Dynamic Stability of Slender Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Columns With General Supports, 2019 (Youqin Huang)

Accepted manuscript to appear in IJSSD
Accepted Manuscript
International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics
by UNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLAND on 01/07/19. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.
Article Title: Dynamic Stability of Slender Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Column with
General Supports
Author(s): Youqin Huang, Jiyang Fu, Di Wu, Airong Liu, Wei Gao, Yonglin Pi
DOI: 10.1142/S0219455419500457
Received: 28 June 2018

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Accepted: 03 December 2018
To be cited as: Youqin Huang et al., Dynamic Stability of Slender Concrete-Filled Steel
Tubular Column with General Supports, International Journal of Struc-
tural Stability and Dynamics, doi: 10.1142/S0219455419500457
Link to final version: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219455419500457
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Dynamic Stability of Slender Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Columns with General Supports
Youqin Huang*, Jiyang Fu*,§, Di Wu*,†, Airong Liu*, Wei Gao*,†, and Yonglin Pi*,†
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*
Centre for Engineering Structure Disaster Prevention and Control
Guangzhou University
Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
†
Center for Infrastructure Engineering and Safety
University of New South Wales
NSW 2052, Australia
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§
jiyangfu@gzhu.edu.cn (Corresponding author)
The static stability of slender concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns have been explored thoroughly while few researches have
been carried out on the dynamic stability of CFST columns even if all applied loadings are naturally time-dependent. This paper
presents an analytical procedure for evaluating the dynamic stability of CFST columns of various composite cross-sections under
general boundary conditions. This paper is featured by the following facts: (1) proportional damping is considered in derivation of the
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governing equations on the lateral parametric vibration of the CFST columns subject to axial excitation; (2) Bolotin’s method is used to
determine the boundaries of the regions of dynamic instability for the CFST columns with general supports; (3) the relationship of static
and dynamic stability, and the effects of boundary conditions and cross-sectional forms are uncovered. New findings of this
investigation are: (1) larger amplitude or constant component of excitation make it easier for the dynamic instability of the CFST
columns to occur, while increasing the constant component of excitation reduces the critical value of frequency ratio for the dynamic
instability to occur; (2) the dynamic stability analysis can determine the critical loads for both the static and dynamic instability of
CFST columns, and the critical instability load decreases with increasing disturbance on the static load; (3) under the same
consumptions of steel and concrete, the square columns have better performance of dynamic stability than the circular columns, but
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there is no definite conclusion on the effect of hollow size on the dynamic stability of double-skin columns.
Keywords: Concrete-filled steel tubular columns; Slender columns; Dynamic stability; Bolotin’s method; Boundary condition.
1. Introduction
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The steel-concrete composite structures, especially concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns, are
extensively used in civil engineering structures owing to their significant structural and economic benefits 1-4.
In recent years, very slender CFST columns have been adopted in large-span spatial structures since the
construction techniques ensuring the reliability of filling concrete into slender steel tubes have been
developed5. For slender CFST columns with high slenderness ratios, instability is usuall y deemed as a
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predominant mode of failure6. The instability of slender CFST columns under axial static compressions has
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been extensively thoroughly studied7-9 or numerically investigated 5,10-13.
However, all applied loadings are naturally time-dependent, and loss of stability is essentially a
dynamic event14. Although the dynamic behaviors of CFST columns have been paid many attentions, the
studies basically focus on strength, ductility and energy absorption capacity of columns under repeated
cyclic compressions15-18. According to the theories of dynamic stability 19,20, dynamic instability of structure
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would arise when the static load is disturbed, but few researches have been conducted on the dynamic
instability of slender CFST columns.
Analysis on dynamic stability of columns includes two crucial steps. Firstly, it is necessary to set up the
differential equation representing structural dynamic stability based on the governing equation of lateral
vibration of columns under axial excitation. Secondly, the differential equation of dynamic stability should
be effectively solved to discriminate the stability state of dynamic system 19,20.
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For the first step, though many papers have been published on the vibration of CFST columns, most of
them are about experiments or numerical simulations21-24. The analytical equation governing the lateral
vibration of CFST columns under axial excitation has not been established. Therefore, such a governing
equation is derived in this paper according to the equilibrium of force and compatibility of deformation.
In order to set up the unified method of dynamic stability analysis for CFST columns, general boundary
conditions are considered in this study. Even though the dynamic stability of columns with general boundary
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conditions has already been studied 25, the novelty of this work is reflected on the treatment of damping.
Previously, the damping is only represented as a damping constant which lacks well engineering usability,
while in the present work a proportional damping expressed in modal damping ratio and natural frequency
of column, is introduced to set up the differential equation of dynamic stability.
In the second key step of dynamic stability analysis, the stability of solutions of the equation of dynamic
stability can be judged by checking the periodicity of solutions, since the equation of dynamic stability is
usually of the Mathieu-Hill type. For a column with general supports, the existence condition of periodic
solutions was solved by the perturbation method in the literature 25,26. However, the perturbation method is an
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approximate algorithm. By contrast, the existence condition of periodic solutions is analytically derived
according to the Bolotin’s theory in this paper19,27-29.
This work, therefore, aims at developing an analytic unified scheme for assessing the dynamic stability
of slender CFST columns with typical forms of composite cross-sections under general boundary conditions.
By solving the equation of critical frequencies in the matrix form as an eigenvalue problem, any higher order
of the region of dynamic instability can be determined to discriminate the dynamic stability of CFST
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columns. The validity of the boundaries of regions of dynamic instability obtained by the proposed method
is carefully verified by the finite element computations for various boundary conditions and cross-sections.
For revealing the characteristics of dynamic stability of CFST columns, the relationship between the
boundary of region of dynamic instability and the parameters of excitation, including amplitude, constant
component and frequency, are explored based on the results of dynamic stability computations. In addition,
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though there are a bunch of studies on the dynamic stability of structures, the relationship between the static
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instability and dynamic instability has not been clearly revealed. Therefore, in order to bridge the behavior
of dynamic stability to the static instability of CFST columns, their relationships are uncovered from a clear
and easy perspective.
Also, in order to compare the performances of dynamic stability of fixed CFST columns with that of
pinned columns, the boundaries of instability regions of both types of columns are compared two-
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dimensionally or three-dimensionally. Finally, the dynamic stability of CFST columns is compared for
various typical cross-sections under the same material consumptions.
2. Governing equation of dynamic stability
The essential conditions widely applied in the studies of CFST columns are adopted 30,31: (1) the column is
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slender and the Euler-Bernoulli hypothesis is satisfied that the cross-section remains plane and perpendicular
to the column axis during deformation; (2) the concrete core and the steel tube are sufficiently bonded; (3)
the transverse stiffness of column is constant along the length of column; (4) the axial rigidity of column
highly exceeds its lateral rigidity.
The proposed method in this study can be applied to the CFST column with various boundary
conditions. However, due to space limitations, only two representatives are selected in this study, as
illustrated in Fig. 1. Also, the cross-section type of CFST column is not restricted in the presented method,
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while four commonly encountered cross-sections, such as the circular and square sections, and their double
skin counterparts are focused in this paper (Fig. 2).
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(a) (b)
Fig. 1. CFST columns with two types of boundary conditions: (a)Pin-pin, (b)Fix-fix.
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Steel tube Steel tube Steel tube Steel tube

