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I am highly indebted to Mr. Ram Singh (Asst. Manager, 220 KV DTL S/S PREET VIHAR) for their
valuable support without which the project could have not been worked out the way it has. I
am very much thankful to Mr. REHMAN (J.E. 220 KV DTL S/S PREET VIHAR) who helped me
immensely in understanding the basics and complexities of along with additions that made the
quality of report better.
I would also like to extend a note of thanks to all other employees of Delhi Transco Limited who
helped me directly or indirectly in successful completion of my project.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents & all my fellow trainees who have been
a constant source of encouragement & inspiration during my studies & have always provided
me support in every walk of life.
CONTENT
1. Introduction
Introduction to Delhi Transco Limited
DTL Network
Grid Diagram of Delhi
2. Introduction to Substation
3. 220/66/ KV Substation Preet Vihar
Single Line Diagram
Description of SLD
Parts of Substation
Equipments used in Substation
4. Description of Substation Equipments
Transmission Lines
Bus Bar
Isolators
Transformers
Introduction
Power transformer
Parts of Power Transformer
Transformer Cooling
Protection devices
Maintenance
Current Transformer (CT)
Potential transformer (PT)
Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT)
Circuit Breaker (CB)
Types of CB
Capacitor Bank
5. Protection System
Over Voltage Protection
Ground Wire
Lightning insulator
Over Current protection
Primary and back up protection
Relays
Fuses
Earthing System
6. Control Room
7. Battery Room
8. PLCC and SCADA System
9. Operation and maintenance of Substation
Introduction
Maintenance activity
Maintenance Schedule
Maintenance Schedule Table of
Oil filled power transformer
SF6 Circuit Breaker
Relays and protection circuit
Arrestors
Transmission lines
10. General Safety Precautions
11. Conclusion
References
1. INTRODUCTION
Delhi Transco Limited, a successor company of erstwhile Delhi Vidhyut board, came into
existence on 1st July 2002, as a State Transmission Utility of the National Capital. After
unbundling of DVB the distribution sector has been handed over to private companies while the
generation and transmission are still with the government. Over the years, DTL has evolved as a
most dynamic performer, keeping pace with the manifold challenges that confront the ever
increasing demand-supply power situation and achieving functional superiority
on all fronts.
Being the capital of India and the hub of commercial activities in the Northern Region, coupled
with the prosperity of population, the load requirement of Delhi has been growing at a much
faster pace. Added to that, being the focus of socio-economic and political life of India, Delhi is
assuming increasing eminence among the great cities of the world. Plus the vgision-2021,
aiming to make Delhi global Metro politic and world class city demand greater infrastructure to
enrich many services of infrastructure development. DTL has been responsibly playing its role in
establishing. Upgrading, operating and maintaining the EHV (Extra High Voltage) network. DTL
has also been assigned the responsibility of running the State load Dispatch Centre (SLDC)
which is an apex body to ensure integrated operations of power system in Delhi. Delhi Transco
is also committed to promote energy conservation not only in its own establishments but also
in the entire Delhi. The company has done a lot to educate and sensitize the general public
about the need of energy conservation. Transmission loss level has been reduced from 3.84 per
cent in 200-203 to 1.38 per cent in 2009-10, which is one of the lowest transmission loss level in
the country. To ensure adequate and efficient power supply. DTL has been continuously
upgrading its biggest achievement has been its ability to handle the highest ever peak demand
of 4720 MW in July 2010. The total availability of its transmission system stood 98.78%. The
modern technologies are being implemented in DTL by way of constructing GIS sub stations and
laying XLPE 220 KV cable by employing cable link techniques and would be the largest network
of its kind in India.
DTL NETWORK
It contains the line diagram of the DTL network which connects all the networks of the 5 DISCOMs
working in the Delhi region.
2. INTRODUCTION TO SUBSTATION
Electrical power is generated, transmitted in the form of alternating current. The electric
power produced at the power stations is delivered to the consumers through a large network
of transmission & distribution. The transmission network is inevitable long and high power
lines are necessary to maintain a huge block of power source of generation to the load
centers to inter connected Power house for increased reliability of supply greater.
