Introduction to

Electronics

An introduction to electronic components and a study of circuits

containing such devices.

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Week 2:
Op Amps Part 1

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

 Introduction and Ideal
Behavior

Dr. Bonnie H. Ferri

Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering

Introduce Op Amps and examine ideal behavior

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Lesson Objectives

Introduce Operational Amplifiers

Describe Ideal Op Amp Behavior
Introduce Comparator and Buffer Circuits

2
Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
+Vs Specialized circuit made up of transistors,
v+
+ vo resistors, and capacitors fabricated on an
v- integrated chip
-
-Vs
Uses:
Amplifiers
Active Filters
Analog Computers
3
Op Amps in Circuits
Symbol:
+Vs
v+
+ vo v- +Vs +
v- - v+ vo
-Vs -
-Vs
Vs = 10V, 15V

Active Element: has its own power supply

Symbol ignores the +/- Vs in the symbol since it
does not affect circuit behavior

4
Open Loop Behavior vo
Vs

+Vs
v+
+ vo
v- - v+ - v-
-Vs
-Vs
vo= A(v+ - v-)

5
Comparator Circuit
vo
+Vs Vs
v+
vin
+ vo V
v- -
-Vs vin

-Vs
Vs if v in > 0
Vo =
− Vs if v in < 0

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Example
vo
Vs
v+ +Vs
Csin(ωt) +
vo
v- v+ - v-
-
-Vs -Vs

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Ideal Op Amp Behavior
+Vs i+ v+
v+
Avin +
vin Ro vo vo
v- Ri i- v-
-
-Vs

i+ = i- = 0
v+ - v- = 0

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Buffer Circuit
vin vin +
+
vo vo
- -

vin = vo

9
Summary

Op amps are active devices that can be used to filter or

amplify signals linearly
Ideal op amps:
i+ v+
+
vo i+ = i- = 0
i- v-
- v+ - v- = 0

Circuits: comparator and buffer

10
Remainder of Module 2: Op Amps

Buffer Circuit
Basic Amplifier Configurations
Differentiators and Integrators
Active Filters

11
 Buffer Circuits

Dr. Bonnie H. Ferri

Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering

Demonstrate buffer circuit behavior

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Lesson Objectives

Introduce physical op amps in circuits

Examine Buffer Circuit behavior

13
Buffer Circuit
Use to boost power without changing voltage waveform
vo
vin + VS
vo
-

vin

vin = vo -VS

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Example: Without Buffer
+
vin vo R
+

15
Physical Op Amps
+Vs
v+
+ vo
v- -
-Vs Signal PIN
Vs = 15V v- 2
v+ 3
-Vs 4
vo 6
+Vs 7

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 Example: With Buffer
+
vin vo R
+

+
vin - +
vo R
+

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 Example: With Buffer

+
vin - +
vo R
+

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Summary

Buffers boost the power without changing the voltage

waveform
Demonstrated physical op amp circuits

19
 Basic Op Amp
Amplifier
Configurations
Dr. Bonnie H. Ferri
Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering

Introduce Inverting and Non-Inverting Amplifiers, Difference and

Summing Amplifiers

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Lesson Objectives

Introduce
Inverting and Non-Inverting Configurations
Difference and Summing Configurations
Introduce the Gain of a circuit

21
Non-Inverting Amplifiers
R1
+ vo
vin -
R2

R3

R2 + R 3
Vo = Vin
R3
R2 + R 3
Vo = GVin Gain : G =
R3
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Non-Inverting Amplifier Example
R1
+ vo
vin -
R2

R3

If R2 = R3 = 200Ω,

Since,G > 1, the input is

amplified
If G < 1, the input is attenuated
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Inverting Amplifier
Rf

R1
- vo
vin +

Rf
Vo = − Vin
R1

Vo = GVin
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 Inverting Amplifier Example
Rf