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Concrete core Concrete core Concrete core Concrete core

(b) (c) (d)
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(a) (b) (c) (d)
Fig. 2. Commonly encountered types of cross-sections: (a) Circular, (b) Square, (c) Circular double-skin, (d) Square double-skin.
2.1. Governing equation of lateral vibration
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Fig. 3 shows the initial and deformed configuration of a straight CFST column during dynamic
instability under an axial concentric periodic load P(t). The length and equivalent mass per unit length of
column are L and me, respectively. The lateral displacement of column is represented by u ( x, t ) , which is
a function of both the coordinate along the column x and the time t. The forces acting on the element dx
include the axial force N , the shear force V , the moment M , the inertia force me∂2u/∂t2, and the
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viscous damping force c ( x ) u t .
P(t)
concrete core
steel tube
(b)
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N+∂N/∂xdx
M+∂M/∂xdx
L
V+∂V/∂xdx
u(x, t)
me∂2u/∂t2+ φ
dx
dx c(x)∂u/∂t
x
V
u M
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N
(a) (c)
Fig. 3. Lateral vibration of CFST column under axial excitation:(a)Elevation of column, (b)Section with different materials, (c)Forces
acting on small element.
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The equilibrium of the infinitesimal element in the horizontal direction can be formulated based on Fig. 3
as
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V ( x, t )  2 u ( x, t ) u ( x, t )
 me 2
 c( x) 0 (1)
x t t
where me s As   c Ac in which  s and  c denote the densities of steel tube and concrete core,
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respectively, and As and Ac denote the cross-sectional areas of steel tube and concrete core,
respectively; c ( x ) is a damping constant.

In addition, the moments about the center of the bottom vanish and this leads to
M ( x, t )
V ( x, t )  N ( x, t )  0 (2)
x
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where the angle  can be expressed as  u x since it is small.

For the CFST column with dual materials of steel and concrete, according to the second assumption
mentioned above that the concrete core is fully bonded with the steel tube, the deformations of the steel tube
and concrete core must be compatible with each other, so the steel tube and the concrete core have the same
normal strain at their interface and the same radius of deformed curvature32.
However, the stress of steel tube is different from the stress of concrete core at the interface due to the
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fact that they have different Young’s moduli. The stresses of steel tube and concrete core should be
computed by their respective Young’s modulus using Hooke’s law based on the Euler-Bernoulli’s
assumption33
 2 u ( x, t )
 s ( x , ys , t )  Es ys (3a)
x 2
 2 u ( x, t )
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 c ( x, yc , t )  Ec yc (3b)
x 2
where  s and  c denote the normal stresses on the cross-section of steel tube and concrete core,
respectively; Es and Ec are the Young’s moduli of steel tube and concrete core, respectively; and ys
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and y c denote the distances between the locations of  s ,  c and the neutral axis of cross-section.
Previous studies on structural dynamic stability have shown that 19,27-29, when the mean component of
excitation, i.e. the compression on the beam, is large, the total act on the beam is compression even when the
small amplitude of critical excitation of dynamic instability is included. On the other hand, when the mean
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excitation is very small, the dynamic component of critical excitation might make the beam be tensioned,
which is a rare case in real engineering practice. Moreover, it is usually very complicated to consider the
cracking in investigating dynamic stability due to the time-variance of cracking with excitation. Therefore,
the concrete is considered as elastic without cracking in this work, as shown in Eq. (3b).
Thereby, the moment M on the cross-section can be formulated as
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 2u  2u
M   y s s dAs   y c c dAc   Es I s  E c I c  2  Be (4)
As Ac x x 2
where Be Es I s  Ec I c denotes the equivalent flexural stiffness of CFST column with I s and I c being
the second moments of area of the cross-section with respect to its neutral axial.
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By substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (2), the shear force V can be expressed as
u ( x, t )    2 u ( x, t ) 
V ( x, t )  N ( x, t )   Be  (5)
x x  x 2 
By further differentiating Eq. (5) with respect to x, Eq. (1) can be formulated as
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 2 u ( x, t ) u ( x, t )  2   2 u ( x, t )    u ( x, t ) 
me  c ( x )  2  Be    N ( x, t )  0
t 2 t x  x 2
 x  x 
(6)
According to the above third and fourth assumptions, the lateral stiffness Be is independent of x and the
effect of axial vibration on transverse vibration is negligible, i.e. the internal axial force is equal to the
excitation, N(x,t) = P(t).Therefore, the governing equation for lateral vibration of CFST columns under axial
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periodic load P(t) can be obtained from Eq. (6) as
 2 u ( x, t ) u ( x, t )  4 u ( x, t )  2 u ( x, t )
me  c ( x )  Be  P (t ) 0 (7)
t 2 t x 4 x 2
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2.2. Differential equation of dynamic instability
In solving the dynamic stability problem of elastic system, the dynamic displacement is usually
expanded with respect to the eigenfunctions of static stability or the free vibration forms 19. In this study, the
dynamic stability problem is solved on the basis of expanding the dynamic displacement in a series of free
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vibration modes. Therefore, the lateral displacement u ( x, t ) of CFST column is expressed as34

u ( x, t )  f n ( x) y n (t ) (8)
n 1
where f n (x) denotes the nth mode shape normalized with respect to the equivalent mass me of CFST
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column; y n (t ) denote the nth modal response of CFST column.
By substituting Eq. (8) into Eq. (7), the governing equation of lateral vibration of CFST column
becomes
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d 2 y n (t ) dy (t )
 
me  f n ( x) 2
 c ( x )  f n ( x) n
n 1 dt n 1 dt
(9)

d 4 f n ( x) 
d 2 f n ( x)
 Be  y n (t )  P(t ) y n (t ) 0
n 1 dx 4 n 1 dx 2
Applying the Galerkin method to Eq. (9) gives25,35

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L  
d 2 yn (t )  L 
dy (t ) 
m
0  e  f n ( x ) 2
f
 m ( x ) dx    c ( x )  f n ( x) n  f m ( x) dx
n 1 dt  0
 n 1 dt 
(10)
L   d 4 f n ( x)  L   d 2 f n ( x) 
  Be   4
yn (t )  f m ( x )dx   P (t )   2
y n (t )  f m ( x )dx 0
0
 n 1 dx  0
 n 1 dx 
According to the orthogonality of mode shapes of CFST column with general boundary conditions36, i.e.
L
m0
e f m ( x) f n ( x )dx δ mn (11)
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L d 4 f n ( x)
 Be fm ( x) 4
dx n2 mn (12)
0 dx
where δmn is Kronecker’s delta, the first three terms of Eq. (10) reduce to
L  
d 2 y n (t )  d 2 y m (t )
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m
0  e 
 f ( x )  f ( x ) dx  , (13)
dt 2 
n m
n 1 dt 2
L 
dy n (t )  
dyn (t ) L
c
0  
 ( x ) f ( x )  f ( x ) dx   c( x) f m ( x) f n ( x)dx , (14)
dt 
n m
n 1 dt  n 1
0
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and
L  d 4 f n ( x) 
B  
0  n1 dx 4
e y n (t )  f m ( x)dx  y m (t ) m2 (15)

