HEAT TRANSFER

INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINE ERI NG

“Satisfaction lies in the effort, not the attainment.

Full effort is full victory.”
- Mahatma Gandhi
HEAT TRANSFER

• Heat Transfer
• Science that deals with the determination of
the rates of such energy transfer.
• Is the movement of heat from one body to
another by means of conduction, convection
or radiation.

• Heat
• Form of energy that can be transferred from
one system to another as a result of
temperature difference.
MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

1. Conduction
• Is the transfer of energy from the more energetic
particles of a substance to the adjacent less
energetic ones as a result of interactions between
the particles.
2. Convection
• Mode of energy transfer between a solid surface
and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and
it involves the combined effects of conduction and
fluid motion.
3. Radiation
• Transfer of energy as a result of the changes in the
electronic configuration of the atoms or molecules.
CONDUCTION

• Fourier’s law of heat conduction

Area Temperature difference

Rate of heat conduction ∝
Thickness

𝐓𝟏 − 𝐓𝟐 ∆𝐓 𝐝𝐓
𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 = 𝐤𝐀 = −𝐤𝐀 = −𝐤𝐀
∆𝐱 ∆𝐱 𝐝𝐱
Where:
k = thermal conductivity, W/m-oC
= measure of the ability of the material to conduct heat.
dT
= temperature gradient.
dx
CONDUCTION

• Conduction Through Plane Wall

𝐤𝐀 𝐓𝟏 − 𝐓𝟐
𝐐=
∆𝐱
HEAT TRANSFER Problem 1

Calculate the heat transfer per hour

through a solid brick wall 6m long,
2.9m high, and 225 mm thick, when
the outer surface is at 5℃ and the
inner surface 17℃, the coefficient of
thermal conductivity of the brick being
0.6 𝑊/(𝑚−𝐾).
 HEAT TRANSFER Problem 1

𝐖
𝐭 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟕℃ 𝐤 𝐰𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟎. 𝟔
𝐦−𝐊
𝐐𝐰𝐚𝐥𝐥

𝐐𝐰𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭 𝟐 = 𝟓℃ 𝟐. 𝟗 𝐦

𝟔𝐦
|∆𝐱 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝐦𝐦 Ans: 𝟐,𝟎𝟎𝟒.𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑱/𝒉𝒓
HEAT TRANSFER Problem 2

Calculate the energy transfer rate

across 6 in. wall of firebrick with a
temperature difference across the
wall of 50℃. The thermal conductivity
of the firebrick is 0.65 𝐵𝑡𝑢/(ℎ𝑟−𝑓𝑡−℉)
at the temperature interest.
 HEAT TRANSFER Problem 2

∆𝐭 = 𝟓𝟎℃

𝐭𝟏
𝐐𝐰𝐚𝐥𝐥
𝐀
𝐐𝐰𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝟐
𝐀

𝐁𝐭𝐮
|𝐤 𝐰𝐚𝐥𝐥 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 𝐡𝐫−𝐟𝐭−℉

Ans: 𝟑𝟔𝟖.𝟗 W/m𝟐

|∆𝐱 = 𝟔 𝐢𝐧
CONDUCTION

• Conduction Through Composite Wall

𝐀∆𝐓
𝐐𝐭 = 𝐔𝐀∆𝐓 =
𝐑𝐓
where:
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 1
𝑅𝑇 = + + + +
ℎ𝑖 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3 ℎ𝑜
𝑊 Fluid2
ℎ𝑖 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒, 2
𝑚 −℃ Fluid1 ho
𝑊 hi
ℎ𝑜 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒, 2
𝑚 −℃

𝐀∆𝐓
𝐐𝐭 =
𝟏 𝐱𝟏 𝐱𝟐 𝐱𝟑 𝟏
+ + + +
𝐡𝐢 𝐤 𝟏 𝐤 𝟐 𝐤 𝟑 𝐡𝐨
HEAT TRANSFER Problem 3

A vertical furnace wall is made up of an

inner wall of firebrick 20cm thick followed
by insulating brick 15cm thick and an
outer wall of steel 1cm thick. The surface
temperature of the wall adjacent to the
combustion chamber is 1200℃ while that
of the outer surface of steel is 50℃. The
thermal conductivities of the wall
materials in 𝑊/(𝑚−𝐾) are: firebrick, 10;
insulating brick, 0.26; and steel, 45.
neglecting the film resistance and contact
resistance of joints, determine the heat
loss per sq. m. of wall area.
HEAT TRANSFER Problem 3

