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DELHI TRANSCO LIMITED

(220 KV GRID SUBSTATION AT PREET VIHAR)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF SUBMITTED BY:


MR. RAM SINGH (A.M.) NAMAN JAIN

MR. REHMAN (J.E.) B.TECH. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS


ENGINEERING

ROLL NO. – 1613321083


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly indebted to Mr. Ram Singh (Asst. Manager, 220 KV DTL S/S PREET VIHAR) for their
valuable support without which the project could have not been worked out the way it has. I
am very much thankful to Mr. REHMAN (J.E. 220 KV DTL S/S PREET VIHAR) who helped me
immensely in understanding the basics and complexities of along with additions that made the
quality of report better.

I would also like to extend a note of thanks to all other employees of Delhi Transco Limited who
helped me directly or indirectly in successful completion of my project.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents & all my fellow trainees who have been
a constant source of encouragement & inspiration during my studies & have always provided
me support in every walk of life.
CONTENT

1. Introduction
Introduction to Delhi Transco Limited
DTL Network
Grid Diagram of Delhi
2. Introduction to Substation
3. 220/66/ KV Substation Preet Vihar
Single Line Diagram
Description of SLD
Parts of Substation
Equipments used in Substation
4. Description of Substation Equipments
Transmission Lines
Bus Bar
Isolators
Transformers
Introduction
Power transformer
Parts of Power Transformer
Transformer Cooling
Protection devices
Maintenance
Current Transformer (CT)
Potential transformer (PT)
Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT)
Circuit Breaker (CB)
Types of CB
Capacitor Bank

5. Protection System
Over Voltage Protection
Ground Wire
Lightning insulator
Over Current protection
Primary and back up protection
Relays
Fuses
Earthing System
6. Control Room
7. Battery Room
8. PLCC and SCADA System
9. Operation and maintenance of Substation
Introduction
Maintenance activity
Maintenance Schedule
Maintenance Schedule Table of
Oil filled power transformer
SF6 Circuit Breaker
Relays and protection circuit
Arrestors
Transmission lines
10. General Safety Precautions
11. Conclusion

References
1. INTRODUCTION

AN INTRODUCTION TO DELHI TRANSCO LIMITED

Delhi Transco Limited, a successor company of erstwhile Delhi Vidhyut board, came into
existence on 1st July 2002, as a State Transmission Utility of the National Capital. After
unbundling of DVB the distribution sector has been handed over to private companies while the
generation and transmission are still with the government. Over the years, DTL has evolved as a
most dynamic performer, keeping pace with the manifold challenges that confront the ever
increasing demand-supply power situation and achieving functional superiority
on all fronts.

Being the capital of India and the hub of commercial activities in the Northern Region, coupled
with the prosperity of population, the load requirement of Delhi has been growing at a much
faster pace. Added to that, being the focus of socio-economic and political life of India, Delhi is
assuming increasing eminence among the great cities of the world. Plus the vgision-2021,
aiming to make Delhi global Metro politic and world class city demand greater infrastructure to
enrich many services of infrastructure development. DTL has been responsibly playing its role in
establishing. Upgrading, operating and maintaining the EHV (Extra High Voltage) network. DTL
has also been assigned the responsibility of running the State load Dispatch Centre (SLDC)
which is an apex body to ensure integrated operations of power system in Delhi. Delhi Transco
is also committed to promote energy conservation not only in its own establishments but also
in the entire Delhi. The company has done a lot to educate and sensitize the general public
about the need of energy conservation. Transmission loss level has been reduced from 3.84 per
cent in 200-203 to 1.38 per cent in 2009-10, which is one of the lowest transmission loss level in
the country. To ensure adequate and efficient power supply. DTL has been continuously
upgrading its biggest achievement has been its ability to handle the highest ever peak demand
of 4720 MW in July 2010. The total availability of its transmission system stood 98.78%. The
modern technologies are being implemented in DTL by way of constructing GIS sub stations and
laying XLPE 220 KV cable by employing cable link techniques and would be the largest network
of its kind in India.
DTL NETWORK

It contains the line diagram of the DTL network which connects all the networks of the 5 DISCOMs
working in the Delhi region.
2. INTRODUCTION TO SUBSTATION

