SURVEY CAMP ( SESSION 4 )

LEVELLING

1.0 OBJECTIVE

 To remove level point from a known point to an unknown

point.
 To determine the Bench Mark and the Temporary Bench Mark
for the construction work.
 To produce contour map for certain construction area.

2.0 INTRODUCTION
Leveling is a measurement process used to determine the differences of
height between points on the earth surface, which will determined the height
or level point.
Bench mark is a fix reference point which located on the earth surface,
where the value of height is already known with refers to the datum (MSL).
Temporary bench mark is a bench mark that has the level point value
for specific work or projects only. Usually, it is for temporary purpose and the
level point value is determined from the nearby bench mark with leveling
process done from concrete pipe or marked on the permanent object which
will not caused a disturbance in the work site such as the concrete wall.
Every leveling work must be started from any bench mark that is
nearby to the work site. Bench mark will have a level point that can be
referred to and the other level point can be determined. There are two types of
bench mark that will be used as a reference for leveling work.

Collimation error in leveling instrument

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3.0 THEORY

To perform the two peg test, 2 staffs are placed at a equal distance. When a
line derived from a’3 and parallel to the a’2 - a’1 which join to the staff at point
B, a4 m means that the actual reading if the line is a horizontal at point D.

a4 - a’1 = a’3 - a’2

a4 = a’2 - a’1 + a’3

If a4= a’4± 0.005 means that the instrument can be used for the leveling
operation but if the value is more than 0.005m the two peg test should repeat
again.

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4.0 EQUIPMENTS

4.1 Leveling equipment and tripod

4.2 Level staff set

4.3 Level bubble set

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5.0 PROCEDURES

5.1 Theodolite was set up at the suitable place and assumed as station. The
points of stations were determined from the specified Temporary Bench
Mark 1 to Temporary Bench Mark 2
5.2 Two pegs test was done to ensure our theodolite in good condition and
less than allowable error.
5.3 Staffs were placed at the determinate points.
5.4 Theodolite was faced to the staff and the reading was observed.
5.5 First reading from teodolite was recorded as back sight.
5.6 Last reading from teodolite was recorded as front sight.
5.7 The theodolite was removed to another station.
5.8 Step (4.2 until 4.3) was repeated for next stations.
5.9 All readings were recorded in the table.
5.10 Rise and fall method are used to obtain an elevation at each points.
5.11 The value of Permissible Error (Had Selisih Kerja –HSK) is calculated
by:
 HSK = ± (20√K) mm where K = distance in km or
 Method of estimating or step are used to get the value of K
5.12 The value of work limited different is obtained from the loop. If the value
of work limited different are bigger than HSK, leveling need to repeat
again.
5.13 For each data was obtained from the experiment need to stated clearly
and follow the format in the form given.

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5.0 DATA / TABLE

BACK FORE TGK REDUCED CORRECTION CORRECTED DISTANCE REMARKS

Rise Fall
SIGHT SIGHT LEVEL REDUCED (STEPS)
LEVEL
0.755 5.433 5.433 0 TBM 1
(5.433m)
1.465 1.370 0.615 4.818 - 0.001 4.817 100 TP 1
1.275 1.350 0.115 4.933 - 0.003 4.930 100 TP 2
1.245 1.450 0.175 4.758 - 0.004 4.754 100 TP 3
1.245 1.245 0 4.758 - 0.005 4.753 182 TP 4 (TBM 2)
1.410 1.245 0 4.758 - 0.006 4.752 182 TP 3
1.320 1.230 0.180 4.938 - 0.008 4.930 100 TP 2
1.375 1.430 0.110 4.828 - 0.009 4.819 100 TP 1
0.760 0.615 5.443 - 0.010 5.433 100 TBM 1

∑=10.090 ∑=10.080 ∑=0.910 ∑=0.900

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6.0 DATA ANALYSIS

Total of Back sight (BS) = 10.090 m

Total of Foresight (FS) = 10.080 m
Level at Temporary Benchmark 1 (TBM1) = 5.433 m

Arithmetic Checking

Total of Back sight – Total of Fore sight = 10.090 m – 10.080 m

= 0.010 m

Total of Increasing Elevation – Total of Decreasing Elevation = 0.910 m–0.900 m

= 0.010 m

Beginning Elevation – Ending Elevation = 5.433 m – 5.443 m

= -0.010 m
The BS and FS columns are added up and their difference should be equal to the
difference between the beginning and ending elevations. Since they’re equal, the
calculation of the data is assumed right.

Permissible Error
Total distance = 964 steps
Assumed, 2 steps = 1 meter
So, 964 steps = 482 meters / 0.482 km
Permissible Error (mm) = 20 √ (total distance in mm unit)
= 20 √ 0.482
= 13.890 mm

The leveling process will be accepted if the error find by arithmetic checking is
less than the allowable error. Thus, we found that our leveling was acceptable.

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7.0 DISCUSSION

In this leveling operation, we have used loop leveling method. This method of
leveling uses the measured vertical distance to carry elevation from a known point
(TBM 1: 5.433m) to an unknown point. Loop leveling is the most precise method
of determining elevation and yields accuracies of third or higher orders. Overall,
our project is successful but there are some errors. We had got a value of dispute
is 10mm. The dispute is acceptable because this value less the permissible dispute
value that is 13.89m. The dispute occurred because a few errors. One of the errors
is environment error which is the staff sway during wind environment and this
cause observer could not get the accurate reading. Other error is human error
when the staff that we were established in weak earth surface could cause
instability of staff occurred. Another error is the distance back sight and front
sight is not equal. This could cause a reading error.

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8.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

8.1 Conclusion
The leveling work that we had done required high focus and systematic strategy
to get the accurate result. The project that we had done is successful. This is
because the value of dispute error we got is less than the permissible dispute
value. Thus, objective completed and obtained. Because of the distance of our
project is quite small, so the work became easier and faster.

8.2 Recommendation
The error can be controlled by using a suitable method. To get readings during
wind environment, the correct method is we observe and get the reading when
calm situation or using umbrella to protect the staff from sway. The second error
is cause by weak surface of staff base. The suitable solution for this error is we
placed the staff at strong and stable surface such as a flat surface and make sure
the bubble is in loop. For the last error that is different of distance between back
sight and front sight can be solve by using a measurement tape.

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9.0 REFRERENCE

1. A. Bannister & R. Baker, ‘SOLVING PROBLEM IN : SURVEYING’

(1994), Prentice Hall.
2. Masiri Kaamin, Abd. Shukor Sarif, ‘KEJURUTERAAN GEOMATIK 1’
(2006), Panel Kejuruteraan Geomatik, Jabatan Kejuruteraan
Pengangkutan, Geoteknik dan Geomatik.
3. Kelana Juwit, ‘UKUR KEJURUTERAAN 1’, Modul Politeknik
Malaysia.
4. Kertas Arahan Amali, Amalan Kejuruteraan Awam BFC 2111/BFC 3133,
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam dan Alam Sekitar, Jabatan Teknologi
Kejuruteraan Awam.

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