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On further assuming that the damping c(x) is proportional to the mass me as c( x)  0 me (α0 is a
constant of proportionality)36, the damping term also satisfies the orthogonality of mode shapes and Eq. (14)
reduces to
L  
dy (t )  dy (t )
c
0  
 ( x ) f n ( x ) n  f m ( x )dx  0 m (16)
n 1 dt  dt
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α0 is related to the damping function c(x), and α0 can be expressed as  0 2 m  m by using the
damping ratio  m of the m-th mode. Eq. (16) can then be rewritten as

L 
dy (t )  dy (t )
c
0  
 ( x ) f n ( x) n  f m ( x) dx 2 m m m (17)
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n 1 dt  dt
Moreover, integrating the fourth term of Eq. (10) by parts and considering the boundary conditions
leads to
L   d 2 f n ( x)  
P (t
0  ) y n (t )  f
 m ( x ) dx   P (t )  y n (t ) S mn (18)
n 1 dx 2  n 1
with
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L df m ( x) df n ( x)
S mn  dx (19)
0 dx dx
By substituting Eqs. (13), (15), (17) and (18) in Eq. (10), the unified equations for the dynamic stability
of CFST column applicable for general boundary conditions are obtained as
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d 2 y (t ) dy (t )
2
C  [ W  P (t )S]y (t ) 0 (20)
dt dt
~ ~ ~ ~ mode shapes are considered, and

where y   N , C, W, S   N N when N
C
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~) , 
C diag(c
T
c=  211 , 2 22 , , 2 N  N  (21)
~) ,   2 2 T
W diag(ω ω  1 , 2 , ,  N2  (22)
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 S11 S12  S1N 
S S 22  S 2 N 
21
S=  (23)
     
 
 S N 1 S N 2  S NN
 
Without loss of generality, a harmonic type of periodic excitation with period T = 2π/θ is adopted for the
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purpose of demonstration and the periodic load is expressed as

P(t) = αP0 + βPtcosθt (24)
where αP0 and βPt denotes the constant and amplitude components of periodic excitation P (t ) ,
respectively;  is the circular frequency of P (t ) . P0 and Pt are the reference loads of the constant and
dynamic components of P (t ) , respectively; α and β are tuning factors for adjusting the constant
component and amplitude of excitation. It is noted that the values of  and  should be larger than zero
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to maintain the dynamic essence of the excitation P (t ) .

By substituting Eq. (24), the partial differential equations of dynamic stability of CFST columns given
by Eq. (20) can be rewritten as
d 2 y (t ) dy (t )
2
C  [ W  (P0  Pt cost )S]y (t ) 0 (25)
dt dt
When the geometrical and material parameters of CFST column are given, the natural frequency  n
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and the mode shape f n (x ) of the column can be computed by the modal analysis 36. After the damping
ratio for each mode shape is provided, the coefficient matrices C , W and S in Eq. (25) can be
determined.
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3. Determine the regions of dynamic instability
Eq. (25) is a Mathieu-Hill type equation whose solutions depend on the its characteristic roots. The real
characteristic roots correspond to the regions of dynamic instability, i.e. unbounded solutions of Eq. (25), the
complex characteristic roots correspond to the region of stability, and the multiple characteristic roots of 1.0
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and -1.0 determine the boundaries dividing the instability region from the stability region 19. Moreover, the
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multiple roots correspond to the fact that Eq. (25) has the periodic solutions with the periods T and 2T (T =
2π/θ). Moreover, the solutions with the same period enclose the regions of dynamic instability, while the
solutions with different periods enclose the regions of stability. Consequently, the problem of determining
the regions of dynamic instability is reduced to finding the conditions under which Eq. (25) has periodic
solutions with periods T and 2T.
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A solution with period 2T is sought in the form

 kt kt 
y (t )    a k sin  b k cos  (26)
k 1, 3, 5  2 2 
~ ~
where a k   N and b k   N are independent of time.
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Substituting Eq. (26) into Eq. (25) and comparing the coefficients of identical sin ( kt 2) and
cos ( kt 2) yields (Appendix A)
A 2T x 2T 0 (27)
where
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T
x 2T   , a 5 ,a 3 ,a1 ,b1 ,b 3 ,b 5 , (28)
 A 2T ,11 A 2T ,12 
A 2T   (29)
 A 2T , 21 A 2T , 22 
with
A 2T ,11 
    
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  W   P S  (5 2) 2 E (   Pt 2)S 0 
 0 
 (  Pt 2)S W   P0S  (3 2) 2 E (  Pt 2)S 
 2 
 0 (  Pt 2)S W   P0S  ( 2) E  (  Pt 2)S 
(30a)
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    
 0 0 ( 5 2)C 
A 2T ,12   (30b)
 0 ( 3 2)C 0 
 
 (  2)C 0 0 
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 0 0 ( 2)C 
 0 (3 2)C 0 
A 2T ,21 =  (30c)
  (5 2)C 0 0 
 
    
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and
A 2T ,22 =
 W   P0S  ( 2) 2 E  (  Pt 2)S (  Pt 2)S 0 
 2 
 (  Pt 2)S W   P0S  (3 2) E (  Pt 2)S 
 0
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 
    
(30d)
~ ~
and E   N N is the identity matrix.
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Similarly, the solution with period T can be sought in the form
1 
 kt kt 
y (t )  b 0    a k sin  b k cos  (31)
2 k 2 , 4 , 6  2 2 
By substituting Eq. (31) into Eq. (25), it leads to (Appendix B)
A T xT 0 (32)
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where
T
xT   a 6 ,a4 ,a 2 ,b 0 , b 2 ,b 4 , b 6 , (33)
and
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 A T ,11 A T ,12 
A T  (34)
 A T , 21 A T , 22 
with
C
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    
  W   P S  (3 ) 2 E (   Pt 2)S 0 
 0 
AT ,11  (35a)
 (  Pt 2)S W   P0S  (2 ) 2 E (  Pt 2)S 
 
W   P0S   2E 
 0 (  Pt 2)S
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   
0 0 0 
AT ,12  (35b)
0 0 ( 2 )C 
 
 0 (  )C 0 
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 0 0 0 
 0 0  C
AT ,21  (35c)
  0 2 C 0 
 
    
and
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 ( W   P0S) 2 (  Pt 2)S 0 
 (  P 2)S W   P0S   2 E (  Pt 2)S 
t
AT ,22  (35d)
 0 (  Pt 2)S W   P0S  (2 ) 2 E 
 