Electrical power is generated, transmitted in the form of alternating current. The electric
power produced at the power stations is delivered to the consumers through a large network
of transmission & distribution. The transmission network is inevitable long and high power
lines are necessary to maintain a huge block of power source of generation to the load
centers to inter connected Power house for increased reliability of supply greater.
An electrical substation is a part of an electricity generation, transmission and distribution
system where voltage is transformed from high to low or in reverse using transformers. It
also serves as a point of connection between various power system elements such as
transmission lines, transformers, generators and loads. To allow for flexibility in connecting
the elements, circuit breakers are used as high power switches. Electric power may flow
through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and may be changed
in voltage in several steps. There are different kinds of substation such as
Transmission substation, distribution substation, collector substation, switching substation
and some other types of substation. The general functions of a substation may include:

 Voltage transformation
 Connection point for transmission lines
 Switchyard for network configuration
 Monitoring point for control center
 Protection of power lines and apparatus
 Communication with other substations and regional control center

Making an analogy with the human body, the role of substation in the power system to
address the above mentioned issues is pivotal: the substations are the center of the
“nervous, immune, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular” subsystems of the entire power
system “body”. The “nervous” subsystem role of the substation is to allow the central system
to sense the operating states, view status of the equipment, and make assessments of the
system criticality. The “immune” subsystem role is to develop self-defense means and
sustain self healing strategies. The “musculoskeletal” subsystem role is to maintain the
system topology, switch the equipment state and restore the power flows. The
“cardiovascular” subsystem role is to sustain normal power flow and control the
synchronization.
The substation includes the primary equipment (such as circuit breakers, transformers,
instrument transformers, etc.) and the secondary equipment (monitoring, control and
protection devices) which are installed in control house.
In the primary side, a large number of breakers and disconnectors are used in order to allow
for maintenance and repair with a minimum of interruption, which occupy large space. Oil-
insulated transformers are used to step-up or step-down the voltage level for purposes
needed. Oil-insulated transformers usually have big size and have potential explosion
problems. In addition, the maintenance is also elaborate and the noise of those transformers
is also a big issue. The breakers also need an insulation media which may be oil, gas, or air.
Conventional current and potential transformers (CTs and VTs) are used to convert the
primary current and voltage to an operation range (0-5A and 115V) for metering and
protection. The CT saturation and open secondary CT circuit safety issue are primarily of
concern in such devices.
3. 220/66 KV GRID SUBSTATION AT PREET VIHAR :

The 220 KV Grid Substation at Sarita Vihar is a Air Insulated Outdoor Substation. This is
220/66/11 KV Substation.There are four 220 KV incoming feeders for this substation coming
from:
1. Pragati Powers
2. Power Grid
3. BTPS CKT. No. 1
4. BTPS CKT. No. 2

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM


DESCRIPTION ABOUT SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
Figure attached shows key diagram of a typical 220/66/ PREET VIHAR Grid Substation. The
diagram of this grid station is explained as under:-
1) There are Four 220 KV incoming lines as one circuit from Pargati powers, one circuit
from Power Grid and two circuits from BTPS. These four incoming lines are
connected to the double bus bar system through a number of equipments. All these
lines can be loaded simultaneously to share the grid station load. The four lines
arrangement increases the reliability of the system. In case there is a breakdown of
one incoming line, the continuity of supply can be maintained by the other lines.

2) As in the single line diagram the each incoming is connected to the bus bar in a
sequence with a number of equipments. The equipments between the incoming lines
and the line bus bar is connected in a defined sequence as following:

I. Line lightning Arrestor

II. Line capacitive voltage transformer (CVT).

III. Line Isolator

IV. Line Current Transformer

V. Line Circuit Breaker


3) The Substation has double bus bar system, one main bus bar and the other spare
bus bar. The incoming can be connected to either bus bar with the help of an
arrangement of circuit breaker and isolators called Bus Coupler. The advantage of
double bus bar system is that if repair is to be carried on one bus bar, the supply
need not to be interrupted as the entire load can be transferred to the other bus.

4) Each line bus bar is connected with Potential Transformer (PT) to measure the bus
bar voltage.