An electrical substation is a part of an electricity generation, transmission and distribution
system where voltage is transformed from high to low or in reverse using transformers. It
also serves as a point of connection between various power system elements such as
transmission lines, transformers, generators and loads. To allow for flexibility in connecting
the elements, circuit breakers are used as high power switches. Electric power may flow
through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and may be changed
in voltage in several steps. There are different kinds of substation such as
Transmission substation, distribution substation, collector substation, switching substation
and some other types of substation. The general functions of a substation may include:
Voltage transformation
Connection point for transmission lines
Switchyard for network configuration
Monitoring point for control center
Protection of power lines and apparatus
Communication with other substations and regional control center
Making an analogy with the human body, the role of substation in the power system to
address the above mentioned issues is pivotal: the substations are the center of the
“nervous, immune, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular” subsystems of the entire power
system “body”. The “nervous” subsystem role of the substation is to allow the central system
to sense the operating states, view status of the equipment, and make assessments of the
system criticality. The “immune” subsystem role is to develop self-defense means and
sustain self healing strategies. The “musculoskeletal” subsystem role is to maintain the
system topology, switch the equipment state and restore the power flows. The
“cardiovascular” subsystem role is to sustain normal power flow and control the
synchronization.
The substation includes the primary equipment (such as circuit breakers, transformers,
instrument transformers, etc.) and the secondary equipment (monitoring, control and
protection devices) which are installed in control house.
In the primary side, a large number of breakers and disconnectors are used in order to allow
for maintenance and repair with a minimum of interruption, which occupy large space. Oil-
insulated transformers are used to step-up or step-down the voltage level for purposes
needed. Oil-insulated transformers usually have big size and have potential explosion
problems. In addition, the maintenance is also elaborate and the noise of those transformers
is also a big issue. The breakers also need an insulation media which may be oil, gas, or air.
Conventional current and potential transformers (CTs and VTs) are used to convert the
primary current and voltage to an operation range (0-5A and 115V) for metering and
protection. The CT saturation and open secondary CT circuit safety issue are primarily of
concern in such devices.
3. 220/66 KV GRID SUBSTATION AT PREET VIHAR :
The 220 KV Grid Substation at Sarita Vihar is a Air Insulated Outdoor Substation. This is
220/66/11 KV Substation.There are four 220 KV incoming feeders for this substation coming
from:
1. Pragati Powers
2. Power Grid
3. BTPS CKT. No. 1
4. BTPS CKT. No. 2
2) As in the single line diagram the each incoming is connected to the bus bar in a
sequence with a number of equipments. The equipments between the incoming lines
and the line bus bar is connected in a defined sequence as following:
4) Each line bus bar is connected with Potential Transformer (PT) to measure the bus
bar voltage.
I. Isolator arrangement
6) The 100 MVA transformer steps down the 220 KV incoming to 66 KV and this output
is connected to second bus bar arrangements through a sequenced equipments as
follows:
7) The second bus bar arrangement is also a two bus bar system each connected with
Potential Transformer (PT). There is again a bus coupler between the two bus bars
to couple them. Here a Capacitor Bank is provided to increase the incoming voltage if
there is any voltage drop in the incoming. It can enhance the incoming voltage by 3
to 4 KV.
PARTS OF SUBSTATION
220 KV yard is an outdoor yard where 220 KV incoming is transformed into 66 KV and
connected to the bus bar arrangement on which four 66 KV outgoing feeder two circuit for
DMRC and two circuits for Mathura road. From the 66 KV bus bar two outgoing feeders are
given as incomer to the 66/11 KV yard. There are a number of switching, protection and
measuring equipments connected in the yard. These all equipments are controlled from the
Control Room.
66KV OUTDOOR YARD
o There are two incomers of 66 KV coming from 220KV yard transformers. There are
two buses of 66 KV in parallel and are connected to the 66 KV incomers through
isolator arrangements for changing the connection from one bus to another.
o Here also a bus coupler is provided for coupling the buses for load sharing and
protection.
o The bus is connected with three capacitor banks of 20 MVAR for power factor
improvements and for increasing the incoming low voltage by 3 to 4 KV.
o Form the 66 KV bus bar six outgoing feeders are connected as one for Mathuara
road circuit no. 1, one for Mathura road circuit no 2 and two for DMRC, and two
circuits are connected to the two 20 MVA transformer.
o All the circuits are connected through deferent switching, measuring and protection
equipments like Isolators, CT, Circuit Breakers, Lightening Arrestors.
o Two transformers of 20 MVA each of rating 66/11 KV are connected to 66 KV bus by
bus – selection Isolator.
o Each bus is connected to PT for measurement of voltage in line.
o CT is connected at required place for measurement of current and protection of lines.
o The SF-6 CB (Circuit Breakers) is aligned in the circuit for tripping whenever any fault
occurs in the circuit.
