Department of Chemical

Engineering
University of the Philippines Diliman

Heat Equations of Change: Part 2

ChE 131 – Transport Processes

Reference:
Geankoplis, C.J. (1993). Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd ed.
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Foust, A.S., Wenzel, L.A., Clump, C.W., Maus, L., Andersen, L.B. (1980).
Principles of Unit Operations. 2nd Ed. Singapore: John Wiley and Sons. (pp.
161-162)
B, Bird, R.B., Stewart, W.E., and Lightfoot, E.N. (2007). Transport
Phenomena, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Outline
 Energy Equation

 Simultaneous Heat and Momentum Example

Energy Equation
Consider a differential
volume element:
Recall: Combined Energy Flux
1 2
𝒆= 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑈 𝒗 + 𝝅 ∙ 𝒗 + 𝒒
2
Recall: First Law of Thermodynamics
 Energy Equation

Consider a differential
volume element:

Rate of Increase in KE
and Internal Energy:
(Accumulation)

Rate of Energy IN – OUT:

Rate of Work Done by

External Forces, g:
 Energy Equation

Consider a differential
volume element:

Rate of Increase in KE
and Internal Energy:
(Accumulation)

Rate of Energy IN – OUT:

Rate of Work Done by

External Forces, g:
Energy Equation

Consider a differential
volume element:

Combining them:

Expanding the combined energy flux term…

Energy Equation
Consider a differential
volume element:

THE ENERGY EQUATION

Energy Equation

Consider a differential
volume element:

The complete form of the Energy Equation

Energy Equation
Consider a differential
volume element:

If we subtract the mechanical energy

balance from the energy equation:

THE EQUATION OF CHANGE FOR INTERNAL ENERGY

Energy Equation
Consider a differential
volume element:

If we subtract the mechanical energy

balance from the energy equation:

THE EQUATION OF CHANGE FOR INTERNAL ENERGY

𝜕 𝐷𝑈
𝜌𝑈 + 𝛻 ∙ 𝜌𝑈𝒗 = 𝜌
𝜕𝑡 𝐷𝑡
Energy Equation
Consider a differential
volume element:

Putting the internal energy in substantial

derivative form:

By absorbing the pressure force term, U becomes H.

D𝐻 𝐷𝑇
Since = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 then at constant pressure:
𝐷𝑡 𝐷𝑡

𝐷𝑇 Convenient
𝜌𝐶𝑝 = − 𝛻 ∙ 𝑞 − 𝜏 ∙ 𝛻𝒗 Form!
𝐷𝑡
 Energy Equation
Special Cases of the 𝐷𝑇
𝜌𝐶𝑝 = − 𝛻 ∙ 𝑞 − 𝜏 ∙ 𝛻𝒗
Energy Equation: 𝐷𝑡

1. Fluid at constant pressure and 𝐷𝑇

𝜌𝑐 = 𝑘𝛻 2𝑇
small velocity gradients. 𝑝
𝐷𝑡

R:

C:

S:
Energy Equation

Special Cases of the 𝐷𝑇

𝜌𝐶𝑝 = − 𝛻 ∙ 𝑞 − 𝜏 ∙ 𝛻𝒗
Energy Equation: 𝐷𝑡

2. For solids 𝜌𝑐 𝜕𝑇 = 𝑘𝛻 2 𝑇 Fourier’s Second

𝑝 Law of Conduction
𝜕𝑡

3. With Heat Generation (simply added)

𝐷𝑇
𝜌𝑐𝑝 = 𝑘𝛻 2 𝑇 + 𝑔
𝐷𝑡
Energy Equation
𝐷𝑇
Example! 𝜌𝐶𝑝 = − 𝛻 ∙ 𝑞 − 𝜏 ∙ 𝛻𝒗
𝐷𝑡

A solid cylinder in which heat

generation is occurring uniformly as g
W/m3 is insulated on the ends. The
temperature of the surface of the
cylinder is held constant at Tw K. The
radius of the cylinder is r = R m. Heat
flows only in the radial direction.
Using the Energy Equation only, derive
the temperature profile at steady-
state if the solid has a constant k.
Energy Equation
𝐷𝑇
Example! 𝜌𝐶𝑝 = − 𝛻 ∙ 𝑞 − 𝜏 ∙ 𝛻𝒗
𝐷𝑡

Using the solids special case with

cylindrical coordinates:

This can be
rewritten as:
 Energy Equation
𝐷𝑇
Example! 𝜌𝐶𝑝 = − 𝛻 ∙ 𝑞 − 𝜏 ∙ 𝛻𝒗
𝐷𝑡

From here on, the solution is just

the same as with the electrical
wire:
 Simultaneous Heat and Momentum Transfer
Energy Equation
Laminar Flow and Heat Transfer
Simultaneous
Heat and  Consider a fluid flowing at constant velocity vz
Momentum inside a horizontal tube which is being heated. At
Example
the wall of the pipe, where the radius r = r0, the
Unsteady-State heat flux is constant at q0. The process is at
Heat Transfer
steady-state and it is assumed at the inlet z = 0
Lumped Systems that the velocity profile is established. Constant
Analysis
physical properties will be assumed.
Simultaneous Heat and Momentum Transfer
Laminar Flow and Heat Transfer
Either from shell momentum balance or from
equations of continuity and of motion for steady-state
flow, we would be able to calculate that
Simultaneous Heat and Momentum Transfer

Solution!
𝐷𝑇
Energy Equation: 𝜌𝐶𝑝 = − 𝛻 ∙ 𝑞 − 𝜏 ∙ 𝛻𝒗 For fluids without
𝐷𝑡 generation
𝐷𝑇
In cylindrical coordinates: 𝜌𝑐𝑝 = 𝑘𝛻 2 𝑇
𝐷𝑡

𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 2
𝜕𝑇
We are left with: 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑣𝑧
𝜕𝑧
=𝑘 2
𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝑟
𝜕𝑟
2
Substituting vz and 𝑟 𝜕𝑇 𝑘 1 𝜕 2
𝜕𝑇
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 1− = 𝑟
rearranging: 𝑟0 𝜕𝑧 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
Simultaneous Heat and Momentum Transfer

2
𝑟 𝜕𝑇 𝑘 1 𝜕 2
𝜕𝑇
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 1− = 𝑟
𝑟0 𝜕𝑧 𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟

How to solve partial differential equations?