    
Non-trivial solutions of the system of linear homogeneous equations given by Eqs. (27) and (32) exist
when the determinants of their coefficient matrices vanish, which leads to the equations of boundary
frequencies as
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det  A 2T  0 (36)
and
det  AT  0 (37)
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Eqs. (36) and (37) can be rewritten in the form of a quadratic eigenvalue problem as 37-42
det( A 0  A 1   2 A 2 ) 0 (38)
The matrices A 0 , A1 and A 2 corresponding to the solution with period 2T can be obtained from
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Eqs. (29) and (30) as
A0 
     
 W   P S 
 0 (  Pt 2)S 0 0
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  (  Pt 2)S W   P0S  (  Pt 2)S 0 0  (39a)
 
 0 0 W   P0S  (  Pt 2)S (  Pt 2)S 
 0 0 (  Pt 2)S W   P0S 
 
     
     
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 0 0 0 (3 2)C 

 0 0 (1 2)C 0 
A1   (39b)
 0 (  1 2)C 0 0 
  ( 3 2)C 0 0 0 
 
     
DM
and
     
  (3 2) 2 E 0 0 0 

2
 0 (1 2) E 0 0 
A 2  2  (39c)
 0 0 (1 2) E 0 
 0 0 0 (3 2) 2 E 
 
     
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The matrices A 0 , A1 and A 2 corresponding to the solution with period T can be obtained from
Eqs. (34) and (35) as

     
  W   P S (  P 2)S 0 0 
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 0 t
  (  Pt 2)S W   P0S 0 0 
A 0   (40a)
 0 0 ( W   P0S) 2 (  Pt 2)S 
 0 0 (  Pt 2)S W   P0S 
 
     
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     
 0 0 0 0 

 0 0 0 C 
A1   (40b)
 0 0 0 0 
  0 ( 1)C 0 0 
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 
     
and
     
  (2) 2 E 0 0 0 
 
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 0 E 0 0 
A 2   (40c)
 0 0 0 0 
 0 0 0 E 
 
     
Eq. (38) is the equation of critical frequencies to determine the regions of lateral dynamic instability of
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CFST columns. It is demonstrated in Eq. (38) that both the excitation parameters (i.e., P0 ,  Pt and )
and structural parameters (i.e.,  n , f n (x ) and  n ) are coupled in the equations of critical frequencies.
For a specific CFST column, n eigenvalues θ1, θ2, …, θn can be obtained by solving Eq. (38) under
given α, β. Each θi corresponds to a point on the boundary of the ith order of region of dynamic instability.
With increasing α and β, any order of three-dimensional region of instability can be obtained in the
parametric space (α, β, θ). When the parametric point corresponding to the studied dynamic system locates
inside the instability region, the CFST column would become dynamically unstable, or it would vibrate in a
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stable fashion.
To facilitate the numerical computations on critical frequency θ, Eq. (38) can be further transformed
into a linear algebra eigenvalue problem as
det( A  B) 0 (41)
where
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A 0
A  0 (42)
 0 E
and
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A A2 
B  1 (43)
E 0 
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4. Results and Discussions
In order to numerically explore the characteristics of dynamic stability of CFST columns by the proposed
method, a column shown in Fig. 4 is investigated in this section. The damping ratio ξ for each mode shape is
assumed as 0.0243, and λ denotes the slenderness ratio of CFST column. For the four types of sectional forms
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in Figs. 4(b)-(e), the expressions of λ are 4L/D, 4 L D 2  (d  2t ) 2 , 2 3L D , 2 3L D 2 +( d - 2t ) 2 ,
respectively, where L is the length of column, D is the outer diameter or outer side length of outer steel
jacket, d is the outer diameter or outer side length of inner steel jacket, and t is the thickness of inner or outer
steel jacket.
In this section, firstly the validity of the proposed method is testified against the results obtained from a
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finite element (FE) model of ANSYS, and then the traits of dynamic stability of slender CFST column and
the influences of boundary conditions and cross-sectional forms are thoroughly revealed.
Meanwhile, since the first region of dynamic instability is the principal one with great significance
19,20,27-29
, it is mainly concentrated in this section though the presented method can also be implemented to
yield higher order regions without any additional difficulties.
TE
C EP
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15
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Fig. 4. Dimensions of the investigated CFST column: (a)Elevation of column, (b)Circular, (c)Circular double skin, (d)Square, (e)Square
double skin.
4.1. Numerical verification

