Comparative Analysis

Physical Location Climate Terrain

North East –
Varied Landscape with
Composite Freezing
Mountains & Valleys, Rich
Chinese China Cold Winter North &
Alluvial Soil, High Flood-Prone
Central – Warm &
Regions
Humid
Surrounded By Sea, Varied
Mostly Humid Landscape, Plenteous Rivers
Japanese Japan
Climate Broad & Short with Rock Bed,
Rich Soil, No Permanent Grass
Flat at Delhi / Agra, Dry Hot Air &
Tropical Climate-
India – Less Vegetation
Intense Heat From
Delhi, Hilly Area Slopping Sites At
Mughal March to June &
Agra, Kashmir, Spring, Snow Melted
Monsoon From June
Kashmir Water Source & Thick
to September
Carnivorous Vegetation
Semi-Desert & Desert Lowland
Iran
Persian Semi Arid, Hot & Dry Zones near to Vast Deserts of
(Central)
Iran
Physical
Location Climate Terrain
Elements
Hot Summer Valley, Hilly
Spain- Mediterranean /
Spanish snowclad Mountains, Vegetative
Andalusia Arid
coastal belt
Mediterranean
Long Peninsula, Southern side of
Cool, Rainy
Italian Italy Alps, Large Plain of Po Valley &
Winters & Hot, Dry
Island of Sicily & Sardinia
Summers
Continental in
Mostly Flat or Rolling Lawns in
Central / Eastern
French France North & West; Mountainous in
& Mediterranean
South& East
in South-East
Low Hills & Plains in Central /
United
English Temperate Southern Part; Uplands in North
Kingdom
Design - Socio -
Period Philosophy Concept
Conceptual Political
Daoism, Base-Landscape
600 BC-
Chinese Humanity Buddhism Paintings. Ying &
1872 AD
Confucianism Yang
600- Division of Zen Buddhism,
Japanese Meditation
1400 AD Work Taoism
1600-
Mughal Cosmopolitan Islamic Paradise
1800 AD
600 BC- Zoroastrian / Division of the
Persian Humanity
1870 AD Islamic Universe into 4 Parts
705- Islamic,
Spanish Wars Infested Intrinsic
1500 AD Christian
1300-
Italian Renaissance Metaphysics Balance with Nature
1600 AD
1400- French
French Monarchy Champs-Élysées
1700 AD Classicism
1600- Industrial Spirit,Culture, Human
English Romanticism
1800 AD Revolution Values & Wealth
Design - Spatial
Site Siting Function
Spatial Organisation
Closed Zones & Mountains, Series of Rejuvenation
Chinese
Distant Views Rivers, Plains Scenes / Meditation
Miniature
Small Zones & Mountains,
Japanese Natural Meditation
Multiple Settings Rivers, Plains
Scenes
Distinct Equal Plains / Stepped
Mughal Axial Views Pleasure
Zones Terraces
Deserts & Rejuvenation
Persian Charbagh Axial Views
Plains, Terraces / Pleasure
Small Zones - Mountains, Multi Axial
Spanish Recreation
Multiple Courts Plains Views
Stepped Architectural
Italian Scenic View Celebration
Terraces View
Diff. Zones - Agricultural
French Axial Views Grandeur
Artistic Expression Lands
Landscape Natural Habitat
English Countryside
Gardening Views Landscape
Compose Architecture Landscape Character Expression
Pagoda, Symmetrical
Natural Setting, Organic, Naturalistic,
Chinese Spaces & Axial
Derived from Nature Asymmetrical
Layout
Blended Seamlessly Miniaturized Replicas of Kinesthetic
Japanese
with Outdoors Natural Elements Experience
Symmetrical, Strong Charbagh - Independent, Highly
Mughal
Axial Layout Formal, Symmetrical Organized
Sacred Geometry, Water
Persian / Islamic Symbolic
Persian Most Imp. Element, Tall
Architecture Representation
Trees, Entrance Pavilion

Spanish Non-Axial Layout Blended with Architecture Introvert

Italian Italian Renaissance Formal, Renaissance Order & Beauty

Expansive Vistas,
French French Baroque Splendour
Composed as Paintings
Massive Scale gardens Naturalistic,
English English Baroque
with Eye-Catchers Extrovert
 Design
Scale Elements
-Elemental
Lake, Ponds, Rocks, Low Height vegetation
Chinese Humane
Foreground & High Peripheral Vegetation
Vegetation, Water Bodies, Pavilions, Pathways,
Japanese Intimate
Bridges, Stone Lanterns & Sand, Rock
Water Channels, Fountains, Chaddar, Baradari,
Mughal Monumental Chabutara, Low Height Central vegetation & High
Peripheral Vegetation