5) There is an arrangement in to step down the incoming 220 KV supply to 66 KV by


two transformer banks with capacity each of 100 MVA. The transformer bank can be
connected to either of the line bus bar through the bus changer Isolator connected
between the two buses. The 100 MVA Transformer is connected to line bus bar
through a number of equipments in as following defined sequence:

I. Isolator arrangement

II. Circuit Breaker

III. Current transformer

IV. Isolator arrangement

V. Lightning Arrestor (LA) and then

VI. 100 MVA transformer

6) The 100 MVA transformer steps down the 220 KV incoming to 66 KV and this output
is connected to second bus bar arrangements through a sequenced equipments as
follows:

I. Lightning Arrestor (LA)

II. Isolator arrangement

III. Circuit breaker

IV. Bus bar isolator

7) The second bus bar arrangement is also a two bus bar system each connected with
Potential Transformer (PT). There is again a bus coupler between the two bus bars
to couple them. Here a Capacitor Bank is provided to increase the incoming voltage if
there is any voltage drop in the incoming. It can enhance the incoming voltage by 3
to 4 KV.
PARTS OF SUBSTATION

The substation can be broadly divided into two parts:

 220 kV outdoor yards.


 66 kV outdoor yards.
 Control room.
 SCADA room
 Battery room.

220 KV Outdoor Yard:

220 KV yard is an outdoor yard where 220 KV incoming is transformed into 66 KV and
connected to the bus bar arrangement on which four 66 KV outgoing feeder two circuit for
DMRC and two circuits for Mathura road. From the 66 KV bus bar two outgoing feeders are
given as incomer to the 66/11 KV yard. There are a number of switching, protection and
measuring equipments connected in the yard. These all equipments are controlled from the
Control Room.
66KV OUTDOOR YARD
o There are two incomers of 66 KV coming from 220KV yard transformers. There are
two buses of 66 KV in parallel and are connected to the 66 KV incomers through
isolator arrangements for changing the connection from one bus to another.
o Here also a bus coupler is provided for coupling the buses for load sharing and
protection.
o The bus is connected with three capacitor banks of 20 MVAR for power factor
improvements and for increasing the incoming low voltage by 3 to 4 KV.
o Form the 66 KV bus bar six outgoing feeders are connected as one for Mathuara
road circuit no. 1, one for Mathura road circuit no 2 and two for DMRC, and two
circuits are connected to the two 20 MVA transformer.
o All the circuits are connected through deferent switching, measuring and protection
equipments like Isolators, CT, Circuit Breakers, Lightening Arrestors.
o Two transformers of 20 MVA each of rating 66/11 KV are connected to 66 KV bus by
bus – selection Isolator.
o Each bus is connected to PT for measurement of voltage in line.
o CT is connected at required place for measurement of current and protection of lines.
o The SF-6 CB (Circuit Breakers) is aligned in the circuit for tripping whenever any fault
occurs in the circuit.

EQUIPMENTS USED IN SUBSTATION:-

S.NO. EQUIP. CONS.FEATURE/LOCATION FUNCTION


1. BUS BAR Rigid tubular support on positions Receive power from
or Flexible ACSR bus bar incoming and
supported from two ends of strain deliver power to
insulator. O/G ckt.
2. SURGE Connected B/W phase conductor Discharge O/V
ARRESTOR and ground first equip as seen surge to earth and
from incoming O/H line and also protect equipment.
near transformer terminal.

3. ISOLATOR Located each side of CB. Provide isolation


from part for MTC.

4. EARTH SWITCH Mounted on frame of isolators, Discharge voltage


(E.S.) generally for such I/C each bus on ckt to earth for
bar. safety.
5. CURRENT Protection, measuring decided by Step-down current
TRANSFORMER protective zone measurement measurement front
(C.T.) requirements. and control.
6. VOLTAGE Electro magnetic capacitive Step-down current
TRANSFORMER feeder side of C.B. measurement
(V.T.) protection and
control.
7. CIRCUIT Depend on rated voltage LV, MV, Switching during
BREAKER (C.B.) HV, EHV depend on quenching normal abnormal
medium –SF6 MQ, AB etc. and S.C. current.

8. SERIES Oil filled gapped core shielded, 1. Control low


REACTOR usually unswitched. load period voltage.
2. To compensate
shunt capacitor of
T.L during low load.