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The principal instability regions obtained by the proposed method for the pinned and fixed CFST columns
are shown on a parametric plane (βPt, θ/2ω1), as in Figs. 5(a) and 6(a) respectively. The instability regions
are computed under the condition that the constant component of excitation αP0 is a half of the maximum
amplitude of excitation  Pt . On the plane (βPt, θ/2ω1), the shaped area denotes the region of dynamic
instability and the blank area represents the region of stability. The excitation frequency  is non-
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dimensionalized by the first natural frequency of CFST column 1 as frequency ratio θ/2ω1 for clearer
demonstration.
Since any parametric point on the plane (βPt, θ/2ω1) corresponds to a CFST column with specific
structural and excitation parameters, the dynamic responses for the parametric points can be calculated by
the finite element (FE) method with these known structural and excitation parameters. If the obtained
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dynamic responses of parametric points inside the instability region diverge with time, and the responses for
the points outside the instability region are stable with time, the correctness of the boundaries of instability
regions from the presented method can be validated.
The FE model of the CFST column with the geometric and material properties shown in Fig. 4 is
formulated by a 2-D elastic element BEAM3 in ANSYS. BEAM 3 could withstand tension, compression and
bending, and there are 3 degrees of freedom (two translational displacement and one rotation) at each node.
At one end of column the axial and lateral translations are fully restrained, while at the other end only the
lateral translation is full restrained and the axial translation is free to allow the application of the axial
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periodic load. The rotations of both ends are free for pin-ended columns, but full restrained for fix-ended
columns. Since the compound section cannot be directly applied in BEAM 3, the equivalent values of
stiffness, mass per unit length and damping ratio of CFST column are calculated before conducting the
dynamic response analysis to ensure the consistence of structural properties in both dynamic response
computations and dynamic stability analyses. The correctness of the FE model is justified by the fact that the
natural frequency and static buckling load obtained from the FE model are the same as the theoretical
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counterparts.
In the dynamic analysis, in order to induce the lateral vibration of column, a very small initial lateral
imperfections u/L = 0.001sin(xπ/L) are assigned to the pin-ended column and u/L = 0.0005[1-cos(2xπ/L)] to
the fixed column. The Newton-Raphson approach is adopted to compute the dynamic responses and the time
step size is set as t = 0.02T1 where T1 1 1 is the period of the first mode of lateral free vibration of
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column.
For each region of dynamic instability in Figs. 5(a) and 6(a), three parametric points are randomly
selected around the boundary of instability region. The dynamic responses u ( L 2 , t ) for the parametric
points are calculated by the FE model, as shown in Figs. 5(b) and 6(b), where the time t is non-
dimensionalized by the first natural period T1 of CFST column as t T1 .
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0.08
A1
0.06
A2
0.04 A3
0.02
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-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
t/T1
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0.08
B1
0.06 B2
B3
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0.04
0.02
-0.02
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-0.04
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
t/T1
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0.08
C1
0.06
17 C2
0.04 C3
0.02
0
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0.08
C1
0.06
C2
0.04 C3
0.02
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-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
t/T1
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0.02
DM
D1
0.015
D2
0.01 D3
0.005
-0.005
-0.01
-0.015
TE
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
t/T1
(a) (b)
Fig. 5. Instability regions and dynamic responses of the pin-ended column: (a)Instability regions, (b) Dynamic responses.
CEP
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18
AC
C EP
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19
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0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0.02
0.04
0.06
0
0
1
1
F3
F2
F1
E3
E2
E1
2
2
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3
3
4
4
t/T1
t/T1
5
5
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6
6
7
7
8
8
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9
9
IP T
AC
C EP
TE
20
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0
0
0.1
-0.04
-0.02
0.02
0.04
-0.1
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
-0.05
0.05
0
0
0
1
1
F3
F2
F1
G3
G2
G1
H3
H2
H1
2
5
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3
3
4
4
10
t/T1
t/T1
t/T1
5
5
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6
15
7
7
8
8
CR
9
20
9
IP T
T
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0.04
G1
G2
0.02 G3
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0
-0.02
-0.04
0 5 10 15 20
t/T1
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0.1
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H1
H2
0.05 H3
-0.05
-0.1
TE
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
t/T1
(a) (b)
Fig. 6. Instability regions and dynamic responses of the fix-ended column: (a)Instability regions, (b) Dynamic responses.
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It can be observed from Figs. 5 and 6 that the dynamic responses corresponding to the parametric points
A2, B2, …, H2 which are located inside the instability regions diverge with time (the solid red curves), while
the dynamic responses corresponding to the points A1, B1, …, H1 and A3, B3, …, H3 outside the instability
regions fluctuate stably with time. Hence, the FE results verify the correctness of the results of the proposed
method for determining the dynamic instability regions of CFST columns.
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Additionally, the boundaries of instability regions may also be alternatively determined by the FE
model by computing the dynamic responses of all the points on the parametric plane. Yet, such a procedure
consumes huge computational resources. By contrast, the boundaries of instability regions can be obtained
by solving the eigenvalue problems much more conveniently according to the proposed method. Therefore,
the effectiveness, applicability and efficiency of the proposed method have been verified in this section.
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4.2. Characteristics of dynamic instability
According to Figs. 5(a) and 6(a), the pinned or fixed CFST column would become dynamically unstable
only if the excitation amplitude is higher than a threshold level and the frequency ratio θ/2ω1 falls in a
specific scope. When the constant component of excitation is given, the boundaries of instability regions
develop nonlinearly with the excitation amplitude βPt, and the widths of instability regions increase with βPt.
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Therefore, the amplitude of excitation magnifies the probability of dynamic instability of CFST columns.
For investigating the effect of constant component of excitation αP0, Fig. 7(a) shows the failure region
in a three-dimensional parametric space (θ/2ω1, α, β) for the pin-ended circular CFST column with a circular
section of Fig. 4(b). The boundaries of instability regions under various levels of α are also given in Fig.
7(b). Fig. 7 is obtained by equating the reference loads P0 and Pt in Eq. (24) to the static buckling load
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Pcr of the column. According to Fig. 7, the dynamic instability of CFST column could arise even if the
constant component of excitation is very small. When the constant component increases, the width of
instability region increases as well while the central value of critical frequency ratio (the frequency ratio
corresponding to the critical amplitude of excitation) decreases. When α approaches to 1.0 (i.e., the constant
component of excitation is close to the Euler buckling load), the required values of β and θ for causing
structural instability are very small and thus the failure of CFST column is close to static instability. The
relationship between the static instability and dynamic instability of the CFST column is to be discussed in
the next section.
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0.8
0.6
α=0
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0.4 α=0.3
α=0.5
α=0.7
0.2
α=0.9
α=0.99
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

/2 1
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(a) (b)
Fig. 7. Region and boundaries of dynamic instability for the pin-ended circular column: (a)3D instability region, (b) Boundaries of
regions for different α‘s.
4.3. Relationship between static and dynamic instability

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The relationship between the static instability and the dynamic instability has seldom been discussed in
literature, which can be vividly revealed by Fig. 8 by taking the pin-ended circular column as example. The
colored area in Fig. 8 denotes the variation of the boundary of instability region in the tuning factor of
excitation amplitude β.
According to Fig. 8, if both β and θ gradually vanish, the region of dynamic instability degenerates into
a small area indicated as Area A, and the corresponding value of α is 1.0, i.e. the constant component of
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excitation is equal to the Euler buckling load Pcr. Therefore, the critical load for static instability can also be
determined from the comprehensive results of dynamic stability analysis as in Fig. 8.
When β is very small, the instability region shrinks to be the blue line. With the increase of β, the width
of instability region gradually enlarges, but the whole instability region will not exceed the static buckling
load as indicated in Fig. 8. That is, if the static load is disturbed, the CFST column might become
dynamically unstable even when the constant component of dynamic excitation is well below the static
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instability load of the column. Moreover, the increase of disturbance reduces the required constant
component of excitation for inducing dynamic instability, as indicated at the areas B and C in Fig. 8. Thus,
the necessity on studying the dynamic stability of slender CFST column is significantly highlighted.
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Fig. 8. Relationship between the static and dynamic instability of CFST column .
Based on Fig. 8, by fixing the frequency ratio and excitation amplitude parameter as θ/2ω1 = 0.5 and β =
Pt/Pcr = 0.3 respectively, the required minimum mean excitation αPcr, named the critical excitation, for
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inducing dynamic instability is given in Fig. 9 for various slenderness ratios λ‘s of CFST column. The
critical excitation for static instability (i.e. Euler buckling load) is also provided for comparison. It can be
seen from Fig. 9 that both the critical excitations for static and dynamic instabilities of CFST column
gradually decrease with the increase of slenderness ratios. Moreover, the critical excitation for dynamic
instability is always much less than its static counterpart for all the considered slenderness ratios.
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1400
Static
1200 Dynamic
1000
800
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600
400
200
0
75 100 125 150 175 200
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Fig. 9. Variation of static and dynamic critical excitations in slenderness ratios.