Persian Intimate Thick Walls, Water Channels, Fountains, Vegetation

Spanish Intimate Water Channels, Fountains, Vegetation, Orangery

Terraces, Vegetation, Grottoes, Sculptures, Topiary,

Italian Monumental
Water Bodies
Hedges, Fountains, Parterre, Sculptures, Groves,
French Monumental
Walkways, Variety of Flowers, Garden Furniture
Lakes/Ponds, Bridges, Rolling Lawns, Tree Groves,
English Monumental Topiary, Sculptures, Grottoes, Pavilions, Gazebos,
Pergolas
Characteristics
Chinese Shan - Shui
Rocks - Shape, Texture, Substance, Colour & Softness – Limestone Most Valued

Dry Stones were also Often Laid to Represent Dried up River Beds

Gardens usually Arranged Deliberately for Borrowed Scenery

Mountain Peaks Symbolize Virtue & Stability - Connecting Heaven (yin) & Earth (yang)

Simple Rock Garden to Miniature Mountains - Central Unit of Landscape

Enclosed by White Walls with Circular Entry (Symbolic Universe) Gateway to Heaven

Series of Carefully Composed Small Scenes - Concealment & Surprise

Intrinsically Natural - held a Romantic Mysticism

Rocks / Mountains (Shan), Water (Shui) came First, then Architecture, Trees & Flowers

Follows the Pattern of Scrolls of Chinese Landscape Paintings

Spiritual, Symbolic & Religious Associations more Important than Aesthetics & Functions

Garden Microcosm - not merely a Reproduction of Mature in Miniature

Living Art Form & Draws on the Ways of Thought Confucianism, Daoism & Buddhism
Kiosks (Autumn Foliage), Temples, Galleries, Bridges & Winding Pathways

Pavilion with Movable Walls, Pavilion of Mandarin Ducks, Two-story Towers

Ceremony Hall, Principal Pavilion, Pavilion of Flowers, Lotus Pavilion, Galleries

Flowers & Trees also Contrast with Sharp, Harsh Architectural Lines

Plants are Chosen Carefully, Dependent on their Texture, Shape, Colour & Fragrance

Lotus, Orchid & Chrysanthemum – Purity, Nobleness & Autumn

Three Friends of Winter – Bamboo, Pine Tree & Plum Blossom - Wisdom, Friendship,
Respectability & Strength through Adversity

But Eventually have a Muted Green Colour which Depicts the Movement Within
Still & Static to Reflect the Rocks, Architecture & Trees

Ponds / Lakes Usually Situated in the Center of the Garden

Water Symbolizes an Expression of Universal Life; Complementing Rock / Mountains

The Summer Palace, Beijing

The Humble Administrator's Garden, Suzhou

The Blue Wave Pavilion, Suzhou
Japanese Randosukēpu
Ishidoro-Stone Lantern, Arched Shaped Bridge, Pavement, Pathway & Garden Fence

Tsukubai-Stone Basin, Tobi-ishi-Stepping Stones & Kakei-Bamboo Pipe

Temple, Buddhist hall, Pavilions & Tea ceremony house, Nakakuguri-Middle Gate
Group of Rocks - Mountains , Mounds & Hills & Turtle Island, Crane Island

River, Sea (Quartzite sand Bed / Gravel), Water Fall, Stream (Water) & Pond-Koi Fish
Trees, Moss, Flowers & Small Plants - Cherry, Maple, Ginkgo Trees & Sakura Blossoms

Thick, Low Ht. Drooping, Green Dominated Trees at Periphery – Mystic Endless Effect

Asymmetrical Gardens Possessing Natural Rhythms

Miniaturized Natural Forms & Elements – Small Courtyard Gardens to Palace Gardens

Shapes Evolved in Conjunction with Garden Design

Evolution – Concepts & Types of Gardens in Diff. Periods – But Spiritually Connected

Strongly Influenced by Chinese Landscape – Philosophy & Design

Tsubo-Niwa - courtyard garden - Introduced in Heian period, Developed in Edo period;
Zen + Hill + Tea garden Elements-Not Functional but Ornamental; Simple Arrangement

Chisen Shoyu-Teien - Pond Garden - Main Elements are Large Formal Pavilion with 2
Wings & a Large Lake / Pond in Front

Tsukiyama - Hill & Pond Garden - Refers to the creation of artificial Hills; A Miniature of
natural scenery; Enjoyed while Strolling along Paths & from Temple’s Veranda

Kaiyu-Shiki-Teien - Strolling Gardens -A Path which is Made Only for a (Clockwise)

Leisurely Stroll with Central Small Lake; 2 Elements: Boulders & Trees

Cha-Niwa / Roji-Niwa - Tea Gardens - Categorized into 2 Sections Inner & Outer Garden
Separated by Covered Gate; Custom to Wash Hands Before Entering into Inner Garden

Karesansui – Rock / Dry / Zen Garden - Sand / Gravel is used to Represent River / Sea &
Boulders as Island with Shrubs nearby; Meditation Gallery on One Side.