9. SHUNT Locate at receiving STN and 1. comp. rex power.


CAPACATOR DIST, substation. 2. P.F. improves.
Banks rated -132KV, 66KV, 3. VOH contran.
400KV, 11KV switched during
heavy load.
10. SEREIS 1. Capacitor bank located at send Used for EHV lines
CAPACITOR end or receive end of line. to improve power
2. Provided with bypass C.B and transformer.
protect spare gaps.
11. TRANSFORMER Oiled filed 3 Setup / down
voltage.
12. MV/LT SW GR Inside swgrbling. AC power to
auxiliary stnlty
13. STATION Earth mat and earth electrode. For safe touch
EARTHING potential
SYTEM → Equipment body
earth.
→ discharging
current from SA
O/H shielding and
E.S.
14. INSULATORS Between the poles and Does not allow the
conductors. Disc type shaped. current to pass
through it.
15. POLES It is made by joining the heavy To provide
materials with the help of nuts necessary height to
and bolts of requirement shape conductor from
and size wherever necessary. which current is
flowing.
16. CVT Consist of two to five windings in CVT are used for
parallel of line. line voltmeters,
synchronoscope,
protective relays,
tariff meter etc.
17. L.A. Ring type L.A. parallel in line. To drop the sky
lightening effect.
18. CONDUCTORS A.C.R.S. is used wherever Transmission
necessary. current form one
place to another.
19. BATTERY Located in separate room near to To supply D.C. for
BANKS control room. controlling
protection system
and communication
equipments.

20. CONTROL Associate with protection relays To control all


PANEL locate in big hall. equipment of
substations.
1. DESCRIPTION OF SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS
TRANSMISSION LINES
In this category the EHV lines viz. extra high voltage lines of 400kv, 220kv, 132kv, and
66kv are considered. These high voltages are transmitted from one sub-station to other
sub-station through various types of conductors.
For 400 KV line: Taran, Tulla and Marculla conductor.

For 220 KV line: Zebra conductor is used composite of Aluminum strands and steel
wires.
For 66kv, 33kv lines: Panther conductors is used composite of Aluminum strands and steel
wires.

The materials used in these conductors is generally Aluminum conductor steel reinforced
(ASCSR).

BUS-BAR

It is a conductor to which a no. of circuit is connected. In 220kv Najafgarh there are two bus-
bars running parallel to each other, one is main& other is auxiliary bus.
The purpose of using two buses is only for stand by, in each of failure of one bus we can
keep the supply continue with help of other bus using isolators.
According to bus voltage the material is used. T he most commonly used material is Al, Cu.
But Al. Is used because of its property & feature and also it is cheap.

Figure Typical representations of bus bars

ISOLATORS

An isolator is a disconnecting switch is used upon same given part circuit after circuit
breaker. Thus isolators’ surge only has preventing the voltage from being applied to same
given section of bus.
These are essentially off load devices although they are capable of dealing with small
charging currents of bus-bars and connections. The design of isolators is closely related to
the design of substations. Isolator design is considered in the following aspects:
o Space Factor
o Insulation Security
o Standardization
o Ease of Maintenance
o Cost

TRANSFORMER

INTRODUCTION:

A transformer is a static device by means of which electric energy from one electrical
circuit to another is transferred through the medium of magnetic field and without change
in the frequency.

A high voltage is desirable for transmitting large powers in order to decrease the IR
losses and reduce the amount of conductor material. A very much lower voltage, on the
other hand s required for distribution , for various reasons connected with safety and
convenience the transformer make this easily and economically possible.

POWER TRANSFORMERS

Power transformer is the main and major requirement of a sub-station to step down the
supply voltage. The rating of a transformer is taken according to the load requirement.
Parts of power transformer:

i. Transformer core
ii. Windings
iii. Tank
iv. Conservator
v. Breather
vi. Bushing
vii. Air Cell
viii. Tap Changer and O.L.T.C.
ix. Cooling Equipments

i. CORE: - It not only supports the winding also provides the low reluctance path for the
magnetic circuit. It is made up of cooled rolled grain oriented (C.R.G.O.) alloy. Steel is in
the form of lamination on that the iron losses could be avoided.

ii. WINDING: - Windings are arranged in concentric formation with lower voltage winding
next to core. Tertiary winding is placed next to the core over
winding H.V. main winding are placed.

Various types of windings are used for coils these are as follows:-

a. Low voltage winding - Spiral or helical


b. High voltage winding - Partially inverted disc / layer winding.
c. Tertiary winding - Spiral / Helical / Disc
d. Tapping winding - Inter wound spiral or helical paper covered insulated copper
strips or continuously cable are used for making winding.

iii. TANK: - They are constructed from welded sheet steel, and larger ones from plain boiler
plates. The lids may be of cast iron, or waterproof gasket being used at the joints. The
fitting includes thermometer pockets, drain cock, rollers or wheels for moving transformer
position, eye bolts for lifting, conservators and breathers, cooling tubes are welded in,
but separate radiators are welded and afterwards bolted. On the outside is applied with
anti corrosive primer paint and final of synthetic enamel.