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4.4. Effect of boundary conditions
The instability regions of CFST column with various boundary conditions and cross-sections, given by Figs.
5(a) and 6(a), indicate that for columns with the same cross section, the instability region under fixed
supports is evidently smaller than that under pin-ended supports, and the critical amplitude of excitation βPt
of fixed column is much higher than that of pin-ended column. In other words, the fixed CFST column could
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become dynamically unstable under narrower scope of frequency ratio and higher excitation amplitude.
Therefore, the fixed supports greatly enhance the performance of dynamic stability of CFST columns.
Fig. 10 further shows a three-dimensional comparison on the boundaries of instability regions for the
pin-ended and fix-ended CFST columns with the circular section. It is shown that at any level of αP0 the
width of instability region for the fix-ended column is much smaller than that for the pin-ended column.
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Fig. 10. Comparison on boundaries of instability regions for different supports.
4.5. Effect of cross-section selection
With the development of the family of CFST structures, various cross-sectional designations emerge in
CFST members44. In order to provide guidance on the cross-section selection for the stability, especially the
dynamic stability, the dynamic stability performances of simply supported CFST columns with typical cross-
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sections in Fig. 2 are compared in this section. Particularly, in order to conduct effective and meaningful
comparisons, the controlling dimensions of steel tube and concrete core in each cross-section are adjusted to
ensure the identical material consumptions of steel and concrete.
For the single-skin circular and square sections, they have only two controlling dimensional variables
determining the material consumption, i.e. the outer diameter d and thickness t of circular steel tube or the
outer length l and thickness t of square steel tube. Two variables can be uniquely determined under two
equality constraints on the sectional areas of steel and concrete.
Yet, for a double-skin section, it has four controlling dimensional parameters. Regarding the circular
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double-skin section, the sectional dimensions include the outer diameters do and di of the respective outer
and inner tubes, and the thickness to and ti of the respective outer and inner tubes. For square double-skin
section, the sectional dimensions include the outer lengths lo and li of the respective outer and inner tubes,
and the thickness to and ti of the respective outer and inner tubes. Therefore, four dimensional variables
cannot be uniquely fixed under the two equality constraints on the sectional areas of steel and concrete. That
is, there existing many possible combinations of dimensional parameters to arrive at the material
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consumption identities of steel and concrete.

Therefore, the behaviors of dynamic stability can be definitely compared between the circular and
square single-skin sections, while only some general suggestions can be provided for the double-skin
sections since their dimensional parameters cannot be uniquely determined, which will be demonstrated
later.
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4.5.1. Influence of sectional forms
According to the principle of material consumption identity, the sectional dimensions of the four types of
cross-sections of CFST column are shown in Table 1. The slenderness ratios of column are also given in the
table. All the cross-sections produce the sectional areas of steel tube and concrete core as 15 cm 2 and 64 cm2,
respectively. It is noteworthy that the sectional dimensions of two double-skin sections are not exclusive.
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Based on the sectional dimensions given in Table 1, the boundaries of principal instability regions are
displayed in Fig. 11 under α = 0 and α = 0.5 (α = P0/Pcr). It is indicated that the boundaries of instability
regions differ among cross-sections, and the differences enlarge under higher excitation amplitude βPt or
mean excitation αP0. For the single-skin section, the width of instability region of the square section is
smaller than that of the circular section. That is, a square section has better performance of dynamic stability
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than a circular section under the condition of same material consumptions.
Although the CFST column with circular double-skin section corresponds to smaller slenderness ratio
than that with circular single-skin section, the latter is more subject to dynamic instability. Therefore, the
behavior of dynamic stability of CFST column is not uniquely controlled by its slenderness ratios as in the
static stability evaluation.
Table 1. Dimensions of typical cross-sections (mm).

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Circular Square
d (mm) t (mm) λ l (mm) t (mm) λ
100 5 160 88.6 4.4 156
Circular double-skin
do (mm) di (mm) to (mm) ti (mm) λ -
105 40 3 4 146 -
Square double-skin
lo (mm) li (mm) to (mm) ti (mm) λ -
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95 40 3 3 137 -
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300 300
250 250
200 Instability 200 Instability

150 150
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100 100
Circular Circular
Square Square
50 Circular double-skin 50 Circular double-skin
Square double-skin Square double-skin
0 0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
/2 1
/2 1
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(a) (b)
Fig. 11. Boundaries of principal instability regions for various sectional forms: (a)α = 0, (b) α = 0.5.
4.5.2. Influence of hollow size
In order to further study the dynamic stability of columns with double-skin sections, another two sets of
DM
double-skin sections are considered with the same consumptions of steel and concrete as those in Table 1,
and the new cross-sectional dimensions are listed in Table 2. The main differences from those in Table 1 are
that the outer diameter di or outer length li of inner tube has been changed from 40mm to 20mm and 60mm;
other sectional dimensions are accordingly adjusted for achieving the material identity of consumption.
The boundaries of instability regions corresponding to the double-skin sections in Table 2 are presented
in Fig. 12 for α = 0. The results of the two double-skin sections in Table 1 are also provided for comparison,
which are denoted by Circular and Square in Fig. 12.
According to Fig. 12, the widths of instability regions of the circular or square columns with different
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hollow sizes are different from each other, so the performance of dynamic stability of double-skin CFST
column is obviously influenced by the size of hollow. The width of instability region of square column
shrinks under increasing hollow size, while the smallest hollow size produces the medium width of
instability region for circular column. Hence, there is no consistent conclusion on the effect of hollow size
on the dynamic stability of double-skin section under the same material consumptions, owing to the above
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stated reason that there are many possible combinations of sectional dimensions. Yet, it can be concluded
from Figs. 11 and 12 that the square column possesses better property of stability than the circular column
no matter the single-skin and double-skin sections.
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Table 2. Sectional dimensions for double-skin sections (mm).
Circular A
do (mm) di (mm) to (mm) ti (mm) λ
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101 20 4.3 4 157
Square A
lo (mm) li (mm) to (mm) ti (mm) λ
90 20 3.7 3 152
Circular B
do (mm) di (mm) to (mm) ti (mm) λ
DM
114 60 3 3 127
Square B
lo (mm) li (mm) to (mm) ti (mm) λ
104 60 2 3 118
300
250
TE
200 Instability
150
Circular
Circular A
100
Circular B
Square
50 Square A
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Square B
0
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
/2 1
Fig. 12. Boundaries of instability regions for various double-skin sections.