For 220 KV line: Zebra conductor is used composite of Aluminum strands and steel
wires.
For 66kv, 33kv lines: Panther conductors is used composite of Aluminum strands and steel
wires.
The materials used in these conductors is generally Aluminum conductor steel reinforced
(ASCSR).
BUS-BAR
It is a conductor to which a no. of circuit is connected. In 220kv Najafgarh there are two bus-
bars running parallel to each other, one is main& other is auxiliary bus.
The purpose of using two buses is only for stand by, in each of failure of one bus we can
keep the supply continue with help of other bus using isolators.
According to bus voltage the material is used. T he most commonly used material is Al, Cu.
But Al. Is used because of its property & feature and also it is cheap.
ISOLATORS
An isolator is a disconnecting switch is used upon same given part circuit after circuit
breaker. Thus isolators’ surge only has preventing the voltage from being applied to same
given section of bus.
These are essentially off load devices although they are capable of dealing with small
charging currents of bus-bars and connections. The design of isolators is closely related to
the design of substations. Isolator design is considered in the following aspects:
o Space Factor
o Insulation Security
o Standardization
o Ease of Maintenance
o Cost
TRANSFORMER
INTRODUCTION:
A transformer is a static device by means of which electric energy from one electrical
circuit to another is transferred through the medium of magnetic field and without change
in the frequency.
A high voltage is desirable for transmitting large powers in order to decrease the IR
losses and reduce the amount of conductor material. A very much lower voltage, on the
other hand s required for distribution , for various reasons connected with safety and
convenience the transformer make this easily and economically possible.
POWER TRANSFORMERS
Power transformer is the main and major requirement of a sub-station to step down the
supply voltage. The rating of a transformer is taken according to the load requirement.
Parts of power transformer:
i. Transformer core
ii. Windings
iii. Tank
iv. Conservator
v. Breather
vi. Bushing
vii. Air Cell
viii. Tap Changer and O.L.T.C.
ix. Cooling Equipments
i. CORE: - It not only supports the winding also provides the low reluctance path for the
magnetic circuit. It is made up of cooled rolled grain oriented (C.R.G.O.) alloy. Steel is in
the form of lamination on that the iron losses could be avoided.
ii. WINDING: - Windings are arranged in concentric formation with lower voltage winding
next to core. Tertiary winding is placed next to the core over
winding H.V. main winding are placed.
Various types of windings are used for coils these are as follows:-
iii. TANK: - They are constructed from welded sheet steel, and larger ones from plain boiler
plates. The lids may be of cast iron, or waterproof gasket being used at the joints. The
fitting includes thermometer pockets, drain cock, rollers or wheels for moving transformer
position, eye bolts for lifting, conservators and breathers, cooling tubes are welded in,
but separate radiators are welded and afterwards bolted. On the outside is applied with
anti corrosive primer paint and final of synthetic enamel.
iv. CONSERVATOR: - As the temp. Of oil increases or decreases there is continuous rise
and fall in volume. For this an expansion vessel (conservator) is to transformer tank
having the capacity of oil level equal to 75% of total oil.
o Conservator is provided to tank core of the expansion and contraction of oil, which
takes place during normal operation of the transformer.
o Wherever specified flexible separators or oil cell if provided in the conservator can
prevent direct contact of air with the transformer oil.
o A smaller oil expansion vassal is provided for the on load tap-
changer.
o Magnetic oil level gauge is fitted on the main conservator which can give alarm / trip
in the event of the oil falling below the pre-set level due to any reason.
v. BRAETHER:
Both transformer oil and
celluloses’ paper are highly
hygroscopic .Paper being
more hygroscopic than
mineral oil .The moisture, if
not excluded from oil surface
in conservator, this will find its
way finally into paper
insulation and causes
reduction insulation strength
of transformer to minimize this
the conservator is allowed to
breath only through silica gel
colomin ,which absorb the
moisture in air before it enters
the conservator air surface
vi.
BUSHING: -
viii. TAP
CHANGER.
On load tap changer is the device for changing the tapping connections of a winding, whilst
the transformer is connected is on load
When the transformer is connected to a system it is some time necessary to vary the voltage
on the secondary side to meet the load demands, as such transformer tap changer must be
capable to varying the turn ratio without interruption of supply. On a double wound
transformer the best position to place the tapping is at the neutral end of high voltage
winding .The positioning of the tapping on the lower voltage winding is not applied on
account of high current rating which would result.