R1
- vo
vin +

R1 = 1000Ω, Rf = 2000Ω

If,G > 1, the input is amplified

If G < 1, the input is attenuated

25
Difference Circuit
Rf

R1
- vo
R1
v1 +

v2 R2

RF
Vo = ( V2 − V1 )
R1

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Difference Circuit
Rf

R1
- vo
R1
v1 +

v2 R2

RF
Vo = ( V2 − V1 )
R1

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Summing Amplifier
R1 Rf

R2
- vo
v1 +
v2

Vo = G1 V1 + G2 V2
RF R
G1 = − G2 = − F
R1 R2
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Summary
Gain: Vo = GVin
Amplifier Circuit Configurations
Non-Inverting Amplifier
Inverting Amplifier
Difference Amplifier
Summing Amplifier

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 Differentiators and
Integrators
Dr. Bonnie H. Ferri
Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering

Introduce Integrating and Differentiating Op Amp Circuits

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Lesson Objectives

Introduce Differentiators and Integrators

Demonstrate the performance of both circuits on an
oscilloscope

31
 Differentiator Circuit
R dVc
i=C Vc
C dt
v- - vo
vin v+ +

dVin
Vo = −RC
dt

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 Differentiator Circuit
R
Derivation:
C
vo 1. KVL: Vin = Vc + Ri + Vo
v- - 2. Vin = Vc
vin v+ + 3. Vo = -Ri = -RC(dVin / dt)

dVin
Vo = −RC
dt

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Differentiator Example
1000Ω vin -VS v+
1µF
vo v-
v- -
vin v+ +

+VS= 15v
vo +VS

-VS = -15v

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Results
dVin
Vo = −RC
dt

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Integrator Circuit
dV 1 t
i = C c Vc Vc = ∫ idt
C dt C 0

R
v- - vo
vin v+ +

−1 t
Vo =
RC ∫0
Vindt

36
Integrator Circuit
dV 1 t
i = C c Vc Vc = ∫ idt
C dt C 0

R Derivation:
v- - vo
For t<0: Vin = iR and Vo = 0
vin v+ + For t>0: Vin = iR i = Vin/R
Vin = iR + Vc + Vo
Vo = -Vc = -1/C ∫t0Vin/R dt
−1 t
Vo =
RC ∫0
Vindt

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Integrator Example
1µF vin -VS v+ v-

1000Ω
v- - vo
vin v+ +

+VS= 15v
vo +VS
-VS = -15v

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Results

−1 t
Vo =
RC ∫0
Vindt

39
Summary
Differentiator and Integrator Op Amp circuits examined

40
 Active Filters

Dr. Bonnie H. Ferri

Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering

Introduce active filters and show different types of filters

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Lesson Objectives

Introduce active filter circuits

42
 Analog Filters
1.5
2
1
1
0.5
Analog Filter
Vout

v(t)
Vin
v(t)

0 0

-1
H(ω) -0.5

-1
-2
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
-1.5
Time (sec) 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Time (sec)

|H(ω)|
1

0.8
Magnitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
ω (rad/sec)
ω
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Quiz

Vin = 1 + cos(10(2πt)) + cos(100(2πt)) Vout = 0.45cos(10(2πt)+θ1) + 0.97cos(100(2πt) +θ2)

44
Summary of RC and RLC (Passive) Filters
Bode Plots

Magnitude (dB)
R ω
vin C vo
-

Magnitude (dB)
C + ω
vin R vo
-

Magnitude (dB)
ω
L R +
C vo
vin
-
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Limitations of RLC Passive Filters

Depletes power +
R
vin C vo
-
No isolation

Analog
Vin Filter Vo

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Active Filters

– has its own power supply

Most common active filters are made from op amps
Provide isolation

Op Amp
Vin Circuit Vout

47
Summary
An is a circuit that has a specific shaped frequency
response
A is made of op amps and has its own power supply.
Advantages over RLC passive filters:
Provides isolation (cascade filters)
Boosts the power
Can provide sharper roll-off

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