing every year,and imports have increase too much
so due to these circumstance the balance of trade go in the favour of these countries.Japan is the top
buyer of our export goods in Asian countries,but we have to import large amount of
machinery,chemicals,transport equipments and various other items from Japan.Besides Japan we do
trade with others.Asian countries,such as we import palm oil from Malaysia and Indonesia and Tea from
Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.

4.North American Countries:

U.S.A.,Mexico,Canada and other countries can be included in this group.The exports of our country to
North American group is not progressive,but we import so many kinds of goods,such as
machinery,electrical goods,soybean oil and requirements for our armed forces and various other
items,and our imports are about three times greater than our exports.So due to all these conditions the
balance of trade remains in favour of these countries.

5.R.C.D. Countries:

In this group are included Iran,Turkey and newly Independent Central Asian Republics namely
Tajikistan,Uzbekistan,Azerbaijan and Turkmanistan.Pakistani exports to Turkey and Iran are quite
enough.Although all these countries are trying to make their balances of trade favourable,but inspite of
various measures taken by the concerned countries still Pakistan's imports are greater than exports,so
the balance of trade remains to the favour of these countries.

6.East European Countries:

This group includes countries of eastern Europe such as Poland, U.S.S.R., Romania, Hungary, Yugoslavia,
Greece and others.Such countries import large amount of our export goods such as rice, cotton cloth,
sports goods,carpets and various other items ,but our imports are comparatively less than our exports,so
balance of trade is in favour of our country.