The tapping of the windings are brought out through a terminal board to a separate oil filled
compartment, in which the on- load tap changer selector is housed. As the selector must not
break current ,a further separate oil filled compartment is provided to house the diverter
switch which breaks the load current by an interrupted arc forming carbon ,therefore the oil I
the diverter switch compartment must be prevented from missing with the oil in the main
tank.
The tap changer is operated by a motor operated driving mechanism by local or remote
control and a handle is fitted for manual operation in an emergency.
As the changing must take place on load, the contact for the tap changer are so arranged
that before one tapping is left , contact must be made with the next . This could cause a
short circuited no. of turn and large current are prevented by the use of resistor or reactors.
COOLING EQUIPMENT: -
Transformer is having a single or mixed cooling of ONAN, ONAF, OFAF, and
OFAN by means of radiators, fans, pumps, & heat exchanger etc.
In Power transformer cooling are of following Types:
1. ONAN with 50% efficiency
2. ONAF with 70% efficiency
3. OFAF with 100% efficiency
o For ONAN/ONAF cooling, oil flow through the winding and external cooler unit
attached to the tank by themo-Syphonic effect.
o For OFAF/ODAF/OFWF cooling, the oil is directed through the winding by oil
pumps provided in the external cooler unit.
o External cooler unit /units consists of passed Steel sheet radiators mounted
directly on the tank or separator cooler banks for air –cooled transformer and
oil to water heat exchangers for water cooled transformer.
PROTECTIVE DEVICES:
1. Buccholtz relay
2. Pressure relief valve
3. Oil temperature indicator
4. Oil level indicator
5. Winding temperature indicator
6. Dehydrating Breather
7. Earthing Arrangements
relay
Buccholtz
1. BUCHHOLTZ RELAY: -
It is used for protection of oil filled transformer from incipient faults below oil level. It is
installed between tank and conservator. In this relay two mercury contacts are provided. The
device comprises of a cast iron housing containing the hinged floats, one in upper part other
in lower part. Each float is filled with the mercury switch; leads of a switch are connected to a
terminal box for tripping.
APPLICATIONS:-
It is consist of a sensor bulb capillary tube and a dial thermometer the sensor bulb is fitted at
the location of hottest oil .That sensor bulb and capillary tube are fitted with evaporation
liquid.
o FANS ON = 60 deg C
o PUMP ON = 75 deg C
o ALARM = 90 deg C
o TRIP = 100 deg C
Winding temperature relay indicates the winding temperature of the transformer and operates on
the principle of thermal imaging and it is not actual measurement.
Winding temperature indicators consist of sensor bulb placed in oil filled pocket in the
transformer tank top cover. The bulb is connected to the instrument having by means of two
flexible capillary tubes. One capillary tube is connected to the measuring below of the instrument
and the other to compensation below. The measuring system is filled with a liquid which
changes its volume with rising temperature inside the instrument is filled with a heat resistance
which is fed by a current proportionate to the current flowing through the transformer winding.
The instrument is provided with maximum temperature indicator the heating resistance is fed by
current transformer associated to the loaded winding of the transformer .The increase in the
temperature of the resistance is proportionate to that of the winding. The sensor bulb of
instrument is located in the hottest oil of the transformer the winding temperature indicates a
temperature of hottest oil plus the winding temperature rise above hot it .i.e. the hot spot
temperature.
1. It can also be used as Content Gauge on other tanks where level of liquid inside the
tank in required to be indicated continuously on a dial.
2. The position of indicator on the conservator can be selected to
3. Suit site condition. Float mechanism passes through the hole in pad.
4. Indicator can be mounted in titled position towards ground (max.300degree) for easy
viewing by fixing mounting pad at desired angle.
5. One mercury switch is provided for low level alarm. The Normally Open switch closes
when oil level drops to 10mm above Empty land i.e. 75mm from bottom of
conservator.
6. Loads from mercury switch are brought into a terminal box positioned at the bottom
of indicator.
6. DEHYDRATING BREATHER: -
The conservator or the air cell is connected to the outside atmosphere through the breather
(silica gel) to make sure that the air in the conservator or cell is dry. When silica is saturated
with moisture its color changes to pink. It can be made reusable by heating it at 100 deg C.
for 48 hours.
7. EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS :-
a) Core Earthing
Connecting leads from core and end frame are being terminated at the top of the cover, By
connecting them to tank cover, core and frame becomes earthed .Insulation resistance
between the leads from core and end frame or between leads from core and earth point can
be checked by 500 volts megger. Leads from end frame have been brought out for proper
earthing for end frame.