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Nevertheless, if there is no restriction on the identity of material consumptions, the dynamic stability
behavior of CFST column improves when the hollow size increases. For example, when the outer diameter
di or the outer length li of the inner tube of double-skin section is set as 20 mm or 60 mm and other sectional
dimensions are kept same as those in Table 1, the instability region shrinks under bigger di or li for both
circular and square double-skin sections, as shown in Fig. 13.
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300 300
250 250
200 Instability 200 Instability
150 150
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100 di =20mm
100 l i =20mm
di =40mm l i =40mm
50 50
di =60mm l i =60mm
0 0
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
/2 1
/2 1
(a) (b)
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Fig. 13. Comparison on instability regions for various hollow sizes (α = 0): (a)Circular, (b) Square.
5. Conclusions
The CFST columns become dynamically unstable only if the excitation amplitude is higher than a threshold
level and the frequency ratio θ/2ω1 falls in a specific scope. The boundaries of instability regions develop
nonlinearly with the excitation amplitude βPt, and the widths of instability regions increase with βPt, so the
CFST columns are more subjected to dynamic instability under larger amplitude of excitation. When the
constant component of excitation increases, the width of instability region also increases and the central
TE
value of critical frequency ratio decreases. With the vanishing of tuning factor of excitation amplitude β and
excitation frequency θ, the critical excitation for inducing dynamic instability approaches to the static
instability load.
The information of static instability of CFST column is included in the region of dynamic instability.
The point in the region of dynamic instability with vanishing amplitude and frequency of excitation
EP
represents the critical load of static instability. Therefore, the stability essence of slender CFST column can
be mastered more comprehensively by studying the dynamic instability.
The fixed supports greatly enhance the performance of dynamic stability of CFST column since the
fixed CFST column has narrower scope of critical frequency ratio and higher critical excitation amplitude
than the pinned column.
C
By strict comparisons on the dynamic stability of CFST columns with typical cross-sections under the
AC
29
T
IP
CR
condition of identical material consumptions, it is indicated that the differences of boundaries of instability
regions among these cross-sections enlarge under higher amplitude βPt or constant component αP0 of the
excitation, and the single-skin CFST column with square section takes on better performance of dynamic
stability than that with circular section. For the CFST column with double-skin section, although its dynamic
stability behavior improves under bigger hollow size or smaller slenderness ratio, there is no definite
US
conclusion on the effect of hollow size or slenderness ratio under the condition of material consumption
identity, owing to that the double-skin section has many possible combinations of sectional dimensions to
achieve material consumption identity.
Acknowledgement
AN
This work has been supported by the Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province in China
(2016B050501004), the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (51208126, 51608135), the Australian
Research Council Discovery Project (DP140101887), as well as a Chinese Government Scholarship from
China Scholarship Council.
DM
Appendix A. Derivation on Eqs. (27) to (30)
Substitution of Eq. (26) in Eq. (25) gives
2
   k    kt kt 
  W  P0 S    E  a k sin  b k cos 
k 1, 3, 5   2    2 2 

k  kt kt  (A.1)
  C  a k cos  b k sin 
k 1, 3, 5 2  2 2 

 kt kt 
    Pt cos tS    a k sin  b k cos  0
2 2 
TE
k 1, 3, 5 
~
where E   N is the identity matrix.
Owing to
kt 1   k k 
EP

cost sin   sin  1  t  sin  1  t  (A.2a)
2 2  2  2 
kt 1   k  k 
cost cos   cos 1  t  cos 1  t  (A.2b)
2 2  2  2 
C
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30
T
IP
CR
Eq. (A.1) can be reformulated as
2
   k   kt 
k kt
  W  P0 S 
  E a k sin   C b k sin
k 1, 3,5   2   2 k 1,3,5 2 2
 Pt     k  k 
 S   a k  sin 1  t  sin 1  t 
US
 2  k 1,3,5   2  2 
(A.3)
2
   k   kt 
k kt
   W  S 0    E b k cos   C a k cos
k 1, 3, 5   2   2 k 1,3,5 2 2
 Pt     k  k 
 S   b k  cos 1  t  cos 1  t  0
 2  k 1,3,5   2  2 
AN
By collecting the coefficients of sin ( k t 2) and cos( k t 2) in Eq. (A.3), the coefficient of
sin( k t 2) is reasonably deduced as
 W  P S  (k
0 
2) 2 E a k  [(  Pt 2)S]a k  2  [( Pt 2)S]a k 2  (k 2)Cb k , for k 3 ,
and the coefficient of cos(k t 2) can be written as
[ W  P0 S  (k 2) 2 E]b k  [(  Pt 2)S]b k  2  [( Pt 2)S]b k 2  (k 2)Ca k for k 3 .
DM
For Eq. (26) to satisfy Eq. (25), all the coefficients of sin ( k t 2) and cos (kt 2) should vanish,
leading to the following system of linear homogeneous algebraic equations in terms of a k and b k as
[ W  P0 S  ( 2) 2 E  ( Pt 2)S]a1  [( Pt 2)S t ]a 3  ( 2)Cb1 0 (A.4a)

[( Pt 2)S]a k  2  W  P0 S  (k 2) 2 E a k (A.4b)
TE
 [( Pt 2)S]a k 2  (k 2)Cb k 0 for k 3,5,7,
[ W  P0 S  ( 2) 2 E  (  Pt 2)S]b1  [(  Pt 2)S]b 3  ( 2)Ca1 0 (A.4c)
[( Pt 2)S]b k  2  [ W  P0 S  (k 2) 2 E]b k

EP
(A.4d)
 [(  Pt 2)S]b k 2  (k 2)Ca k 0 for k 3,5,7,
Writing the above system of equations in the matrix form for the solutions with the period 2T yields
A 2T x 2T 0 (A.5)
C
AC
31
T
IP
CR
where
T
x 2T   , a 5 ,a 3 ,a1 ,b1 ,b 3 ,b 5 , (A.6)
 A 2T ,11 A 2T ,12 
A 2T   (A.7)
A 2T , 22 
US
 A 2T , 21
with
A 2T ,11 
    
  W   P S  (5 2) 2 E (   Pt 2)S 0 ,
0
AN
 
 (  Pt 2)S W   P0S  (3 2) 2 E (  Pt 2)S 
 2 
 0 (  Pt 2)S W   P0S  ( 2) E  (  Pt 2)S 
(A.8a)
    
 0 0 ( 5 2)C 
DM
A 2T ,12   , (A.8b)
 0 ( 3 2)C 0 
 
 (  2)C 0 0 
 0 0 ( 2)C 
 0 (3 2)C 0 
A 2T ,21 =  , (A.8c)
  (5 2)C 0 0 
 
    
TE
and
A 2T ,22 =
 W   P0S  ( 2) 2 E  (  Pt 2)S (  Pt 2)S 0 
 2 
(  Pt 2)S W   P0S  (3 2) E (  Pt 2)S  .
EP

 0 (  Pt 2)S W   P0S  (5 2) 2 E 
 
    
(A.8d)
C
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32
T
IP
CR
Appendix B. Derivation on Eqs. (32) to (35)
Substitution of Eq. (31) in Eq. (25) gives