Shinden - Paradise / Pure Land Garden - 1st Introduced by Devotees of Amida Sect &
Buddhist Monks; Imitates the Buddha Sitting on Island in the Middle of a Lotus Pond
Tsuboniwa-Merchant House, Naramachi

Stroll Garden- Korakuen Garden, Osaka

Paradise Garden,-Byodoin Temple, Uji in Kyoto

Hill and Pond Garden-Ginkaku-ji, Kyoto

Tea Garden-Kotoin Temple, Kyoto

Karesansui Dry Garden-Ryoanji Temple, Kyoto

Pure Land Garden-Motsuji Temple, Hiraizumi
Persian Landscape
Water Axes Defining Charbagh - Main Leads User from Entrance Gateway to Pavilion

Intersecting Streams / Channels & Pathways, Large & Small Pools - Located on Axes

Ponds & Pools to supply the Water (Irrigation) & Highlight the Scenic Landscape View

Each Plot usually with Specific Fruitful Plant such as Apricot, Peach, Apple

Picturesque Evergreen & Deciduous Trees, Cypress/Almond - Immortality/Regeneration

Wide Application of Thick Brick Walls Surround the Entire Rectangular Plan

Islamic Period - Reinforced by Belief of 4 Heavenly Streams – Heaven in Quran

Beautiful Geometries & Shapes - manifest Diff. Design Elements - Specific Symbol

Interaction between Human & Nature & Creating Various Ranges of Functions

Paridaiza - Pardis - Walled Garden - Paradise

Rooted in – 4 Parts – 4 Seasons - 4 Sacred Elements of Water, Wind, Fire & Soil

Inspired by the Geometrical Motifs of Mesopotamia & Sindh Valley Civilizations

Sacred Geometry – Union of 2 Worlds of Matter & Meaning

Trees / Flowers / Animals – Complementing to Eternal Universe

Water Channels – Rivers from Heaven

Pool – Cosmic Ocean

Terraces – Cosmic Mountains

Charbagh - Cosmos

From Entry into an Octagonal Space - ‘Hashti’ & then the Main Axis & the Pavilion

Hierarchy - A Completely Public Area to Semi-Public Area & then to the Private

Front space of Pavilion dedicated to Large Pool to Reflect Image of the Building & Sky

Location of Pavilions – Usually on 1/3rd of Longitudinal Axis, Sometimes in Centre

Focal Point - Pavilion known as Kooshk (Persian), Placed at Intersection of Primary Axis

Narrow Pathway with Tall Trees, Elm & Sycamore - Defining Path - Entrance to Pavilion

Concept of Introversion - Defined Point of Entrance - Beautifully Framed Pavilion

Chehel-Sotun Garden

Chehel Sotun Garden, Esfahan

Fin Garden, Kashan

Shahzadeh-Mahan Garden. Kerman
Moorish Landscape
Shaded Paths – Geometric, Local Materials, Surrounding Shrubs / Hedge Pockets

Use of Colourful Tile Facades to Emulate Flower Colours

Planned Edibles (Orangery) Closed to Living Areas – Aesthetics, Scent & Taste

Foliage of Plants have Needles or is Finely Textured - Conserving Moisture

Well Planned Softscape with Mature Trees - Shelter from Intense Sun

High Walled Cozy Gardens

Protection & Relief from External Environment

Patio Gardens - Humane in Scale, Proportionate, Varying in Size

Absence of Repetition & Overall Balance

Axially Planned Individual Pocket

Indoor Gardens - Palaces with Pockets / Zones of Geometric Forms

Varying Urban Silhouette

Water Channels Running Through Courts

Central Canal, Dribbling Fountains, Shallow Spreaded Ponds

Use of Flowing Water Bodies – Evaporative Cooling

Use of Local Stones for Hardscape

As Extension of Indoor Spaces

Extensive use of Hardscape in Gardens

Patio De Los Naranjos, Cordoba

Jardín del Alcázar de Jerez

Jardín del Generalife de Granada

Alhambra, Granada
Mughal Landscape
Stone Paved Pathways
Geometric Ornamentation with Hedges & Flowering Plants
Smooth, Trimmed Carpet of Grass Lawns