Tank to tank cover earthing is done by connecting copper braid between tank rim and tank
cover with the help of the bolts used to tight tank cover and tank together.
c) Earthing of Tank
For earthing of tank nut-bolts & studs are required to make perfect earthing between pads on
tank and external earthing strip.
In order to avoid fault and disturbance, it is important that a careful and regular supervision
and control of the transformer and its components is planned and carried out.
The frequency extent supervision and control is dependent on climate and environment and
service condition.
SPECIFICATIONS OF TRANSFORMERS
1. 100 MVA, 220/66/11KV power transformer no. 1 & no. 2 (BHEL) make.
6.Noload voltage 11 11 11
TV(kv)
High current line can be reduced to low current to measure easily with the help of normal
ammeter. To measure the very high current of the running line with out distributing it, a spilt
core type current transformer is used. It is step up transformer the primary windings consist
of thicker conductor having less number of turns. Some time, only a straight conductor also
serves the purpose of primary winding. The secondary winding is done with thicker
conductor having more number of turns.
The primary winding is connected in series with the line and the M I is connected across the
secondary of the current transformer. it should be clearly understood that the secondary
winding of the current transformer is never opened. It should be always short circuit i.e. the
secondary is open, there is no current in the secondary winding hence, the M.M.F. of
primary will not be opposed and the cares will have high flux which will cause high E.M.F.
Induced or the primary and secondary winding. This E.M.F. Is dangerous and may give
sever shock.
The secondary of the current transformer should be earthed to avoid the danger of shock to
the operator.
The current transformer is kept in category of instrument transformers. The CT’s are used to
reduce / stepping down A.C. from high value to lower value for measurement / protection /
control.
1. Magnetic core made up of continuously wound strip nickel iron alloy of CRGO
material.
2. Winding having several turns wound on the insulated core.
3. A bar primary passing through the winding of core and terminal.
4. Insulated porcelain at primary insulator.
5. Synthetic region or oil insulation.
PROPERTIES OF CT:
a) Standard - IS 2705
b) Highest system voltage (kv) - 245
c) Insulation level (kv) - 460/1050
d) Frequency - 50 Hz
e) Rated primary current - 600A
f) ST current KA/ sec - 27 /1
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER: -
Similar to CT it is another type of instrument transformer. It is also known as CVT (capacitor
voltage transformer). It is used for measurement and protection. Potential transformer is
used to operate voltmeter, the potential coil of wattmeter and relay from high voltage line.
The primary oftransformer4 is connected across the line carrying the voltage to be measured
and the voltage circuit is connected across the secondary winding to measure high voltage
line.
The transformer is used to measure the high voltage known as potential transformer. The
primary of the potential transformer is having more number of turns of fine wire and
secondary is having less number of turns. The potential transformer is step down
transformer the P.W is connected across the line and S.W across the meter to measure the
line voltage. The P.W when connected to line carry some current, which produces the
magnetic flux. The S.W is linked with this flux causing the induction some voltage (generally
110V in case P.T.) this voltage defects the voltmeter or the secondary of the P.T.
The scale is directly calibrated to obtain the actual voltage. The secondary of the P.T. is
always connected to earth.
They may be of one phase or three phase. Electromagnetic P.T. In which primary and
secondary are wound on magnetic core in usual transformers.
SOME TERMS RELATED TO P.T
(a) Rated Voltage: The voltage of the P.T., which it can withstand.
(b) Rated Transformer Ratio: The ratio of rated primary voltage to the rated
secondary voltage.
(c) Rated secondary voltage: e.g. 130/ root (3) = 63.3 VAR.
Type: WP-245 V
A circuit breaker is equipment which can be open are closed a circuit under a normal as well
as fault condition. It is so desired that it can be operated manually or by remote control under
normal condition and automatically under fault condition. For the latter operation a relay is
used in the circuit breaker. A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving
contacts, called electrodes. Under normal operating condition, these contacts remain closed
and will not open automatically until and unless the system becomes fault. The contacts can
be opened manually or by remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any part
of the system, the trip coils of the circuit breaker get energized and moving contacts are
pulled apart by some mechanism, thus opening the circuit. the basic construction of any
circuit breaker requires the separation of the contacts in any insulating fluid, when serves
two function:-
It extinguishes the arc drawn between the contacts when the circuit breaker open.
It provides adequate insulation between the contacts and from each contacts to
earth. Many insulating fluids are used for arc extinction and the fluid chosen depend
upon the rating and type of the circuit breaker.
Compressed air