2
   k    kt kt 
  W  P0 S    E  a k sin  b k cos 
k 2 , 4 , 6   2    2 2 
US

k  kt kt  1
  C  a k cos  b k sin    W  P0 S b 0 (B.1)
k 2 , 4 , 6 2  2 2  2
1 
 kt kt  
   Pt cos tS   b 0    a k sin  b k cos   0
2 k 2 , 4 , 6  2 2 
According to Eqs. (A.2a) and (A.2b), Eq. (B.1) can be rewritten as
AN
2
   k   kt 
k kt
  W   P0 S    E a k sin   C b k sin
k 2 , 4 , 6 
  2   2 k 2 , 4 , 6 2 2
  Pt     k  k  1
 S   a k  sin  1  t  sin  1  t    W  P0 S b 0
 2  k 2, 4 , 6   2   2  2
2
  Pt    k    kt (B.2)
 cos tS b 0   W  P0 S    E  b k cos
DM
 2    2   k 2, 4, 6 2

k kt
  C b k cos
k 2 , 4 , 6 2 2
  Pt     k  k 
 S   b k  cos 1  t  cos 1  t  0
 2  k 2, 4 , 6   2   2 
Collecting the coefficients of sin ( kt 2) and cos (kt 2) , the coefficient of sin ( kt 2) is
[ W  P0 S  (k 2) 2 E]a k  [( Pt 2)S]a k  2  [( Pt 2)S]a k 2  (k 2)Cb k , when
TE
k 4 ,
and the coefficient of cos (kt 2) is
[ W  P0 S  (k 2) 2 E]b k  [( Pt 2)S]b k  2  [( Pt 2)S]b k 2  ( k 2)Ca k when
k 4 .
EP
Also, the constant term is [( W  P0 S) 2]b 0  [(  Pt 2)S ]b 2 .
For Eq. (31) to satisfy Eq. (25), all the coefficients of identical sin ( kt 2) and cos (kt 2)
should vanish and this leads to the following system of linear homogeneous algebraic equations in terms of
C
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33
T
IP
CR
and as
ak bk
( W  P0 S   2 E)a 2  [(  Pt 2)S]a 4   Cb 2 0 (B.3a)

US
[(  Pt 2)S]a k  2  [ W  P0 S  ( k 2) 2 E]a k  [(  Pt 2)S]a k  2
(B.3b)
 ( k 2)Cb k 0 for k 4,6,8, 
[( W  P0 S) 2]b 0  [(  Pt 2)S]b 2 0 (B.3c)
AN
[( Pt 2)S]b 0  ( W  P0 S   2 E)b 2  [( Pt 2)S]b 4   Ca 2 0 (B.3d)
and
[(  Pt 2)S]b k  2  [ W  P0 S  (k 2) 2 E]b k  [(   Pt 2)S]b k 2

(B.3e)
 (k 2)Ca k 0 for k 4,6,8, 
DM
Rewriting Eqs. (B.3a)-(B.3e) into the matrix form for the solutions with the period T leads to
A T xT 0 (B.4)
where
T
xT   , a 6 ,a 4 ,a 2 ,b 0 ,b 2 ,b 4 , b 6 , (B.5)
 A T ,11 A T ,12 
A T  (B.6)
 A T , 21 A T , 22 
TE
with
    
  W   P S  (3 ) 2 E (   Pt 2)S 0 
0
AT ,11  2
 (B.7a)
 (  Pt 2)S W   P0S  (2 ) E (  Pt 2)S 
EP
 
 0 (  Pt 2)S W   P0S   2E 
C
AC
34
T
IP
CR
   
0 0 0 
AT ,12  (B.7b)
0 0 ( 2 )C 
 
 0 (  )C 0 
US
 0 0 0 
 0 0  C
AT ,21   (B.7c)
  0 2 C 0 
 
    
AN
and
 ( W   P0S) 2 (  Pt 2)S 0 
 (  P 2)S 2
W   P0S   E (  Pt 2)S 
t
AT ,22  (B.7d)
 0 (  Pt 2)S W   P0S  (2 ) 2 E 
 
    
DM
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Dynamic Stability of Slender Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Columns With General Supports, 2019 (Youqin Huang)

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Accepted manuscript to appear in IJSSD

Received: 28 June 2018

Accepted: 03 December 2018

Link to final version: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219455419500457

2. Governing equation of dynamic stability

Steel tube Steel tube Steel tube Steel tube

Concrete core Concrete core Concrete core Concrete core

2.1. Governing equation of lateral vibration

viscous damping force c ( x ) u t .

respectively; c ( x ) is a damping constant.

where the angle  can be expressed as  u x since it is small.

Thereby, the moment M on the cross-section can be formulated as

periodic load P(t) can be obtained from Eq. (6) as

2.2. Differential equation of dynamic instability

Applying the Galerkin method to Eq. (9) gives25,35

~ ~ ~ ~ mode shapes are considered, and

purpose of demonstration and the periodic load is expressed as

to maintain the dynamic essence of the excitation P (t ) .

3. Determine the regions of dynamic instability

solutions with periods T and 2T.

Similarly, the solution with period T can be sought in the form

By substituting Eq. (31) into Eq. (25), it leads to (Appendix B)

Eqs. (34) and (35) as

in Figs. 4(b)-(e), the expressions of λ are 4L/D, 4 L D 2  (d  2t ) 2 , 2 3L D , 2 3L D 2 +( d - 2t ) 2 ,

4.1. Numerical verification

dimensionalized by the first natural period T1 of CFST column as t T1 .

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

regions for different α‘s.

4.3. Relationship between static and dynamic instability

Fig. 9. Variation of static and dynamic critical excitations in slenderness ratios.

4.4. Effect of boundary conditions

4.5. Effect of cross-section selection

consumption identities of steel and concrete.

Table 1. Dimensions of typical cross-sections (mm).

200 Instability 200 Instability

4.5.2. Influence of hollow size

101 20 4.3 4 157

Fig. 12. Boundaries of instability regions for various double-skin sections.

circular and square double-skin sections, as shown in Fig. 13.

200 Instability 200 Instability

[ W  P0 S  ( 2) 2 E  ( Pt 2)S]a1  [( Pt 2)S t ]a 3  ( 2)Cb1 0 (A.4a)

 [( Pt 2)S]a k 2  (k 2)Cb k 0 for k 3,5,7,

[ W  P0 S  ( 2) 2 E  (  Pt 2)S]b1  [(  Pt 2)S]b 3  ( 2)Ca1 0 (A.4c)

[( Pt 2)S]b k  2  [ W  P0 S  (k 2) 2 E]b k

Substitution of Eq. (31) in Eq. (25) gives

According to Eqs. (A.2a) and (A.2b), Eq. (B.1) can be rewritten as

Also, the constant term is [( W  P0 S) 2]b 0  [(  Pt 2)S ]b 2 .

( W  P0 S   2 E)a 2  [(  Pt 2)S]a 4   Cb 2 0 (B.3a)

[( W  P0 S) 2]b 0  [(  Pt 2)S]b 2 0 (B.3c)

[(  Pt 2)S]b k  2  [ W  P0 S  (k 2) 2 E]b k  [(   Pt 2)S]b k 2

Dynamic stability, Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn. 17(1) (2017) 1750095.

and frames, J. Struct. Eng. 138 (2012) 1089–1098.

Mater. 134 (2017) 131-141.

steel tubular arches, Int. J. Non-Linear Mech. 46 (2011) 1155–1166.

Appl Math Model 61 (2018) 18-28.

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