iv. CONSERVATOR: - As the temp. Of oil increases or decreases there is continuous rise
and fall in volume. For this an expansion vessel (conservator) is to transformer tank
having the capacity of oil level equal to 75% of total oil.
o Conservator is provided to tank core of the expansion and contraction of oil, which
takes place during normal operation of the transformer.
o Wherever specified flexible separators or oil cell if provided in the conservator can
prevent direct contact of air with the transformer oil.
o A smaller oil expansion vassal is provided for the on load tap-
changer.
o Magnetic oil level gauge is fitted on the main conservator which can give alarm / trip
in the event of the oil falling below the pre-set level due to any reason.

v. BRAETHER:
Both transformer oil and
celluloses’ paper are highly
hygroscopic .Paper being
more hygroscopic than
mineral oil .The moisture, if
not excluded from oil surface
in conservator, this will find its
way finally into paper
insulation and causes
reduction insulation strength
of transformer to minimize this
the conservator is allowed to
breath only through silica gel
colomin ,which absorb the
moisture in air before it enters
the conservator air surface
vi.
BUSHING: -

Up to a voltage of 33kv, ordinary


porcelain insulators can be used.
Above this voltage the of conductor or
oil filled terminal bushing, or a
combination of two has to be
considered .Of course, any type of
conductors can be effectively insulated
by air provided that it is at a sufficient
Distance from other conducting bodies
and sufficiently to prevent corona
phenomena.
The high voltage connections pass
from the winding to terminal bushing.
Thermal bushings up to 36kv class,
3150 Ampere are normally of plain
Porcelain and Oil communicating
type .Higher current rated bushings
and bushings of 52kv class and above
will be of oil impregnated paper
condenser type. The oil inside the condenser bushings and will not be communicating
with the oil inside the transformer oil level gauge is provided on the expansion chamber
of the condenser bushings.
Oil in the condenser bushing is hermetically selected and it should not be disturbed in
normal operation. Oil level and oil leakage may be checked regularly.

vii. AIR CELL: -


It is a flexible rubber bag placed inside the conservator and floats on the oil surface. Air
cell inflates or deflates surface of the air cell and the inner cell of air cell is provided with
ozone resistant .The dry air is sucked and do not come in contact with oil, this eliminates
the possibility of contamination for oil filling.

viii. TAP
CHANGER.

Tap changer are of two types:-


a) On-load Tap changer.
b) Off-load Tap changer.

ON LOAD TAP CHANGER: -

As the name implies it sets a tap for


adjusting the secondary voltage in the
condition of on ‘load’. It is generally
connected to the primary side due to
current. The tap is connected to the diverter switch of the tap changer. It may be manually
operated or motor drive unit is initiated by a push button or relay. The diverter switch diverts
the current. The break in the current prevented by transmission resistance tap changer.

On load tap changer is the device for changing the tapping connections of a winding, whilst
the transformer is connected is on load
When the transformer is connected to a system it is some time necessary to vary the voltage
on the secondary side to meet the load demands, as such transformer tap changer must be
capable to varying the turn ratio without interruption of supply. On a double wound
transformer the best position to place the tapping is at the neutral end of high voltage
winding .The positioning of the tapping on the lower voltage winding is not applied on
account of high current rating which would result.
The tapping of the windings are brought out through a terminal board to a separate oil filled
compartment, in which the on- load tap changer selector is housed. As the selector must not
break current ,a further separate oil filled compartment is provided to house the diverter
switch which breaks the load current by an interrupted arc forming carbon ,therefore the oil I
the diverter switch compartment must be prevented from missing with the oil in the main
tank.
The tap changer is operated by a motor operated driving mechanism by local or remote
control and a handle is fitted for manual operation in an emergency.
As the changing must take place on load, the contact for the tap changer are so arranged
that before one tapping is left , contact must be made with the next . This could cause a
short circuited no. of turn and large current are prevented by the use of resistor or reactors.

COOLING EQUIPMENT: -
Transformer is having a single or mixed cooling of ONAN, ONAF, OFAF, and
OFAN by means of radiators, fans, pumps, & heat exchanger etc.
In Power transformer cooling are of following Types:
1. ONAN with 50% efficiency
2. ONAF with 70% efficiency
3. OFAF with 100% efficiency

o For ONAN/ONAF cooling, oil flow through the winding and external cooler unit
attached to the tank by themo-Syphonic effect.
o For OFAF/ODAF/OFWF cooling, the oil is directed through the winding by oil
pumps provided in the external cooler unit.
o External cooler unit /units consists of passed Steel sheet radiators mounted
directly on the tank or separator cooler banks for air –cooled transformer and
oil to water heat exchangers for water cooled transformer.

