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Satyagraha
Satyagraha (Sanskrit: सत्याग्रह satyāgraha), loosely translated as "Soul Force,"[1] "truth force," or "holding on to
truth," is a philosophy and practice of nonviolent resistance developed and conceived by Mohandas Karamchand
Gandhi (also known as "Mahatma" Gandhi). Gandhi deployed satyagraha in the Indian independence movement and
also during his earlier struggles in South Africa. Satyagraha theory influenced Nelson Mandela's struggle in South
Africa under apartheid, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s campaigns during the civil rights movement in the United States,
and many other social justice and similar movements.[2] [3] Someone who practices satyagraha is a satyagrahi.[4]
In a letter to P.K.Rao, Servants of India Society dated September 10, 1935, quoted in Louis Fischer's, The Life of
Mahatma Gandhi, Part I, Chapter 11, pp. 87–88, Gandhi disputes that his idea of Civil Disobedience was adapted
from the writings of Thoreau.
"The statement that I had derived my idea of Civil Disobedience phrase to explain our struggle to the
English readers. But I found that even "Civil disobedience" failed to convey the full meaning of the
struggle. I therefore adopted the phrase "Civil Resistance."
Gandhi described it as follows:
I have also called it love-force or soul-force. In the application of satyagraha, I discovered in the earliest
stages that pursuit of truth did not admit of violence being inflicted on one’s opponent but that he must
be weaned from error by patience and compassion. For what appears to be truth to the one may appear
to be error to the other. And patience means self-suffering. So the doctrine came to mean vindication of
truth, not by infliction of suffering on the opponent, but on oneself.[6]
weapon of the weak. Moreover, passive resistance does not necessarily involve complete adherence to
truth under every circumstance. Therefore it is different from satyagraha in three essentials: Satyagraha
is a weapon of the strong; it admits of no violence under any circumstance whatsoever; and it ever
insists upon truth. I think I have now made the distinction perfectly clear."[7]
Satyagraha theory
Defining success
In traditional violent and nonviolent conflict, the goal is to defeat the opponent or frustrate the opponent’s objectives,
or to meet one’s own objectives despite the efforts of the opponent to obstruct these. In satyagraha, by contrast, these
are not the goals. “The Satyagrahi’s object is to convert, not to coerce, the wrong-doer.”[8] Success is defined as
cooperating with the opponent to meet a just end that the opponent is unwittingly obstructing. The opponent must be
converted, at least as far as to stop obstructing the just end, for this cooperation to take place.
of an individual or society. Therefore, non-cooperation in Satyagraha is in fact a means to secure the cooperation of
the opponent consistently with truth and justice.
6. must willingly carry out all the rules of discipline that are issued
7. must obey the jail rules unless they are specially devised to hurt his self respect
References
[1] McKay, John P.; Hill, Bennett D.; Buckler, John; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Beck, Roger B.; Crowston, Clare Haru; Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E.
A History of World Societies: From 1775 to Present (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=ZLkOVE93dX8C& dq=0312682980& hl=en&
ei=8QaRTOr-LJT2swON_62yDg& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA) . Eighth edition. Volume C –
From 1775 to the Present. (2009). Bedford/St. Martin's (http:/ / www. bedfordstmartins. com/ ): Boston/New York. ISBN 978-0-312-68298-9.
ISBN 0-312-68298-0. "Meanwhile, Gandhi was searching for a spiritual theory of social action. He studied Hindu and Christian teachings, and
gradually developed a weapon for the weak that he called Satyagraha. Gandhi conceived of Satyagraha, loosely translated as "Soul Force,"as a
means of striving for truth and social justice through love, suffering, and conversion of the oppressor. Its tactic is active nonviolent resistance."
(McKay 859).
Satyagraha 6
[2] http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 525247/ satyagraha "Gandhi’s satyagraha became a major tool in the Indian struggle against
British imperialism and has since been adopted by protest groups in other countries." Date accessed: 14 September 2010.
[3] http:/ / www. questia. com/ PM. qst?a=o& d=9165422 "In this respect Satyagraha or non-violent resistance, as conceived by Gandhiji, has an
important lesson for pacifists and war-resisters of the West. Western pacifists have so far proved ineffective because they have thought that
war can be resisted by mere propaganda, conscientious objection, and organization for settling disputes." Date accessed: 14 September 2010.