Highly Repetitive Pattern on the Garden Floor

Incorporation of Geometric Symbols within Gardens

Large Gateways & High Walls for Security (Weather / People)

Rectilinear Layouts within Walled Enclosures

Monotony

Exploiting Terrain through Terraces

Strong Central Axis with Minor Transverse Axis

Garden Divided in 4 major Squares, Each Subsequently Divided in 4 Regular Squares

Concept of Char Bagh Planning – Distinct Zones

Terrace Gardens (May Not Have Any Pavilion)

Plain Gardens

Tomb Gardens

Palace Gardens

Unified Garden with the Structure

Strong Focal Point Created with Structure –Tomb / Palace / Pavilion

Baradari (Emperor Pavilion) Placed Near Water Bodies

Chabutara (Viewing Platform) Placed Over Water Bodies

Stone Chaddar, Scalloped to Break Water Surface – Sparkles

Central Shallow Channel Throughout the Length

Use of Pools, Fountain & Canals – Evaporative Cooling
Brindavan Garden

Presidential Garden

Shalimar Bagh

Nishat Garden

Humayun’s Tomb Garden

Taj Mahal Garden
Italian Landscape
Contrast of Sun & Shade used with Shady Pathways

Promenade with Wide & Raised Pathway Flanked by Formally Clipped Edges

Manicured into Geometric Hedges & Topiary

More Evergreen Trees & Less Flowers

Parterres & Geometric Patterned Beds

Formal Intersecting Lines

Terraced Gardens with Mature Trees & Dense, Tall Background

Became Grander with Time

Incorporation of Grottoes, Statues & Water Features

Use of Historical Themes

Orderly – Geometric - Symmetric

Inspired by Classical method of Order & Beauty

Renaissance Style of Garden

Lemon Trees Potted in Stone Urns

Sculptures (1st Time as Landscape Element) of Gods & Heroes

Incorporation of Grottoes, Statues & Water Features

Hideaway with Vine-Draped Pergola or Tucked-away Bench

Grottoes – Artificial Caves Filled with Sculptures & Furnishings

Sculpturous Water Spouts

Ornate Stone Fountain, Bubbling Fountains, Pools, Cascades

Sacro Bosco at Bomarzo, Lazio

Villa della Torre

Villa d'Este at Tivoli

Villa di Castello, Tuscany

The Cortile del Belvedere in the Vatican Palace, Rome

The Palazzo Piccolomini at Pienza, Tuscany

The Medici Villa at Fiesole
French Gardens
Large, Different Theme Fountains

Reflecting Pools in Circular, Oval & Rectangular Shape

Gravel for Paths / Paving & Monochromatic Colour Scheme

Largee Walkways Connecting Parterres & Founatins

Types of Tree Groves & Trellises, Orangery

Parterres with Intricate Patterns of Hedged Shrubs / Planting

Straight Lined Geometric Shapes, Neatly Trimmed Shrubs

Water - Most Integral Element

Palaces, Mansions with Large Paths

Centre Point with Axial View
Axial, Geometric Planning

Composition - Form of a Painting

Roots are deeply Embedded in Italian Renaissance

Cast Iron Furniture as Landscape Elements

Sculptures, Antiques, Birdbaths & Cast Iron Wood Planters

Use of Stuccoc Walls, Stone Works & Lavender

Folly - Buildings Decoration, Beyond Typical Garden Sculptures

Terraces - Located from where Entire Garden can be Viewed
Gardens of Versailles
Vaux-le-Vicomte
English Landscape
With Bright Coloured Flowers

Formal Planters, Raised Ornamental Stone Pots

Sculptures - Strategecally Placed to Provide Views

Grottos - Hideouts Build to Resemble a Natural Cave

Tea Pavalions & Sham Ruins

Wooden Arbours, Pergolas, Gazebos

Gently Rolling Ground & Water

Filled with Eye-Catchers

Symmetry of Colours
Romantic Elements

Influenced by Chinese Landscape Gardens

Still Ponds Reflecting Surrounding Landscape

Lakes - Meandering & Irregular Edges

Man Made Lakes Appears to be Natural

Pathways Closed to Water Edges

Strong Lines of Pathways

Rolling Lawns - Surprises Around Mounds, Niches

Tree Groves Spread Throughout Garden

Woodland Background
With Clumps of Trees & Outlier Groves
Lancelot "Capability" Brown

Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire

Bowood, Wiltshire

Chatsworth, Derbyshire
Petworth, West Sussex

William Kent & Charles Bridgeman

Stourhead

Stowe House

Rousham House
Chiswick House
To be ..........