PROTECTIVE DEVICES:
1. Buccholtz relay
2. Pressure relief valve
3. Oil temperature indicator
4. Oil level indicator
5. Winding temperature indicator
6. Dehydrating Breather
7. Earthing Arrangements
relay
Buccholtz

1. BUCHHOLTZ RELAY: -
It is used for protection of oil filled transformer from incipient faults below oil level. It is
installed between tank and conservator. In this relay two mercury contacts are provided. The
device comprises of a cast iron housing containing the hinged floats, one in upper part other
in lower part. Each float is filled with the mercury switch; leads of a switch are connected to a
terminal box for tripping.

APPLICATIONS:-

Double element relays can be used in detecting miner fault in a Transformer


The alarm element will operate, after a specified volume of gas has collected to give an
alarm indicator.

Examples incipient faults are:-


1. Shorted laminations
2. Broken-down core bolt insulation
3. Bad contacts
4. Over heating of part of winding,

2. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE:


In case of major faults in the transformer like short circuit in the winding .The internal P.R.V.
is build up to a very high level which may result in rapture of tank to avoid this P.R.V.
provided.
A device for avoiding high oil pressure build up inside the transformer during fault a condition
is fitted on the top of the tank. The pressure relief device allows rapid release of excessive
pressure that may be generated in the event of a serious fault.
This device is fitted with an alarm trip switch.

3. OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR: -


It is the distance thermometer operated on principle of liquid expansion. It indicates the top
oil temp. At marshaling box. The connection between the thermometer and the dial indicator
is made by steel capillary tube. The bulb is enclosed in the pocket and the pocket is situated
on transformer’s hottest oil region. The pocket is to be filled with oil. It has two switches one
for alarm and other for tripping.
 ALARM = 95 DEG.
 TRIPPING = 110 DEG.

It is consist of a sensor bulb capillary tube and a dial thermometer the sensor bulb is fitted at
the location of hottest oil .That sensor bulb and capillary tube are fitted with evaporation
liquid.

4. WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATOR: -


It also operates on principles of liquid expansion. It indicates the top oil temp. At marshalling
box hot spot temp. Of winding. The winding hot spot of top oil temp. Difference is simulative
by means of CT current fed to the heater coil fitted at top senses the top oil temp. Thus, it’s
temp. Reading is proportional to the load current and oil temp.

o FANS ON = 60 deg C
o PUMP ON = 75 deg C
o ALARM = 90 deg C
o TRIP = 100 deg C
Winding temperature relay indicates the winding temperature of the transformer and operates on
the principle of thermal imaging and it is not actual measurement.
Winding temperature indicators consist of sensor bulb placed in oil filled pocket in the
transformer tank top cover. The bulb is connected to the instrument having by means of two
flexible capillary tubes. One capillary tube is connected to the measuring below of the instrument
and the other to compensation below. The measuring system is filled with a liquid which
changes its volume with rising temperature inside the instrument is filled with a heat resistance
which is fed by a current proportionate to the current flowing through the transformer winding.
The instrument is provided with maximum temperature indicator the heating resistance is fed by
current transformer associated to the loaded winding of the transformer .The increase in the
temperature of the resistance is proportionate to that of the winding. The sensor bulb of
instrument is located in the hottest oil of the transformer the winding temperature indicates a
temperature of hottest oil plus the winding temperature rise above hot it .i.e. the hot spot
temperature.

5. OIL LEVEL INDICATOR :-


This indication is manufactured for considering Transformer Applications:

1. It can also be used as Content Gauge on other tanks where level of liquid inside the
tank in required to be indicated continuously on a dial.
2. The position of indicator on the conservator can be selected to
3. Suit site condition. Float mechanism passes through the hole in pad.
4. Indicator can be mounted in titled position towards ground (max.300degree) for easy
viewing by fixing mounting pad at desired angle.
5. One mercury switch is provided for low level alarm. The Normally Open switch closes
when oil level drops to 10mm above Empty land i.e. 75mm from bottom of
conservator.
6. Loads from mercury switch are brought into a terminal box positioned at the bottom
of indicator.

6. DEHYDRATING BREATHER: -
The conservator or the air cell is connected to the outside atmosphere through the breather
(silica gel) to make sure that the air in the conservator or cell is dry. When silica is saturated
with moisture its color changes to pink. It can be made reusable by heating it at 100 deg C.
for 48 hours.

7. EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS :-
a) Core Earthing

Connecting leads from core and end frame are being terminated at the top of the cover, By
connecting them to tank cover, core and frame becomes earthed .Insulation resistance
between the leads from core and end frame or between leads from core and earth point can
be checked by 500 volts megger. Leads from end frame have been brought out for proper
earthing for end frame.

b) Tank to Tank Earthing :

Tank to tank cover earthing is done by connecting copper braid between tank rim and tank
cover with the help of the bolts used to tight tank cover and tank together.

c) Earthing of Tank

For earthing of tank nut-bolts & studs are required to make perfect earthing between pads on
tank and external earthing strip.

Maintenance & Operation

In order to avoid fault and disturbance, it is important that a careful and regular supervision
and control of the transformer and its components is planned and carried out.

The frequency extent supervision and control is dependent on climate and environment and
service condition.

SPECIFICATIONS OF TRANSFORMERS

1. 100 MVA, 220/66/11KV power transformer no. 1 & no. 2 (BHEL) make.

1.Types of cooling ONAN ONAF OFAF


2.Rating HV & LV (MVA) 50 70 100

3.Rating TV (MVA) 16.67 23.33 33.33

4.No load voltage HV 220 220 220


(kv)

5.No load voltage LV(kv) 66 66 66

6.Noload voltage 11 11 11
TV(kv)

7.Line current HV(Amp) 131.37 183.92 262.74

8.Line current LV (Amp) 437.90 613.07 875.81


at 66kv

9.Line current LV (Amp) 875.81 1226.13 1751.62


at 33kv

10.Line current TV 875.81 1226.13 1751.62


(Amp)

11. Temp. rise oil ( deg 50 50 50


C)

12. Temp. rise winding 55 55 55


(degC)
CURRENT TRANSFORMER: -

High current line can be reduced to low current to measure easily with the help of normal
ammeter. To measure the very high current of the running line with out distributing it, a spilt
core type current transformer is used. It is step up transformer the primary windings consist
of thicker conductor having less number of turns. Some time, only a straight conductor also
serves the purpose of primary winding. The secondary winding is done with thicker
conductor having more number of turns.
The primary winding is connected in series with the line and the M I is connected across the
secondary of the current transformer. it should be clearly understood that the secondary
winding of the current transformer is never opened. It should be always short circuit i.e. the
secondary is open, there is no current in the secondary winding hence, the M.M.F. of
primary will not be opposed and the cares will have high flux which will cause high E.M.F.
Induced or the primary and secondary winding. This E.M.F. Is dangerous and may give
sever shock.
The secondary of the current transformer should be earthed to avoid the danger of shock to
the operator.
The current transformer is kept in category of instrument transformers. The CT’s are used to
reduce / stepping down A.C. from high value to lower value for measurement / protection /
control.

A 'CT' has following essential parts: -

1. Magnetic core made up of continuously wound strip nickel iron alloy of CRGO
material.
2. Winding having several turns wound on the insulated core.
3. A bar primary passing through the winding of core and terminal.
4. Insulated porcelain at primary insulator.
5. Synthetic region or oil insulation.
PROPERTIES OF CT:

o The CT measures the current.


o The current transformer is used with primary winding.
o Connected in series with the line carrying the current to be measured and therefore
primary current is dependent upon load connected in the system.
o The primary winding of a very few turns, and therefore there is no appreciation drop
across it.
o The secondary winding has large no. Of turns, exact no. Being determined by the
turn ratio.
o Ammeter of wattmeter current coil is connected directly across secondary winding
terminals.
o Thus CT operates at secondary terminal near by being short-circuited.
o One of the terminals of secondary winding is earth in order to protect – instrument
and personal in the vicinity in event of insulation breakdown.

WORKING: - The CT has three coils different purposes.

a) Measurement: - The secondary given 5A / 1A current which operates the ammeter to


note the current reading
b) Protection: - The 5A / 1A current is sent to the relay and if the current exceeds this limit
then the relay operates and sends signal to the C.B. which then operates.
c) Differential
d) Spare

SPECIFICATION OF CURRENT TRANSFORMERS: -

Specification of 220 kV side CT –

a) Standard - IS 2705
b) Highest system voltage (kv) - 245
c) Insulation level (kv) - 460/1050
d) Frequency - 50 Hz
e) Rated primary current - 600A
f) ST current KA/ sec - 27 /1