k = 10 k = 0.26

k = 45
t1 = 1200°C
𝐐𝐰𝐚𝐥𝐥
𝐀
𝐐𝐰𝐚𝐥𝐥
t2 = 50°C
𝐀

20cm 15cm
1cm

Ans: 𝟏.𝟗𝟑 kW/m𝟐

HEAT TRANSFER Problem 4

A composite wall is made up of an external thickness

of brickwork 110mm thick inside which is a layer of
fiberglass 75mm thick. The fiberglass is faced
internally by an insulating board 25mm thick. The
coefficient of thermal conductivity for the three are as
follows:
Brickwork 1.5 W/m-K
Fiberglass 0.04 W/m-K
Insulating board 0.06 W/m-K
The surface transfer coefficients of the inside wall is
3.1 W/m2-K while that of the outside wall is 2.5 W/m2-
K. Take the internal ambient temperature as 10℃ and
the external temperature is 27 ℃. Determine the heat
loss through such wall 6m high and 10m long.
 HEAT TRANSFER Problem 4

k = 1.5 k = 0.04

k = 0.06
tf1 = 27°C 𝐐𝐰𝐚𝐥𝐥
hf1 = 2.5 tf2 = 10°C
𝐐𝐰𝐚𝐥𝐥
hf2 = 3.1

110mm 75mm
25mm

Ans: 330.36 W
CONDUCTION

• Conduction Through Pipe

∆𝐓 𝐓𝟏 − 𝐓𝟐
𝐐= =
𝐑 𝐓 𝐥𝐧 𝐫𝟐
𝐫𝟏
𝟐𝛑𝐤𝐋
HEAT TRANSFER Problem 5

Calculate the heat loss per linear feet

from 2 in. nominal pipe (2.375in
outside diameter) covered with 1 in of
an insulating material having an
average thermal conductivity of
0.0375 Btu/hr-ft-℉. Assuming that the
inner and outer surface temperatures
of the insulation are 380℉ and 80℉,
respectively.
HEAT TRANSFER Problem 5
t = 1’’

k = 0.0375

2.375’’
ti = 380°F

to = 80°F 𝐐𝐢𝐧

𝐐𝐨𝐮𝐭
Ans: 𝟏𝟏𝟓.𝟕 𝑩𝒕𝒖/(𝒉𝒓−𝒇𝒕)
CONDUCTION

• Conduction Through Composite Pipe

𝐓𝟏 − 𝐓𝟑
𝐐=
𝐫𝟐 𝐫𝟑
𝐥𝐧 𝐥𝐧
𝟏 𝐫𝟏 𝐫𝟐 𝟏
+ + +
𝐀 𝐢 𝐡𝐢 𝟐𝛑𝐤 𝟏 𝐋 𝟐𝛑𝐤 𝟐 𝐋 𝐀 𝐨 𝐡𝐨

where:
𝐴𝑖 = 2𝜋𝑟1 𝐿
𝐴𝑜 = 2𝜋𝑟2 𝐿
HEAT TRANSFER Problem 6

A pipe with an outside diameter of 2.5in is

insulated with a 2in layer of asbestos
(k=0.396 Btu-in/hr-ft2-℉), followed by a
layer of cork 1.5in thick (k=0.30 Btu-in/hr-
ft2-℉). If the temperature of the outer
surface of the cork is 90℉ and the inner
surface of the pipe is 290 ℉, calculate the
heat lost per 100ft of insulated pipe.
HEAT TRANSFER Problem 6

𝐐𝐨𝐮𝐭
2’’
k = 0.396

𝐐𝐢𝐧
t = 90°F t = 290°F 2.5’’

k = 0.30

1.5’’
Ans: 𝟐,𝟖𝟒𝟕.29 𝑩𝒕𝒖/𝒉𝒓
HEAT TRANSFER Problem 7

An insulated steam pipe located where the

ambient temperature is 32℃, has an inside
diameter of 50mm with 10mm thick wall. The
outside diameter of the corrugated asbestos
insulation is 125mm and the surface coefficient
of still air, ℎ𝑜=12 𝑊/(𝑚2−𝐾). Inside the pipe is
steam having a temperature of 150℃ with film
coefficient ℎ𝑖=6000 𝑊/(𝑚2−𝐾). Thermal
conductivity of pipe and asbestos insulation are
45 and 0.12 W/m-K, respectively. Determine the
heat loss per unit length of pipe.
 HEAT TRANSFER Problem 7