[4] http:/ / encarta. msn. com/ dictionary_1861701514/ satyagrahi. html sa·tya·gra·hi [ sə tygrəhee ] (plural sa·tya·gra·his). noun. Definition:
adherent of satyagraha: a practitioner of nonviolent resistance or satyagraha. [Early 20th century. < Sanskrit satyāgrahī]. Date accessed: 14
September 2010.
[5] Satyagraha in South Africa, 1926 from Johnson, p. 73.
[6] Gandhi, M.K. Statement to Disorders Inquiry Committee January 5, 1920 (The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi vol. 19, p. 206)
[7] Gandhi, M.K. “Letter to Mr. ——” 25 January 1920 (The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi vol. 19, p. 350)
[8] Gandhi, M.K. “Requisite Qualifications” Harijan 25 March 1939
[9] R. K. Prabhu & U. R. Rao, editors; from section “The Gospel Of Sarvodaya (http:/ / www. mkgandhi. org/ momgandhi/ chap45. htm), of the
book The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi (http:/ / www. mkgandhi. org/ momgandhi/ momindex. htm), Ahemadabad, India, Revised Edition, 1967.
[10] Gandhi, M.K. “Brute Force”, Chapter XVI of Hind Swaraj, 1909 (The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi vol. 10, p. 287)
[11] R. K. Prabhu & U. R. Rao, editors; from section “Between Cowardice and Violence,” (http:/ / www. mkgandhi. org/ momgandhi/ chap28.
htm) of the book The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi (http:/ / www. mkgandhi. org/ momgandhi/ momindex. htm), Ahemadabad, India, Revised
Edition, 1967.
[12] Gandhi, M.K. “Some Rules of Satyagraha” Young India (Navajivan) 23 February 1930 (The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi vol. 48, p.
340)
[13] R. K. Prabhu & U. R. Rao, editors; from section “Power of Satyagraha,” (http:/ / www. mkgandhi. org/ momgandhi/ chap34. htm) of the
book The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi (http:/ / www. mkgandhi. org/ momgandhi/ momindex. htm), Ahemadabad, India, Revised Edition, 1967.
[14] Gandhi, M.K. “The Law of Suffering” Young India 16 June 1920
[15] Gandhi, M.K. “Pre-requisites for Satyagraha” Young India 1 August 1925
[16] Gandhi, M.K. “A Himalayan Miscalculation” in The Story of My Experiments with Truth Chapter 33
[17] Gandhi, M.K. “The Theory and Practice of Satyagraha” Indian Opinion 1914
[18] Gandhi, M.K. Non-violent Resistance (Satyagraha) (1961) p. 37
[19] Gandhi, M.K. “Qualifications for Satyagraha” Young India 8 August 1929
[20] King, Jr., Martin Luther (1998). Carson, Clayborne. ed. The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr.. pp. 23–24. ISBN 0446524123.
[21] Gandhi, M.K. “The Jews” Harijan 26 November 1938 (The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi vol. 74, p. 240)
[22] Gandhi, M.K. “Some Questions Answered” Harijan 17 December 1938 (The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi vol. 74, p. 297-8)
[23] Gandhi, M.K. “Non-violent Non-cooperation” Harijan 24 May 1942, p. 167 (The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi vol. 82, p. 286;
interview conducted 16 May 1942)
[24] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Y6DDuoS9wtoC& pg=PA101& lpg=PA101& dq=%22Frankl%22+ %22Gandhi%22+ satyagraha&
source=bl& ots=MFMiScohrB& sig=NeZlv_n5SShdJAGQhVEhtDe9qog& hl=en& ei=8z6xSrmRMoyysgP3v6zECw& sa=X&
oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=4#v=onepage& q=%22Frankl%22%20%22Gandhi%22%20satyagraha& f=false
External links
• 'Satyagraha 100 Years Later' (http://www.democracynow.org/2006/9/8/
satyagraha_100_years_later_gandhi_launches), a retrospective with Arun Gandhi from Democracy Now!
• The Story of Satyagraha by Dr. Jyotsna Kamat (http://www.kamat.com/mmgandhi/satyagraha.htm)
• GandhiPoetics.com (http://www.gandhipoetics.com) A site that analyzes and previews the poetry associated
with Gandhi's Satyagraha movement.
Article Sources and Contributors 7
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