Terminals Ratio Amp. Rating class VA Kvp / Amp


1s1-1s2 300/1 5P20 60 1200V/0.04A
600/1
1s1-1s2
2s1-2s2 300/1 5P20 60 1200V/0.04A
2s1-2s2 600/1
3s1-3s2 300/1 5P20 60 1200V/0.04A
3s1-3s2 600/1
4s1-4s2 600/1 .5 60 ....................
4s1-4s2

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER: -
Similar to CT it is another type of instrument transformer. It is also known as CVT (capacitor
voltage transformer). It is used for measurement and protection. Potential transformer is
used to operate voltmeter, the potential coil of wattmeter and relay from high voltage line.
The primary oftransformer4 is connected across the line carrying the voltage to be measured
and the voltage circuit is connected across the secondary winding to measure high voltage
line.
The transformer is used to measure the high voltage known as potential transformer. The
primary of the potential transformer is having more number of turns of fine wire and
secondary is having less number of turns. The potential transformer is step down
transformer the P.W is connected across the line and S.W across the meter to measure the
line voltage. The P.W when connected to line carry some current, which produces the
magnetic flux. The S.W is linked with this flux causing the induction some voltage (generally
110V in case P.T.) this voltage defects the voltmeter or the secondary of the P.T.
The scale is directly calibrated to obtain the actual voltage. The secondary of the P.T. is
always connected to earth.

They may be of one phase or three phase. Electromagnetic P.T. In which primary and
secondary are wound on magnetic core in usual transformers.
SOME TERMS RELATED TO P.T

(a) Rated Voltage: The voltage of the P.T., which it can withstand.
(b) Rated Transformer Ratio: The ratio of rated primary voltage to the rated
secondary voltage.
(c) Rated secondary voltage: e.g. 130/ root (3) = 63.3 VAR.

Capacitor Voltage Transformer:-

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down


extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to
operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two
capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the
device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the
voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four terminals, a
high-voltage terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least
one set of secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay.
CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one
hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice
the first capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This
results in a large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor
and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor, C2, and hence the
secondary terminals.

CVT 220 kV rating

Type: WP-245 V

Operating voltage: 220/√3 kV

Voltage factor: 1.5 V for 30 sec.

Test voltage: 460 kV

Test impedance 1050 kv peak


Ellec cap: 4400±10% PF CIRCUIT BREAKER

A circuit breaker is equipment which can be open are closed a circuit under a normal as well
as fault condition. It is so desired that it can be operated manually or by remote control under
normal condition and automatically under fault condition. For the latter operation a relay is
used in the circuit breaker. A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving
contacts, called electrodes. Under normal operating condition, these contacts remain closed
and will not open automatically until and unless the system becomes fault. The contacts can
be opened manually or by remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any part
of the system, the trip coils of the circuit breaker get energized and moving contacts are
pulled apart by some mechanism, thus opening the circuit. the basic construction of any
circuit breaker requires the separation of the contacts in any insulating fluid, when serves
two function:-

 It extinguishes the arc drawn between the contacts when the circuit breaker open.

 It provides adequate insulation between the contacts and from each contacts to
earth. Many insulating fluids are used for arc extinction and the fluid chosen depend
upon the rating and type of the circuit breaker.

The insulating fluids commonly used are :-


 Air at atmospheric pressure

 Compressed air

 Ultra high vacuum


 Oil which produces hydrogen for arc extinction

 Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

Figure 7.2 Circuit breaker arrangements


TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

I. SULPHUR HEXAFLURIOD (SF6 )


In such circuit breaker sulphur hexafluoride gas is used as arc quenching medium. The SF6
is electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The contacts of
the breaker an opened in a high pressure flow of SF6 gas and an arc is struck between
them. The conducting free electrons in arc are rapidly captured by the gas to form relatively
immobile negative ions . This loss of conduction electrons in the arc quickly builds up
enough insulating strength.The SF6 circuit breaker has been found to be very effect able for
high power and high voltage services.SF6 has excellent insulating strength because of its
affinity for electrons i.e whenever a free electrons collides with the neutral gas molecules to
form negatives ions, the electrons is absorbed by the neutral gas molecules may occur in
two ways
SF6 + e -> SF6 SF6
+ e -> SF5 + F
The negative ion formed are relatively heavier as compared to free electrons
and therefore under a given electric field the ions do not attain sufficient
energy to lead cumulative ionization in the gas.
Nominal intermediate voltage 20/√3 kv

Spark over voltage: 36 kv

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