k = 45
10 mm

32°C

125 mm
150 °C

50 mm
ho = 12 hi = 6000

k = 0.12

Ans: 𝟏𝟏𝟗.𝟗𝟖𝟔 W/L

CONDUCTION

• Conduction Through Sphere

∆𝐓 𝐓𝟏 − 𝐓𝟐
𝐐= = 𝐫 −𝐫
𝐑𝐓 𝟐 𝟏
𝟒𝛑𝐫𝟏 𝐫𝟐 𝐤

𝐓∞𝟏 − 𝐓∞𝟐
𝐐=
𝟏 𝐫𝟐 − 𝐫𝟏 𝟏
+ +
𝐀 𝟏 𝐡𝟏 𝟒𝛑𝐫𝟏 𝐫𝟐 𝐤 𝐀 𝟐 𝐡𝟐
HEAT TRANSFER Problem 8

A hollow sphere is heated by means of a heating

coil having a resistance of 100 ohms placed in
the inside cavity. The average thermal
conductivity of the sphere is 30 Btu/hr-ft-℉.
Calculate the current necessary to maintain the
temperature difference between the inside and
outside surfaces of 8℉. The inside and outside
diameters of the sphere are 20.32cm and
22.86cm, respectively.
HEAT TRANSFER Problem 8

𝐁𝐭𝐮
𝐤 𝐬 = 𝟑𝟎 𝐐𝐨𝐮𝐭
𝐡𝐫 − 𝐟𝐭 − ℉

∆𝐭 = 𝟖℉

𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟔 𝐜𝐦
𝐐𝐢𝐧
𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟐 𝐜𝐦
𝐑 𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐥 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝛀

Ans: 5.15 A
CONVECTION

• Forced Convection
• Fluid is forced to flow over the
surface by external means
such as a fan, pump, or the
wind.
• Free or Natural Convection
• Fluid is motion caused by
buoyancy forces that are
induced by density
differences due to the
variation of temperature in the
fluid.
CONVECTION

• Rate of Convection Heat Transfer

• Based on Newton’s Law of Cooling

𝐐 = 𝐡𝐀𝐬 𝐓𝐬 − 𝐓∞
where:
W Btu
h = convection heat transfer coefficient, or
m2 − ℃ h − ft 2 − ℉
= is not a property of fluid but experimentally determined parameter.
As
= surface area through which the convection heat transfer takes place
Ts = surface temperature
T∞ = temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface
RADIATION

• In radiation, the transfer of heat by radiation

does not require the presence of an intervening
medium.
• All bodies at a temperature above absolute
zero emit thermal radiation.
• Rate of heat transfer for a blackbody is based
on Stefan-Boltzmann Law.
RADIATION

𝐐 = 𝛔𝐀𝐬 𝐓𝐬𝟒
where:
W Btu
σ = stefan − boltzmann constant, 2 or
m − K 4 h − ft 2 − R4
W Btu
= 5.670x10−8 2 = 0.1714x10 −8
m − K4 h − ft 2 − R4
As = surface area
Ts = absolute temperature of the black body
RADIATION

• For Gray Bodies,

𝐐 = 𝛆𝛔𝐀𝐬 𝐓𝐬𝟒
where:
ε = emissivity of the body
Note:
Black body has ε = 1
Gray body has 0 < ε < 1
W Btu
σ = stefan − boltzmann constant, 2 or
m − K 4 h − ft 2 − R4
−8
W −8
Btu
= 5.670x10 = 0.1714x10
m2 − K 4 h − ft 2 − R4
As = surface area
Ts = absolute temperature of the black body
RADIATION

• When a surface emissivity ε

and surface area As at a
thermodynamic
temperature 𝐓𝐬 is
completely enclosed by a
much larger (or black)
surface at thermodynamic
temperature Tsurr
separated by a gas (such
as air) that does not
intervene with radiation;
then,
𝐐 = 𝛆𝛔𝐀 𝐬 𝐓𝐬𝟒 − 𝐓𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐫
𝟒
HEAT TRANSFER Problem 9

An average temperature of 100℃, hot air flows

through a 2.5m long tube with an inside
diameter of 50mm. The temperature of the tube
is 20℃ along its entire length. Convective film
coefficient is 20.1 W/m2-K. Determine the
convective heat transfer from the air to the tube.
HEAT TRANSFER Problem 9
𝐋𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝐦
𝐃𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 = 𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦
𝐭 𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞 = 𝟐𝟎℃
𝐐𝐚𝐢𝐫
𝐭 𝐚𝐢𝐫 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎℃
𝐖
𝐡𝐚𝐢𝐫 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟏 𝟐
𝐦 −𝐊

Ans: 𝟔𝟑𝟏.𝟒𝟔 W
HEAT TRANSFER Problem 10

The temperature of the flame in a furnace is

1277℃ and the temperature of its surroundings
is 277℃. Calculate the maximum theoretical
quantity of heat energy radiated per square
meter to the surrounding surface area.
HEAT TRANSFER Problem 10

𝐭 ∞ = 𝟐𝟕𝟕℃

𝐐𝐫𝐚𝐝
𝐭 𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐦𝐞 = 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟕℃

Ans: 𝟏𝟗,𝟑𝟐𝟖.𝟓 kJ/m2-min

HEAT TRANSFER Problem 11

The hot combustion gases of a furnace are

separated from the ambient air and its
surrounding which are 25℃ by a brick wall
0.15m thick. The brick has a thermal conductivity
of 1.2 W/m-K and a surface emissivity of 0.8.
Under steady state conditions and outer surface
temperature of 100℃ is measured. Free
convection heat transfer to the air adjoining this
surface id characterized by a convection
coefficient of 20 W/m2-K. What is the brick inner
surface temperature?
HEAT TRANSFER Problem 11

εs = 0.80

𝐀𝐈𝐑
𝐭 𝐚𝐢𝐫 = 𝟐𝟓℃
𝐭 𝟏 =?
𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐐𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐯 + 𝐐𝐫𝐚𝐝

𝐭 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎℃

𝐖
𝐡𝐨𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐢𝐫 = 𝟐𝟎 𝟐
𝐦 −𝐊

Ans: 𝟑𝟓𝟐.𝟓℃ 𝒐𝒓 𝟔𝟐𝟓.𝟔𝟓𝑲

HEAT TRANSFER Problem 12

An economizer receives hot gas (1.13

kJ/kg-K) and water in the ratio 1.5
kggas/kgwater. The gas enters at 454℃ and
leaves at 179℃, the water enters at 48℃.
Find the LMTD for parallel flow.
HEAT TRANSFER Problem 12

𝟒𝟓𝟒℃
TEMPERATURE

𝑸 𝟏𝟕𝟗℃

∆𝐓𝐦𝐚𝐱 ∆𝐓𝐦𝐢𝐧

𝒕𝟐𝒘 =?

𝟒𝟖℃ Ans: 127.62 °C

LENGTH
HEAT TRANSFER Problem 13

A liquid to liquid counter-flow heat

exchanger is used a cold fluid from 120℉
to 310℉. Assume that the hot fluid enters
at 500℉ and leaves at 400℉, calculate the
log mean temperature difference for the
heat exchanger.
 HEAT TRANSFER Problem 13
TEMPERATURE

HOT FLUID
𝟒𝟎𝟎℉ 𝟓𝟎𝟎℉
𝑸
∆𝐓𝐦𝐢𝐧

∆𝐓𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝟑𝟏𝟎℉

𝟏𝟐𝟎℉ Ans: 232.1 °F

LENGTH
VARIABLE LOADS Problem 14

A 75 MW power plant has an average load

of 35,000 kW and a load factor of 65%.
Find the reserve over peak.
A. 21.15 MW C. 25.38 MW
B. 23.41 MW D. 18.75 MW

Ans: 21.15 MW
VARIABLE LOADS Problem 15

A central station is supplying energy to a community

through two sub-stations. One substation feeds four
distributing circuits; the other six. The maximum daily
recorded demands are:
Power Station 12, 000 kW
Substation A – 6, 000 kW Substation B – 9, 000 kW
Feeder 1 1, 700 kW Feeder 1 620 kW
Feeder 2 1, 800 kW Feeder 2 1, 500 kW
Feeder 3 2, 800 kW Feeder 3 1, 000 kW
Feeder 4 600 kW Feeder 4 2, 900 kW
Feeder 5 2, 200 kW
Feeder 6 3, 300 kW

Ans: A. 1.25, 1.15, 1.28

VARIABLE LOADS Problem 16

A 50, 000 kW steam plant delivers an

annual output of 238,000,000 kW-hr with a
peak load of 42, 860 kW. What is the
annual load factor and capacity factor?
A. 0.634, 0.534 C. 0.634, 0.543
B. 0.643, 0.534 D. 0.643, 0.534

Ans: 0.634, 0.543

VARIABLE LOADS Problem 17

A 35 MW plant has a utilization factor of

71% and a load factor 39.6%. What is the
average load on the plant?
A. 9840.6 kW C. 24850 kW
B. 13860 kW D. 19521.2 kW

Ans: 9840.6 kW
VARIABLE LOADS Problem 18

A 95 MW power plant has an average load

of 35MW and a load factor of 65%. Find
the reserve over peal in MW?
A. 21.15 C. 32.41
B. 41.15 D. 58.75

Ans: 41.15
VARIABLE LOADS Problem 19

A power plant is said to have a use factor

of 50% and capacity factor of 44%. How
many hours did it operated during this
year?
A. 6600.32 C. 7708.8
B. 8600.32 D. 5658.23

Ans: 7708.8
VARIABLE LOADS Problem 20

A plant with an installed capacity of 30 MW

has a utilization factor of 83% and a
capacity factor of 56%. Find the load
factor.
A. 66.47% C. 67.47%
B. 68.47% D. 69.47%

Ans: 67.47%
“The more I PRACTICE,
the Luckier I get.”
-Gary Player