Department of Chemical

Engineering
University of the Philippines Diliman

Shell Energy Balances: Part 1

ChE 131 – Transport Processes

Reference:
Geankoplis, C.J. (1993). Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd ed.
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
B, Bird, R.B., Stewart, W.E., and Lightfoot, E.N. (2007). Transport
Phenomena, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Outline
 Shell Balances

 Examples
 Shell Energy Balances
Shell Balances  Objective:
Examples
To determine the temperature and
heat flux distributions (profiles)
of the system being studied

 Since temperature and heat flux vary within the

system being studied, we must analyze it
differentially, using an infinitesimally small shell

 How do we divide the system into these small

parts?
The properties of the shell
must be uniform!
 Shell Energy Balances
Shell Balances  Recall general balance equation:
Examples

 Also recall: rate = flux x area

 The rate IN and rate OUT terms are then applied

to both molecular and convective transport.

 What is the rate of generation of energy?

 We assume steady-state and no work done by/to

the system.
 Shell Heat Balances
Shell Balances  For steady-state systems,
Examples

Q by Convective Q by Molecular Energy

Transport Transport Generation
 Shell Heat Balances
Shell Balances  Just like in shell momentum balance, we’ll do a
Examples two-step procedure
 Energy balance over a thin shell, which ends up
with a differential equation giving the heat flux
distribution;
 We insert Fourier’s law of heat conduction, which
ends up with a differential equation giving the
temperature as a function of position.

 How do we solve these differential equations?

 Shell Heat Balances
Shell Balances  In order to arrive at a particular solution based on
Examples our system, we apply boundary conditions.

 Typical boundary conditions:

1. Temperature is specified at the surface.
2. The heat flux normal to a surface maybe given.
3. Between solid interfaces, the temperature is
continuous.
4. At solid- fluid interfaces, convection applies: 𝑄 =
ℎ𝐴∆𝑇
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
Shell Balances  Conduction in a flat slab (constant area, A)
Examples
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
 Conduction in a flat slab (constant area, A)
 We are left with:

𝑄 𝑄
∙𝐴 − ∙𝐴 =0
𝐴 𝑥
𝐴 𝑥+∆𝑥
 We then divide the equation by the volume of the shell, ADx:

𝑄 𝑄
𝐴 − 𝐴
𝑥 𝑥+∆𝑥
=0
∆𝑥
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
 Conduction in a flat slab (constant area, A)
 And take the limit as Dx approaches zero:

𝑄 𝑄
− 𝐴
𝐴
𝑥 𝑥+∆𝑥
lim =0
∆𝑥 →0 ∆𝑥

 We then have:

𝑑 𝑄
− =0
𝑑𝑥 𝐴
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
 Conduction in a flat slab (constant area, A)
 Therefore, the heat flux is a constant!

𝑄
= 𝑐1
𝐴
 But from Fourier’s Law:

𝑄 𝑑𝑇
𝑞𝑥 = = −𝑘
𝐴 𝑑𝑥
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
 Conduction in a flat slab (constant area, A)
 Substituting

𝑑𝑇
−𝑘 = 𝑐1
𝑑𝑥

 Integrating with respect to x (and assuming k is constant):

−𝑘 ∙ 𝑇 = 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
 Conduction in a flat slab (constant area, A)
 Recall our boundary conditions:
 BC1: at x = 0, T = T1
 BC2: at x = L, T = T2
−𝑘 ∙ 𝑇 = 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2

 Applying BC1: Applying BC2:

−𝑘 ∙ 𝑇1 = 𝑐1 (0) + 𝑐2 −𝑘 ∙ 𝑇2 = 𝑐1 (𝐿) − 𝑘 ∙ 𝑇1

𝑘
𝑐2 = −𝑘 ∙ 𝑇1 𝑐1 = − 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝐿
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
 Conduction in a flat slab (constant area, A)
 Substituting:

𝑘
−𝑘 ∙ 𝑇 = − 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑥 − 𝑘 ∙ 𝑇1
𝐿

 Rearranging:

𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑇 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑇1 This is our temperature profile!
𝐿
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
 Conduction in a flat slab (constant area, A)
 And since

𝑄
= 𝑐1
𝐴

𝑄 𝑘
= − 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 Heat flux
𝐴 𝐿

𝑘𝐴
𝑄=− 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 Heat flow rate
𝐿
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
Shell Balances  Ex. Consider steady one-dimensional heat
Examples conduction in a large plane wall of thickness L
and constant thermal conductivity k with no heat
generation. Obtain expressions for the variation of
temperature within the wall for the following pairs
of boundary conditions:
𝑊
 𝑞 0 = 40 𝑚2 𝑇 0 = 15℃
𝑊 𝑊
 𝑞 0 = 40 𝑚2 𝑞 𝐿 = −25
𝑚2
𝑊 𝑊
𝑞 0 = 40 2
𝑚
𝑞 𝐿 = 40 2
𝑚
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
Shell Balances  Conduction in a hollow cylinder
Examples

r1
T1
r2
T2
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
 Conduction in a hollow cylinder
 We are left with:

𝑄 𝑄
∙𝐴 − ∙𝐴 =0
𝐴 𝑟
𝐴 𝑟+∆𝑟
 We then divide the equation by the volume of the shell, ADr:

𝑄 𝑄
𝐴 ∙ 2𝜋𝑟𝐿 − 𝐴 ∙ 2𝜋𝑟𝐿
𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
=0
2𝜋𝑟𝐿 ∙ ∆𝑟
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
 Conduction in a hollow cylinder
 And take the limit as Dr approaches zero:

𝑄 𝑄
𝐴∙𝑟 − 𝐴∙𝑟
𝑟 𝑟+∆𝑟
lim =0
∆𝑟 →0 𝑟 ∙ ∆𝑟

 We then have:

1𝑑 𝑄
− ∙𝑟 =0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝐴
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
 Conduction in a hollow cylinder
 Integrating,

𝑄 𝑐1
=
𝐴 𝑟
 But from Fourier’s Law:

𝑄 𝑑𝑇 𝑐1
𝑞𝑟 = = −𝑘 =
𝐴 𝑑𝑟 𝑟
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
 Conduction in a hollow cylinder
 Substituting

𝑑𝑇 𝑐1 1
−𝑘 = −𝑘 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑐1 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

 Integrating with respect to r (and assuming k is constant):

−𝑘 ∙ 𝑇 = 𝑐1 ∙ ln 𝑟 + 𝑐2
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
 Conduction in a hollow sphere
 Recall our boundary conditions:
 BC1: at r = r1, T = T1
 BC2: at r = r2, T = T2
−𝑘 ∙ 𝑇 = 𝑐1 ∙ ln 𝑟 + 𝑐2

 Applying BC1: −𝑘 ∙ 𝑇1 = 𝑐1 ln 𝑟1 + 𝑐2
 Applying BC2: −𝑘 ∙ 𝑇2 = 𝑐1 ln 𝑟2 + 𝑐2
 Subtracting the two equations:
𝑟2
−𝑘 ∙ (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = 𝑐1 ln
𝑟1
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
 Conduction in a hollow cylinder
𝑟2
−𝑘 ∙ (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = 𝑐1 ln
𝑟1
 Rearranging:
𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑐1 = −𝑘 ∙ 𝑟2
ln
𝑟1
 Substituting into BC1 equation:

𝑇2 − 𝑇1
−𝑘 ∙ 𝑇1 = −𝑘 ∙ 𝑟2 ∙ ln 𝑟1 + 𝑐2
ln
𝑟1
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
 Conduction in a hollow cylinder
𝑇2 − 𝑇1
−𝑘 ∙ 𝑇1 = −𝑘 ∙ 𝑟2 ∙ ln 𝑟1 + 𝑐2
ln
 Rearranging: 𝑟1

𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑐2 = −𝑘 ∙ 𝑇1 + 𝑘 ∙ 𝑟2 ∙ ln 𝑟1
ln
𝑟1
 Substituting into the particular solution equation:

𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
−𝑘 ∙ 𝑇 = −𝑘 ∙ 𝑟2 ∙ ln 𝑟 − 𝑘 ∙ 𝑇1 + 𝑘 ∙ 𝑟2 ∙ ln 𝑟1
ln ln
𝑟1 𝑟1
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
 Conduction in a hollow cylinder
𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
−𝑘 ∙ 𝑇 = −𝑘 ∙ 𝑟2 ∙ ln 𝑟 − 𝑘 ∙ 𝑇1 + 𝑘 ∙ 𝑟2 ∙ ln 𝑟1
ln ln
𝑟1 𝑟1

 Dividing everything by –k and rearranging:

𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑟
𝑇(𝑟) = 𝑟2 ∙ ln 𝑟 + 𝑇1
ln 1
𝑟1
This is our temperature profile!
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
 Conduction in a hollow cylinder
 If we take dT/dr, and substitute it to Fourier’s law,

2𝜋𝑘𝐿
𝑄=− 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑟2
ln
𝑟1

𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑟
𝑇(𝑟) = 𝑟2 ∙ ln 𝑟 + 𝑇1
ln 1
𝑟1
This is our temperature profile!
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
Shell Balances  Conduction in a hollow sphere
Examples

r1
T1
r2
T2
 Steady-state Transfer
without Internal Generation
Shell Balances  Conduction in a hollow sphere
Examples
A spherical shell, with thermal conductivity k, has inner and
outer radii of r1 and r2, respectively. The inner surface of the
shell is subjected to a uniform heat flux of q1, while the outer
surface of
the shell is exposed to convection heat transfer with a
coefficient h and an ambient temperature T∞. Determine the
variation of temperature in the shell wall and obtain an
expression for the temperature of the outer surface.